The present invention describes a liquid direct fluorescence antibody assay that is rapid and sensitive to detect respiratory virus in infected cells. The assay includes centrifugation of the specimen, incubation of sample and reagents in solution, and detection of the absence or presence of respiratory virus. Sapogenin is used as a detergent to permeabilize the cells for entry of the monoclonal antibodies to react with intracellular antigens. The cells are stained with fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibodies against the viral antigens along with a background stain and a fluorescent nuclear stain. This counter staining decreases background and allows co-localization of antigen and nuclear structures for enhanced detection.
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1. A method for detection of an intracellular antigen comprising:
incubating a suspension comprising a biological sample, at least two differentially fluorescently labeled antibodies and a staining reagent to generate a liquid cell suspension, wherein said biological sample is suspected of comprising at least one intracellular respiratory viral antigen and wherein said liquid cell suspension comprises unfixed cells, wherein during the incubating, the at least one intracellular viral antigen binds to one of the at least two differentially fluorescently labeled antibodies to form an intracellular antigen-antibody complex, wherein said respiratory viral antigen is selected from the group consisting of a respiratory syncytial viral antigen, an influenza A viral antigen, an influenza b viral antigen, an adenovirus viral antigen, a parainfluenza viral antigen and a metapneumovirus viral antigen;
detecting the intracellular antigen-antibody complex within the liquid cell suspension by identifying the one of the at least two differentially fluorescently labeled antibodies.
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This invention is related to processing biological samples for direct virus detection in a liquid format. For example, the sample may be derived from the respiratory system. The detection method may use antibodies that directly bind to a viral antigen thereby allowing identification as well as detection. In some instances, the antibodies are labeled monoclonal antibodies. The method may be integrated with a device comprising an algorithm capable of differentiating between a plurality of fluorescent signals.
Virus infections (i.e, for exmaple, influenza A and B viruses) are responsible for yearly epidemics in both children and adults. Illnesses caused by influenza A and B viruses are clinically indistinguishable and may cocirculate Van Voris et al., “Influenza viruses” p. 267-297. In: R. B. Belshe (ed.), Textbook Of Human Virology. PSG Publishing Co., Littleton, Mass. (1984). Antiviral chemoprophylaxis and therapy is currently very limited (i.e., for example, influenza A virus-specific agents amantadine and rimantadine). Rapid detection of influenza virus is therefore essential to facilitate patient management and to initiate effective control measures.
Presently known procedures for preparing a specimen for Direct Fluorescence Antibody (DFA) staining are expensive, laborious and time consuming. Usually, a drop of a cell suspension from the specimen is dried on a glass slide and fixed with a precipitating or denaturing fixative such as acetone, methanol and ethanol. These compounds act to reduce the solubility of protein molecules and by disrupt protein tertiary hydrophobic interactions. After fixation, the samples are stained with fluorescent antibodies involving several steps: i) labelling; ii) washing; and iii) adhering a coverslip. Finally, the samples are examined under a fluorescence microscope.
Further problems in DFA techniques are encountered during the microscopic examination because the antibody preparations commonly contain a general protein counter stain, such as Evans Blue, to help in identifying cells. This counter stain also stains non-cellular material which can make identifying cells difficult. Further, if the cells are not completely dry, they can be lost during the processing steps, leading to an inadequate number of cells to make a judgment as to the presence of the virus. Current DFA methods also require a highly skilled technician to prepare, read and interpret results because of the non-specific staining mucus or debris that can be found in the specimen. Cell morphology and staining patterns are also compromised when the cells are dried onto the glass.
What is needed in the art is an improved DFA assay with better accuracy and faster processing time than those currently available.
This invention is related to processing biological samples for direct virus detection in a liquid format. For example, the sample may be derived from the respiratory system (e.g., a lung aspirate or nasopharyngeal swab sample). The detection method may use antibodies that directly bind to a viral antigen on or in a cell, thereby allowing identification as well as detection. In some instances, the antibodies are labeled monoclonal antibodies. The method may be integrated with a device comprising an algorithm capable of differentiating between a plurality of fluorescent signals.
In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates a method to perform a liquid direct fluorescent assay (LDFA) comprising at least one fluorescent label. In one embodiment, the fluorescent label comprises R-phycoerythrin (PE). In one embodiment, the fluorescent label comprises fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). In one embodiment, the fluorescent label is attached to an antibody.
In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates a method, comprising: a) providing: i) a biological sample comprising at least one viral antigen; ii) first and second antibodies, wherein said first antibody reacts with a first viral antigen and does not react with a second viral antigen and is labeled with a first fluorescent tag, and wherein said second antibody reacts with said second viral antigen and does not react with said first viral antigen and is labeled with a second fluorescent tag; b) incubating at least a portion of said sample with said first and second antibodies in a suspension under conditions such that only one of said first and second antibodies bind said antigens; c) identifying a first virus based on detecting said first fluorescent tag. In one embodiment, the method further comprises, step (d) identifying a second virus based on detecting said second fluorescent tag. In one embodiment, the method further comprises identifying said first virus and said second virus based on detecting said first fluorescent tag and said second fluorescent tag. In one embodiment, the first label comprises R-phycoerythrin. In one embodiment, the second label comprises fluorescein isothiocyanate. In one embodiment, the antibody comprises a monoclonal antibody. In one embodiment, the incubating of the first and second antibodies with the suspension is simultaneous. In one embodiment, the incubating of the first and second antibodies with the suspension is serial. In one embodiment, the virus may be selected from the group including, but not limited to, rhinovirus, human papilloma virus, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis virus, Newcastle disease virus, cardiovirus, corticoviridae, cystoviridae, epstein-barr virus, filoviridae, hepadnviridae, hepatitis virus, herpes virus, influenza virus, inoviridae, iridoviridae, metapneumovirus, orthomyxoviridae, papovavirus, paramyxoviridae, parvoviridae, polydnaviridae, poxyviridae, reoviridae, rhabdoviridae, semliki forest virus, tetraviridae, toroviridae, varicella zoster virus, vaccinia virus, and vesicular stomatitis virus.
In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates a method, comprising: a) providing: i) a biological sample comprising cells infected with at least one viral antigen; ii) first and second antibodies, wherein said first antibody reacts with a respiratory syncytial viral antigen and does not react with a metapneumovirus viral antigen and is labeled with a first fluorescent tag, and wherein said second antibody reacts with the metapneumovirus viral antigen and does not react with the respiratory syncytial viral antigen and is labeled with a second fluorescent tag; b) incubating at least a portion of said sample with said first and second antibodies in a suspension under conditions such that only one of said first and second antibodies binds said antigens; and c) identifying the viral antigen based on detecting the first or second fluorescent tag. In one embodiment, the method identifies the respiratory viral antigen based on detecting the first fluorescent tag. In one embodiment, the method identifies the metapneumovirus viral antigen based on detecting the second fluorescent tag. In one embodiment, the method identifies the respiratory syncytial viral antigen and the metapneumovirus viral antigen based on detecting the first and second fluorescent tags. In one embodiment, the first label comprises R-phycoerythrin. In one embodiment, the second label comprises fluorescein isothiocyanate. In one embodiment, the antibody comprises a monoclonal antibody. In one embodiment, the incubating of the first and second antibodies with the suspension is simultaneous. In one embodiment, the incubating of the first and second antibodies with the suspension is serial.
In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates a method, comprising: a) providing: i) a biological sample comprising at least one viral antigen; ii) first and second antibodies, wherein said first antibody reacts with an influenza A viral antigen and does not react with an influenza B viral antigen and is labeled with a first fluorescent tag, and wherein said second antibody reacts with said influenza B viral antigen and does not react with said influenza A viral antigen and is labeled with a second fluorescent tag; b) incubating at least a portion of said sample with said first and second antibodies in a suspension under conditions such that only one of said first and second antibodies binds said virus; and c) identifying the at least one viral antigen based on detecting the first or second fluorescent tag. In one embodiment, the method identifies the influenza A viral antigen based on detecting the first fluorescent tag. In one embodiment, the method identifies the influenza B viral antigen based on detecting the second fluorescent tag. In one embodiment, the method identifies the influenza A viral antigen and the influenza B viral antigen based on detecting the first and second fluorescent tags. In one embodiment, the first label comprises R-phycoerythrin. In one embodiment, the second label comprises fluorescein isothiocyanate. In one embodiment, the antibody comprises a monoclonal antibody. In one embodiment, the incubating of the first and second antibodies with the suspension is simultaneous. In one embodiment, the incubating of the first and second antibodies with the suspension is serial.
In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates a method, comprising: a) providing: i) a biological sample comprising at least one viral antigen; ii) first and second antibodies, wherein said first antibody reacts with a parainfluenza viral antigen and does not react with an adenovirus viral antigen and is labeled with a first fluorescent tag, and wherein said second antibody reacts with said adenovirus viral antigen and does not react with said parainfluenza viral antigen and is labeled with a second fluorescent tag; b) incubating at least a portion of said sample with said first and second antibodies in a suspension under conditions such that only one of said first and second antibodies binds said virus; and c) identifying the at least one viral antigen based on detecting the first or second fluorescent tag. In one embodiment, the method identifies the parainfluenza viral antigen based on detecting the first fluorescent tag. In one embodiment, the method identifies the adenovirus viral antigen based on detecting the second fluorescent tag. In one embodiment, the method identifies the parainfluenza viral antigen and the adenovirus viral antigen based on detecting the first and second fluorescent tags. In one embodiment, the first label comprises R-phycoerythrin. In one embodiment, the second label comprises fluorescein isothiocyanate. In one embodiment, the antibody comprises a monoclonal antibody. In one embodiment, the incubating of the first and second antibodies with the suspension is simultaneous. In one embodiment, the incubating of the first and second antibodies with the suspension is serial.
In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates a method, comprising: a) providing; i) a suspension comprising a biological sample, wherein the sample is suspected of comprising at least one viral antigen; ii) at least two fluorescently labeled antibodies, wherein said at least one antigen is capable of interacting with at least one of said fluorescently labeled antibodies, wherein said antibodies are differentially labeled; b) incubating said suspension with said fluorescently labeled antibodies under conditions such that at least one of said fluorescently labeled antibodies binds said at least one viral antigen, thereby forming a labeled antigen-antibody complex; and c) detecting said labeled antigen-antibody complex within said suspension by identifying one fluorescently labeled antibody, thereby identifying the at least one virus antigen. In one embodiment, the biological sample is derived from a patient, thereby diagnosing a virus infection. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled antibody comprises a monoclonal antibody. In one embodiment, the viral antigen comprises a respiratory syncytial virus viral antigen. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibody comprises specific affinity for the respiratory syncytial virus viral antigen. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled monoclonal respiratory virus antibody comprises a PE fluorescent label. In one embodiment, the viral antigen comprises an influenza virus viral antigen. In one embodiment, the influenza virus viral antigen comprises an influenza A virus viral antigen. In one embodiment, the influenza virus viral antigen comprises an influenza B virus viral antigen. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled antibody comprises a monoclonal antibody. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibody comprises specific affinity for the influenza A virus viral antigen. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled influenza A monoclonal antibody comprises a PE fluorescent label. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibody comprises specific affinity for the influenza B virus viral antigen. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled influenza B monoclonal antibody comprises a FTIC fluorescent label. In one embodiment, the viral antigen comprises an adenovirus viral antigen. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibody comprises specific affinity for the adenovirus viral antigen. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled adenovirus monoclonal antibody comprises a FITC fluorescent label. In one embodiment, the viral antigen comprises a parainfluenza virus viral antigen. In one embodiment, the parainfluenza virus viral antigen comprises a parainfluenza 1 virus viral antigen. In one embodiment, the parainfluenza virus viral antigen comprises a parainfluenza 2 virus viral antigen. In one embodiment, the parainfluenza virus viral antigen compries a parainfluenza 3 virus viral antigen. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibody comprises specific affinity for the parainfluenza virus. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled parainfluenza monoclonal antibody comprises a PE fluorescent label. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled parainfluenza monoclonal antibody comprises specific affinity for the parainfluenza 1 virus viral antigen. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled parainfluenza monoclonal antibody comprises specific affinity for the parainfluenza 2 virus viral antigen. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled parainfluenza monoclonal antibody comprises specific affinity for the parainfluenza 3 virus viral antigen. In one embodiment, the viral antigen comprises a metapneumovirus viral antigen. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibody comprises a specific affinity for the metapnuemovirus viral antigen. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled metapneumovirus monoclonal antibody comprises a FITC fluorescent label. In one embodiment, the viral antigen comprises a varicella zoster viral antigen. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibody comprises a specific affinity for the varicella zoster viral antigen. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled varicella zoster monoclonal antibody comprises a PE fluorescent label. In one embodiment, the viral antigen comprises a herpes simplex viral antigen. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibody comprises a specific affinity for a herpes simplex-1 viral antigen. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibody comprises a specific affinity for a herpes simplex-2 viral antigen. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labled herpes simplex monoclonal antibody comprises a FITC fluorescent label. In one embodiment, the suspension includes a staining reagent selected from the group of Evans blue, propidium iodide, acridine orange and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the suspension includes a detergent. In one embodiment, the detergent is sapogenin. In one embodiment, the incubating of the fluorescently labeled antibodies and suspension is simultaneous. In one embodiment, the incubating of the fluorescently labeled antibodies and suspension is serial.
In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates a method, comprising: a) providing; i) a suspension comprising a biological sample, wherein said sample is suspected of comprising a respiratory syncytial virus viral antigen; ii) at least two fluorescently labeled antibodies, wherein said viral antigen is capable of interacting with at least one of said fluorescently labeled antibodies, wherein antibodies are differentially labeled; b) incubating said suspension with said fluorescently labeled antibodies under conditions such that said respiratory syncytial virus viral antigen binds to at least one of said fluorescently labeled antibodies, thereby forming a labeled antigen-antibody complex; and c) detecting said labeled antigen-antibody complex within said suspension by identifying one fluorescent labeled antibody, thereby identifying said respiratory syncytial virus viral antigen. In one embodiment, the biological sample is derived from a patient, thereby diagnosing a respiratory syncytial virus infection. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled antibody comprises a monoclonal antibody. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibody comprises specific affinity for the respiratory syncytial virus viral antigen. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled monoclonal respiratory virus antibody comprises a PE fluorescent label. In one embodiment, the suspension includes a staining reagent selected from the group of Evans blue, propidium iodide, acridine orange and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the suspension includes a detergent. In one embodiment, the detergent is sapogenin. In one embodiment, the respiratory syncytial virus monoclonal antibody is derived from a clone selected from the group comprising clone 3A4D9 or clone 4F9G3. In one embodiment, the incubating of the fluorescently labeled antibodies and suspension is simultaneous. In one embodiment, the incubating of the fluorescently labeled antibodies and suspension is serial.
In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates a method, comprising: a) providing; i) a suspension comprising a biological sample, wherein said sample is suspected of comprising a influenza virus viral antigen; ii) at least two fluorescently labeled antibodies, wherein said viral antigen is capable of interacting with at least one of said fluorescently labeled antibodies, wherein antibodies are differentially labeled; b) incubating said suspension with said fluorescently labeled antibodies under conditions such that at least one of said fluorescently labeled antibodies binds to the influenza virus viral antigen, thereby forming a labeled antigen-antibody complex; and c) detecting said labeled antigen-antibody complex within said suspension by identifying one fluorescently labeled antibody, thereby identifying said influenza virus viral antigen. In one embodiment, the biological sample is derived from a patient, thereby diagnosing an influenza virus infection. In one embodiment, the influenza virus viral antigen comprise an influenza A virus viral antigen. In one embodiment, the influenza virus viral antigen comprise an influenza B virus viral antigen. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled antibody comprises a monoclonal antibody. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibody comprises specific affinity for the influenza A virus viral antigen. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled influenza A monoclonal antibody comprises a PE fluorescent label. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibody comprises specific affinity for the influenza B virus viral antigen. In one embodiment, the influenza B monoclonal antibody is derived from a clone selected from the group comprising clone 8C7E11 or clone 9B4D9. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled influenza B monoclonal antibody comprises a FTIC fluorescent label. In one embodiment, the suspension includes a staining reagent selected from the group of Evans blue, propidium iodide, acridine orange and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the suspension includes a detergent. In one embodiment, the detergent is sapogenin. In one embodiment, the influenza A monoclonal antibody is derived from a clone selected from the group comprising clone 2H3C5 or clone A(6)B11. In one embodiment, the incubating of the fluorescently labeled antibodies and suspension is simultaneous. In one embodiment, the incubating of the fluorescently labeled antibodies and suspension is serial.
In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates a method, comprising: a) providing; i) a suspension comprising a biological sample, wherein said sample is suspected of having an adenovirus viral antigen; ii) at least two fluorescently labeled antibodies, wherein said viral antigen is capable of interacting with at least one of said fluorescently labeled antibodies, wherein antibodies are differentially labeled; b) incubating said suspension with said fluorescently labeled antibodies under conditions such that said at least one of said fluorescently labeled antibodies binds to said adenovirus viral antigen, thereby forming a labeled antigen-antibody complex; and c) detecting said labeled antigen-antibody complex within said suspension by identifying one fluorescently labeled antibody, thereby identifying said adenovirus viral antigen. In one embodiment, the biological sample is derived from a patient, thereby diagnosing an adenovirus infection. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled antibody comprises a monoclonal antibody. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibody comprises specific affinity for the adenovirus viral antigen. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled adenovirus monoclonal antibody comprises a FITC fluorescent label. In one embodiment, the suspension includes a staining reagent selected from the group of Evans blue, propidium iodide, acridine orange and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the suspension includes a detergent. In one embodiment, the detergent is sapogenin. In one embodiment, the adenovirus monoclonal antibody is derived from a clone selected from the group comprising clone 8H2C9, clone 2H10E2, or clone 4H6C9. In one embodiment, the incubating of the fluorescently labeled antibodies and suspension is simultaneous. In one embodiment, the incubating of the fluorescently labeled antibodies and suspension is serial.
In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates a method, comprising: a) providing; i) a suspension comprising a biological sample, wherein the sample is suspected of comprising a parainfluenza virus viral antigen; ii) at least two fluorescently labeled antibodies, wherein said viral antigen is capable of interacting with at least one of said fluorescently labeled antibodies, wherein the antibodies are differentially labeled; b) incubating said suspension with said fluorescently labeled antibody under conditions such that said at least one of said fluorescently labeled antibodies binds to said parainfluenza virus viral antigen, thereby forming a labeled antigen-antibody complex; and c) detecting said labeled antigen-antibody complex by identifying one fluorescently labeled antibody, thereby identifying the parainfluenza virus viral antigen. In one embodiment, the biological sample is derived from a patient, thereby diagnosing a parainfluenza virus infection. In one embodiment, the influenza virus viral antigen comprise a parainfluenza 1 virus viral antigen. In one embodiment, the influenza virus viral antigen comprise a parainfluenza 2 virus viral antigen. In one embodiment, the influenza virus viral antigen comprise a parainfluenza 3 virus viral antigen. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled antibody comprises a monoclonal antibody. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibody comprises a PE fluorescent label. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibody comprises specific affinity for a parainfluenza 1 virus viral antigen. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibody comprises specific affinity for a parainfluenza 2 virus viral antigen. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibody comprises specific affinity for a parainfluenza 3 virus viral antigen. In one embodiment, the suspension includes a staining reagent selected from the group of Evans blue, propidium iodide, acridine orange and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the suspension includes a detergent. In one embodiment, the detergent is sapogenin. In one embodiment, the parainfluenza 1 monoclonal antibody is derived from a clone selected from the group comprising 1D8E10 or 9F61C9. In one embodiment, the parainfluenza 2 monoclonal antibody is derived from a clone selected from the group comprising clone 2E4D7 or clone 5E4E11. In one embodiment, the parainfluenza 3 monoclonal antibody is derived from a clone selected from the group comprising clone 4G5(1)E2H9 or clone 1F6C8. In one embodiment, the incubating of the fluorescently labeled antibodies and suspension is simultaneous. In one embodiment, the incubating of the fluorescently labeled antibodies and suspension is serial.
In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates a method, comprising: a) providing; i) a suspension comprising a biological sample, wherein the sample is suspected of comprising a metapnuemovirus viral antigen; ii) at least two fluorescently labeled antibodies, wherein said viral antigen is capable of interacting with said fluorescently labeled antibodies, wherein antibodies are differentially labeled; b) incubating said suspension with said fluorescently labeled antibodies under conditions such that at least one of said fluorescently labeled antibodies binds to said metapneumovirus viral antigen, thereby forming a labeled antigen-antibody complex; and c) detecting said labeled antigen-antibody complex by identifying one fluorescently labeled antibody, thereby identifying the metapnuemovirus viral antigen. In one embodiment, the biological sample is derived from a patient, thereby diagnosing an metapneumovirus infection. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled antibody comprises a monoclonal antibody. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibody comprises a specific affinity for the metapnueovirus viral antigen. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled metapneumovirus monoclonal antibody comprises a FITC fluorescent label. In one embodiment, the suspension includes a staining reagent selected from the group of Evans blue, propidium iodide, acridine orange and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the suspension includes a detergent. In one embodiment, the detergent is sapogenin. In one embodiment, the metapneumovirus monoclonal antibody is derived from a clone selected from the group comprising clone #4, clone #23, or clone #28. In one embodiment, the incubating of the fluorescently labeled antibodies and suspension is simultaneous. In one embodiment, the incubating of the fluorescently labeled antibodies and suspension is serial.
In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates a method, comprising: a) providing; i) a suspension comprising a biological sample, wherein the sample comprises unfixed cells derived from said patient, said suspension further comprising sapogenin and lacking fixatives and non-aqueous solvents; and ii) a fluorescently labeled antibody reactive with a viral antigen; and b) introducing said fluorescently labeled antibody into said cell suspension under conditions such that at least a portion of said antibody reacts with said viral antigen, thereby revealing the viral antigen with said cells. In one embodiment, the sample is derived from a patient suspected of having a virus infection. In one embodiment, the viral antigen is intracellular. In one embodiment, the viral antigen is extracellular. In one embodiment, the viral antigen is attached to a virus. In one embodiment, the viral antigen is displayed on the cell surface.
In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates a cytometer, comprising: a) a sample container configured to reside within a sample tray, wherein said tray is slidably engaged with said cytometer; b) an excitation illumination source positioned to illuminate at least a portion of said container; and c) a detector positioned to collect an emission illumination from said at least a portion of said container. In one embodiment, the sample container comprises a microscope slide having a plurality of wells. In one embodiment, the sample tray slides to serially expose said plurality of containers to said illuminated portion. In one embodiment, the excitation illumination source comprises light emitting diodes. In one embodiment, the emission illumination is derived from a fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibody.
In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates a method, comprising: a) providing: i) a suspension comprising a biological sample, wherein said sample comprises fluorescently labeled biological cells; ii) a cytometer comprising a sample tray, wherein said tray is configured to translate a sample container within said device, wherein said container comprises a plurality of samples; iii) an excitation illumination source targeted to said at least one sample; and b) inserting said sample container into said sample tray under conditions such that a first sample is illuminated by said excitation illumination source; and c) translating said sample container such that a second sample is illuminated by said illumination source. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled cell comprises a fluorescent dye. In one embodiment, the fluorescent dye is selected from the group consisting of propidium iodide, ethidium bromide and acridine orange. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled cell comprises a fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibody. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled antibody comprises R-phycoerythrin. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled antibody comprises fluorescein isothiocyanate.
In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates a method, comprising: a) providing: i) a suspension comprising a biological sample, wherein said sample comprises at least two fluorescently labeled viral antigens; and ii) a cytometer capable of differentially detecting the fluorescently labeled viral antigens; b) placing said suspension into said cytometer; and c) detecting at least one of said fluorescently labeled viral antigens. In one embodiment, the detection of a first viral antigen identifies a first virus. In one embodiment, the detection of a second viral antigen identifies a second virus.
In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates a method, comprising: a) providing; i) a suspension comprising a biological sample, wherein the sample is suspected of comprising diseased cells; ii) at least two fluorescently labeled antibodies, wherein said cells are capable of interacting with at least one of said fluorescently labeled antibodies, wherein said antibodies are differentially labeled; and c) incubating said suspension with said fluorescently labeled antibodies under conditions such that at least one of said fluorescently labeled antibodies binds to said cells, thereby forming a labeled cell-antibody complex; and d) detecting said labeled cell-antibody complex within said suspension by identifying one fluorescently labeled antibody, thereby diagnosing said diseased cells. In one embodiment, the biological sample is derived from a patient. In one embodiment, the suspension includes a staining reagent selected from the group of Evans blue, propidium iodide, acridine orange and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the suspension includes a detergent. In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled antibody comprises R-phycoerythrin (PE). In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled antibody comprises fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). In one embodiment, the detergent is sapogenin. In one embodiment, the incubating of the fluorescently labeled antibodies and suspension is simultaneous. In one embodiment, the incubating of the fluorescently labeled antibodies and suspension is serial.
The term “suspected of” as used herein, refers to a medical condition or set of medical conditions exhibited by a patient that suggest that the patient may contract a particular disease or affliction. For example, these conditions may include, but are not limited to, unusual physical symptoms, unusual emotional symptoms, or unusual biochemical test results.
The term “a liquid cell suspension” or “suspension” as used herein refers to any fluid composition comprising a biological sample, wherein the components of the sample remain mobile relative to any natural or artificial surfaces and/or substrates. The fluid may comprise aqueous components as well as organic components. For example, a liquid cell suspension may comprise phosphate buffered saline.
The term “attached” as used herein, refers to any interaction between a medium (or carrier) and a drug. Attachment may be reversible or irreversible. Such attachment includes, but is not limited to, covalent bonding, ionic bonding, Van der Waals forces or friction, and the like. A drug is attached to a medium (or carrier) if it is impregnated, incorporated, coated, in suspension with, in solution with, mixed with, etc.
The term “derived from” as used herein, refers to the source of an item of interest (i.e., for example, a monoclonal antibody or an energy signature). In one respect, a virus infected cell may be derived from a biological organism (i.e., for example, a human, animal, plant, or patient). In one respect, a monoclonal antibody may be derived from a hybridoma clonal cell line (i.e., for example, a clone). In one respect, an emission illumination may be derived from a fluorescent compound. In one respect, an excitation illumination may be derived from a light source.
The term “based on” as used herein, refers to any process or method, including a mathematical algorithm that results in the ability to quantitate the intensity of a specific excitation source. Further, the process, method, or mathematical algorithm is capable of differentiating between a plurality of excitation sources such that they can be individually quantitated and compared.
The term “detecting” or “detect” or “detected” as used herein, refers to any method and/or device that is capable of identifying an illumination or excitation source.
The term “patient”, as used herein, is a human or animal and need not be hospitalized. For example, out-patients, persons in nursing homes are “patients.” A patient may comprise any age of a human or non-human animal and therefore includes both adult and juveniles (i.e., children). It is not intended that the term “patient” connote a need for medical treatment, therefore, a patient may voluntarily or involuntarily be part of experimentation whether clinical or in support of basic science studies.
The term “affinity” as used herein, refers to any attractive force between substances or particles that causes them to enter into and remain in chemical combination. For example, an inhibitor compound that has a high affinity for a receptor will provide greater efficacy in preventing the receptor from interacting with its natural ligands, than an inhibitor with a low affinity.
The term “protein” as used herein, refers to any of numerous naturally occurring extremely complex substances (as an enzyme or antibody) that consist of amino acid residues joined by peptide bonds, contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, usually sulfur. In general, a protein comprises amino acids having an order of magnitude within the hundreds.
The term “peptide” as used herein, refers to any of various amides that are derived from two or more amino acids by combination of the amino group of one acid with the carboxyl group of another and are usually obtained by partial hydrolysis of proteins. In general, a peptide comprises amino acids having an order of magnitude with the tens.
“Nucleic acid sequence” and “nucleotide sequence” as used herein refer to an oligonucleotide or polynucleotide, and fragments or portions thereof, and to DNA or RNA of genomic or synthetic origin which may be single- or double-stranded, and represent the sense or antisense strand.
The term “an isolated nucleic acid”, as used herein, refers to any nucleic acid molecule that has been removed from its natural state (e.g., removed from a cell and is, in a preferred embodiment, free of other genomic nucleic acid).
The terms “amino acid sequence” and “polypeptide sequence” as used herein, are interchangeable and to refer to a sequence of amino acids.
As used herein the term “portion” when in reference to a protein (as in “a portion of a given protein”) refers to fragments of that protein. The fragments may range in size from four amino acid residues to the entire amino acid sequence minus one amino acid.
The term “portion” when used in reference to a nucleotide sequence refers to fragments of that nucleotide sequence. The fragments may range in size from 5 nucleotide residues to the entire nucleotide sequence minus one nucleic acid residue.
The term “antibody” refers to immunoglobulin evoked in animals by an immunogen (antigen). It is desired that the antibody demonstrates specificity to epitopes contained in the immunogen. The term “polyclonal antibody” refers to immunoglobulin produced from more than a single clone of plasma cells; in contrast “monoclonal antibody” refers to immunoglobulin produced from a single clone of plasma cells. All monoclonal antibodies contemplated herein having specific affinity for a viral antigen are commercially available. (Diagnostics Hybrids, Inc., Athens, Ohio).
The terms “specific affinity”, “specific binding” or “specifically binding” when used in reference to the interaction of an antibody and a protein or peptide means that the interaction is dependent upon the presence of a particular structure (i.e., for example, an antigenic determinant or epitope) on a protein; in other words an antibody is recognizing and binding to a specific protein structure rather than to proteins in general. For example, if an antibody is specific for epitope “A”, the presence of a protein containing epitope A (or free, unlabelled A) in a reaction containing labeled “A” and the antibody will reduce the amount of labeled A bound to the antibody.
The term “sample” as used herein, is used in its broadest sense and includes environmental and biological samples. Environmental samples include material from the environment such as soil and water. Biological samples may be animal, including, human, fluid (e.g., nasopharyngeal discharge, blood, plasma and serum), solid (e.g., stool), tissue, liquid foods (e.g., milk), and solid foods (e.g., vegetables). For example, a pulmonary sample may be collected by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) which comprises fluid and cells derived from lung tissues. A biological sample may be collected that is suspected of containing a virus-infected cell, tissue extract, or body fluid.
The term “immunologically active” defines the capability of a natural, recombinant or synthetic peptide (i.e., for example, a collagen-like family protein), or any oligopeptide thereof, to induce a specific immune response in appropriate animals or cells and/or to bind with specific antibodies.
The term “antigenic determinant” as used herein, refers to that portion of a molecule that is recognized by a particular antibody (i.e., an epitope). When a protein or fragment of a protein is used to immunize a host animal, numerous regions of the protein may induce the production of antibodies which bind specifically to a given region or three-dimensional structure on the protein; these regions or structures are referred to as antigenic determinants. An antigenic determinant may compete with the intact antigen (i.e., the immunogen used to elicit the immune response) for binding to an antibody. One such antigenic determinant may be “a viral antigen” wherein an antigen may be displayed on, or within, a virus-infected host cell surface or on a virus coat surface.
The terms “immunogen,” “antigen,” “immunogenic” and “antigenic” refer to any substance capable of generating antibodies when introduced into an animal. By definition, an immunogen must contain at least one epitope (the specific biochemical unit capable of causing an immune response), and generally contains many more. Proteins are most frequently used as immunogens, but lipid and nucleic acid moieties complexed with proteins may also act as immunogens. The latter complexes are often useful when smaller molecules with few epitopes do not stimulate a satisfactory immune response by themselves.
The term “antibody” refers to immunoglobulin evoked in animals by an immunogen (antigen). It is desired that the antibody demonstrates specificity to epitopes contained in the immunogen. The term “polyclonal antibody” refers to immunoglobulin produced from more than a single clone of plasma cells; in contrast “monoclonal antibody” refers to immunoglobulin produced from a single clone of plasma cells.
The term “label” or “detectable label” are used herein, to refer to any composition detectable by fluorescence, spectroscopic, photochemical, biochemical, immunochemical, electrical, optical or chemical means. For example, such labels may include, but are not limited to, tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC), Quantum Dots, CY3 and CY5. Other such labels include, but are not limited to, biotin for staining with labeled streptavidin conjugate, magnetic beads (e.g., Dynabeads®), fluorescent dyes (e.g., fluorescein, texas red, rhodamine, green fluorescent protein, and the like), radiolabels (e.g., 3H, 125I, 35S, 14C, or 32P), enzymes (e.g., horse radish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase and others commonly used in an ELISA), and calorimetric labels such as colloidal gold or colored glass or plastic (e.g., polystyrene, polypropylene, latex, etc.) beads. Patents teaching the use of such labels include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,817,837; 3,850,752; 3,939,350; 3,996,345; 4,277,437; 4,275,149; and 4,366,241 (all herein incorporated by reference). The labels contemplated in the present invention may be detected by many methods. For example, radiolabels may be detected using photographic film or scintillation counters, fluorescent markers may be detected using a photodetector to detect emitted light. Enzymatic labels are typically detected by providing the enzyme with a substrate and detecting, the reaction product produced by the action of the enzyme on the substrate, and calorimetric labels are detected by simply visualizing the colored label.
The term “binding” as used herein, refers to any interaction between an infection control composition and a surface. Such as surface is defined as a “binding surface”. Binding may be reversible or irreversible. Such binding may be, but is not limited to, non-covalent binding, covalent bonding, ionic bonding, Van de Waal forces or friction, and the like. An infection control composition is bound to a surface if it is impregnated, incorporated, coated, in suspension with, in solution with, mixed with, etc.
The term “fluorescent focus” refers to either one cell or a group of closely adjacent cells that fluoresce when fluorescently labeled antibodies. Some single virus infections produce multi-cell plaques and others result only with infections of one or two cells per viable virus. A viral plaque consisting of many fluorescent staining cells is counted as “one” for viruses such as HSV, VZV, and RSV. Viruses such as influenza A, B, and adenovirus produce only one or a few fluorescent staining cells per viable infectious virus.
The term “virus” refers to obligate, ultramicroscopic, intracellular parasites incapable of autonomous replication (i.e., replication requires the use of the host cell's machinery). Viruses are exemplified by, but not limited to, adenovirus, rhinovirus, human papilloma virus, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis virus, Newcastle disease virus, cardiovirus, corticoviridae, cystoviridae, epstein-barr virus, filoviridae, hepadnviridae, hepatitis virus, herpes virus, influenza virus, inoviridae, iridoviridae, metapneumovirus, orthomyxoviridae, papovavirus, parainfluenza virus, paramyxoviridae, parvoviridae, polydnaviridae, poxyviridae, reoviridae, respiratory syncytial virus, rhabdoviridae, semliki forest virus, tetraviridae, toroviridae, vaccinia virus, and vesicular stomatitis virus. “Virus” also includes an animal virus that is not a plus-strand RNA virus as exemplified by, but not limited to, Arenaviridae, Baculoviridae, Birnaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Cardiovirus, Corticoviridae, Cystoviridae, Epstein-Barr virus, Filoviridae, Hepadnviridae, Hepatitis virus, Herpesviridae, Influenza virus, Inoviridae, Iridoviridae, Metapneumovirus, Orthomyxoviridae, Papovaviru, Paramyxoviridae, Parvoviridae, Polydnaviridae, Poxyviridae, Reoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Semliki Forest virus, Tetraviridae, Toroviridae, Vaccinia virus, Vesicular stomatitis virus.
The term “pathogen” as used herein, refers to any submicroscopic or microscopic organism comprising at least one antigen. For example, a pathogen comprising an antigen can be detected and identified by a fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibody having specific affinity to the pathogen antigen. Representative examples, of pathogens include, but are not limited to, bacteria, fungi, yeast, viruses, or any microbe.
The term “respiratory virus” as used herein, refers to any virus capable of infecting pulmonary tissues (i.e., for example, lung tissue). For example, a respirator virus includes, but is not limited to, influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus, rhinovirus, herpes simplex virus, respiratory syncytial virus, hantavirus, or cytomegalovirus.
This invention is related to processing biological samples for direct virus detection in a liquid format. For example, the sample may be derived from the respiratory system. The detection method may use antibodies that directly bind to a viral antigen, thereby allowing identification as well as detection. In some instances, the antibodies are labeled monoclonal antibodies. The method may be integrated with a device comprising an algorithm capable of differentiating between a plurality of fluorescent signals.
In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates a method for detecting and identifying a viral antigen using an image of a processed biological cell specimen and an algorithm to determine if cells are positive or negative for viral infection. In one embodiment, the method comprises a liquid sample during preparation, processing, and examination.
I. Virus Infections
During epidemics, viruses may be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in the elderly and in patients with chronic pulmonary and/or cardiovascular disorders Swenson et al., “Rapid detection of influenza virus in cell culture by indirect immunoperoxidase staining with type-specific monoclonal antibodies” Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 7:265-268 (1987). Appropriate infection control measures and proper patient management may be optimized by rapid detection and identification of virus in clinical specimens.
A virus is a small infectious organism—much smaller than a fungus or bacterium—that must invade a living cell to reproduce (e.g., replicate). The virus attaches to a cell (called the host cell), enters it, and releases its DNA or RNA inside the cell. The virus's DNA or RNA is the genetic material containing the information needed to replicate the virus. The virus's genetic material takes control of the cell and forces it to replicate the virus. The infected cell usually dies because the virus keeps it from performing its normal functions. When it dies, the cell releases new viruses, which go on to infect other cells.
Some viruses do not kill the cells they infect but instead alter the cell's functions. Sometimes the infected cell loses control over normal cell division and becomes cancerous. Some viruses leave their genetic material in the host cell, where the material remains dormant for an extended time (e.g., latent infection). When the cell is disturbed, the virus may begin replicating again and cause disease.
Viruses usually infect one particular type of cell. For example, cold viruses infect only cells of the upper respiratory tract. Additionally, most viruses infect only a few species of plants or animals. Some infect only people. Many viruses commonly infect infants and children.
Viruses are spread (e.g., transmitted) in various ways. Some are swallowed, some are inhaled, and some are spread by the bites of insects and other parasites (i.e., for example, mosquitoes and ticks). Some are spread sexually.
1. Defenses
Most biological organisms have a number of defenses against viruses. For example, physical barriers, such as the skin, discourage easy entry. Infected cells also make interferons, substances that can make uninfected cells more resistant to infection by many viruses.
When a virus enters the body, the virus may trigger the body's immune defenses. These defenses begin with white blood cells, such as lymphocytes and monocytes, which produce antibodies that attack and destroy the virus or the infected cells. Production of antiviral antibodies produces a subsequent state of immunity, wherein the white blood cells are now programmed to immediately respond to re-infection. These states of immunity can be artificially induced by vaccination with non-infectious viral particles. Vaccination initiates the production of antibodies from a variety of white blood cells, thereby producing antibodies that are polyclonal in nature.
2. Types of Viral Infections
Probably the most common viral infections are those of the upper respiratory airway (i.e., for example, nose, throat, etc.). These infections include sore throat, sinusitis, and the common cold. Influenza is a viral respiratory infection. In small children, viruses also commonly cause croup and inflammation of the windpipe (i.e., for example, laryngotracheobronchitis) or other airways deeper inside the lungs. Respiratory infections are more likely to cause severe symptoms in infants, older people, and people with a lung or heart disorder.
Some viruses (i.e., for example, rabies virus, West Nile virus, and several different encephalitis viruses) infect the nervous system. Viral infections also develop in the skin, sometimes resulting in warts or other blemishes.
Other common viral infections are caused by herpes viruses. Eight different herpes viruses infect people, including but not limited to, herpes simplex virus type 1, herpes simplex virus type 2, and varicella-zoster virus cause infections that produce blisters on the skin or mucus membranes. Another herpes virus, Epstein-Barr virus, causes infectious mononucleosis. Cytomegalovirus is a cause of serious infections in newborns and in people with a weakened immune system. Cytomegalovirus can also produce symptoms similar to infectious mononucleosis in people with a healthy immune system. Human herpes viruses 6 and 7 cause a childhood infection called roseola infantum. Human herpes virus 8 has been implicated as a cause of cancer (Kaposi's sarcoma) in people with AIDS.
All of the herpes viruses cause lifelong infection because the virus remains within its host cell in a dormant (latent) state. Sometimes the virus reactivates and produces further episodes of disease. Reactivation may occur rapidly or many years after the initial infection.
3. Diagnosis
Common viral infections are usually diagnosed based on symptoms. For infections that occur in epidemics (i.e., for example, influenza), the presence of other similar cases may help doctors identify a particular infection. For other infections, blood tests and cultures (growing microorganisms in the laboratory from samples of blood, body fluid, or other material taken from an infected area) may be done. Blood may be tested for antibodies to viruses or for antigens (proteins on or in viruses that trigger the body's defenses). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques may be used to make many copies of the viral genetic material, enabling doctors to rapidly and accurately identify the virus. Tests are sometimes done quickly—for instance, when the infection is a serious threat to public health or when symptoms are severe. A sample of blood or other tissues is sometimes examined with an electron microscope, which provides high magnification with clear resolution.
4. Treatment
Drugs that combat viral infections are called antiviral drugs. Many antiviral drugs work by interfering with replication of viruses, such as drugs used to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Because viruses replicate inside cells using the cells' own metabolic functions, there are only a limited number of metabolic functions that antiviral drugs can target. Therefore, antiviral drugs are difficult to develop. Further, effective antiviral drugs can be toxic to human cells. Viruses can also develop resistance to antiviral drugs.
Other antiviral drugs strengthen the biological immune response to the viral infection. These drugs include several types of interferons, immunoglobulins, and vaccines. Interferon drugs are replicas of naturally occurring substances that slow or stop viral replication. Immune globulin is a sterilized solution of antibodies (also called immunoglobulins) collected from a group of people. Vaccines are materials that help prevent infection by stimulating the body's natural defense mechanisms. Many immune globulins and vaccines are given before exposure to a virus to prevent infection. Some immune globulins and some vaccines, such as those for rabies and hepatitis B, are also used after exposure to the virus to help prevent infection from developing or reduce the severity of infection. Immune globulins may also help treat some established infections and also prevent infection after future exposures to the virus.
Most antiviral drugs can be given by mouth. Some can also be given by injection into a vein (intravenously) or muscle (intramuscularly). Some are applied as ointments, creams, or eye drops or are inhaled as a powder.
Antibiotics are not effective against viral infections, but if a person has a bacterial infection in addition to a viral infection, an antibiotic is often necessary.
II. Viral Detection Assays
Infectious disease rates and immunization strategies continue to evolve in the United States and worldwide in response to societal needs, national defense, and evolutionary changes in the organisms producing disease. Immunizations are performed to prevent many infections, while prophylactic population screening is utilized for infections lacking effective vaccines and for those diseases having a low enough incidence that mass immunization is not deemed most efficacious.
The current method for diagnosis of disease, determining exposure to biological materials such as pathogens, or monitoring immunization status varies depending on the specific assay. Some methods employ an in vivo assay. Others require a biological sample, such as blood or serum, to be obtained and tested. Tests performed usually are one of the non-homogeneous type diagnostic methods such as enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (hereinafter “ELISA”), radioimmunoassay (hereinafter “RIA”), or agglutination. All are surface-binding, heterogeneous assays and require the antigen of interest to interact with a surface to achieve success, often at the expense of high non-specific binding and loss of specificity.
The embodiments described herein improve upon previously reported immunoassays by providing a totally liquid environment encompassing all steps of the method.
A. Non-Fluorescent Antibody Assays
A general method believed capable of detecting viruses in solution was reported using composite organic-inorganic nanoclusters displaying antibodies that capture fluorescently labeled infected cells. Sun et al., “Multiplexed Detection of Analytes in Fluid Solution,” United States Patent Publication No. 2007/0279626. The nanocluster-antibody-cell complex is then subjected to FACS in conjunction with Raman analysis to determine the number of captured infected cells. A liquid-phase immunodiagnostic assay has been reported that generates a biochemical reporter when antigen/antibody complex is acted upon by a first and second enzyme. Clemmons et al., “Liquid-Phase Immunodiagnostic Assay,” U.S. Pat. No. 5,637,473. Suggested antigen/antibody complexes include various virus-related epitopes. Analyte detection from clinical samples of patients suspected of having a disease was reported by reacting a sample with a nucleic acid-labeled binding construct. The binding construct may be an antibody having affinity to an analyte. Once bound, the antibody/analyte complex is isolated and the nucleic acid label is amplified and identified to quantitate the captured analytes. Lawton, “Soluble Analyte Detection and Amplification,” U.S. Pat. No. 7,341,837; and United States Patent Publication No. 2005/0048500.
B. Indirect Immunofluorescence
Indirect immunofluorescence represents a method in which a first unlabeled IgG antibody directed against a specific antigen is then detected by use of a labeled (i.e., for example, fluorescently labeled) anti-IgG of the same species as the first antibody. For example, labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody can be used against a specific first antibody that was raised in rabbits.
Flow cytometry by using FACS methodology has been used for monitoring intracellular influenza A replication by using fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibodies directed to matrix protein I and nucleoprotein. In this system, adherent MDCK cells were first inoculated with virus containing sample, then fixed and dehydrated with ethanol and paraformaldehyde/ethanol. Schulze-Horsel et al., “Flow Cytometric Monitoring of Influenza A Virus Infection in MDCK Cells During Vaccine Production,” BMC Biotechnol. 8:45 (2008); and Lonsdale et al., “A Rapid Method for Immunotitration of Influenza Viruses Using Flow Cytometry,” J. Virol. Methods, 110(1):67-71, (2003)).
In vivo antibody production was studied in mice infected with influenza virus using a FACS immunofluorescence method. The data demonstrated that B cells isolated from infected spleen cells did not undergo isotype switching from natural IgM isotypes to influenza-specific isotypes during the course of the infection. Baumgarth et al., “Innate and Acquired Humoral Immunities to Influenza Virus are Mediated by Distinct Arms of the Immune System,” PNAS 96:2250-2255 (1999).
Detection of influenza virus was compared between various processing methods using cell culture-based indirect immunofluorescence staining Chamber slides, shell vials, standard virus isolation, and nasal wash specimens were all tested using monoclonal antibodies specific for antigens of either influenza A virus (i.e., matrix protein or nucleoprotein) or influenza B virus (i.e., nucleoprotein or hemagglutinin) Walls et al., “Characterization and evaluation of monoclonal antibodies developed for typing influenza A and influenza B viruses” J. Clin. Microbiol. 23:240-245 (1986). These comparisons indicated that indirect immunofluoresence tests were difficult to interpret due to an abundance of mucus debris despite vigorous washing and, occasionally, inadequate numbers of intact cells. Stokes et al., “Rapid Diagnosis of Influenza A and B by 24-h Fluorescent Focus Assays,” J. Clin. Microbiol. 26(7):1263-1266 (1988). Influenza infections may also be detected by capturing naturally produced antibodies within a clinical sample onto a surface coated with recombinantly produced influenza A M2 protein. Kendal et al., “Improved Expression of Influenza A M2 Protein in Baculovirus and Uses of M2 Protein,” WO/1993/003173. Influenza virus infection may also be detected using a sandwich immunofluorescent assay where anti-influenza antiserum recognizing NP, M1, HA and NA protein were reacted with fixed and permeabilized HeLa cells. The resultant protein-antibody complexes were visualized with FITC-labeled anti-rabbit IgG antibody. Shiratsuchi et al., “Phosphatidylserine-Mediated Phagocytosis of Influenza A Virus-Infected Cells by Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages,” J. Virol. 74(19):9240-9244 (2000).
Influenza virus was detected on tissue impression smears using unlabeled influenza A group-specific monoclonal antibody detected by an anti-mouse FITC secondary antibody. The method does not teach use of sapogenin, or propidium iodide. Selleck et al., “Rapid Diagnosis of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Using Pancreatic Impression Smears,” Avian Diseases 47(s3):1190-1195 (2002).
C. Direct Fluorescent Assays (DFAs)
Direct immunofluorescence comprises the use of a labeled reactant (i.e., for example, an antibody) which both detects and indicates the presence of an unlabeled reactant (i.e., for example, an antigen, viral epitope, or cell epitope). In some cases, the label comprises a fluorescent molecule. In some cases, it is advantageous to use primary antibodies directly labeled with a fluorescent molecule. This direct labeling decreases the number of steps in the staining procedure and, more importantly, often avoids cross-reactivity and high background problems.
1. Non-Liquid Based DFA
Direct detection of viruses has been accomplished by using an immunofluorescence or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Direct-smear examinations by immunofluorescence are problematic due to low sensitivity and non-specific background staining. Alternatively, a shell vial centrifugation assay has been adapted for detection of the influenza viruses. Espy et al., “Rapid detection of influenza virus by shell vial assay with monoclonal antibodies” J. Clin. Microbiol. 24:677-679 (1986); and Stokes et al., “Rapid diagnosis of influenza A and B by 24-h fluorescent focus assay” J. Clin. Microbiol. 26:1263-1266 (1988).
Some cell culture based techniques to detect influenza A and influenza B viruses in clinical respiratory specimens use Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, which are very sensitive to infection with influenza virus. Such methods take at least a week of incubation to observe the development of cytopathic effects resulting from viral infection of the cell culture by the sample. Frank et al., “Comparison of different tissue cultures for isolation and quantitation of influenza and parainfluenza viruses” J. Clin. Microbiol. 10:32-36 (1979); and Meguro et al., “Canine kidney cell line for isolation of respiratory viruses” J. Clin. Microbiol. 9:175-179 (1979). Clinical specimen smears were also examined by using a direct immunofluorescence assay. These smears were subjected to several steps to prepare and dry the sample on a microscope slide before viewing on a microscope. Influenza was detected using FTIC-labeled antibodies along with counter staining with Evan's blue. This method is not enhanced by using sapogenin to improve the detectable signal or using a combination counterstain with propidium iodide. Mills et al., “Detection of Influenza Virus by Centrifugal Inoculation of MDCK Cells and Staining with Monoclonal Antibodies,” J. Clin. Microbiol. 27(11):2505-2508 (1989).
Currently, there are two (2) general methods (i.e., standard DFA and cytospin DFA) used for staining respiratory specimens directly using fluorescent labeled antibodies to detect the presence of respiratory viruses such as influenza A and B, respiratory syncytial virus, etc. These assay protocols are compared to one embodiment contemplated herein (i.e., for example, liquid DFA; LDFA) that is much faster. See, Table 1.
TABLE 1
Estimated time to results for one specimen using a DFA
Standard DFA
Cytospin DFA*
Drying
30-60
minutes
5-10
minutes
Fixing
10
minutes
10
minutes
Incubation
15-30
minutes
15-30
minutes
Manipulation time
2
minutes
2
minutes
Total time to result
47-102
minutes
32-52
minutes
*Cytospin is done only for the Screen. If the Cytospin preparation is positive, the lab still has to run the standard 8 well ID slide which takes 47-102 minutes.
The current standard and cytospin DFAs require numerous and lengthy laboratory steps including, i) centrifugation to collect and concentrate the cells from the specimen (this step varies depending on the laboratory. It could range from 10 minutes to up to 30 minutes if multiple rinses are performed); ii) drying the deposited cells on the slide; iii) fixing the cells using a dehydration agent (i.e., for example, Acetone); iv) incubating the adhered, fixed cells with respective fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labeled Ab's at 37° C.; and v) manipulating the labeled/fixed cells for microscope viewing and examination for the presence of fluorescent cells. One significant drawback of the current DFAs is that the microscope viewing and examination for fluorescently labeled cells is done manually (i.e., by visual inspection). Further, as a single fluorescent label is usually used for each antibody, a separate sample must be processed in series in order to detect the presence of each suspected virus.
Fixatives in the DFAs is usually a dehydration agent (i.e., for example, acetone) which immobilizes proteins, adheres cells to a glass slide and permeabilizes the cells for entry of MAb's to react with intracellular antigen. Staining agents in the DFAs are usually directly labeled FITC MAb's for the viral antigens in combination with a protein stain (i.e., for example, Evans Blue) for counter-staining the cells.
2. Liquid DFA (LDFA)
Currently available DFAs would require a different aliquot to detect and identify each virus (i.e., eight aliquots total) using the lengthy and laborious techniques described above. For example, non-liquid DFAs detection of eight (8) viruses require thirty-seven (37) laboratory manipulations. In contrast, an LDFA embodiment contemplated by the present invention comprises only fourteen (14) laboratory manipulations using the serial analysis of three aliquots of a liquid sample. In one embodiment, the method further comprises a fourth aliquot of the liquid sample without any labeled monoclonal antibodies as a control.
Fluorescently labeled ligands (i.e., for example, small molecules, peptides) have been used in solution-based diagnostic assays by detecting antibodies by measuring changes in fluorescence polarization. A fluorescently labeled ligand will undergo an alteration in molecular spin rate, thereby changing its emission pattern when the ligand binds with a binding partner (i.e., for example, a labeled antigen binding with an antibody). For instance, the method may detect naturally produced antibodies in biological samples from patient that are infected with a microorganism (i.e., for example, bacteria or virus). Cullum et al., “Fluorescence Polarization Instruments and Methods For Detection of Exposure to Biological Materials By Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay of Saliva, Oral or Bodily Fluids,” U.S. Pat. No. 7,408,640 (2008); and United States Patent Publication No. 2005/0095601 (both herein incorporated by reference).
Solutions of fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibodies have been stabilized with azo-compounds for use to identify Mycoplasma pneumonia in an ELISA format. The infected cells were immobilized to a microwell plate before incubation with the antibodies. These methods do not depend upon improved cell permeability (i.e., for example, by addition of sapogenin) or counterstaining with propidium iodide, and does not contemplate detection of viruses (i.e., for example, influenza). Sawayanagi et al., “Stable Antibody Solution and Method For Preparing the Same,” U.S. Pat. No. 5,602,234 (1997)(herein incorporated by reference).
In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates a method to perform LDFA comprising incubating a liquid sample with a permeabilization agent and at least one cell stain. Although it is not necessary to understand the mechanism of an invention, it is believed that this is a distinct advantage over currently available non-liquid DFA's which perform the analogous steps of fixation and staining in two separate steps. In one embodiment, the permeabilization agent comprises acetone. In one embodiment, the cell stain comprises a specific protein stain (i.e., for example, Evans Blue) at approximately one-eigth the amount in currently available DFAs and a non-specific cell nuclei stain (i.e., for example, propidium iodide).
In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates a method to perform LDFA comprising preparing a liquid sample for examination in less than ten (10) minutes. In one embodiment, the method comprises incubating the liquid sample at room temperature with a permeabilization agent (i.e., for example, acetone) and at least one cell stain for approximately five (5) minutes. In one embodiment, the method comprises rinsing and centrifuging the permeabilized and stained liquid sample at room temperature for approximately two (2) minutes. The LDFA has significant advantages over currently known DFA assays by significantly improving the ability of a laboratory technician to quickly identify and enumerate virus-infected cells in a liquid specimen. See, Table 2.
TABLE 2
Estimated time to results for one specimen using LDFA.
Liquid DFA
Drying
none
Fixing
none
Incubation
5 minutes
Wash
2 minutes
Manipulation time
2 minutes
Total time to result
9 minutes
No fixatives are necessary in LDFAs to adhere cells to a glass slide, but dehydration agents may be useful as a cell permeabilzation agent. Further, a detergent (i.e., for example, sapogenin) may be used to optimally permeabilize the cells for entry of the MAb's to react with intracellular antigen. Staining agents in LDFAs are usually directly labeled fluorescent MAb's for a viral antigen in combination with a low concentration of Evans Blue (i.e., for example, to quench fluorescent background staining) and propidium iodide, a fluorescent nuclear stain, used to help identify what a cell is in relation to the fluorescence from FITC and/or PE with the nuclear stains in cells.
Such labeling has been observed to be proportional to the number of infected cells (i.e., for example, infected with influenza A) present in the test solution. See,
The present LDFA method was compared to conventional DFA methods demonstrating the specificity and selectivity of the LDFA versus a traditional DFA for: i) Influenza A (Flu A) MAb combination of clone 2H3C5 and clone A(6)B11; ii) influenza B (Flu B) MAb combination of clone 8C7E11 and clone 9B4D9; iii) respiratory virus (RSV) MAb combination of clone 3A4D9 and clone 4F9G; iv) metapneumovirus (MPV) MAb combination of clone #4, clone #23, and clone #28; v) adenovirus (ADV) MAb combination of clone 8H2C9, clone 2H10E2, and clone 4H6C9; vi) parainfluenza (PIV) virus 1 MAb combination of clone 1D8E10 and clone 9F61C9; vii) parainfluenza virus 2 MAb combination of clone 2E4D7 and clone 5E4E11; viii) parainfluenza virus 3 MAb combination of clone 4G5(1)E2H9 and clone 1F6C8; ix) pooled parainfluenza 1-3 MAbs as described above and x) combined mixture of i)-ix). Representative micrographs show MAb-positive signals for LDFA vents DFA results. See,
TABLE 3
Cross-correlation between LDFA and DFA for Influenza A virus
detection and identification using the LDFA Influenza A&B
reagent compared to the Individual Influenza A reagent..
TABLE 3: Study Site 4 - D3 Ultra Duet R-PE identification
of Influenza A virus positive specimens
D3 Ultra Final Identification
Direct Specimen
(Influenza A virus)
(637 Specimens)
Pos
Neg
D3 Ultra Duet Flu A/Flu B
Pos
46
2
Neg
1
588
Positive Percent Agreement
97.6%
(PPA)
(46/47)
95% CI- PPA
88.9, 99.6%
Negative Percent Agreement
99.7%
(NPA)
(588/590)
95% CI- NPA
98.8, 99.9%
TABLE 4
Cross-correlation between LDFA and DFA for Influenza B virus
detection and identification using the LDFA Influenza A&B
reagent compared to the Individual Influenza B reagent.
TABLE 4: Study Site 4 - D3 Ultra Duet FITC identification
of Influenza B virus positive specimens
D3 Ultra Final Identification
Direct Specimen
(Influenza B virus)
(637 Specimens)
Pos
Neg
D3 Ultra Duet Flu A/Flu B
Pos
197
4
Neg
1
435
Positive Percent Agreement
99.5%
(PPA)
(197/198)
95% CI- PPA
97.2, 99.9%
Negative Percent Agreement
99.1%
(NPA)
(435/439)
95% CI- NPA
97.7, 99.7%
TABLE 5
Cross-correlation between LDFA and DFA for RSV detection and
identification using the LDFA Influenza RSV&MPV reagent
compared to the Individual RSV reagent.
TABLE 5: Study Site 4 - D3 Ultra Duet R-PE identification
of RSV positive specimens
D3 Ultra Final Identification
Direct Specimen
(RSV)
(637 Specimens)
Pos
Neg
D3 Ultra Duet RSV/MPV
Pos
29
0
Neg
0
608
Positive Percent Agreement
100%
(PPA)
(29/29)
95% CI- PPA
88.3, 100%
Negative Percent Agreement
100%
(NPA)
(608/608)
95% CI- NPA
99.4, 100%
TABLE 6
Cross-correlation between LDFA and DFA for MPV detection and
identification using the LDFA Influenza RSV&MPV
reagent compared to the Individual MPV reagent.
TABLE 6: Study Site 4 -
D3 Ultra Duet FITC identification of MPV positive specimens
Direct Specimen
D3 MPV DFA Reagent
(637 Specimens)
Pos
Neg
D3 Ultra Duet RSV/MPV
Pos
15
0
Neg
0
622
Positive Percent Agreement (PPA)
100%
(15/15)
95% CI-PPA
79.6, 100%
Negative Percent Agreement (NPA)
100%
(622/622)
95% CI-NPA
99.4, 100%
TABLE 7
Cross-correlation between LDFA and DFA for Parainfluenza
virus detection and identification using the LDFA Parainfluenza
pool&Adenovirus reagent compared to the
Individual Parainfluenza reagents.
TABLE 7: Study Site 4 -
D3 Ultra Duet R-PE identification of Parainfluenza
virus 1, 2, and 3 positive specimens
D3 Ultra Final Identification
Direct Specimen
(Parainfluenza)
(637 Specimens)
Pos
Neg
D3 Ultra Duet PIV/Adeno
Pos
6
0
Neg
0
631
Positive Percent Agreement (PPA)
100% (6/6)
95% CI-PPA
56.6, 100%
Negative Percent Agreement (NPA)
100%
(631/631)
95% CI-NPA
99.4, 100%
TABLE 8
Cross-correlation between LDFA and DFA for Adenovirus
detection and identification using the LDFA Influenza
Parainfluenza pool&Adenovirus reagent compared
to the Individual Adenovirus reagent..
TABLE 8: Study Site 4 -
D3 Ultra Duet FITC identification of Adenovirus positive specimens
D3 Ultra Final Identification
Direct Specimen
(Adenovirus)
(637 Specimens)
Pos
Neg
D3 Ultra Duet PIV/Adeno
Pos
1
0
Neg
0
636
Positive Percent Agreement (PPA)
% (1/1)
95% CI-PPA
20.7, 100%
Negative Percent Agreement (NPA)
100%
(636/636)
95% CI-NPA
99.4, 100%
Studies have also demonstrated the specificity and selectivity of the LDFA versus a traditional DFA for: i) Influenza A (Flu A) MAb combination of clone 10B12C11 and clone A(6)B11 (
In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates a method to perform LDFA comprising a virus-specific antibody. In one embodiment, the antibody comprises a monoclonal antibody. In one embodiment, the virus-specific monoclonal antibody comprises a fluorescent label. In one embodiment, the fluoresently labeled monoclonal antibody comprises Flu A monoclonal antibody (i.e., for example, with a PE label). In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibody comprises Flu B monoclonal antibody (i.e., for example, with a FITC label). In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibody comprises a RSV monoclonal antibody (i.e., for example, with a PE label). In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibody comprises MPV monoclonal antibody (i.e., for example, with a FITC label). In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibody comprises a parainfluenza (i.e., for example, PIV-1, -2 and -3) monoclonal antibody (i.e., for example, with a PE label). In one embodiment, the fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibody comprises an adenvirus monoclonal antibody (i.e., for example, with a FITC label).
In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates a method to detect at least eight (8) and identify at least five (5) viruses comprising incubating a single liquid sample with at least one PE-labeled monoclonal antibody directed to a first virus and at least one FITC-labeled monoclonal antibody is directed to a second virus. In one embodiment, a first aliquot of the liquid sample comprises a PE-labeled Flu A monoclonal antibody and a FITC-labeled Flu B monoclonal antibody. In one embodiment, a second aliquot of the liquid sample comprises a PE-labled RSV monoclonal antibody and a FITC-labeled MPV monoclonal antibody. In one embodiment, a third aliquot of the liquid sample comprises a PE-labeled PIV monoclonal antibody and a FITC-labeled adenovirus monoclonal antibody. The present method has considerable advantages over those DFAs currently available as this method can detect and identify at least eight (8) respiratory viruses using three (3) aliquots from a single biological sample.
a. Sapogenin Enhanced Methods
In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates a liquid direct fluorescence assay to detect virus that do not require incubation in either a fixative or a dehydration agent. These fixative and/or dehydration agents are required in DFAs because the virus-infected cells are adhered to a glass substrate to facilitate microscopic viewing and examiation. In one embodiment, the present method comprises unfixed cells, wherein the liquid does not contain fixatives or non-aqueous solvents (i.e, for example, alcohols, acetone, aldehydes, toluene, etc.). In one embodiment, the invention contemplates a LDFA wherein cells are permeabilized with a detergent agent. In one embodiment, the detergent comprises sapogenin. Although it is not necessary to understand the mechanism of an invention, it is believed that a detergent agent provides improved cell permeability of fluorescently labeled antibodies in comparison to conventional fixatives and dehydration agents. It is further believed that this improved fluorescently labeled antibody permeability results in greater binding with viral antigens, thereby resulting in improved signal strength. It is further believed that the improved signal strength provides equivalent sensitivity and improved accuracy for the present LDFA versus currently available DFAs for virus detection and identification.
Saponins, including sapogenin, have been reported as a lipid-based detergent. Sapogenin has been suggested as being able to enhance the contrast of cells and sub-cellular morphology in histological slide preparations. Such histology preparations typically use dehydration solvents (i.e., for example, toluene) but may employ fluorescent labels. Sapogenin was not used to facilitate the detection of viruses (i.e., for example, influenza). Farrell et al., “Biological Sample Processing Composition and Method,” United States Patent Publication No. 2007/0172911 (herein incorporated by reference). Saponins have further been reported to permeabilize cell membranes. Saponin used in conjunction with Evan's blue and propidium iodide staining of influenza virus was not observed to detect the virus in a solution based assay. Johansen et al., “Compositions and Methods for Treatment of Viral Diseases,” United States Patent Publication No. 2008/0161324 (herein incorporated by reference).
Saponins have detergent-like properties and have been reported useful as foaming agents. Further, saponins may be used as immunological adjuvants for viral vaccines including influenza and, when fluorescently labeled, is capable of detecting cell surface markers. Marciani et al., “Triterpene Saponin Analogs Having Adjuvant and Immunostimulatory Activity,” U.S. Pat. No. 5,977,081 (1999); U.S. Pat. No. 6,262,029; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,080,725 (both herein incorporated by reference). Saponins may also be combined with nutraceuticals and/or pharmaceuticals. For example, saponins may suppress HIV replication. Dobbins et al., “Process For Isolating Saponins From Soybean-Derived Materials,” U.S. Pat. No. 6,355,816 (2002) (herein incorporated by reference).
In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates a method to perform a liquid direct flourescent assay (LDFA) comprising sapogenin. Although it is not necessary to understand the mechanism of an invention, it is believed that sapogenin offers significant advantages over currently known DFA methods because the compound permeabilizes the cells instead of fixing the cells. It is further believed that permeabilization has the advantages of: i) treating the infected cells with a mild surfactant, thereby allowing the cells to maintain their three dimensional structure while being stained with a protein counterstain and labeled antibodies; ii) solubilizing the lipid portions of a cell membrane; and iii) allowing larger dye molecules and antibodies access to the cell's interior. In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates a method comprising LDFA, wherein sapogenein treatment improves virus detection and identification by decreasing background noise and improving antibody signal strength.
III. Portable Fluorescent Reader Devices
Fluorescence microscopy has allowed the examination of fluorescently stained specimens by visual inspection. However, automating fluorescently labeled cell counts in conjunction with total cell counts provides an opportunity for fast and reliable diagnostic information (i.e., for example, cytometers having internal alogrithms). In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates a device that generates data that compare favorably with those from a conventional hema-cytometer, yet it eliminates the variability associated with subjective interpretation. In one embodiment, the device is capable of displaying test results in less than one minute per sample. In one embodiment, the device further automatically calculates cell viability.
In one embodiment, the device may be used together with a plurality of staining agents. In one embodiment, the staining agents provide for testing a wide variety of nucleated cell lines, including, but not limited to, mammalian cells, hybridomas and ficoll preparations. In one embodiment, the staining agents are detected by a fluorescent microscopy-based imaging system that streamlines cell counting procedures. For example, the staining agents may include, but are not limited to, a plurality of fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibodies and nucleic acid dyes. In one embodiment, the nucleic acid dyes include but are not limited to, propidium iodide, acridine orange, or ethidium bromide.
In one embodiment, the device comprises an epi-illumination microscope where a charged couple device collected emitted fluorescence that results from illumination by light emitting diodes. In one embodiment, the device comprises a sample drawer configured to accept a sample tray comprising a plurality of samples (i.e., for example, a multi-well sample slide). In one embodiment, the illumination is accomplished by high intensity mercury-arc or quartz-halogen light emitting diodes. Following illumination and collection of the fluorescence, the cell count is generated by image analysis using an internal algorithm. In one embodiment, the device visually displays test results on a touch screen. In one embodiment, the device is capable of exporting the test results to an independent storage device (i.e., for example, a computer).
In one embodiment, the device is compatible a method comprising: a) pipeting a sample into at least one microwell of a multiwell microscope slide; b) loading the slide onto a slide tray; and c) inserting the slide tray into the sample drawer of the device. In one embodiment, the sample comprises a cell suspension and a plurality of staining reagents. Total cells (live and dead) may be counted by staining with, for example, by Thioflavin T, acridine orange, non-specific fluorescent dyes, or any particle attached to an antibody that is detectable by a microscope. Ethidium bromide is further added to identify the dead cells, wherein the number of live cells is then determined by subtraction.
While the present invention contemplates that many different devices that would be compatible with the presently contemplated method, preferred specifications may include, but are not limited to: i) sample volume of approximately 8 μl sample; ii) dynamic range: 5×104 to 1×107 cells/mL; iii) detectable cell diameter between approximately 8-40 microns; iv) calculation software that determines the labeled cell count and % viability by counting labled cells and total cells in the specified volume of the image fields; v) a fluorescence microscope having, for example, a charge coupled device camera; iv) two light emitting diodes (LEDs) @ 470 & 530 nm respectively; v) total analysis time in approximately 1 minute per test; vi) processing of six (6) images/test; vi) approximate dimensions: 37.5 H×25 D×30 W cm vii) approximate weight: 9 kg (20 lbs); vii) optimal operating temperature between approximately 10-35° C.; viii) optimal operating humidity between approximately 20-80% relative humidity; ix) optimal operating altitude of up to approximately 2,000 meters; and x) power requirements: 100-240 VAC, 50-60 Hz. See,
In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates a microscope slide comprising a plurality of sample wells (˜200 μl). In one embodiment, the microwell comprises an inlet port. In one embodiment, the microwell comprises an outlet port. In one embodiment, the microwell comprises and inlet port and an outlet port. In one embodiment, the microwell is covered by a coverslip. In one embodiment, the ports are compatible with a 10 μl pipet tip. See,
In one embodiment, the first, second, third, and fourth aliquots are idependently placed on a glass substrate. In one embodiment, the glass substrate comprises at least four (4) sample wells, such that each independent sample is placed within a separate microwell. In one embodiment, each microwell comprises a side inlet port and a side outlet port. In one embodiment, the microwell comprises a permanent cover.
IV. Integration of Device & Method
In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates a method comprising: a) providing; i) a fluorescent cytometer compatible with a sample container comprising a plurality of samples; ii) a biological specimen comprising a plurality of cells; b) labeling the cells with a plurality of fluorescent dyes; c) placing the labeled cells within the sample container; and d) examining the sample container for fluorescence using the cytometer.
In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates a device comprising a microprocessor comprising an algorithm capable of differentiating between a plurality of fluorescent signals. In one embodiment, a first fluorescent signal comprises a PE signal. In one embodiment, the PE signal appears as a golden-yellow fluorescent stain. In one embodiment, a second fluorescent signal comprises an FITC signal. In one embodiment, the FITC signal appears as an apple-green fluorescent stain. In one embodiment, a third fluorescent signal comprises a propidium iodide signal. In one embodiment, the propidium iodide signal appears as a red fluorescent stain.
In one embodiment, the rinsed and centrifuged liquid sample is loaded onto a sample container comprising a glass substrate. In one embodiment, the glass substrate comprises a plurality of independent samples. In one embodiment, the glass substrate is compatible with a device comprising an algorithm capable of detecting and evaluating a plurality of fluorescent signals. In one embodiment, the device detects the signals from each independent sample.
Although there are many different methods of preparing and examining cells, the following protocol is described in detail as but one example that is compatible with the presently disclosed invention. Briefly, the processing of the specimen for reading in the instrument is as follows. A nasopharengeal (NP) swab or aspirated NP specimen is placed in a transport medium (i.e., for example, phosphate buffered saline; PBS). An aliquot (˜1 ml) is transferred to a centrifuge tube for pelleting. The cell pellet is resuspended in about 0.1 ml of PBS, vortexed to disperse the cells and then 25 uL of the suspension are transferred to 4 separate tubes, to which are added, respectively, 1 drop of fluorescein-labeled, Non-Immune mouse Ab, Flu A MAb, Flu B MAb and RSV MAb and allowed to stand at room temperature for 10 minutes. Optionally, each of these MAb solutions also contains sapogenin as a cell permeabilization reagent, propidium iodide to counterstain the nuclei of all the virus infected and uninfected NP cells. 1.5 ml of PBS is then added to each tube which is centrifuged and the supernatant of each (which contains the excess MAb, counterstain and permeabilization reagent) is decanted. Each cell pellet is resuspended in a minimal volume of PBS. The Non-Immune mouse Ab is included as a control since there are some specimens that contain cells that bind the Fc portion of murine antibodies. In such cases, all wells that contain fluorescein labeled MAb will show fluorescence and the state of infection of the specimen cannot be determined by this method. About 10 uL of each of the 4 suspensions are pipetted into each of 4 wells of a special slide in the order listed above; the 4 separate wells are covered by a coverslip and each well has an entry port on each side. Each well has a capacity of about 7 uL. The slide containing the cell suspensions is inserted into a slide tray of the cytometer device which automatically moves the slide inside the instrument where its alignment is first checked and then moved to successively position each well beneath a 5× objective. For example, the alignment may take approximately 95 sec. and each microwell may take approximately 2 minutes (i.e., a total of 8 minuntes for four successive microwell reads). The instrument may contain at least 2 LED's. A first LED emits light at a wavelength to excite fluorescein. A second LED that emits light to excite the propidium iodide counterstain. There are narrow band wavelength filters interposed between the emitted light and the CCD. At each well, a predetermined number of fields (9 or 16 out of a possible 27) is excited and imaged separately (first the fluorescein immediately followed by the propidium iodide) at both LED wavelengths which are captured by the CCD. The algorithm is then used to analyze the images, identifying specific virus-infected cells by virtue of size and the co-location of the fluorescein-labeled MAb and propidium iodide and non-infected cells by virtue of size and propidium iodide stain. The algorithm provides the number of infected cells and total number of cells in the fields and wells examined. Upon completion of reading the 4 wells, the slide is ejected from the instrument, ready for the next specimen-containing slide.
In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates detecting and identifying a virus using mixtures of publicly available MAbs. In one embodiment, each virus may be detected using at least one labeled MAb. See Table 9.
TABLE 9
Representative MAb Clones For Virus Identification
Virus Specificity
Clonal Designation
Fluorescent Label
Source
Influenza A Virus
2H3C5
PE
Diagnostic Hybrids, Inc. Athens, OH;
A(6)B11
Cat. No. 01-013102.v2
Influenza B Virus
8C7E11
FITC
Diagnostic Hybrids, Inc. Athens, OH;
9B4D9
Cat. No. 01-013202.v2
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
3A4D9
PE
Diagnostic Hybrids, Inc Athens, OH;
4F9G3
Cat. No. 01-013302.v2
Metapneumovirus
Clone #4
FITC
US Patent Application Publication
C2C10
Number 2007/0248962, herein
incorporated by reference
Metapneumovirus
Clone #23
FITC
US Patent Application Publication
C2D11
Number 2007/0248962, herein
incorporated by reference
Metapneumovirus
Clone #28
FITC
US Patent Application Publication
T3H11
Number 2007/0248962, herein
incorporated by reference
Parainfluenza 1 Virus
1D8E10
PE
Diagnostic Hybrids, Inc Athens, OH;
9F61C9
Cat. No. 01-013502.v2
Parainfluenza 2 Virus
2E4D7
PE
Diagnostic Hybrids, Inc Athens, OH;
5E4E11
Cat. No. 01-013602.v2
Parainfluenza 3 Virus
4G5(1)E2H9
PE
Diagnostic Hybrids, Inc Athens, OH;
1F6C8
Cat. No. 01-013702.v2
Adenovirus
8H2C9
FITC
Diagnostic Hybrids, Inc. Athens, OH;
2H10E2
Cat. No. 01-013402.v2
4H6C9
In one embodiment, an influenza A reagent comprises at least one PE-labeled MAb selected from the group comprising clone 2H3C5 or clone A(6)B11. In one embodiment, an influenza B reagent comprises at least one FITC-labeled MAb selected from the group comprising clone 8C7E11 or clone 9B4D9. In one embodiment, a respiratory syncytial virus reagent comprises at least one PE-labeled MAb selected from the group comprising clone 3A4D9 or clone 4F9G3. In one embodiment, a metapneumovirus reagent comprises at least one FITC-labeled MAb selected from the group comprising clone #4, clone #23, or clone #28. In one embodiment, a parainfluenza 1 reagent comprises at least one PE-labeled MAb selected from the group comprising clone 1D8E10 or clone 9F61C9. In one embodiment, a parainfluenza 2 reagent comprises at least one PE-labeled MAb selected from the group comprising clone 4G5(1)E2H9 or clone 1F6C8. In one embodiment, a parainfluenza 3 reagent comprises at least one PE-labeled MAb selected from the group comprising clone 4G5(1)E2H9 or clone 1F6C8. In one embodiment, an adenovirus reagent comprises at least one FITC-labeled MAb selected from the group comprising clone 8H2C9, clone 2H10E2, or clone 4H6C9.
Although there are many different methods of detecting and identifying viral infected cells, the following protocol is described in detail as but one example that is compatible with the presently disclosed invention. In one embodiment, a specimen prepared as described above is aliquoted into three (3) independent wells on a glass substrate (i.e., for example, a microscope slice). In one embodiment, the method further comprises contacting an influenza A reagent and an influenza B reagent with the sample in a first well. In one embodiment, the method further comprises contacting a respiratory syncytial virus reagent and a metapnuemovirus reagent with the sample in a second well. In one embodiment, a third well comprises a parainfluenza 1 reagent, a parainfluenza 2 reagent, a parainfluenza 3 reagent and an adenovirus reagent. In one embodiment, the method further comprises detecting influenza A in the first well upon appearance of a golden-yellow fluorescent stain. In one embodiment, the method further comprises detecting the absence of influenza A in the first well upon appearance of only a red stain. In one embodiment, the method further comprises detecting influenza B in the first well upon appearance of an apple-green fluorescent stain. In one embodiment, the method further comprisies detecting the absence of influenza B in the first well upon appearance of only a red stain. In one embodiment, the method further comprises detecting respiratory syncytial virus in the second well upon appearance of a golden-yellow fluorescent stain. In one embodiment, the method further compries detecting the absence of respiratory syncytial virus in the second well upon appearance of only a red stain. In one embodiment, the method further comprises detecting metapneumovirus in the second well upon appearance of an apple-green fluorescent stain. In one embodiment, the method further comprises detecting the absence of metapneumovirus in the second well upon appearance of only a red stain. In one embodiment, the method further comprises detecting at least one parainfluenza virus in the third well upon appearance of a golden-yellow fluorescent stain. In one embodiment, the at least one parainfluenza virus is selected from the group comprising parainfluenza 1, parainfluenza 2, or parainfluenza 3. In one embodiment, the method further comprises detecting the absence of any parainfluenza virus in the third well upon appearance of only a red stain. In one embodiment, the method further comprises detecting an adenovirus in the third well upon appearance of an apple-green fluorescent stain. In one embodiment, the method further comprises detecting the absence of an adenovirus in the third well upon appearance of only a red stain.
V. Antibodies
The present invention provides isolated antibodies (i.e., for example, polyclonal or monoclonal). In one embodiment, the present invention provides monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to viral epitopes comprised of at least five amino acid residues or lipid residue. These antibodies find use in the detection methods described above.
An antibody against a viral epitope of the present invention may be any monoclonal or polyclonal antibody, as long as it can recognize the epitope. Antibodies can be produced by using a protein of the present invention as the antigen according to a conventional antibody or antiserum preparation process.
The present invention contemplates the use of both monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. Any suitable method may be used to generate the antibodies used in the methods and compositions of the present invention, including but not limited to, those disclosed herein. For example, for preparation of a monoclonal antibody, protein, as such, or together with a suitable carrier or diluent is administered to an animal (e.g., a mammal) under conditions that permit the production of antibodies. For enhancing the antibody production capability, complete or incomplete Freund's adjuvant may be administered. Normally, the protein is administered once every 2 weeks to 6 weeks, in total, about 2 times to about 10 times. Animals suitable for use in such methods include, but are not limited to, primates, rabbits, dogs, guinea pigs, mice, rats, sheep, goats, etc.
For preparing monoclonal antibody-producing cells, an individual animal whose antibody titer has been confirmed (e.g., a mouse) is selected, and 2 days to 5 days after the final immunization, its spleen or lymph node is harvested and antibody-producing cells contained therein are fused with myeloma cells to prepare the desired monoclonal antibody producer hybridoma. Measurement of the antibody titer in antiserum can be carried out, for example, by reacting the labeled protein, as described hereinafter and antiserum and then measuring the activity of the labeling agent bound to the antibody. The cell fusion can be carried out according to known methods, for example, the method described by Koehler and Milstein (Nature 256:495 [1975]). As a fusion promoter, for example, polyethylene glycol (PEG) or Sendai virus (HVJ), preferably PEG is used.
Various methods may be used for screening for a hybridoma producing the antibody (e.g., against a viral epitope of the present invention). For example, where a supernatant of the hybridoma is added to a solid phase (e.g., microplate) to which antibody is adsorbed directly or together with a carrier and then an anti-immunoglobulin antibody (if mouse cells are used in cell fusion, anti-mouse immunoglobulin antibody is used) or Protein A labeled with a radioactive substance or an enzyme is added to detect the monoclonal antibody against the protein bound to the solid phase. Alternately, a supernatant of the hybridoma is added to a solid phase to which an anti-immunoglobulin antibody or Protein A is adsorbed and then the protein labeled with a radioactive substance or an enzyme is added to detect the monoclonal antibody against the protein bound to the solid phase.
Selection of the monoclonal antibody can be carried out according to any known method or its modification. Normally, a medium for animal cells to which HAT (hypoxanthine, aminopterin, thymidine) are added is employed. Any selection and growth medium can be employed as long as the hybridoma can grow. For example, RPMI 1640 medium containing 1% to 20%, preferably 10% to 20% fetal bovine serum, GIT medium containing 1% to 10% fetal bovine serum, a serum free medium for cultivation of a hybridoma (SFM-101, Nissui Seiyaku) and the like can be used. Normally, the cultivation is carried out at 20° C. to 40° C., preferably 37° C. for about 5 days to 3 weeks, preferably 1 week to 2 weeks under about 5% CO2 gas. The antibody titer of the supernatant of a hybridoma culture can be measured according to the same manner as described above with respect to the antibody titer of the anti-protein in the antiserum.
Separation and purification of a monoclonal antibody (e.g., against a viral epitope of the present invention) can be carried out according to the same manner as those of conventional polyclonal antibodies such as separation and purification of immunoglobulins, for example, salting-out, alcoholic precipitation, isoelectric point precipitation, electrophoresis, adsorption and desorption with ion exchangers (e.g., DEAE), ultracentrifugation, gel filtration, or a specific purification method wherein only an antibody is collected with an active adsorbent such as an antigen-binding solid phase, Protein A or Protein G and dissociating the binding to obtain the antibody.
Polyclonal antibodies may be prepared by any known method or modifications of these methods including obtaining antibodies from patients. For example, a complex of an immunogen (an antigen against the protein) and a carrier protein is prepared and an animal is immunized by the complex according to the same manner as that described with respect to the above monoclonal antibody preparation. A material containing the antibody against is recovered from the immunized animal and the antibody is separated and purified.
As to the complex of the immunogen and the carrier protein to be used for immunization of an animal, any carrier protein and any mixing proportion of the carrier and a hapten can be employed as long as an antibody against the hapten, which is crosslinked on the carrier and used for immunization, is produced efficiently. For example, bovine serum albumin, bovine cycloglobulin, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, etc. may be coupled to a hapten in a weight ratio of about 0.1 parts to about 20 parts, preferably, about 1 part to about 5 parts per 1 part of the hapten.
In addition, various condensing agents can be used for coupling of a hapten and a carrier. For example, glutaraldehyde, carbodiimide, maleimide activated ester, activated ester reagents containing thiol group or dithiopyridyl group, and the like find use with the present invention. The condensation product as such or together with a suitable carrier or diluent is administered to a site of an animal that permits the antibody production. For enhancing the antibody production capability, complete or incomplete Freund's adjuvant may be administered. Normally, the protein is administered once every 2 weeks to 6 weeks, in total, about 3 times to about 10 times.
The polyclonal antibody is recovered from blood, ascites and the like, of an animal immunized by the above method. The antibody titer in the antiserum can be measured according to the same manner as that described above with respect to the supernatant of the hybridoma culture. Separation and purification of the antibody can be carried out according to the same separation and purification method of immunoglobulin as that described with respect to the above monoclonal antibody.
The protein used herein as the immunogen is not limited to any particular type of immunogen. For example, a protein expressed resulting from a virus infection (further including a gene having a nucleotide sequence partly altered) can be used as the immunogen. Further, fragments of the protein may be used. Fragments may be obtained by any methods including, but not limited to expressing a fragment of the gene, enzymatic processing of the protein, chemical synthesis, and the like.
The present invention may be practiced using any antibody. As described above, preferred antibodies comprise monoclonal antibodies that are produce from hybridoma cell cultures. In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates a hybridoma cell culture that produces a monoclonal antibody, wherein said monoclonal antibody has specific affinity for a viral antigen derived from a virus selected from the group including, but not limited to, influenza A, influenza B, adenovirus, parainfluenza 1, parainfluenza 2, parainfluenza 3, parainfluenza 4, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, varicella zoster virus, herpes simplex virus-1, herpes simplex virus-2, cytomegalovirus IE, coronavirus 229E, coronavirus 0C43, severe acute respiratory syndrome virus, coxsackie virus B3 VP1 Pan-EV, Poliovirus 1 VP1 Pan-EV, enterovirus 70 specific, enterovirus 71 specific, enterovirus 71/Coxsackie A16 bispecific, bocavirus, and human papilloma virus. In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates a hybridoma cell culture that produces a monoclonal antibody, wherein the monoclonal antibody has specific affinity for a bacterial antigen derived from a bacteria selected from the group including, but not limited to, chlamydia, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Group A Streptococcus, and Group B Streptococcus. In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates a hybridoma cell culture that produces a monoclonal antibody, wherein the monoclonal antibody has specific affinity for a small organic molecule selected from the group including, but not limited to, nicotine or cotinine
A. Influenza A/Respiratory Virus Monoclonal Antibodies
In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates a specific monoclonal antibody capable of qualitatively detecting and identifying influenza A viral antigens. In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates a specific monoclonal antibody capable of screening for viral antigens selected from the group comprising influenza B virus antigens, respiratory syncytial virus antigens, adenovirus antigens, and parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, and 3 antigens. In one embodiment, the detecting and/or screening comprises directly testing cells derived from respiratory biological specimens. In one embodiment, the detecting and/or screening comprises a method performed in a cell culture by immunofluorescence using the monoclonal antibodies (MAbs).
In one embodiment, the MAbs are provided in a kit comprising a plurality of viral antigen-specific murine MAbs. In one embodiment, MAbs for influenza A virus are directly labeled with R-phycoerythrin (i.e., for example, emitting a golden-yellow fluorescence). In one embodiment, MAbs for influenza B virus, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, and parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, and 3, are directly labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (i.e., for example, emitting an apple-green fluorescence). Although it is not necessary to understand the mechanism of an invention, it is believed that these MAbs result in the qualitative and quantitative detection of these viruses.
In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates a method comprising isolating cells derived from a clinical and/or biological specimen, or from a cell culture. In one embodiment, the cells are processed, stained and labeled. In one embodiment, the labeling results in a golden-yellow fluorescence from an Influenza A virus infected cell. In one embodiment, the labeling results in an apple-green fluorescence from an influenza B virus, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, or parainfluenza virus types (1-3) infected cell. 1. Hybridoma Development
In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates a composition comprising an MAb 2H3C5. In one embodiment, the composition may further comprise an MAb 10B12C11. In one embodiment, the composition may further comprise an MAb A(6)B11. In one embodiment, the MAbs may be produced in mammalian hybridomas including, but not limited to, murine hybridomas. See, Table 10.
TABLE 10
Representative Hybridoma Clones For Influenza
A/Respiratory Virus MAbs
Antigen for
Animal for
Target
MAb Clone ID
immunizations
immunizations
protein
Influenza A virus
Influenza A virus (Texas
BALB/c mice
Unknown1
2H3C5
1/77, H3N2), purified
from amniotic fluids
Influenza A virus
Unknown, the hybridoma
Unknown
Unknowna
A(6)B11
purchased from
ZymeTx, Inc2
1Target protein denaturation by the sample process for Western blotting precludes the target protein identification.
2Oklahoma City, OK.
aAs disclosed herein.
Although it is not necessary to understand the mechanism of an invention, it is believed that an MAbs having the highest antigen affinity would give the brightest fluorescent staining In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates a method comprising screening MAb producing hybridomas with high affinity MAbs using indirect fluorescent assay (IFA) on infected cell cultures. For example, influenza A viruses were inoculated onto R-Mix® (Diagnostic Hybrids, Inc., Athens, Ohio) cell monolayers in 96-well plates and grown for 24 hours at 35° to 37° C. The cells were then fixed with acetone, washed and incubated at 35° to 37° C. with hybridoma cell supernatant for 30 minutes in a humidified incubator. The cells were again washed and then incubated at 35° to 37° C. in a humidified incubator with FITC-labeled goat anti-mouse antibody for 30 minutes. The resulting stains were used to choose the best clones to take forward to the next step in the development process (i.e., for example, small scale purification and direct labeling).
Hybridomas that were screened and selected in this manner resulted in the identification of specific isotypes. For example, one immunogen that was used for mouse immunization was influenza A antigen (Texas 1/77, H3N2), purified from a commercially available amniotic fluid (R02302; Biodesign). See, Table 11.
TABLE 11
Influenza A Hybridoma Product Candidates
Fluorescence
Clone name
Intensity*
Isotype
A(6)B11
++++
IgG2a (k)
2H3C5
++++
IgG2b (k)
10B12C11
+++++
IgG1 (k)
*Subjective observed fluorescence intensity: + = weak and ++++++ = brightest.
2. Monoclonal Antibody Purification
Hybridoma monoclonal antibodies as produced above were subsequently purified from cell culture supernatant by Protein G affinity using Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography (FPLC). MAb purity was checked by SDS-PAGE wherein an internal quality control standard ensured a minimum purity of at least 90%.
The resultant purified MAbs were further isolated on a 4%→20% gradient SDS-PAGE electropherogram gel under denaturing conditions.
TABLE 12
Purity Determination Of Representative mAbs.
Lane
MAb Purity
Antibody
Clone
Lot #
Position
(%)
Influenza A virus
2H3C5
031806
C1
100
072506A
C2
99.9
072506B
C3
99.8
Influenza A virus
A(6)B11
040506
A2
99.8
080505-2FA
C5
100
082106A
C6
100
The data show that the purity of each representative MAb exceeded the minimal quality control 90% purity requirement, wherein the purity for all the MAbs ranges between approximately 99.7 to 100%.
3. Monoclonal Antibody Binding Affinities
The relative affinities of MAbs for various viral antigens were determined by ELISA assay as follows:
4. Monoclonal Antibody Characterization
A variety of methods were used to characterize influenza A virus MAbs in the present invention. See, Table 13.
TABLE 13
Characterization Assays for the Representative MAbs
FPLC
Western
In Situ Staining
In Situ Staining
Virus Target
Clone
Purity
ELISA
blotting
(lab strains)
(clinical isolates)
Influenza A
2H3C5
Yes
Yes
Negative3
Positive
Positive
Influenza A
A(6)B11
Yes
Yes
Negative
Positive
Positive
3Negative result due to the epitope specimen treatment denaturing effects
The data show that 2H3C5 and A(6)B11 were both capable of detecting influenza A.
a. Analytical Sensitivity
Analytical sensitivity of representative MAbs were evaluated using influenza A virus. For example, strain Victoria (H3N2; ATCC VR-822) was used. In this determination, two 96-well cell culture plates were inoculated with the influenza A virus diluted to a level of 1.0 50% Tissue Culture Infectious Dose (1.0 TCID50) per 0.2-mL inoculum. The plates were incubated at 35° to 37° C. for 24-hours and then stained. The assay was performed four times. An average of 35 positive wells (out of 96) detected with a combination of a MAb 2H3C5 and MAb A(6)B11. Likewise, an average of 35 positive wells (out of 96) was detected with a combination of MAb 10B12C11 and Mab A(6)B11. See, Table 14.
TABLE 14
Analytical Sensitivity of MAb Combinations To Influenza A Virus.
Positive wells
Mean ± SD
2H3C5/
10B12C11/
2H3C5/
10B12C11/
Test Number
A(6)B11
A(6)B11
A(6)B11
A(6)B11
1
23
26
34.3 ± 12.0
34.8 ± 9.7
2
26
27
3
39
44
4
49
42
Paired t-test = 0.86
The data show that at 1.0 TCID50, both MAb combinations positively identified influenza A virus infected cells.
b. Detection Limits
The analytical detection limits were determined for each MAb combination. Using the 2H3C5/A(6)B11 MAb combination as an example, the assay conditions were similar to those described above, with results reported in a different manner (numbers of fluorescent cells per cell monolayer). For example, influenza A virus (Victoria) stock virus preparation was diluted to a value of 359 TCID50 per inoculum, and serial 2-fold dilutions were then made to a final calculated value of 0.7 TCID50. Each dilution of virus was inoculated into six confluent monolayers of R-Mix® cells in shell vials, centrifuged at 700×g for 60 minutes and incubated at 35° to 37° C. for 48 hours.
The 2H3C5/A(6)B11 MAb combination or the 10B12C11/A(6)B11 MAb combination was used to stain 3 shell vials of each viral dilution of a 96-well plate. The determinations were performed in triplicate and the number of positive cells per well was counted. Fluorescent cells were counted on each coverslip at the indicated virus dilutions.
TABLE 15
Analytical Detection Limits of Representative
MAbs for influenza A virus (Victoria).
Influenza A virus
Fluorescent staining cells/cell
(Victoria)
monolayer (triplicate samplings)
TCID50 per inoculum
2H3C5/A(6)B11
10B12C11/A(6)B11
5.60
2, 1, 0
3, 1, 0
2.80
1, 0, 2
1, 0, 1
1.40
0, 1, 2
0, 0, 1
0.70
0, 0, 0
0, 0, 0
The data show that both fluorescent antibody stain combinations performed to comparable limits, with a minimum viral dilution detected between 1.4 and 0.7 TCID50.
5. Performance of Viral Monoclonal Antibodies
In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates a viral monoclonal antibody labeled with a fluorescent moiety including, but not limited to, FITC or R-PE. In one embodiment, a fluorescein-labeled MAb exhibits a fluorescent apple-green color. In one embodiment, a phycoerythrin-labeled MAb exhibits a fluorescent golden-yellow color. Although it is not necessary to understand the mechanism of an invention, it is believed that when viewed through a microscope fitted with standard FITC filters; both fluorescent colors may be visualized using the same FITC-filter set on a fluorescence microscope.
In one embodiment, a first MAb having specificity for influenza A virus is labeled with R-PE (golden-yellow) and a second MAb having specificity for influenza B virus, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, parainfluenza viruses types 1, 2, and 3 is labeled with FITC (apple-green). In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates a first DFA kit capable of differentiating between influenza A virus and respiratory virus, wherein cells infected by the influenza A virus stain golden-yellow.
6. Cross Reactivity Testing
The 2H3C5/A(6)B11MAb combination was evaluated for cross reactivity against a number of microorganisms (i.e., for example, viruses and/or bacteria) that could be encountered during testing for respiratory viruses either as an infectious organism or a contaminant.
Stringent conditions for cross-reactivity testing were achieved by using a high concentration of MAbs and high titers of microorganisms. Depending on the particular virus, 71-1,400 TCID50 per inoculum were used for testing. Bacteria at Colony Forming Units (CFUs) ranging from 6.4×104 to 2.93×107/10 μL were tested.
Conjugated MAbs were used at a higher concentration (i.e., for example, 1.5×) than used in clinical testing regimens, but were low enough to be able to distinguish “signal” from the general background. With the 1.5× concentration, the specific infected targets exhibited equally “bright” targets as the 1× concentration (i.e., for example, there was no quenching observed at higher concentrations) although there was some background nonspecific “glow”.
Some microorganisms were commercially purchased, e.g., American Type Culture Collection. Sixty-six (66) virus strains, 17 host culture cell types, 25 bacteria, three bacterial Chlamydia sp., one yeast and one protozoa cultures were examined for specificity and cross-reactivity, including Staphylococcus aureus (Cowan strain), a known protein A producing bacterium. These microorganisms were cultured in accordance with the recommended protocols, and frozen stocks were prepared.
Amounts of microorganisms were selected in order to ensure that a fluorescence signal would be easily detected by examination using a fluorescence microscope. Depending on the particular virus, 71-1,400 TCID50 viral inoculum was inoculated into shell vial or multi-well plate cell cultures and incubated for 24 to 48 hours, to yield a 1+ to 3+ cytopathic effect (CPE), processed and stained with the 1.5× test reagent. Stained cells were examined at 200× magnification. Bacteria were cultured, processed as suspensions, then spotted on microscope slides at CFUs ranging from 6.4×104 to 2.93×107/well in a 10 μL dot and then stained with the 1.5×MAbs preparation. Stained slides were examined at 400× magnification. Some microorganisms were procured from an external source as prepared microscope slides, intended to be used as positive controls for assays. Cell cultures were tested as intact monolayers or acetone-fixed cell spots. Cell lines tested were those normally used to recover respiratory viruses.
For each of the virus strains tested, there was no cross reactivity observed with the subject reagent. Each of the DFA reagent positive controls, showed bright fluorescence indicating a positive result while the test reagents showed only the red Evans Blue counterstain with no visible fluorescence. None of the uninfected cell culture lines show any fluorescence or significant background staining Results of the 2H3C5/A(6)B11MAb combination for viral cross-reactivity testing are summarized. Table 16.
TABLE 16
Viral Cross Reactivity and Specificity Testing
Labeled 2H3C5/A(6)B11MAb
TCID50/Source/
Organism
Strain or Type
Lot Number
Combination
or CFU
Cell Line
A-549
C560921
−
monolayer
Cell Line
Vero
C840914S
−
monolayer
Cell Line
HEp-2
C570914
−
monolayer
Cell Line
MRC-5
C510920
−
monolayer
Cell Line
Mv1Lu
C580915
−
monolayer
Cell Line
MDCK
C830921S
−
monolayer
Cell Line
pRK
480909
−
cell spot
Cell Line
pCMK
A470907
−
cell spot
Cell Line
pRhMK
CA490922
−
cell spot
Cell Line
RhMK II
A490909YS
−
cell spot
Cell Line
R-mix
C960922
−
monolayer
Cell Line
LLC-MK2
C860928
−
monolayer
Cell Line
BGMK
C530914
−
monolayer
Cell Line
MRHF
C440912
−
monolayer
Cell Line
WI-38
850913
−
cell spot
Cell Line
NCI-H292
C590929
−
monolayer
Cell Line
RD
C760908
−
monolayer
Golden-yellow
Apple-green
Adenovirus
Type 1, VR-1
061704J
−
+
1,400
Adenovirus
Type 3, VR-3
112701A
−
+
1,400
Adenovirus
Type 5, VR-5
070505
−
+
1,400
Adenovirus
Type 6, VR-6
111201A
−
+
1,400
Adenovirus
Type 7, VR-7
112701C
−
+
1,400
Adenovirus
Type 10, VR-1087
111201B
−
+
1,400
Adenovirus
Type 13, VR-14
112701E
−
+
1,400
Adenovirus
Type 14, VR-15
033104
−
+
1,400
Adenovirus
Type 18, VR-19
011702A
−
+
1,400
Adenovirus
Type 31, VR-1109
011702B
−
+
1,400
Adenovirus
Type 40, VR-931
012802
−
+
1,400
Adenovirus
Type 41, VR-930
012802A
−
+
1,400
Influenza A
Aichi, VR-547 (H3N2)
061704O
+
−
1,400
Influenza A
Mal, VR-98 (H1N1)
061704D
+
−
1,400
Influenza A
Hong Kong, VR-544 (H3N2)
040104
+
−
1,400
Influenza A
Denver, VR-546 (H1N1)
061704P
+
−
1,400
Influenza A
Port Chalmers, VR-810 (H3N2)
061704C
+
−
1,400
Influenza A
Victoria, VR-822 (H3N2)
080204
+
−
1,400
Influenza A
New Jersey, VR-897 (H1N1)
110404
+
−
1,400
Influenza A
WS, VR-1520 (H1N1)
061704B
+
−
1,400
Influenza A
PR, VR-95 (H1N1)
061704Q
+
−
1,400
Influenza B
Hong Kong, VR-823
093004B
−
+
1,400
Influenza B
Maryland, VR-296
041105
−
+
1,400
Influenza B
Mass, VR-523
093004A
−
+
1,400
Influenza B
GL, VR-103
061704F
−
+
1,400
Influenza B
Taiwan, VR-295
061704E
−
+
1,400
Influenza B
JH-001 Isolate
061704R
−
+
1,400
Influenza B
Russia, VR-790
041105
−
+
1,400
RSV
Long, VR-26 Group A
042204L
−
+
1,400
RSV
Wash, VR-1401 Group B
042204W
−
+
1,400
RSV
9320, VR-955 Group B
061704I
−
+
1,400
Parainfluenza 1
C-35, VR-94
061704L
−
+
1,400
Parainfluenza 2
Greer, VR-92
061704M
−
+
1,400
Parainfluenza 3
C 243, VR-93
061704N
−
+
1,400
Parainfluenza 4a
M-25, VR-1378
112701U
−
1,400
Parainfluenza 4b
CH19503, VR-377
112701V
−
1,400
Metapneumovirus
Subgroup A1
110905
−
1,400
Metapneumovirus
Subgroup A2
110805
−
1,400
Metapneumovirus
Subgroup B1
111105
−
1,400
Metapneumovirus
Subgroup B2
110405
−
1,400
Coronavirus
OC43, VR-1558
041204A
−
1,400
Coronavirus
229E, VR-740
121903
−
1,400
HSV-1
1F, VR-733
052405
−
71
HSV-1
MacIntyre, VR-539
071005
−
71
HSV 2
MS, VR-540
112701Y
−
71
HSV 2
Strain G, VR-734
052605
−
71
CMV
Towne, VR-977
011503
−
430
CMV
Davis, VR-807
062005
−
430
CMV
AD169, VR-538
052705
−
430
Varicella-zoster
Webster, VR-916
040504
−
430
Varicella-zoster
Ellen, VR-1367
050903
−
430
Echovirus
4, Bion
QEC-0008
−
Control slide
Echovirus
6, Bion
QEC-0008
−
Control slide
Echovirus
9, Bion
QEC-0008
−
Control slide
Echovirus
11, Bion
QEC-0008
−
Control slide
Echovirus
30, Bion
QEC-0008
−
Control slide
Echovirus
34, Bion
QEC-0008
−
Control slide
Coxsackievirus
B1, Bion
QCB-0011
−
Control slide
Coxsackievirus
B2, Bion
QCB-0011
−
Control slide
Coxsackievirus
B3, Bion
QCB-0011
−
Control slide
Coxsackievirus
B4, Bion
QCB-0011
−
Control slide
Coxsackievirus
B5, Bion
QCB-0011
−
Control slide
Coxsackievirus
B6, Bion
QCB-0011
−
Control slide
Mumps
Bion (CDC V5-004)
QMU-0308
−
Control slide
Rubeola (Measles)
Bion
QME-0424
−
Control slide
Rhinovirus 39
209 Picornavirus, VR-340
112701EE
−
1,400
Bacteria
Acholeplasma laidlawi
031404
−
~1.0 × 107 CFU
Bacteria
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus
934332
−
9.7 × 105 CFU
Bacteria
Bordetella bronchiseptica
031404
−
1.8 × 105 CFU
Bacteria
Bordetella pertussis
031404
−
4.7 × 106 CFU
Bacteria
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
031404
−
2.5 × 106 CFU
Bacteria
Escherichia coli
335472
−
2.6 × 105 CFU
Bacteria
Gardnerella vaginalis
3457511
−
5.0 × 105 CFU
Bacteria
Haemophilis influenzae type A
031404
−
9.3 × 105 CFU
Bacteria
Klebsiella pneumoniae
031404
−
6.4 × 106 CFU
Bacteria
Legionella pneumophila
031404
−
6.5 × 104 CFU
Bacteria
Moraxella cartarrhalis
031404
−
6.4 × 104 CFU
Bacteria
Mycoplasma hominis
031404
−
~1.0 × 104 CFU
Bacteria
Mycoplasma orale
031404
−
~1.0 × 104 CFU
Bacteria
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
031404
−
~1.0 × 104 CFU
Bacteria
Mycoplasma salivarium
031404
−
~1.0 × 107 CFU
Bacteria
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
060805
−
1.3 × 106 CFU
Bacteria
Proteus mirabilis
440498
−
2.1 × 106 CFU
Bacteria
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
031404
−
1.0 × 107 CFU
Bacteria
Salmonella enteriditis
3457511
−
2.5 × 106 CFU
Bacteria
Salmonella typhimurium
363162
−
1.8 × 106 CFU
Bacteria
Staphylococcus aureus
081100
+
1.0 × 107 CFU
Bacteria
Streptococcus agalactiae
370784
−
9.6 × 106 CFU
Bacteria
Streptococcus pneumoniae
031404
−
8.0 × 105 CFU
Bacteria
Streptococcus pyogenes
031404
−
2.9 × 107 CFU
Bacteria
Ureaplasma urealyticum
031404
−
~1.0 × 104 CFU
Chlamydia sp.
Chlamydophila pneumoniae
CP-0176
−
Control slide
Chlamydia sp.
Chlamydophila psittaci
FP-12-
−
Control slide
050218
Chlamydia sp.
Chlamydia trachomatis
052705
−
Control slide
Yeast
Candida glabrata
992206
−
8.7 × 106 CFU
Protozoa
Trichomonas vaginalis
410721
−
Control slide
The 2H3C5/A(6)B11 MAb combination was found to be reactive with viral target-specific infected cells. Reactivity with Staphylococcus aureus is most probably due to specific binding of the MAbs by the Protein A produced by Staphylococcus aureus. No reactivity was noted for all other microorganisms tested or for uninfected cells, as evidenced by no positive fluorescent cells or elevated background fluorescence.
Staining of Staphylococcus aureus appear as small points of fluorescence while all other cultures were negative. Although it is not necessary to understand the mechanism of an invention, it is believed that Protein A produced by S. aureus may bind the Fc portion of some fluorescein-labeled monoclonal antibodies. It is further believed that such binding can be distinguished from viral antigen binding on the basis of morphology (i.e. for example, S. aureus-bound fluorescence appears as small (˜1 micron diameter), bright dots). Consequently, false positives may be present in cell cultures with bacterial contamination.
The plates inoculated for the bacteria CFU confirmation yielded the following results. The information is presented as CFU per mL and 0.01-mL is used to dot each slide well that the reagent is tested. The results for the commercially tested slides as well as the mycoplasma testing is listed and summarized. Table 17.
TABLE 17
Microorganism Cross-Reactivity And Specificity Testing
Colonies
Dilution
CFU/
CFU/
Bacteria
Counted
Counted
mL
well
Bordetella bronchiseptica
175
10−5
1.75e7
1.75e5
Bordetella pertussis
465
10−6
4.65e8
4.65e6
Legionella pneumophila
65
10−5
6.50e6
6.50e4
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
250
10−6
2.50e8
2.50e6
Klebsiella pneumoniae
64
10−7
6.40e8
6.40e6
Streptococcus agalactiae
96
10−7
9.60e8
9.60e6
Haemophilis influenzae type A
93
10−6
9.30e7
9.30e5
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
100
10−7
1.00e9
1.00e7
Streptococcus pneumoniae
80
10−6
8.00e7
8.00e5
Streptococcus pyogenes
293
10−7
2.93e9
2.93e7
Moraxella cartarrhalis
64
10−5
6.40e6
6.40e4
Staphylococcus aureus
104
10−7
1.04e9
1.04e7
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
133
10−6
1.33e8
1.33e6
Proteus mirabilis
212
10−6
2.12e8
2.12e6
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus
97
10−6
9.70e7
9.70e5
Escherichia coli
26
10−6
2.6e7
2.60e5
Gardnerella vaginalis
50
10−6
5.00e7
5.00e5
Salmonella enteriditis
250
10−6
2.50e8
2.50e6
Salmonella typhimurium
177
10−6
1.77e8
1.77e6
Candida glabrata
87
10−7
8.70e8
8.7e6
Last Dilution with Visible Colonies
Mycoplasma hominis
10−6
Mycoplasma orale
10−6
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
10−6
Mycoplasma salivarium
10−9
Ureaplasma urealyticum
10−6
Acholeplasma laidlawii
10−9
Chlamydia trachomatis
All tested on commercially available
Chlamydia psittaci
antigen control slides
Trichomonas vaginalis
Chlamydia pneumoniae
For each of the bacteria tested, there was no fluorescence observed at 200 or 400× magnification with the subject reagent. The Staphylococcus aureus exhibits some slight fluorescence but that is expected due to Protein A binding of the MAb.
7. Stability Studies
The shelf life of the 2H3C5/A(6)B11MAb combination has been established as at least 12 months. Stability studies are conducted by storing the MAb combination at a temperature ranging between approximately 2° to 8° C. Various virus-infected R-Mix® cells cultured with human respiratory viruses: Table 18.
TABLE 18
Virus strains used for Stability Studies
Virus
Source
Other Identification
Influenza A
ATCC VR-822
Victoria (H3N2)
Influenza B
ATCC VR-295
Taiwan/2/62
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
ATCC VR-1401
RSV-B, Wash
Adenovirus Type 1
ATCC VR-1
Adenovirus Type 14
ATCC VR-15
Parainfluenza 1
ATCC VR-94
C-35
Parainfluenza 2
ATCC VR-92
Greer
Parainfluenza 3
ATCC VR-93
C-243
Performance testing occurred at various time intervals during storage wherein characteristics were monitored including, but not limited to, performance, pH, color, and clarity. Each assay was run with dilution series of each of the MAb Conjugates at “neat” and a 1/16 dilution, then ½ dilutions to as far as 1/256. Acceptance criterion is “bright fluorescence” observed in fixed, stained, infected cells using at least a 1/16 dilution. See, Table 19.
TABLE 19
Stability Test Results For 2H3C5/A(6)B11MAb Combination
Lot
Manufacture
Maximum Acceptable
Time
number
date
Date tested
Dilution
Result
elapsed
0915065A
Sep. 15, 2006
Sep. 19, 2006
1/256
Pass
0-months
1127065A
Nov. 27, 2006
Nov. 20, 2006
1/256
Pass
0523075A
May 23, 2007
Aug. 13, 2007
1/256
Pass
0915065A
Sep. 15, 2006
Dec. 19, 2006
1/256
Pass
3-months
1127065A
Nov. 27, 2006
Mar. 19, 2007
1/256
Pass
0523075A
May 23, 2007
Aug. 23, 2007
1/256
Pass
0915065A
Sep. 15, 2006
Mar. 15, 2007
1/256
Pass
6-months
1127065A
Nov. 27, 2006
Jun. 05, 2008
1/256
Pass
0523075A
May 23, 2007
Mar. 05, 2008
1/256
Pass
0915065A
Sep. 15, 2006
Jun. 20, 2007
1/256
Pass
9-months
1127065A
Nov. 27, 2006
Aug. 28, 2007
1/256
Pass
0523075A
May 23, 2007
Mar. 05, 2008
1/256
Pass
0915065A
Sep. 15, 2006
Sep. 18, 2007
1/256
Pass
12-months
1127065A
Nov. 27, 2006
Dec. 04, 2007
1/256
Pass
0523075A
May 23, 2007
May 20, 2008
1/256
Pass
0915065A
Sep. 15, 2006
Dec. 18, 2007
1/256
Pass
15-months
1127065A
Nov. 27, 2006
Feb. 27, 2008
1/256
Pass
0523075A
May 23, 2007
pending
0915065A
Sep. 15, 2006
Mar. 18, 2008
1/256
Pass
18-months
1127065A
Nov. 27, 2006
pending
0523075A
May 23, 2007
pending
0915065A
Sep. 15, 2006
pending
24-months
1127065A
Nov. 27, 2006
pending
0523075A
May 23, 2007
pending
Duplicate R-Mix® sv/cs cell culture monolayers were inoculated with as series of four (4) 10-fold serial dilutions (i.e., designated as samples: 4+, 3+, 2+, and 1+) of either influenza A virus (A/H3N2) or Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) and compared to a negative control (NC). The infected cultures were cultivated on coverslips within shell vials to allow virus replication for approximately twenty-two (22) hours.
The culture medium was aspirated from the 4+, 1+, and NC shell vials for each virus set. Phosphate buffered saline (PBS; 200 μl) were then added to each shell vial; and the monolayer was scraped off of the coverslip and transferred to a labeled 1.5 ml Eppendorf centrifuge tube Acetone (100%; 800 μl) was added to each centrifuge tube to bring the final volume to 1 ml to create an 80% acetone/cell suspension solution This solution was incubated at room temperature for approximately 10 minutes to permeabilize the cells.
The permeabilized cells were then harvested and centrifuged in a Carl's microtube centrifuge for 6 min @ 4000 rpm. Each tube was then aspirated to remove all liquid. Fluorescently labeled Flu A MAb or fluoresently labeled HSV-1 MAb (200 ul) was added to the appropriate tubes. Each cell pellet was then re-suspended in the MAb solution and incubated at 35-37° C. for 1 hour.
Subsequent to the MAb incubation, the tubes were placed back in the micro-centrifuge for 6 min @ 4000 rpm. Each tube was then aspirated to remove the MAb solution and the cells were resuspended in PBS (20 μl). An aliquot (10 μl) of each cell suspension was placed onto respective slides and then viewed on a widepass band FITC filter (100× magnification).
Nasal discharge specimens were collected from patients. An aliquot of each specimen was placed in an A/B tube; R/M tube; or a P/Ad tube (A—influenza A; B—influenza B; R—respiratory virus; M—metapneumovirus; P—parainfluenza virus; Ad—adenovirus).
The following is a listing of the materials, with lot numbers, used in the described the cross-reactivity studies presented herein in accordance with Examples IV and V.
Material
Lot Numbers
R-Mix Cultures (A549 and Mv1Lu cells)
960309
MRC-5 Shell Vials
C510328A
H & V Mix Cultures (MRC-5 and CV-1 cells)
980309
RM-03T Refeed Medium
011206A
RM02 Refeed Medium
110905A
010306A
HSV-1 DFA control stain
013105
HSV-2 DFA control stain
013105A
Influenza A DFA control stain
061505A
Influenza B DFA control stain
060205B
Adenovirus DFA control stain
041205D
Parainfluenza 1 DFA control stain
081205P1
Parainfluenza 2 DFA control stain
040505P2
Parainfluenza 3 DFA control stain
052705P3
RSV DFA control stain
052505R
CMV IFA control stain
031804
Chemicon VZV DFA control stain
24100183CE
Adenovirus
ATCC VR-1 Type 1
061704J
ATCC VR-3 Type 3
112701A
ATCC VR-5 Type 5
070505
ATCC VR-1083 Type 6
111201A
ATCC VR-7 Type 7
112701C
ATCC VR-1087 Type 10
111201B
ATCC VR-14 Type 13
112701E
ATCC VR-15 Type 14
033104
ATCC VR-19 Type 18
011702A
ATCC VR-1109 Type 31
011702B
ATCC VR-931 Type 40
012802
ATCC VR-930 Type 41
012802A
Influenza A Virus
ATCC VR-547 A2/Aichi/2/68 strain
061704O
ATCC VR-98 A/MaI/302/54 strain
061704D
ATCC VR-544 A/Hong Kong/8/68 strain
040104
ATCC VR-546 A1/Denver/1/57 strain
061704P
ATCC VR-810 A/Port Chalmers/1/73 strain
061704C
ATCC VR-822 A/Victoria/3/75 strain
080204
ATCC VR-897 A/New Jersey/8/76 strain
110404
ATCC VR-1520 A/WS/33 strain
061704B
ATCC VR-1469 A/PR/8/34 strain
061704Q
Influenza B Virus
ATCC VR-790 B/Russia/69 strain
041105
ATCC VR-295 B/Taiwan/2/62 strain
061704E
ATCC VR-103 B/GL/1739/54 strain
061704F
ATCC VR-523 B/Mass/3/66 strain
093004A
ATCC VR-296 B/Maryland/1/59 strain
041105
ATCC VR-823 B/Hong Kong/5/72 strain
093004B
JH-001 Isolate, Cell Culture Adapted
061704R
RSV
ATCC VR-1401 RSV B Wash/18537/′62 strain
042204W
ATCC VR-26 Long strain
042204L
ATCC VR-955 9320 strain
061704I
Parainfluenza 1 Virus
ATCC VR-94 C-35 strain
061704L
Parainfluenza 2 Virus
ATCC VR-92 Greer strain
061704M
Parainfluenza 3 Virus
ATCC VR-243 C 243 strain
061704N
Parainfluenza 4 Virus
ATCC VR-1378 M-25 strain
112701U
ATCC VR-1377 CH 19503 strain
112701V
Metapneumovirus
Subgroup A1
110905
Subgroup A2
110805
Subgroup B1
111105
Subgroup B2
110405
Coronavirus
ATCC VR-740 229E strain
121903
ATCC VR-1558 OC43 strain
041204B
Rhinovirus 39
ATCC VR-340 209 Picornavirus strain
112701EE
HSV-1
ATCC VR-733 F (1) strain
052405
ATCC VR-539 MacIntyre strain
071005
HSV-2
ATCC VR-540 MS strain
112701Y
ATCC VR-734 G strain
052605
CMV
ATCC VR-977 Towne strain
011503
ATCC VR-807 Davis strain
062005
ATCC VR-538 Ad-169 strain
052705
VZV
ATCC VR-916 Webster strain
040504
ATCC VR-1367 Ellen strain
050903
Echovirus
Bion Enterprises Echovirus Panel Antigen
QEC-0008
Control Slide with Echo 4, 6, 9, 11, 30, and 34.
Coxsackie Virus
Bion Enterprises Coxsackie Group B Antigen
QCB-0011
Control Slide with Coxsackie B1, B2, B3, B4,
B5, and B6.
Mumps Virus
Bion Enterprises Mumps Antigen Control Slide
QMU-0308
Rubeola (Measles) Virus
Bion Enterprises Rubeola Antigen Control Slide
QME-0424
Cell Lines Tested for Cross Reactivity
RD (Human Rhabdomyosarcoma)
C760908
Mv1Lu (Mink Lung)
C580915
LLC-MK2 (Rhesus Monkey Kidney)
C860928S
MRHF (Human Foreskin Fibroblast)
C440912
NCI-H292 (Human Pulmonary Muco-Epidermoid
C590929
Carcinoma)
BGMK (Buffalo Green Monkey Kidney)
C530914
MDCK (Madin-Darby Canine Kidney)
C830921S
pRHMK (Primary Rhesus Monkey Kidney)
CA490922
pRHMK II (pRHMK less than 3 years old)
A490909YS
MRC-5 (Human Embryonic Lung Fibroblast)
C510920
HEp-2 (Human Epidermoid Carcinoma)
C570914
pRK (Primary Rabbit Kidney)
480909
pCMK (Primary Cynomolgus Monkey Kidney)
A470907
A549 (Human Lung Carcinoma)
C560921
R-Mix (Mv1Lu and A549 mixed cells)
C960922
WI-38 (Human Embryonic Lung Fibroblasts)
850913
Vero (African Green Monkey Kidney)
C840914S
Other Microorganisms/Growth Media
ATCC 15531 Mycoplasma pneumoniae
031404
ATCC 23114 Mycoplasma hominis
031404
ATCC 23714 Mycoplasma orale
031404
ATCC 23064 Mycoplasma salivarium
031404
ATCC 27618 Ureaplasma urealyticum
031404
ATCC 23206 Acholeplasma laidlawii
031404
ATCC 10580 Bordetella bronchiseptica
031404
ATCC 10380 Bordetella pertussis
031404
ATCC 33152 Legionella pneumophila
031404
ATCC 8176 Moraxella cartarrhalis
031404
ATCC 19409 Corynebacterium diphtheriae
031404
ATCC 9006 Haemophilis influenzae Type A
031404
ATCC 33495 Klebsiella pneumoniae
031404
ATCC 9027 Pseudomonas aeruginosa
031404
ATCC 10813 Streptococcus pneumoniae
031404
ATCC 9898 Streptococcus pyogenes
031404
Trichomonas vaginalis slide
25030319CE
Chlamydia psittaci slide
FP-12-050218
Chlamydia pneumoniae slide
CP-0176
Chlamydia trachomatis slide
052705
Gardnerella vaginalis
410721
Salmonella minnesota (enteriditis)
3457511
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
060805
Salmonella typhimurium
363162
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus
934332
Candida glabrata
992206
Escherichia coli
335472
Proteus mirabilis
440498
Streptococcus agalactiae
370784
Staphylococcus aureus
081100
BG Sulfa agar
Hardy Diagnostics
G87
Blood agar
Hardy Diagnostics
5257771
RTF Casman Agar
Hardy Diagnostics
A68
MacConkey agar
Hardy Diagnostics
G35
Nickerson's Agar
Hardy Diagnostics
G17
Trypticase Soy Agar
BD BBL
292396
A. Respiratory Viruses
1. Preparation of Frozen Stocks:
Amplify Influenza in MDCK T-75 cm2 flasks from the original ATCC cultures as follows:
Amplify RSV in HEp-2 T-75 cm2 flasks from the original ATCC cultures as follows:
Amplify Adenovirus in A549 T-75 cm2 flasks from the original ATCC cultures as follows:
2. Determination of Respiratory Virus Concentrations
After the respiratory virus stocks are frozen, they are quantified (titered) on R-Mix cell cultures. Each virus is titered using the following method:
These stocks may be cultured and sub-cultured on a routine basis.
Example: 250 fluorescent foci counted at a 1:10,000 dilution in a 1 mL inoculum would yield (250 foci with a 1 mL inoculum×10,000=2.5e6 virus/mL). This is converted to TCID50 by dividing the foci per mL by 0.7 as stated by the ATCC. atcc.org/common/technicalInfo/faqAnimalVirology.cfm
3. Cross-Reactivity Testing
The R-Mix cell line containing both MvlLu and A549 cells is used for virus isolation staining of Influenza A, Influenza B, RSV, Parainfluenza Virus Types 1, 2, 3, 4a, 4b, and Adenovirus. Monolayers in 96-well micro-titer plates are used and processed according to the following procedure:
B. Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) 1 and 2 and Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
1. Preparation of Frozen Stocks:
Amplify HSV and CMV in MRC-5 T-75 cm2 flasks from the original ATCC cultures as follows:
For HSV only:
For CMV only:
2. Determination of HSV/CMV Concentrations
The stocks are titered by the following procedure:
These stocks may be cultured and sub-cultured on a routine basis.
Example: 250 fluorescent foci counted at a 1:10,000 dilution in a 1 mL inoculum would yield (250 foci with a 1 mL inoculum×10,000=2.5e6 virus/mL). This is converted to TCID50 by dividing the foci per mL by 0.7 as stated by the ATCC.
atcc.org/common/technicalInfo/faqAnimalVirology.cfm
3. Cross-Reactivity Testing
For the cross-reactivity studies, HSV and CMV strains are inoculated into H&V Mix (MRC-5+CV1 mix) shell vial cultures:
C. Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV)
1. Preparation of Frozen Stocks:
Amplify VZV in a CV-1 T-75 cm2 flask from the original ATCC culture as follows:
2. Determination of VZV Concentrations
The stocks are titered in the following manner on MRC-5 monolayers:
These stocks may be used and sub-cultured on a routine basis.
Example: 250 fluorescent foci counted at a 1:10,000 dilution in a 1-mL inoculum would yield (250 foci with a 1-mL inoculum×10,000=2.5e6 virus/mL). This is converted to TCID50 by dividing the foci per mL by 0.7 as stated by the ATCC. atcc.org/common/technicalInfo/faqAnimalVirology.cfm 3. Cross-Reactivity Testing:
For cross-reactivity studies, the VZV strains are inoculated into H&V Mix (MRC-5+CV-1 mix) shell vial cultures:
D. Rhinovirus 39
1. Preparation of Frozen Stocks:
Amplify Rhinovirus in a MRC-5 T-75 cm2 flask from the original ATCC culture as follows:
2. Determination of Rhinovirus Concentrations:
The stocks are titered in the following manner on MRC-5 monolayers:
3. Cross Reactivity Testing:
For cross reactivity studies, the Rhinovirus is inoculated in to MRC-5 cell cultures:
E. Coronaviruses
1. Preparation of Frozen Stocks:
Amplify Coronaviruses in MRC-5 T-75 cm2 flasks from the original ATCC cultures as follows:
2. Determination of Coronavirus Concentrations:
The Coronavirus stocks are titered in the following manner on MRC-5 monolayers:
3. Cross Reactivity Testing
For cross reactivity studies, the Coronaviruses are inoculated in to MRC-5 cell cultures:
F. Metapneumovirus
1. Preparation of Frozen Stocks
Amplify Metapneumovirus (MPV) subgroups in LLC-MK2 T-75 cm2 flasks from stocks obtained from the University of Pavia, Italy:
2. Determination of Metapneumovirus Concentrations
The stocks are titered in the following manner on R-Mix monolayers:
These stocks may be cultured and subcultured on a routine basis.
Example: 250 fluorescent foci counted at a 1:10,000 dilution in a 1-mL inoculum would yield (250 foci with a 1-mL inoculum×10,000=2.5e6 virus/mL). This is converted to TCID50 by dividing the foci per mL by 0.7 as stated by the ATCC. atcc.org/common/technicalInfo/faqAnimalVirology.cfm
3. Cross Reactivity Testing:
For cross reactivity studies, the MPV subgroups are inoculated in to R-Mix cell cultures:
G. Echovirus, Coxsackie Virus, Measles, and Mumps
The following control slides were purchased from Bion Enterprises for the purpose of MAb screening and cross-reactivity studies. Each slide is individually foil-wrapped with wells containing microorganisms of tissue culture cells infected with a specific viral agent in addition to wells containing only the uninfected tissue culture cells. The infected tissue culture cells serve as a positive control and the uninfected tissue culture cells serve as a negative control. The specific microbial antigen is identified on the product label.
The Echovirus Panel (catalog number QEC-6506) contains six wells, each containing a mix of infected and uninfected cells. Each slide is comprised separately of Echovirus types 4, 6, 9, 11, 30, and 34.
The Coxsackie Virus Panel (catalog number QCB-2506) contains six wells, each containing a mix of infected and uninfected cells. Each slide is comprised separately of Coxsackie Virus types B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, and B6.
The Mumps Antigen Control Slides (catalog number QMU-8002) contain one well of Mumps infected cells and one well of uninfected cells.
The Measles Antigen Control Slides (catalog number QME-0424) contain one well of Measles infected cells and one well of uninfected cells.
The procedure for testing and staining of the antigen control slides is:
H. Uninfected Cell Cultures
Uninfected cell cultures in shell vial format and glass, round-bottom tubes are tested for cross reactivity by the following procedures. Table 20.
TABLE 20
Cell Culture Formats Used in Cross Reactivity Studies
Cell Lines
Medium/Format
RD (Human Rhabdomyosarcoma)
Shell Vial
Mv1Lu (Mink Lung)
Shell Vial
LLC-MK2 (Rhesus Monkey Kidney)
Shell Vial
MRHF (Human Foreskin Fibroblast)
Shell Vial
NCI-H292 (Human Pulmonary Muco-epidermoid
Shell Vial
carcinoma)
BGMK (Buffalo Green Monkey Kidney)
Shell Vial
MDCK (Madin-Darby Canine Kidney)
Shell Vial
pRHMK (Primary Rhesus Monkey Kidney)
Glass Round Tube
pRHMK II (pRHMK less than 3 years old)
Glass Round Tube
MRC-5 (Human Embryonic Lung Fibroblast)
Shell Vial
HEp-2 (Human Epidermoid Carcinoma)
Shell Vial
pRK (Primary Rabbit Kidney)
Shell Vial
pCMK (Primary Cynomolgus Monkey Kidney)
Glass Round Tube
A549 (Human Lung Carcinoma)
Shell Vial
R-Mix (Mv1Lu and A549 mixed cells)
Shell Vial
WI-38 (Human Embryonic Lung Fibroblasts)
Glass Round Tube
Vero (African Green Monkey Kidney)
Shell Vial
1. Shell Vial Procedure
2. Glass Round-Bottom Tube Procedure:
A. Mycoplasma sp., Ureaplasma sp., and Acholeplasma laidlawii
1. Preparation of Frozen Stocks:
2. Cross-Reactivity Testing:
Each bacterium is grown for cross-reactivity studies, prepared on slides, and concentrations concurrently verified using the following procedure:
B. Bordetella sp., Legionella p., Moraxella sp., Corynebacterium sp., Haemophilis sp., Klebsiella sp., Pseudomonas sp., Streptococcus sp., Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Staphylococcus aureus
1. Preparation of Frozen Stocks:
Stocks of each were obtained from the ATCC and grown on the appropriate agar listed below:
2. Cross-Reactivity Testing
Each bacterium is grown for cross-reactivity studies, prepared on slides, and concentrations concurrently verified using the following procedure:
C. Gardnerella vaginalis, Salmonella sp., Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Candida Glabrata, Escherichia Coli, Proteus Mirabilis, Streptococcus Agalactiae
1. Preparation of Frozen Stocks:
Lyophilized discs of each were obtained from Hardy Diagnostics and grown on the appropriate agar:
These microorganisms were reconstituted and grown in the following manner:
2. Cross-Reactivity Testing
Each bacterium is grown for cross-reactivity studies, prepared on slides, and concentrations concurrently verified using the following procedure:
D. Trichomonas vaginalis, Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia trachomatis:
These microorganisms are fixed antigen control slides. The Trichomonas. vaginalis (catalog number 5073-5) and Chlamydia pneumoniae Control Slides (catalog number CP-4212) were obtained from Chemicon/Light Diagnostics.
Scholl, David R., Brown, James L., Jollick, Jr., Joseph A., Lollar, Ronald
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