A process is provided for imaging a surface of a specimen with an imaging system that employs a BD objective having a darkfield channel and a bright field channel, the BD objective having a circumference. The specimen is obliquely illuminated through the darkfield channel with a first arced illuminating light that obliquely illuminates the specimen through a first arc of the circumference. The first arced illuminating light reflecting off of the surface of the specimen is recorded as a first image of the specimen from the first arced illuminating light reflecting off the surface of the specimen, and a processor generates a 3D topography of the specimen by processing the first image through a topographical imaging technique. imaging apparatus is also provided as are further process steps for other embodiments.
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1. A process for imaging a surface of a specimen with an imaging system including a tube lens, a nosepiece and a brightfield/darkfield (BD) objective having a darkfield channel and a bright field channel and a circumference, the process including the steps of:
positioning a light barrier in the nosepiece and outside the BD objective, the light barrier including an opening that directs light through a portion of the darkfield channel to define a first arced illuminating light;
obliquely illuminating the specimen through the darkfield channel with said first arced illuminating light, thereby obliquely illuminating the specimen through a single first arc of the circumference, said first arced illuminating light reflecting off of the surface of the specimen; and
recording a first image of the specimen from the first arced illuminating light reflecting off the surface of the specimen.
11. In an imaging apparatus for imaging a surface of a specimen, the imaging apparatus employing a tube lens, a nosepiece and a brightfield/darkfield (BD) objective having a darkfield channel and a bright field channel, the BD objective having a circumference, the improvement comprising:
placing a light barrier in the nosepiece and outside the BD objective, the light barrier having a body that does not permit the passage of light therethrough, and a darkfield opening in the body that does permit the passage of light therethrough, such that the body blocks illuminating light traveling toward the specimen, and the opening defines a passage for the illuminating light to travel through the darkfield channel toward the specimen, said opening thus defining arced illuminating light that obliquely illuminates the specimen through the darkfield channel from a discrete direction through only a single arc of the circumference.
4. The process of
5. The process of
obliquely illuminating the specimen through the darkfield channel with a second arced illuminating light that obliquely illuminates the specimen through a single second arc of the circumference different from said first arc, said second arced illuminating light reflecting off of the surface of the specimen, said second arced illuminating light being provided by said light barrier placed outside the BD objective; and
recording a second image of the specimen from the second arced illuminating light reflecting off the surface of the specimen, wherein said step of generating a 3D topography includes processing the second image through a topographical imaging technique.
6. The process of
delivering illuminating light to the light barrier and through the darkfield opening to provide the first and second arced illuminating light that obliquely illuminates the specimen.
7. The process of
9. The process of
orthogonally illuminating the specimen through the brightfield channel with brightfield illuminating light, said brightfield illuminating light reflecting off of the surface of the specimen; and
recording a third image of the specimen from the brightfield illuminating light reflected off the surface of the specimen, wherein said step of generating a 3D topography includes processing the third image through a topographical imaging technique.
10. The process of
12. The imaging apparatus of
13. The imaging apparatus of
14. The imaging apparatus of
15. The imaging apparatus of
16. The imaging apparatus of
17. The process of
18. The process of
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This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/063,564, filed Oct. 14, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention generally relates to imaging techniques and apparatus. In particular embodiments, it relates to topographical imaging techniques. In particular embodiments, it relates to imaging apparatus employing brightfield/darkfield objective, and improvements to such apparatus by employing a light barrier in the darkfield channel.
Standard techniques for creating 3D topographies include stylus instruments, profilometers, ultrasonic transducers, and laser triangulation among others. Shape-from-shading (SFS) and photometric stereo (PMS) have been used to create topographies by illuminating a specimen 1 with one or more a light sources 2, 3 directing oblique light 4, 5 toward the specimen 1 at an angle from 5 to 85 degrees and more typically from 25 to 75 degrees, as generally represented in
A standard reflected light microscope employing brightfield and darkfield functionality is shown in
It can be seen in
In brightfield imaging it can be seen that the field of view F, which takes in at least a portion of the specimen 1, is filled by direct 90 degrees illumination (the incoming illuminating light 24′ is orthogonal to the general resting plane of the specimen 1) whereas in darkfield imaging, the field of view F is filled by oblique illumination (the incoming illuminating light 24″ is at an oblique angle to the general resting plane of the specimen 1). The darkfield illumination is evenly distributed through the 360 degree circumference of the BD objective 20.
In a first embodiment, the present invention provides a process for imaging a surface of a specimen with an imaging system that employs a BD objective having a darkfield channel and a bright field channel, the BD objective having a circumference, the process including the steps of: obliquely illuminating the specimen through the darkfield channel with a first arced illuminating light that obliquely illuminates the specimen through a first arc of the circumference, said first arced illuminating light reflecting off of the surface of the specimen; recording a first image of the specimen from the first arced illuminating light reflecting off the surface of the specimen; and generating a 3D topography of the specimen by processing the first image through a topographical imaging technique.
In a second embodiment, the present invention provides an imaging system as in any of the forgoing embodiments, wherein the first arc is from 1 degree or more to 180 degrees or less.
In a third embodiment the present invention provides an imaging system as in any of the forgoing embodiments, wherein the first arc is from 2 degrees or more to 5 degrees or less.
In a fourth embodiment, the present invention provides an imaging system as in any of the forgoing embodiments, further including the step of: obliquely illuminating the specimen through the darkfield channel with a second arced illuminating light that obliquely illuminates the specimen through a second arc of the circumference different from said first arc, said second arced illuminating light reflecting off of the surface of the specimen; and recording a second image of the specimen from the second arced illuminating light reflecting off the surface of the specimen, wherein said step of generating a 3D topography includes processing the second image through a topographical imaging technique.
In a fifth embodiment, the present invention provides an imaging system as in any of the forgoing embodiments, wherein all said obliquely illuminating steps include: providing a light barrier in the darkfield channel, the light barrier having a body that does not permit the passage of light therethrough, and a darkfield opening in the body that does permit the passage of light therethrough, and delivering illuminating light into the darkfield channel to the light barrier and through the darkfield opening to provide the arced illuminating light that obliquely illuminates the specimen.
In a sixth embodiment, the present invention provides an imaging system as in any of the forgoing embodiments, including a processor controls the oblique illumination of any said oblique illumination step and controlling any said image recording step.
In a seventh embodiment, the present invention provides an imaging system as in any of the forgoing embodiments, wherein the processor controls said step of generating a 3D topography.
In an eighth embodiment, the present invention provides an imaging system as in any of the forgoing embodiments, including the step of: orthogonally illuminating the specimen through the brightfield channel with brightfield illuminating light, said brightfield illuminating light reflecting off of the surface of the specimen; and recording a third image of the specimen from the brightfield illuminating light reflected off the surface of the specimen, wherein said step of generating a 3D topography includes processing the third image through a topographical imaging technique.
In a ninth embodiment, the present invention provides an imaging system as in any of the forgoing embodiments, wherein the topographical imaging technique is selected from shape from shading techniques, photometric stereo techniques, and Fourier ptychography modulation techniques.
In a tenth embodiment, the present invention provides an improvement to an imaging apparatus for imaging a surface of a specimen, the imaging apparatus employing a BD objective having a darkfield channel and a bright field channel, the BD objective having a circumference. The improvement includes placing a light barrier in the darkfield channel, the light barrier having a body that does not permit the passage of light therethrough, and a darkfield opening in the body that does permit the passage of light therethrough, such that the body blocks illuminating light traveling through the darkfield channel toward the specimen. The opening defines a passage for the illuminating light traveling through the darkfield channel toward the specimen, and thus defines arced illuminating light that obliquely illuminates the specimen through the darkfield channel from a discrete direction through only an arc of the circumference.
In an eleventh embodiment, the present invention provides an imaging apparatus as in any of the forgoing embodiments, wherein said arc is from 1 degree or more to 180 degrees or less.
In a twelfth embodiment, the present invention provides an imaging apparatus as in any of the forgoing embodiments, wherein said arc is from 2 degrees or more to 5 degrees or less.
In a thirteenth embodiment, the present invention provides an imaging apparatus as in any of the forgoing embodiments, further comprising a processor employing topographical imaging techniques on images taken by said imaging apparatus.
In a fourteenth embodiment, the present invention provides an imaging apparatus as in any of the forgoing embodiments, wherein the light barrier rotates so as to permit the placement of said opening at variable positions about said circumference.
The present invention modifies a standard BD microscope or other instrument using a BD objective so that in brightfield the BD objective transmits light normally and as described above. In darkfield, the light transmitted through the darkfield channel is limited so that the darkfield illumination is not through the entire 360 degree circumference of the BD objective but rather through only a portion of the circumference.
With reference to
The BD switch 118, as schematically shown, serves to limit the light 124 to pass either into a brightfield channel 122 (
In some embodiments, the darkfield channel 126 directs illuminating light toward the specimen at an angle less than 90 degrees, in other embodiments, less than 80 degrees, in other embodiments, less than 70 degrees, in other embodiments, less than 80 degrees, in other embodiments, less than 70 degrees, in other embodiments, less than 60 degrees, in other embodiments, less than 50 degrees, in other embodiments, less than 40 degrees, and, in other embodiments, less than 30 degrees. In some embodiments, the darkfield channel 126 directs illuminating light toward the specimen at an angle greater than 20 degrees, in other embodiments, greater than 30 degrees, in other embodiments, greater than 40 degrees, and in other embodiments, greater than 50 degrees.
The distance between the distal end of the objective and the specimen is known as the working distance (see
In some embodiments, the field of view of the BD objective 20 is less than 10 mm. In some embodiments, the field of view of the BD objective is less than 5 mm, in other embodiments, less than 2 mm, in other embodiments, less than 1 mm, in other embodiments, less than 500 μm, in other embodiments, less than 200 μm, in other embodiments, less than 100 μm, in other embodiments, less than 50 μm.
When viewing a microscopic specimen at, for example, a size of less than 10 μm, the distance of the microscope objective is often less than 5 mm from the surface of the specimen depending on the working distance of the objective. For example a typical working distance, WD, of a 50× objective is less than 2 mm and, for a 100× objective, is typically 1 mm or less. The physical outside diameter of an objective is typically between 20 and 50 mm. By way of example, with a 20 mm diameter specimen and 5 mm WD, the angle of the light projecting off the surface would be approximately 26 degrees. In the more likely case of a WD of 1 mm the angle of light projecting on the specimen would be 6 degrees. Photometric stereo optimally uses illumination at 30 to 80 degrees. In most microscope use cases, then, it would not be possible to determine topographies of specimens using photometric stereo or other imaging techniques requiring oblique lighting due to the low incident of oblique illumination.
The present invention uses the darkfield channel of the objective to direct the light onto the surface of the specimen. This allows the light source to be much closer to the vertical axis of illumination. In the above standard illumination the light had to be outside the radius of the objective. The use of the darkfield channel allows the light source to be within the radius of the specimen and essentially be adjacent to the light path. The distance from the vertical axis can now be approximately equal to the WD allowing an angle of illumination to be 45 degrees. This angle may vary slightly with the design of the objective but is typically in the range of 25 to 75 degrees. Thus, the imaging systems according to this invention achieve oblique illumination angles despite the very tight working distances required in many applications. The method taught herein can be used to determine topographies in microscopy applications that could not be achieved by standard methods.
It can be seen in
In some embodiments, such as that shown in
In some embodiments, the light barrier 140 is secured in the nosepiece 128. In other embodiments, the light barrier 140 is secured in the vertical illuminator 116. It will be appreciated that the light barrier 140 and concepts related herein can be implemented in other ways as well, such as in the BD objective 120.
In some embodiments, such as that in
In some embodiments, a driver 152 serves to rotate the light barrier 140 to place the darkfield opening 144 in a desired position. In some embodiments, the driver 152 is a motor that interacts with the light barrier 140 through a belt 154, but gearing and other interactions can be employed. It will be appreciated that the driver 152 could also be a manually manipulated driver, such as a wheel or knob geared or belted or otherwise associated with the light barrier 140 to rotate it.
In some embodiments, a sensor 156 is mounted to the microscope 110 at an appropriate location to identify a zero position for the light barrier 140. The sensor 156 on the microscope 110 will identify the zero position when the sensor aligns with a reference element 158 on the light barrier 140. The zero position establishes a known starting position for the light barrier 140 and more particularly the darkfield opening 144 therein, and this known starting position is used for indexing imaging so that each image recorded by the camera 112 has associated with it a known lighting position relative to the specimen.
The camera can be any camera useful in imaging systems and specifically used for imaging specimens intended for topographical analysis. These will often employ a CCD or CMOS sensors.
It will be appreciated that the control of all elements of the microscope can be implemented in known ways, typically with some or all controls being implemented through various hardware and/or software and/or firmware, all represented and designated herein as a processor 170. One or more processors can be used and a myriad of hardware such as joysticks, relays, switches among others. The processor 170 can record the images taken from the camera and be programmed with the appropriate algorithms to analyze one or more images and recreate a topographical image of the portion of the specimen imaged.
For the topographical imaging techniques implemented by the processor 170, it is typically necessary or at least helpful to have associated with a particular image the positioning of the incoming oblique light relative to the circumference of the objective. The shading created by the oblique light is dependent upon the position of the incoming light relative to the circumference, and establishing a zero position facilitates the automation of processes for taking multiple images and calculating topographies based upon those multiple images. Once a zero position is established, the processor and associate hardware and/or firmware and/or software can carry out an automated process of providing oblique illumination from a first position about the circumference, taking an image and collecting image data and associating it with the illumination from the first position, then providing oblique illumination from a second position about the circumference, taking an image and collecting image data and associating it with the illumination from the second position positional data; repeating the process as desired to obtain a desired number of imaging data sets from a desired number of illuminating positions. In some embodiments, the sensor 156 is an optical proximity sensor, wherein a light shined by the sensor 156 is blocked by a reference element 158 on the light barrier 140 when the sensor 156 and reference element 158 are aligned. In other embodiments, the sensor 156 magnetic position sensor, working by sensing a magnet serving as a reference element. Mechanical limit switches and Hall effect sensors are other examples.
In some embodiments, such as seen in
In some embodiments, such as that shown in
In another embodiment, such as that shown in
In some embodiments, such plugs can be moved by linear actuators, solenoid, eccentric, or any other known method of motion control. Linear actuators 349a, 349b, 349c, 349d, 349f are employed.
In any embodiment, the size of the arced illuminating light 124* may vary as desired based on results achieved and results desired. This entails a choice of the sizing of the darkfield opening 144 (or 244a, 244b) In some embodiments, the arced illuminating light 124* ranges from 1 degree or more to 180 degrees or less (60 or more to 10,800 or less minutes of arc). In other embodiments, the arced illuminating light 124* ranges from 45 degrees or more to 120 degrees or less (2,700 or more to 7,200 or less minutes of arc), in other embodiments, from 30 degrees or more to 45 degrees or less (1,800 or more to 2,700 or less minutes of arc), in other embodiments, from 10 degrees or more to 30 degrees or less (600 or more to 1,800 or less minutes of arc), in other embodiments, from 5 degrees or more to 10 degrees or less (300 or more to 600 or less minutes of arc), and, in other embodiments, from 2 degrees or more to 5 degrees or less (120 or more to 300 or less minutes of arc). The size of the arced illuminating light is dependent upon the size of the darkfield opening 144 relative to the arc of the annular darkfield channel 126 with which it communicates.
Another aspect of the invention is to use the oblique lighting BD microscopes described above to create a 3D topography by taking multiple images of a specimen 1 obliquely illuminated with arced illuminating light 124* from different positions about the 360 circumference of the BD objective 120 using the light barrier 140, and processing the data from those images in accordance with topographical imaging techniques. The choice of topographical imaging technique is not limited to any particular technique, but, in some embodiments, is selected from shape from shading techniques, photometric stereo techniques, and Fourier ptychography modulation techniques. The processor 170 receives the imaging data from the camera 112 and is programmed through one or more topographical imaging techniques to generate data used to create a topographical representation of the area of the specimen 1 that was imaged. This is represented at output 172. Using known techniques such as shape from shading algorithms, photometric stereo algorithms, and Fourier ptychography modulation algorithms with the know size, number, and position of the arced illuminating light, the angle of the oblique illumination, a 3D topography can be generated.
In some topographical imaging techniques such as shape from shading (SFS), a single obliquely illuminated specimen image generated from arced illuminating light at a single position can be sufficient to generate topographical data and images. In other topographical imaging techniques such as photometric stereo, at least two obliquely illuminated specimen images generated from arced illuminating light at two positions can be sufficient to generate topographical data and images. In other topographical imaging techniques such as Fourier ptychography modulation, at least two obliquely illuminated specimen images generated from arced illuminating light at two positions plus an image from brightfield illumination is needed to generate topographical data, and 10 or more obliquely illuminated specimen images will provide even better data for Fourier ptychography modulation. The existing algorithms and algorithms yet to be developed in this field will provide the ordinarily skilled artisan with the knowledge as to the number of type of images needed. The present invention does not invent or alter the algorithms but rather provides methods and apparatus that allows for their implementation.
It will be appreciated that, in some embodiments, the processor 170 (which again, represents any number of appropriate processors, hardware, software, firmware), automates the control of the light barrier, the illumination, the image collection and generation of topographical data and/or images.
Thus this invention provides a process for imaging a specimen with an imaging system that employs a BD objective having a darkfield channel and a bright field channel and defining a circumference about the specimen to be imaged. The process includes obliquely illuminating the specimen through the darkfield channel with a first arced illuminating light that obliquely illuminates the specimen through a first arc of the circumference, and taking a first image providing a first image data set of the specimen from the first arced illuminating light reflected off the surface of the specimen. In some embodiments, the process further includes generating a 3D topography of the specimen by processing the first data through a topographical imaging technique. In some embodiments, the arc sizes are selected as described above for the arced illuminating light 124*.
In other embodiments, the process includes, obliquely illuminating the specimen through the darkfield channel with a second arced illuminating light that obliquely illuminates the specimen through a second arc of the circumference of the BD objective different from said first arc, and taking a second image providing a second image data set of the specimen from the second arced of illuminating light reflected off the surface of the specimen. In other embodiments, the process further includes illuminating the specimen through the brightfield channel with brightfield illuminating light, and taking a third image of the specimen from the brightfield illuminating light reflected off the surface of the specimen. In other embodiments, the process further includes repeating said obliquely illuminating step and said taking an image step for any n number of images producing n number of image data sets. In other embodiments, n is from 2 to 12, in other embodiments, from 3 to 9, in other embodiments, from 4 to 7, and in other embodiments, 6.
In other embodiments, said obliquely illuminating steps include providing a light barrier in the darkfield channel, the light barrier having a body that does not permit the passage of light therethrough, and a darkfield opening in the body that does permit the passage of light therethrough, and delivering illuminating light into the darkfield channel to the light barrier and through the darkfield opening to provide the arced illuminating light that obliquely illuminates the specimen.
In other embodiments, the process includes a processor and associate hardware and/or firmware and/or software controlling the oblique illumination of any said oblique illumination step and controlling any said image taking step. In other embodiment a same or different processor and associate hardware and/or firmware and/or software controls said step of generating a 3D topography.
In some embodiments, the light barrier 140 may remain stationary to allow an image to be captured from a single position. In some embodiments, the light barrier 140 may be rotated to allow multiple images to be captured at known, specific positions of the darkfield opening 144. In some embodiments, the light barrier (such as light barrier 240) will have multiple openings and plugs, with the plugs sequentially manipulated to open a pathway for the arced illuminating light 124*. In some embodiments, the positions are generally symmetrical such as two images captured 180 degrees apart; three images captured at 120 degrees apart, six images captured at 60 degrees apart, and so on. It will be appreciated that these measurements would have the mid-point of each arc of each arced illumination as a reference point, with the measurement made from mid-point to mid-point. It should be appreciated that the invention allows one or more images to be captured using the darkfield oblique light and still allows a brightfield image to be captured at 90 degrees.
In light of the foregoing, it should be appreciated that the present invention significantly advances the art by providing an imaging system and topographical imaging method that is structurally and functionally improved in a number of ways. While particular embodiments of the invention have been disclosed in detail herein, it should be appreciated that the invention is not limited thereto or thereby inasmuch as variations on the invention herein will be readily appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art. The scope of the invention shall be appreciated from the claims that follow.
Putman, Matthew C., Putman, John B., Bulman, Joseph G., Orlando, Julie A.
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