This disclosure is directed to exemplary embodiments of systems, methods, techniques, processes, products and product components that can facilitate users making improved absorbance or fluorescence measurements in the field of spectroscopy with reduced (minimal) sample waste, and increased throughput, particularly in the study of biological sciences. A method and device for photometric measurement of liquids. The method includes the steps of: The method includes the steps of: providing a pipette tip, the pipette tip being made of an optically clear body having an outer wall and an inner wall, the inner wall defining an inner space for receiving a liquid sample, the inner space providing a cross-sectional path length for light; positioning the pipette tip between a light source and a light collector; measuring light transmission through the liquid sample; adjusting the inner space of the pipette tip to change the cross-sectional length, and measuring light transmission through the liquid sample. This can be accomplished by moving the light source from a first position to at least a second position to provide a plurality of cross-sectional path lengths through the liquid sample or by moving the pipette tip from a first position to at least a second position to provide a plurality of cross-sectional path lengths through the liquid sample.
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1. A method of adjusting an inner space of a pipette tip for photometric measurement of liquids comprising the steps of:
providing pipette tip, the pipette tip comprised of an optically clear body having an outer wall and an inner wall, the inner wall defining the inner space for receiving a liquid sample, the inner space providing a cross-sectional path length for light;
positioning the pipette tip between a light source and a light collector;
measuring light transmission through the liquid sample;
adjusting the inner space of the pipette tip to change the cross-sectional path length for light, and
measuring light transmission through the liquid sample to make a photometric measurement.
2. The method of
3. The method of
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This application is a continuation-in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/472,327 filed Mar. 29, 2017, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/112,792 filed Jul. 20, 2016, which is a § 371 National Stage Application of PCT/US15/038517 application filed 30 Jun. 2015 and U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 62/019,378 filed 30 Jun. 2014, under 35 U.S.C. § 111(a) (hereby specifically incorporated herein by reference).
This disclosure is directed to exemplary embodiments of systems, methods, techniques, processes, products and product components that can facilitate users making improved absorbance or fluorescence measurements in the field of spectroscopy with reduced (minimal) sample waste, and increased throughput, particularly in the study of biological sciences, with an objective, among others, of providing a unique, efficient solution to accurate absorbance/fluorescence measurements of liquid samples, and a reduction in equipment maintenance requirements.
This disclosure is directed to exemplary embodiments of systems, methods, techniques, processes, products and product components that can facilitate users making improved absorbance or fluorescence measurements in the field of spectroscopy with reduced (minimal) sample waste, and increased throughput, particularly in the study of biological sciences, with an objective, among others, of providing a unique, efficient solution to accurate absorbance/fluorescence measurements of liquid samples, and a reduction in equipment maintenance requirements.
Conventionally, there are two principal methods, techniques or processes by which liquid samples are measured and analyzed. The first conventional method involves use of a cuvette. A cuvette is a small tube generally of circular or square cross section, sealed at one end, and formed of a plastic material, glass, or fused quartz (for implementations that can involve the use of ultra-violet (UV) light). Cuvettes are designed to hold samples for spectroscopic experiments and analyses. Cuvettes are formed to have cross-sectional lengths, often 10 mm across, to allow for easy calculations of levels of illumination and/or coefficients of absorption. Cuvettes are filled with liquid samples and light from a light source is shone through the liquid samples, the light from the light source often being specifically regulated through a series of intervening optics structures on a light supplying or incident side of the cuvette and correspondingly on a light collecting or recovery side of the cuvette. The involved optical elements can include, for example, integrating spheres, an intention of which is to normalize the light passed through the liquid sample from the light supplying components and recovered by light collecting components. The collected light, having passed through the liquid sample, is then passed generally to a spectrometer to evaluate absorption of the light by the liquid sample, i.e., intensity of the collected light at various wavelengths. Cuvettes are generally not considered to be disposable items and, therefore, must be thoroughly washed between sample measurements to avoid contaminating the sample measurements. Further, cuvettes, and the processing of liquid sample measurements using those cuvettes, tend to waste a significant amount of a liquid sample.
The second method involves the spectroscopic measuring of liquid samples via a process by which microliter volume liquid samples are held by surface tension between two structural (anvil) surfaces. The anvil surfaces are highly polished, and generally include embedded optical fibers with ends finished flush with the anvil surfaces. Generally, one of the anvils is fixed, and the other of the anvils is movable to precisely control a distance between the anvils over which the absorption of the light by the liquid sample can be measured. U.S. Pat. No. 7,397,036 to Robertson et al., issued Jul. 8, 2008, describes such an exemplary measurement apparatus and method. A liquid sample is deposited on a small pedestal. The deposited liquid sample is then engaged by the anvils and essentially stretched as a liquid column supported between the anvil surfaces by surface tension in the liquid sample. This method, which still requires contact of elements of the measuring device with the liquid sample, also requires specific cleaning of the device surfaces between sample measurements to avoid contaminating subsequent liquid samples leading to potentially erroneous measurements. This cleaning must be carefully undertaken to not affect the cleaned and polished nature of the anvils and embedded optical elements in a manner that can adversely affect liquid sample adherence retention, and/or the optical analysis.
As will be described in specific detail below, the disclosed embodiments are directed to a unique pipette tip product that can address certain of the shortfalls in the conventional systems described above according to one or more of the following functional objectives. The inventive subject matter is: a method for photometric measurement of liquids. The method includes the steps of: providing a pipette tip, the pipette tip being made of an optically clear body having an outer wall and an inner wall, the inner wall defining an inner space for receiving a liquid sample, the inner space providing a cross-sectional path length for light; positioning the pipette tip between a light source and a light collector; measuring light transmission through the liquid sample; adjusting the inner space of the pipette tip to change the cross-sectional path length for light, and measuring light transmission through the liquid sample. This can be accomplished by moving the light source from a first position to at least a second position to provide a plurality of cross-sectional path lengths through the liquid sample or by moving the pipette tip from a first position to at least a second position to provide a plurality of cross-sectional path lengths through the liquid sample.
The inventive subject matter further includes: a device for photometric measurement of liquids made of: an optically clear body having an outer wall and an inner wall, the inner wall defining an inner space for receiving a liquid sample; the inner space having a surface shape to provide a cross-sectional path for light, wherein a portion of the inner space is comprised of a plurality of optically clear tubes of differing inner diameter, each of the plurality of optically clear tubes providing a cross-sectional path of different lengths.
The inventive subject matter further includes a device for photometric measurement of liquids made of: an optically clear body having an outer wall and an inner wall, the inner wall defining an inner space for receiving a liquid sample; the inner space having a surface shape to provide a cross-sectional pathlength for light, wherein a portion of the inner space is made of a first inner surface and a second inner surface, wherein the first inner surface and the second inner surface are non-parallel with respect to each other to provide the cross-sectional path length for light.
The inventive subject matter further includes a device for photometric measurement of liquids. The device being made of: an optically clear body having an outer wall and an inner wall, the inner wall defining an inner space for receiving a liquid sample; the inner space having a reflective surface which reflects a wavelength of light to provide an effective path length in which the reflective surface is either the inner or the outer wall.
The invention can be best understood by those having ordinary skill in the art by reference to the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
Exemplary embodiments of the systems and methods according to this disclosure can provide a unique pipette tip product for implementing the quantifying of concentrations of solid components in solution in liquid samples. In embodiments, the solid components can include biological specimens such as, for example, proteins and nucleic acids, in the liquid samples. Exemplary embodiments can provide for a pipette having a tip, the pipette configured to aspirate a fluid sample and hold the fluid sample within the tip, a pipette tip being inserted into a measurement system, the measuring system preferably having features for locating, and positioning the pipette tip appropriately to support the analysis of the liquid sample. In embodiments, the pipette tip can have, or be arranged to have, a cross sectional length in a light traversing direction to facilitate a spectroscopic analysis of the liquid sample in the pipette tip across the cross-sectional length. A pipette tip has a generally tubular or truncated cone shape with inner and outer walls, and an inner space for receiving a liquid sample. A portion of the inner space can be shaped to change the optical properties of the pipette tip. The portion of the inner space that is modified is the shape or size of the inner walls. The optical area is the area through which light passes.
In embodiments, the pipette tip can be held by any part of the tip or pipette in the measurement system structure, appropriately positioned between the measurement mechanics of the structure. In embodiments, the pipette tip can be ejected from, or remain connected to, the pipette when the pipette tip is properly positioned between the measurement mechanics of the measurement system structure. In embodiments, the pipette tip can be an integrated part of a transfer, bulb, or other single piece liquid collecting apparatus.
Exemplary embodiments can provide a specifically-cooperating light source with optics included for generating and projecting light onto an incident side of the pipette tip, and through the liquid sample, for collection on a recovery side of the pipette tip by light collecting elements. In embodiments, the light source can comprise one or more of a deuterium flash, a xenon flash lamp, a light emitting diode (LED), or other appropriate like light source. The light source can generally supply generated light to one or more of a fiber optics cable, a light pipe, or other light carrying/conveying medium. Combinations of these features can be generally referred to throughout this disclosure as a light source. Exemplary embodiments can provide that the light emitted by the light source can be made to pass through the disclosed pipette tip containing the liquid sample, and to be collected by a light collector. The light collector can be made of one or more of a second fiber optics cable, light pipe, or other light carrying/conveying medium. In embodiments, one or both light source and the light collector a further includes certain optics adjustment components, including, but not limited to, one or more lenses, mirrors, windows, and/or filters between the light source and the pipette tip and/or between the pipette tip and the light collecting unit. In embodiments, the light source and the light collector can be made of multiple cooperating output ports and input ports, respectively. These multiple numbers of cooperating output ports and input ports can be generally arranged in a structure commonly referred to as a multiplexer. In embodiments, the light source and the light collector can be one or both movable by means of manual or automatic operation with respect to each other in order that the one or both light source and the light collector can be movable closer to, or farther away from, the disclosed pipette tip, which can or cannot be used for positioning the pipette tip and/or optics. In embodiments, the pipette tip and/or pipette can be movable by means of manual or automatic operation to align the measurement area with the light supplying/collecting units.
Exemplary embodiments can provide that the light collector passes collected light, having traversed through the liquid sample in the pipette tip, to a spectrometer or similar detector for light intensity/absorption measurements. Resulting measurements can be related, via, for example, a processing device, to one or more reference values that can be usable to calculate a concentration of the liquid sample according to known means and techniques. Exemplary embodiments can provide a capacity to recover the pipette tip with the liquid sample inside allowing for no cross contamination of liquid samples, realizing minimal (essentially no) sample loss due to measurement, and substantially obviating any requirement to clean sample measurement surfaces between sample measurements, i.e., significantly reducing time-consuming maintenance requirements between sample measurements.
Now referring to
The component unit 120, if removable, can be specifically configured to secure the pipette tip 130. The pipette tip 130 can be secured by any conventional means to the component unit 120, if removable. The pipette tip 130 can be secured to component unit 120, if removable, for example, by a snap fit, friction fit, or any other similar mechanical means of joining two parts together in a non-permanent manner. Alternatively, the component unit 120 can be permanently secured to the pipette tip 130 during the manufacturing process.
An outer profile 125 of the component unit 120 can be configured to physically interact with an inner profile 115 of an accommodating space in the base unit 110. This physical interaction between the outer profile 125 of the component unit 120 and the inner profile 115 of the base unit 110 can provide controlled structural alignment of the pipette tip 130 between a light source 140 and a light collector 150 fixedly or movably mounted in the base unit 110.
An advantage of the illustrated and described physical interaction between the outer profile 125 of the component unit 120 and the inner profile 115 of the base unit is that it provides an essentially self-aligning structure for repeatable positioning of the pipette tip 130 that substantially obviates a requirement, such as can be required in the conventional microliter volume drop method discussed above, for the user to be exceptionally precise in guiding the pipette tip 130 to a particular pedestal on which the sample volume drop can be deposited.
Another advantage of the exemplary physical embodiments according to this disclosure is that they further remove a requirement for ejecting the liquid sample material from the pipette tip, thereby further obviating the attendant requirement to clean surfaces within, for example, the accommodating space in the base unit 110, or any of the associated structural components of the exemplary measuring system structure 100, as depicted. In other words, the liquid sample need never touch any of the surfaces of the structure but can, in all instances, remain substantially within the pipette tip 130.
Generally, the disclosed pipette tip 130 is a liquid collecting tip for a pipette that fits onto the pipette. In embodiments, the pipette tip 130 can be attached to, and/or removable from, the pipette. The attachment to the pipette tip 130 can be accomplished using standard methods including, for example, a snap or press fit to the pipette. More broadly, the pipette tip 130 can be held in place by means of physical pressure, magnetism, gravity, suction, or any similar method upon a surface of the pipette tip 130 or the pipette body itself. When removable/detachable from the pipette, the pipette tip 130 can be a disposable component. Otherwise, when removable/detachable from the pipette, the pipette tip 130 can be a cleanable and reusable component. The pipette tip 130 can be formed of any geometry to substantially prevent loss of the liquid sample if ejected from the pipette. The pipette tip 130 can be formed of an optically clear material. The pipette tip 130 can have applied to it appropriate light transmittance zones or features in one or multiple areas for light to pass through with minimal interruption.
Now referring to
The reflective surfaces 320 are created by the inherent nature of the material, a coating method (dipped, thin film deposition, etc.), and/or optical manipulation (total internal refraction, fiber Bragg grating, etc.) The pipette tip 330 can include flat, angled, curved, or complex geometry surfaces to manipulate the cross-sectional light path. The cross-sectional path length 332 through the liquid sample is determined by the trajectory of the supplied light. The effective cross-sectional path length 332 is the cumulative lengths of the reflected light. The light can be supplied at any angle from any direction by a light source 340.
A section of the inner wall 308 and outer wall 305 form a window port 360 capable of passing a desired wavelength(s) of light in this embodiment. The port 360 can be an optical filter. Next light enters the pipette tip 330 through a window port 360 and is reflected any number of times through a liquid sample inside. Window ports 360, 370 can be plastic, quartz, sapphire, or any material capable of passing the desired wavelength(s) of light. Window ports 360 and 370 are not required to have reflective properties. The light is collected after traveling through the liquid sample by a light collector 350 and optics (not shown) if necessary for analysis. Light exits the pipette tip 330 via a window port a window port 370.
Now referring to
Now referring to
Now referring to
Now referring to
Now referring to
The cartridge 500 was placed approximately in the center between the two bearing blocks 620 with minimal support by a loose-fitting slot machined into base plate 610. The bearing blocks 620 were moved along the linear bearings 630 to allow the lips 660 to meet the quartz discs 520. This interaction aligned the fiber optics cables 710 and 730 perpendicular with the quartz discs 520. Measurements of light intensity were taken from this configuration. Measurements were taken with air between the quartz discs 520 in cartridge 500, and water for comparison. Between every measurement the cartridge 500 was removed from the base 600 and replaced to create non-repeating starting locations of the cartridge 500 for each measurement. The results of these measurements can be seen in TABLE 1.
TABLE 1
Air at 701.2936 nm
Water at 701.2936 nm
Measurement
Intensity
Measurement
Intensity
1
0.71867
1
0.89449
2
0.72413
2
0.89707
3
0.72577
3
0.90385
4
0.73195
4
0.90395
5
0.73655
5
0.91473
STDEV
0.006964
STDEV
0.007852
Max
0.73655
Max
0.91473
Min
0.71867
Min
0.89449
Range
0.01788
Range
0.02024
The results in TABLE 1 correspond to respective linear regression lines with R-squared values greater than 0.9 each. A person familiar with this value will recognize there is a clear linear trend. Using personal computer 750 intensity values integrated over time would yield precise intensity measurements, which in turn produce precise absorbance/fluorescence measurements. Example 1 is analogous to inserting a pipette tip into a mechanism and relying on the mechanism to create the necessary perpendicularity.
Specific reference to, for example, the above-discussed embodiments for the disclosed pipette tip, and the characteristics thereof, should not be interpreted to constrain the disclosed pipette tip to only those embodiments. The depicted and described embodiments are included for non-limiting illustration of the disclosed products for implementing systems, methods, techniques, processes and schemes for liquid sample observation, measurement and analysis, which should, therefore, be interpreted and as being exemplary only, and not limiting the disclosed schemes, in any manner.
Features and advantages of the disclosed embodiments are set forth in this disclosure and can be, at least in part, obvious from this detailed description, or can be learned by practice of the disclosed embodiments. The features and advantages of the disclosed embodiments can be realized and obtained by means of the instruments and combinations of features particularly described.
Various embodiments of the disclosed systems and methods are discussed in this disclosure. While specific implementations are discussed, this is done for illustration purposes only. A person skilled in the relevant art will recognize that other components and configurations can be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosed embodiments.
Bowman, John Lloyd, Heintzelman, Dale Lee, Jackson, Rick
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