Methods are disclosed for reducing oil in water emulsions in coking processes. One exemplary method comprises: providing an aqueous stream with an oil in water emulsion; providing a treatment composition, wherein the treatment composition comprises at least one cationic polyacrylamide; and contacting the aqueous stream with the treatment composition.
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1. A method of demulsifying an oil in water emulsion present in an aqueous stream of a coking process comprising:
passing said aqueous stream comprising an oil in water emulsion from an upstream to downstream direction to and through a decanter, wherein said oil in water emulsion comprises tars and other contaminants formed in a coking process; and
contacting said aqueous stream with a treatment composition prior to introducing said aqueous stream into the decanter of said coking process, said treatment composition comprising a cationic polyacrylamide copolymer and downstream from said decanter, contacting said aqueous stream with an ethoxylated surfactant in addition to, or instead of any surfactant present in said treatment composition, wherein said ethoxylated surfactant comprises at least one ethoxylated compound having the formula:
R—O—(CH2CH2O)n—H where n is equal to or greater than about 20; and R is at least one chain of a branched alkyl phenol, a branched or linear fatty alcohol, a fatty acid alkanolamide, or a fatty acid, and
said cationic polyacrylamide copolymer comprising repeat units (x) and (y) of the formula
##STR00003##
wherein R1 and R2 are the same or different and are chosen from H and CH3; Q is —C(O)O—, or —OC(O)—, or —C(O)NH—; R3 is branched or linear C1-C4 alkyl; R4, R5, and R6 are independently chosen from H, C1-C4 linear or branched alkyl, or a C5-C8 aromatic or alkylaromatic group; A is an anion selected from Cl−, Br−, HSO4−, or MeOSO3− wherein the molar ratio of repeat units (x):repeat units (y) is about 10:90 to about 40:60.
12. A method of demulsifying an oil in water emulsion present in an aqueous stream of a coking process comprising:
passing said aqueous stream comprising an oil in water emulsion from an upstream to downstream direction to and through a decanter, wherein said oil in water emulsion comprises tars and other contaminants formed in a coking process; and
contacting said aqueous stream with a treatment composition prior to introducing said aqueous stream into the decanter of said coking process, said treatment composition comprising a cationic acrylamide copolymer and downstream from said decanter, contacting said aqueous stream with an ethoxylated surfactant in addition to, or instead of any surfactant present in said treatment composition, wherein said ethoxylated surfactant comprises at least one ethoxylated compound having the formula:
R—O—(CH2CH2O)n—H where n is equal to or greater than about 20; and R is at least one chain of a branched alkyl phenol, a branched or linear fatty alcohol, a fatty acid alkanolamide, or a fatty acid, and
said cationic acrylamide copolymer comprising repeat units of (x) (meth)acrylamide and (y) quaternary ammonium salt; wherein said repeat unit (y) of said cationic acrylamide copolymer comprises a member selected from the group consisting of:
a) dimethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate methyl chloride;
b) dimethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate methyl sulfate;
c) dimethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate benzyl chloride;
d) acrylamidopropyl trimethylammonium chloride;
e) dimethylaminopropyl (meth)acrylamide methyl sulfate;
f) diallyldiethyl ammonium chloride; and
g) diallyldimethylammonium chloride.
2. The method of
3. The method of
said repeat unit (y) comprises dimethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate methyl chloride quaternary salt; and
said repeat unit (x) comprises acrylamide.
4. The method of
5. The method of
6. The method of
7. The method of
8. The method of
9. The method of
10. The method of
11. The method as recited in
13. The method as recited in
14. The method as recited in
15. The method as recited in
16. The method as recited in
17. The method as recited in
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The invention pertains to methods for reducing oil in water emulsions in coking processes.
In the coking processes, hot organic vapors are quenched by spraying the vapors with aqueous liquids, including water, called flushing liquor. In addition to quenching, the flushing liquor provides a carrying medium for the tars and other contaminants formed in the coking process. The contaminants include ammonia and hydrophobic compounds, such as coke powder and coal powder.
Coke and coal powders, however, frequently act as emulsifiers and form water in oil (W/O) emulsions in tar, or oil and water (O/W) emulsions in flushing liquor. If the tar/flushing liquor emulsion is not resolved, the emulsified particles will clog the spray nozzles when the flushing liquor is recycled through the coking process. Clogged nozzles may cause severe heating problems resulting in a failure of the coke process.
In the past decade, Coal Moisture Control (CMC) technology and applications have been researched and implemented in many countries to reduce energy consumption. The decrease in coal moisture, however, results in more coke and coal powders in the flushing liquor, thus increasing emulsification as compared to traditional coking processes. Thus, as the push towards energy reduction and CMC technology increases, there is an ever increasing need for demulsifying tar/flushing liquor emulsions.
Accordingly, methods are disclosed for reducing oil in water emulsions present in aqueous streams of coking processes, including processes utilizing CMC technology.
One exemplary method comprises: providing an aqueous stream with an oil in water emulsion; providing a treatment composition, wherein the treatment composition comprises at least one cationic polyacrylamide; and contacting the aqueous stream with the treatment composition.
In another embodiment, the cationic polyacrylamide comprises repeat units (x) and (y) of the formula:
##STR00001##
wherein R1 and R2 are the same or different and are chosen from H and CH3; Q is —C(O)O—, or —OC(O)—, or —C(O)NH—; R3 is branched or linear C1-C4 alkyl; R4, R5, and R6 are independently chosen from H, C1-C4 linear or branched alkyl, or a C5-C8 aromatic or alkylaromatic group; A is an anion selected from Cl−, Br−, HSO4−, or MeOSO3−.
In another embodiment, repeat unit (y) comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of dimethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate methyl chloride quaternary salt, dimethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate methyl sulfate quaternary salt, dimethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate benzyl chloride quaternary salt, dimethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate sulfuric acid salt, dimethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate hydrochloric acid salt, acrylamidopropyl trimethylammonium chloride, dimethylaminopropyl (meth)acrylamide methyl sulfate quaternary salt, dimethylaminopropyl (meth)acrylamide hydrochloric acid salt, diethylaminoethylacrylate, diethylaminoethylmethacrylate, diallyldiethylammonium chloride, and diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride. In another embodiment, the repeat (y) unit comprises dimethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate methyl chloride quaternary salt; and the repeat unit (x) comprises acrylamide.
In another embodiment, the molar ratio repeat units (x):(y) may range from about 95:5 to about 5:95. In yet another embodiment, the molar ratio of (x):(y) may range from about 10:90 to about 40:60. Alternatively, the molar ratio of (x):(y) may be about 20:80.
In another exemplary method, the treatment composition is introduced to the aqueous stream before the aqueous stream enters the decanter of the coking process. In another embodiment, the treatment composition is introduced at from about 0.01 ppm to about 1000 ppm by volume of the aqueous stream. In yet another embodiment, the treatment composition is introduced at from about 0.5 ppm to about 500 ppm by volume of the aqueous stream. Alternatively, the treatment composition is introduced at from about 1 ppm to about 10 ppm by volume of the aqueous stream.
In another method, the treatment composition may further comprise a surfactant. The surfactant may comprise at least one ethoxylated compound having the formula:
R—O—(CH2CH2O)n—H
where n may be equal to or greater than about 20; and R may be at least one chain of a branched alkyl phenol, a branched or linear fatty alcohol, a fatty acid alkanolamide, or a fatty acid. In yet another method, the ethoxylated compound comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate, octylphenol ethoxylate, glycols, polyethylene, mono[(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl] ether, 2-ethylhexanol propylene ethylene glycol ether, poly(ethylene glycol-co-propylene glycol) monobutyl ether, ethoxylated fatty alcohol, alcohol ethoxylate, secondary alcohol ethoxylate, polyoxyethylene 2,6,8-trimethyl-4-nonyl ether, fatty alcohol alkoxylate, oxo alcohol ethoxylate, oxirane, and methyl-oxirane.
The concentration ratio in ppm of the surfactant to the cationic polyacrylamide in the treatment composition may range from about 4:1 to about 1:4. In another embodiment, the concentration ratio in ppm of the surfactant to the cationic polyacrylamide in the treatment composition may be about 2:1.5. Alternatively, the concentration ratio in ppm of the surfactant to the cationic polyacrylamide in the treatment composition may be about 2:1.
In addition to quenching, the flushing liquor provides a carrying medium for the tars and other contaminants formed in the coking process. The contaminants include ammonia, and hydrophobic compounds, such as coke powder and coal powder. The tar and flushing liquor stream (16) then passes to a decanter (18), where the tar (20) and any solids (22) are separated from the flushing liquor (12).
The recovered flushing liquor (12) then passes to a storage tank (24) from which it can be pumped (26) through a strainer (28) and again used to quench organic vapors in the condensers (10). Coke and coal powders, however, frequently act as emulsifiers and form water in oil (W/O) emulsions in tar, or oil and water (O/W) emulsions in flushing liquor. If the tar/flushing liquor emulsion is not demulsified in the decanter (18), the emulsified particles will clog the spray nozzles in the condensers (10). Clogged nozzles may cause severe heating problems resulting in a failure of the coke process.
In the past decade, Coal Moisture Control (CMC) technology and applications have been researched and implemented in many countries to reduce energy consumption. The decrease in coal moisture, however, results in more coke and coal powders in the flushing liquor, thus increasing emulsification as compared to traditional coking processes. Thus, as the push towards energy reduction and CMC technology increases, there is an ever increasing need for demulsifying tar/flushing liquor emulsions.
Accordingly, methods are disclosed for reducing oil in water emulsions present in aqueous streams of coking processes, including processes utilizing CMC technology.
One exemplary method comprises: providing an aqueous stream with an oil in water emulsion; providing a treatment composition, wherein the treatment composition comprises at least one cationic polyacrylamide; and contacting the aqueous stream with the treatment composition.
Cationic polyacrylamides are water-soluble copolymers formed by polymerizing acrylic monomers with cationic monomers. Suitable acrylic monomers include, but are not limited to, acrylamide, or a substituted acrylamide such as methacrylamide. Suitable cationic monomers include, but are not limited to, acrylates and their quaternary or acid salts. Methods for preparing these polymers are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,368,744 and 6,605,674; the contents of which are incorporated by reference.
In another embodiment, the cationic polyacrylamide comprises repeat units (x) and (y) of the formula:
##STR00002##
wherein R1 and R2 are the same or different and are chosen from H and CH3; Q is —C(O)O—, or —OC(O)—, or —C(O)NH—; R3 is branched or linear C1-C4 alkyl; R4, R5, and R6 are independently chosen from H, C1-C4 linear or branched alkyl, or a C5-C8 aromatic or alkylaromatic group; A is an anion selected from Cl−, Br−, HSO4−, or MeOSO3−.
In another embodiment, repeat unit (y) comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of dimethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate methyl chloride quaternary salt, dimethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate methyl sulfate quaternary salt, dimethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate benzyl chloride quaternary salt, dimethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate sulfuric acid salt, dimethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate hydrochloric acid salt, acrylamidopropyl trimethylammonium chloride, dimethylaminopropyl (meth)acrylamide methyl sulfate quaternary salt, dimethylaminopropyl (meth)acrylamide hydrochloric acid salt, diethylaminoethylacrylate, diethylaminoethylmethacrylate, diallyldiethylammonium chloride, and diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride. In another embodiment, the repeat (y) unit comprises dimethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate methyl chloride quaternary salt; and the repeat unit (x) comprises acrylamide.
In another embodiment, the molar ratio repeat units (x):(y) may range from about 95:5 to about 5:95. In yet another embodiment, the molar ratio of (x):(y) may range from about 10:90 to about 40:60. Alternatively, the molar ratio of (x):(y) may be about 20:80.
In another exemplary method, the treatment composition is introduced to the aqueous stream before the aqueous stream enters the decanter (A,
The amount of treatment composition required may vary depending on process conditions. For example, larger treatment composition amounts may be required when treatment is initiated. Once O/W emulsions have been reduced to acceptable levels, smaller treatment composition amounts may be sufficient. In another embodiment, the treatment composition is introduced at from about 0.01 ppm to about 1000 ppm by volume of the aqueous stream. In yet another embodiment, the treatment composition is introduced at from about 0.5 ppm to about 500 ppm by volume of the aqueous stream. Alternatively, the treatment composition is introduced at from about 1 ppm to about 10 ppm by volume of the aqueous stream.
In another method, the treatment composition may further comprise a surfactant. The surfactant may comprise at least one ethoxylated compound having the formula:
R—O—(CH2CH2O)n—H
where n may be equal to or greater than about 20; and R may be at least one chain of a branched alkyl phenol, a branched or linear fatty alcohol, a fatty acid alkanolamide, or a fatty acid. In yet another method, the ethoxylated compound comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate, octylphenol ethoxylate, glycols, polyethylene, mono[(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl] ether, 2-ethylhexanol propylene ethylene glycol ether, poly(ethylene glycol-co-propylene glycol) monobutyl ether, ethoxylated fatty alcohol, alcohol ethoxylate, secondary alcohol ethoxylate, polyoxyethylene 2,6,8-trimethyl-4-nonyl ether, fatty alcohol alkoxylate, oxo alcohol ethoxylate, oxirane, and methyl-oxirane.
Optionally, surfactant may be added after the decanter (B,
The concentration ratio in ppm of the surfactant to the cationic polyacrylamide in the treatment composition may range from about 4:1 to about 1:4. In another embodiment, the concentration ratio in ppm of the surfactant to the cationic polyacrylamide in the treatment composition may be about 2:1.5. Alternatively, the concentration ratio in ppm of the surfactant to the cationic polyacrylamide in the treatment composition may be about 2:1.
In order that those skilled in the art will be better able to practice the present disclosure, the following examples are given by way of illustration and not by way of limitation.
In Example 1, an emulsion of tar and flushing liquor was prepared to simulate contaminated flushing liquor from a coal coke process. Coal powder (6 grams), coke powder (9 grams), and flushing liquor (water, 335 grams) were obtained from Chinese coke plant #1 and charged into a 1000 ml resin kettle equipped with a condenser, a stirrer, a temperature controller, and a heating mantle. The solution was stirred at 85° C. and 1000 rpm for 20 minutes. Then, coal tar (150 grams) was added to the reactor and stirred at 85° C. and 1000 rpm for 30 minutes. The result was a simulated contaminated flushing liquor with a tar/flushing liquor emulsion of the composition listed in Table 1.
TABLE 1
Composition of tar/flushing liquor emulsion
Components
Formulation (g)
Supplier
Coal Powder (<100 mesh)
6
Coke Plant #1
Coke Powder (<100 mesh)
9
Coke Plant #1
Flushing Liquor (water)
335
Coke Plant #1
Coal Tar
150
Coke Plant #1
Turbidity of aqueous systems increases with formation of O/W emulsions. Conversely, a decrease in turbidity of aqueous systems is an indication of demulsification. Thus, various O/W emulsions were measured with a nephelometer to determine the turbidity in nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) and assess the effectiveness of various demulsifying treatments.
Comparative Example 1 shows the effectiveness of a typical demulsifying treatment, comparative compound 1 (“C1”). C1 is an ethylene oxide—propylene oxide copolymer (EO/PO) surfactant. Turbidity results at various treatment levels of C1 are shown in Table 2. The results show C1 is effective to demulsify tar/flushing liquor emulsions.
TABLE 2
Results of C1
Treatment
Turbidity
Blank
442
150 ppm C1
249
300 ppm C1
261
450 ppm C1
305
Example 2 shows the effectiveness of various demulsifying treatments on the simulated contaminated flushing liquor with a tar/flushing emulsion described in Example 1. Comparative compound 2 (“C2”) is sorbitan mono-oleate; a typical commercialized surfactant, Span-80 from Croda, which can help to remove oil slicks on flushing liquor surfaces. Exemplary compound 1 (“EX1”) is a water-soluble cationic acrylamide comprising 80 mol % dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate chloridequarternary salt (AETAC). Various demulsifying treatments were added to different samples of tar/flushing emulsions. After adding the treatments to the emulsions, the mixtures were stirred at 600 rpm for 5 minutes. After 5 minutes, stirring was stopped and the mixtures were allowed to rest for 30 minutes. The top liquid layer was then tested for turbidity. The results are shown in Table 3.
TABLE 3
Results of various emulsifying treatments
Treatment
Oil slick
Turbidity
Blank
Heavy
515
20 ppm C2
Slight
510
20 ppm C2/5 ppm EX1
Slight
154
20 ppm C2/10 ppm EX1
Slight
50
20 ppm C2/15 ppm EX1
Slight
27
300 ppm C1
Moderate
261
The data shows that a cationic polyacrylamide (EX1) can significantly demulsify tar/flushing liquor emulsions compared with the typical demulsifying treatment (C1) alone. The data also shows that the surfactant, C2, does not work alone as a demulsifying treatment. The treatment composition comprising both a cationic polyacrylamide (EX1) and a surfactant (C2) works to reduce both the oil slick and turbidity of tar/flushing liquor emulsions.
Example 3 compares the effectiveness a cationic polyacrylamide (EX1) to a surfactant on tar/flushing liquor emulsions from Chinese coke plant #2. For this example, 100 ml of a tar/flushing liquor emulsions were charged to two 120 ml-bottles with caps. The bottles were heated to 85° C. in an oil bath for 20 minutes. Then, 10 ppm of a cationic polyacrylamide was added to one of the bottles. 10 ppm of an EO/PO copolymer (C1) typically used as a demulsifying treatment was added to the other bottle. The bottles were mixed by inverting them 15 times. The bottles were placed back in the 85° C. oil bath and allowed to rest for 35 minutes. After 35 minutes, the top aqueous layer was tested for turbidity. As can be seen in Table 4, the data shows the cationic polyacrylamide (EX1) is a more effective demulsifying treatment than an EO/PO (C1) copolymer typically used a demulsifying treatment, even at low concentrations.
TABLE 4
Results of various emulsifying treatments
Treatment
Turbidity (NTU)
Blank
339
10 ppm EX1
53
10 ppm C1
364
This written description uses examples to disclose the invention, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the invention, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the invention is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. For example, although exemplary embodiments disclose using the treatment compositions in the flushing system, the treatment compositions may be used in tar storage, the tar refinery, or the tar extractor to further remove the water in tar. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal languages of the claims.
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