A method for making a growing medium includes a step of combining tree bark and/or wood components together to form an initial composition; heating the initial composition to a temperature greater than about 149° C. under steam in a pressurized vessel; processing the initial composition through a refiner with a plurality of opposing disks to obtain the fibrous growing medium, the refiner separating fibers from each other; wherein the growing medium has total porosity of 88 volume % or more.
|
11. A growing mix composition comprising:
about 10 to 95 weight % growing medium including fibrous wood components; and
about 5 to 90 weight % peat,
wherein the growing medium has total porosity of 91 volume % or more.
22. A growing medium comprising:
about 100 weight % fibrous wood components,
wherein the growing medium has a total porosity of 88 volume % or more, and
wherein water holding capacity of the growing medium according to ASTM D7367-14 is about 400 to 1000 weight %, based on the total weight of the growing medium.
20. A growing medium comprising:
about 100 weight % fibrous pine wood components,
wherein the growing medium has a dry bulk density of about 48 or lower kg/m3 and wet bulk density of about 120 kg/m3 or lower,
wherein the growing medium has a total porosity of 91 volume % or more, and
wherein water holding capacity of the growing medium according to ASTM D7367-14 is about 400 to 1000 weight %, based on the total weight of the growing medium.
1. A growing medium comprising:
about 5 to about 95 weight % fibrous tree bark, based on the total weight of the growing medium;
about 5 to about 95 weight % fibrous wood components, based on the total weight of the growing medium; and
at least one of fertilizer(s), macronutrient(s), micronutrient(s), mineral(s), chemical binder(s), natural gum(s), interlocking manmade fiber(s), soil, or seed,
wherein the growing medium has a total porosity of 88 volume % or more.
2. The growing medium of
3. The growing medium of
5. The growing medium of
6. The growing medium of
8. The growing medium of
9. The growing medium of
10. The growing medium of
12. The growing mix composition of
13. The growing mix composition of
14. The growing mix composition of
15. The growing mix composition of
16. The growing mix composition of
17. The growing mix composition of
18. The growing mix composition of
19. The growing mix composition of
|
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/589,694, filed Oct. 1, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,907,098, issued Feb. 2, 2021), which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16,366,319, filed Mar. 27, 2019, now U.S. Pat. 10,519,073, issued Dec. 31, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 15/400,363, filed Jan. 6, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,266,457, issued on Apr. 23, 2019, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 15/322,906, filed Dec. 29, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,519,373, issued on Dec. 31, 2019, which is a 371 of International PCT/US2015/038312, filed Jun. 29, 2015 (now expired) which claims the benefit to U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 62/018,640, filed Jun. 29, 2014 (expired), the disclosures which are incorporated in their entirety by reference herein.
The present invention is related to a substrate that can be used as a replacement for peat in a growing medium.
Peat is a widely used organic material for agricultural and horticultural applications. Peat is used to improve soil structure, retain moisture, and increase acidity. Peat is also frequently added into agricultural mixes to increase water-holding capacity and/or to decrease weight. Since peat is typically harvested from natural sources such as mires and peat lands, mining of peat presents a threat to fragile peat bog ecosystems by disrupting wildlife habitats and endangering endemic species. Peat lands also contribute to healthy watersheds and aid in providing safe drinking water for human populations. Besides their water filtration capabilities, peat bogs are effective in flood prevention and serve as a very efficient carbon sink. Thus, there is a desire to preserve peat lands and to decrease commercial use of peat.
Various substitutes for peat have been suggested, for example, coir or coconut fiber derived from the husk of the coconut fruit, wood-based substrates, or rice hulls. Yet, all of these substitutes suffer from a variety of drawbacks. For example, neither substitute provides a satisfactory volume of air space. The substitutes also have a relatively high dry and wet bulk density, thus contributing to a relatively high weight of products which include the substitute. Additionally, some of the substitutes may be, just like peat, available only on a limited basis, and their harvesting may have environmental implications.
Accordingly, there is a need for peat replacements that do not negatively impact the environment and which provide desirable properties to a growing medium.
The present invention solves one or more problems of the prior art by providing a mulch composition or growing medium including fibrous wood components. The mulch composition or growing medium is made by a method wherein fibrous wood components are combined together to form an initial composition which is heated to a temperature greater than about 300° F. (about 149° C.) under steam in a pressurized vessel and fiberized in a refiner to form the fibrous growing medium. The resultant fibrous mulch composition or growing medium has total porosity of 88 volume % or more. The mulch composition or growing medium has a dry bulk density of about 80 kg/m3 or lower and wet bulk density of about 120 kg/m3 or lower. The mulch composition or growing medium is ideal as a standalone mulch composition or growing medium as well as an additive to peat-based substrates, and to amend other existing substrates. The mulch composition or growing medium can also be used to displace at least a portion of peat, composted pine bark, perlite, vermiculite, sand, rock wool, compost, animal manure, rice hulls, hardwood bark, softwood bark, coir, the like, or a combination thereof in various growing mixes or substrates.
As required, detailed embodiments of the present invention are disclosed herein; however, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely exemplary of the invention that may be embodied in various and alternative forms. The figure is not necessarily to scale; some features may be exaggerated or minimized to show details of particular components. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the present invention.
The term “dominant wavelength” refers to a way of describing polychromatic light mixtures in terms of monochromatic light that evokes an identical perception of hue. It is determined on the International Commission on Illumination (CIE)'s color coordinate space by a straight line between the color coordinates for the color of interest and the coordinates for the illuminate. The intersection at the perimeter of the coordinate space nearest the color of interest is the dominant wavelength.
The term “growing medium” (GM) refers to a substrate, specifically a soil-free substrate or a substrate with soil, or a combination of materials used to provide physical support, water retention, aeration, and/or nutrient supply for plant growth so that a plant can establish its root system within the growing medium and allow for root growth, as the roots grow in spaces between individual particles of the growing medium.
The term “mulch” or “mulch composition” as used herein means a layer of fibrous material that is applied to a soil to reduce erosion, to improve water retention, and/or to hold a seed in place on the soil surface long enough for the seed to germinate and for the root to develop within the soil below the mulch. Hydraulic mulches are mulches applied by spraying with water through a hydraulic seeder or similar device. The terms “growing medium” and “mulch composition” are used interchangeably.
The mulch composition or growing medium may include one or more wood components. The term “wood components” or “fibrous wood components” refers to wood chips, wood fiber, bark, needles, or their combination. The wood components may be derived from coniferous and deciduous trees and may be prepared by any convenient manner, for example as disclosed for wood fibers in U.S. Pat. No. 2,757,150. Any type of wood components may be used, but wood components of the softwood varieties such as yellow poplar, cedar such as Western red cedar, fir such as Douglas fir, California redwood, and particularly pine such as Ponderosa, Sugar, White, and Yellow varieties of pine are preferred. For example, fibrous wood components may refer to fibrous pine tree wood components including just fibrous pine tree wood or fibrous pine tree wood as well as fibrous tree bark, needles, chips, or a combination thereof.
The mulch composition or growing medium, and in particular, a fibrous mulch composition or growing medium, may include about 5 to about 95 weight % of tree bark mixed with about 95 to about 5 weight % of wood components, based on the total weight of the mulch composition or growing medium. The mulch composition or growing medium may include 100 weight % fibrous pine wood components. The mulch composition or growing medium may include about 10 weight % of tree bark and about 90 weight % of wood components, based on the total weight of the mulch composition or growing medium. The mulch composition or growing medium may include about 20 to about 70 weight % of tree bark and about 30 to about 80 weight % of wood components, based on the total weight of the mulch composition or growing medium. Alternatively, the mulch composition or growing medium may include about 50 to about 60 weight % of tree bark and about 40 to about 50 weight % of wood components, based on the total weight of the mulch composition or growing medium. The mulch composition or growing medium may include about 90 weight % of tree bark and about 10 weight % of wood components, based on the total weight of the mulch composition or growing medium. The mulch composition or growing medium may further include about 0 to about 10 weight % or more of additional components, based on the total weight of the mulch composition or growing medium, as set forth below. Throughout the entire disclosure, unless otherwise specified, all weight percentages of components are based on the total weight percent of the components in the growing medium which is 100% by weight. In addition, unless otherwise specified, all volume percentages of components are based on the total volume percent of the components in the growing medium which is 100% by volume.
The tree bark may contain one or more pigments or pigment precursors that give color to its layers. Some bark (for example eucalyptus bark and sycamore bark) may be light-colored initially, but darken after its pigments are oxidized. Pigments included in the bark may include, but are not limited, to tannins such as tannic acid (e.g., quercitannic acid and gallotanic acid). Non-limiting examples of useful tree barks containing one or more pigments are named above. In addition, during heat treatment, additional pigments may develop in the bark, in the wood, or both, which contribute to the color of the mulch product or the growing medium. This is what is meant by “pigment precursors.”
The amount, age, moisture, and/or other properties of the bark used may influence hue and/or intensity of the imparted color. For example, low quantities of bark may result in light brown color of the mulch composition or growing medium while high quantities of bark may result in dark brown color. At least about 1 weight %, about 3 weight %, preferably about 5 weight % of bark may be needed to obtain mulch or growing medium dyed by the bark pigments. To color-change the mulch or growing medium, about 1 to about 99 weight % of bark may be included in the initial composition, based on the total weight of the initial composition. Additional bark may be added during the process of producing mulch or growing medium so that the final color of the fiber product may be adjusted to the desired hue. Concerning the age of bark, the bark from the most recently debarked trees generally provides for the most intense color change of the wood components. Moisture of the bark may be about 30 to 60%, measured by ASTM D4442-07, to provide adequate color change of the wood components.
The mulch composition or growing medium may have a color with a dominant wavelength from about 510 nm to about 780 nm, about 590 nm to about 770 nm, about 620 nm to about 760 nm, or about 675 nm to about 750 nm relative to a white illuminate. The mulch composition or growing medium may have a red to brown to black color. The mulch composition or growing medium may have a yellow, orange, gray, or green color. The mulch composition or growing medium may have hsl color coordinates such that the “h value” (hue) is from about 25 to about 45, the “s value” (saturation) is from about 20 to about 100, and the “1 value” (lightness) is less than about 50. The 1 value may be from about 0 to about 25.
The mulch composition or growing medium may further include a non-permanent dye that is eventually removed or that eventually fades after the composition is applied. Preferably, the non-permanent dye is non-toxic so that no toxic chemicals are leached from the mulch composition or growing medium into the environment. The non-permanent dye may comprise natural and/or synthetic compounds. The non-permanent dye may comprise compounds derived from plants, fungi, lichens, invertebrates, insects, minerals, the like, or a combination thereof. Any part of the plant may be utilized to provide the dye such as roots, petals, leaves, stems, shoots, stalks, hulls, husks, ripe and/or unripe fruit, or seed. Exemplary sources of plant dyestuffs include tree varieties named above; vegetables such as carrots, beetroot, red cabbage, artichoke, spinach, celery; fruit such as blueberries, pomegranate, strawberries, avocado, cherries, raspberries, mulberries, elderberries, blackberries, grapes, peach; turmeric, fennel, basil, paprika, saffron, tea plants, coffee plants, barberry, bloodroot, lilac, coneflower, dandelion, goldenrod, hollyhock, ivy, St John's Wort, yellow dock, rose, lavender, cornflower, hyacinth, Queen Anne's Lace, hibiscus, daylily, safflower, camellia, snapdragon, nettle, milkweed, peony, Black-eyed Susan, hydrangea, chamomile, alfalfa, crocus, marigold, or the like. Exemplary mineral-based dyestuffs include iron oxide and carbon black. Exemplary useful non-permanent dye includes ELCOMENT BLACK 7822 commercially available from Greenville Colorants. Another exemplary type of non-permanent dye may include green pigments.
The non-permanent dye may be combined with the bark alone and/or with the components alone before the initial composition is formed before step a), with the initial composition in step a), with the mulch composition or growing medium in step b), in step c), in step d), in step e), after step e), or in more than one step. At least about 0.1 to about 2 weight % of non-permanent dye may be added to the initial composition to cause color change of the wood fiber, based on the total weight of the initial composition. About 0.1 to 15 weight % or more, about 2 to 10 weight %, about 3 to 7 weight % of the non-permanent dye may be added to the initial composition, based on the total weight of the initial composition. At least about 2-40 pounds (0.9-18 kg) of non-permanent dye may be added per ton of the final mulch or growing medium to achieve color change.
Typically, the removable non-permanent dye imparts a darker color on the mulch composition or growing medium than when the non-permanent dye is absent therein. The non-permanent dye may be washed away after several days (about 1 to about 30 days or after more extensive time period) after being applied in the field. The non-permanent dye may fade away or begin to fade away (e.g., from exposure to sunlight or other environmental conditions) after several days such as about 1 to about 30 days or after more extensive time period after being applied in the field.
The mulch composition or growing medium with the non-permanent dye may have a color with a dominant wavelength from about 400 nm to about 780 nm, about 510 nm to about 770 nm, about 590 nm to about 760 nm, or about 620 nm to about 750 nm relative to a white illuminate. The color of the mulch composition or growing medium including the non-permanent dye may vary. The fiber-containing product with the non-permanent dye may have a red to brown to black color. But other colors such as green, blue, yellow, orange, purple, or gray hues are contemplated as well. The type and amount of dye determine intensity of the color. Typically, the removable non-permanent dye imparts a darker color on the fiber-containing product than when the non-permanent dye is absent therefrom. Alternatively, the fiber-containing product with the non-permanent dye may have a lighter color than when the non-permanent dye is absent therefrom. The fiber-containing product may have a lower “h value” than the fiber-containing product without the non-permanent dye. The mulch composition or growing medium may have hsl color coordinates such that the “h value” (hue) is from about 10 to about 40, the “s value” (saturation) is from about 20 to about 100, and the “1 value” (lightness) is less than about 50. The 1 value may be from about 0 to about 25.
The mulch or growing medium may be dyed by bark pigments and/or by one or more natural non-permanent dyes in order to comply with organic standards and secure a certificate from the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI).
The dyed fiber produced by the method described above and the resulting mulch or growing medium composition may have a light-fastness, in order of increasing preference, of at least up to 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 20 days, 1 month, 2 months, or 3 months or more, with minimal fading, measured according to ASTM D4303-99. The term “minimal fading” refers to any visually discernable extent of fading. The light-fastness of the dyed mulch or growing medium may be about 1 to 120 days, about 5 to 90 days, about 10 to 30 days.
As set forth above, the mulch composition or growing medium may include tree bark. The term “bark” refers to a plurality of stem tissues including one or more of cork (phellum), cork cambium (phellogen), phelloderm, cortex, phloem, vascular cambium, and xylem. Examples of useful tree barks include, but are not limited to, bark from pine, oak, walnut, mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla, Swietenia mahagoni, Swietenia humilis), hemlock, Douglas fir, alder, elm, birch, Sitka spruce, sycamore, and the like, and combinations thereof. Pine tree bark is found to be particularly useful in the growing medium.
The input bark and/or wood components may be preprocessed in a variety of ways such as cut so that the dimensions of the input wood components and/or bark pieces are about 0.25 inches (0.64 cm) to about 6 inches long and wide, about 1 inch (2.54 cm) to about 4 inches (10.2 cm) long and wide, about 2 inches (5 cm) to about 3 inches (7.6 cm) long and wide. Preferably, the size of the wood components and/or bark pieces is about 2×2 inches (5×5 cm).
The initial density of the wood components and/or bark before the wood components and/or bark are formed into a mulch composition or growing medium by the process described below may be about 15 lbs/ft3 (240.28 kg/m3) to about 35 lbs/ft3 (560.65 kg/m3).
The fibrous mulch composition or growing medium may be combined with additional components. Examples of such additional components include, but are not limited to, fertilizer(s), macronutrient(s), micronutrient(s), mineral(s), binder(s), natural gum(s), interlocking manmade fiber(s), and the like, and combinations thereof. In general, these additional components in total are present in an amount of less than about 10 weight % of the total weight of the mulch composition or growing medium. More preferably, the additional components in total are present in an amount from about 1 to about 15 weight % of the total weight of the mulch composition or growing medium. Additionally, soil may be present in an amount of about 20 weight % or less, about 15 weight % or less, or about 5 weight % or less of the total weight of the mulch composition or growing medium. The soil may be present in an amount of about 0.1 to about 20 weight % of the total weight of the mulch composition or growing medium. Soil may also be absent from the mulch composition or growing medium.
Fertilizers such as nitrogen fertilizers, phosphate fertilizers, potassium fertilizers, compound fertilizers, and the like may be used in a form of granules, powder, prills, or the like. For example, melamine/formaldehyde, urea/formaldehyde, urea/melamine/formaldehyde and like condensates may serve as a slow-release nitrogenous fertilizer. Fertilizers having lesser nutritional value, but providing other advantages such as improving aeration, water absorption, or being environmental-friendly may be used. The source of such fertilizers may be, for example, animal waste or plant waste.
Nutrients are well-known and may include, for example, macronutrient, micronutrients, and minerals. Examples of macronutrients include calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, and sodium. Examples of micronutrients are also well-known and include, for example, boron, cobalt, chromium, copper, fluoride, iodine, iron, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc, vitamins, organic acids, and phytochemicals. Other macro- and micronutrients are well known in the art.
The binders may be natural or synthetic. For example, the synthetic binders may include a variety of polymers such as addition polymers produced by emulsion polymerization and used in the form of aqueous dispersions or as spray dried powders. Examples include styrene-butadiene polymers, styrene-acrylate polymers, polyvinylacetate polymers, polyvinylacetate-ethylene (EVA) polymers, polyvinylalcohol polymers, polyacrylate polymers, polyacrylic acid polymers, polyacrylamide polymers and their anionic- and cationic-modified copolymer analogs, i.e., polyacrylamide-acrylic acid copolymers, and the like. Powdered polyethylene and polypropylene may also be used. When used, synthetic binders are preferably used in aqueous form, for example as solutions, emulsions, or dispersions. While binders are not ordinarily used in growing media, they may be useful in hydraulically applied growing media.
Thermoset binders may also be used, including a wide variety of resole and novolac-type resins which are phenol/formaldehyde condensates, melamine/formaldehyde condensates, urea/formaldehyde condensates, and the like. Most of these are supplied in the form of aqueous solutions, emulsions, or dispersions, and are generally commercially available.
The natural binder may include a variety of starches such as corn starch, modified celluloses such as hydroxyalkyl celluloses and carboxyalkyl cellulose, or naturally occurring gums such as guar gum, gum tragacanth, and the like. Natural and synthetic waxes may also be used.
With reference to
Based on the total volume of the mulch composition or growing medium, about 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14 16, 18, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90 volume % of tree bark, such as pine, may be combined with the remainder of wood components in step a).
In step b), the initial composition 14 is heated to an elevated temperature to kill microbes in a pressurized vessel 16. Typically, the heating step may be conducted at a temperature in the range of about 250° F. (121° C.) or lower to about 500° F. (260° C.) or higher, about 300° F. (149° C.) to about 400° F. (204° C.), about 320° F. (160° C.) to 380° F. (about 193° C.). The heating step may be conducted for a time sufficient to kill microbes. The heating step may be conducted for about 1 to about 5 minutes or longer under a steam pressure of about 35 lbs/in2 (2.4 kg/cm2) to about 120 lbs/in2 (8.4 kg/cm2) or about 50 lbs/in2 (3.5 kg/cm2) to about 100 lbs/in2 (7.0 kg/cm2). For example, the heating step may be conducted at a temperature of about 300° F. (149° C.) for about 3 minutes at about 80 lbs/in2 (5.6 kg/cm2). For example, the heating step may be conducted at a temperature of about 300° F. (149° C.) for about 3 minutes. The heating step results in a preferably substantially sterile mulch composition or growing medium such that the mulch composition or growing medium is free from bacteria or other living organisms. The steam flow rate during the heating step may be from about 4000 lbs/hour (1814 kg/hour) to about 15,000 lb/hour (6803 kg/hour).
An example of a pressurized vessel and related process for step b) is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,757,150, which has been incorporated by reference, in which wood chips are fed to a pressurized steam vessel which softens the chips. Any type of wood chip may be used in this process, but wood chips of the softwood varieties such as yellow poplar, and particularly pine, are preferred.
In step c), the initial composition 14 is processed through a refiner 18 to form the mulch composition or growing medium 20. The refiner 18 may use a plurality of disks to obtain the mulch composition or fibrous growing medium 20. The refiner 18 may use two or more disks, one of which is rotating, to separate wood fibers from each other as set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 2,757,150, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. The refiner 18 is usually operated at a lower temperature than the temperature used in step b). The refiner 18 may be operated at a temperature in the range of about 70° F. (21° C.) to about 400° F. (204° C.), about 150° F. (66° C.) to about 350° F. (176° C.), about 200° F. (93° C.) to about 300° F. (148° C.). The refiner 18 may be operated under steam. The refiner 18 may be operated at atmospheric pressure or elevated pressures such as pressures of about 50 lb/in2 (3.5 kg/cm2) or lower to about 100 lb/in2 (7.0 kg/cm2). Some of the additional components 22 may be added during step c) such as a dye or a surfactant.
In step d), the mulch composition or growing medium 20 is dried at temperatures of about 400° F. (204° C.) to about 600° F. (316° C.) for the time sufficient to reduce the moisture content of the mulch composition or growing medium 20 to a value less than about 45 weight %, less than about 25 weight %, or less than about 15 weight %, based on the total weight of the mulch composition or growing medium 20. The drying step may be about 1 to 10 seconds long, about 2 to 8 seconds long, about 3 to 5 seconds long. The drying step may be longer than 10 seconds. Exemplary equipment for drying of the mulch composition or growing medium 20 in step d) may be a flash tube dryer capable of drying large volumes of mulch composition or growing medium 20 in a relatively short length of time due to the homogeneous suspension of the particles inside the flash tube dryer. While suspended in the heated gas stream, maximum surface exposure is achieved, giving the growing medium uniform moisture. The moisture content of the mulch composition or growing medium 20 may be from about 10 to about 50 weight %, about 20 to about 40 weight %, about 25 to about 35 weight % of the total weight of the mulch composition or growing medium 20.
In an optional step e), the mulch composition or growing medium 20 is further refined, and the additional components 22 set forth above may be added.
As was stated above, the mulch composition or growing medium may be used as a stand-alone mulch composition or growing medium. Alternatively, the mulch composition or growing medium may be added to a conventional mulch composition, growing medium, growing mix, or substrate to replace at least partially one or more components. The mulch composition or growing medium may displace peat, composted pine bark, perlite, vermiculite, sand, rock wool, compost, animal manure, rice hulls, hardwood bark, softwood bark, coir, other organic materials such as composted organic matter, the like, or a combination thereof. The mulch composition or growing medium may displace, in order of increasing preference, about 0.5% or more, 1% or more, 5% or more, 10% or more, 15% or more, 20% or more, 25% or more, 30% or more, 40% or more, 45% or more, 50% or more, 60% or more, 70% or more, 80% or more, 90% or more, 95% or more, or 99% or more of at least one of the components named above in a growing mix, based on the total weight of the mulch composition or growing mix. The mulch composition or growing medium may replace about 1 to 99, 10 to 95, 20 to 80, 30 to 70, 40 to 50 weight % of one or more components in the conventional mulch composition or growing medium, based on the total weight of the mulch composition or growing medium. The mulch composition or growing medium may replace about 1 to 99, 2 to 95, 5 to 87, 7 to 85, 10 to 80, 15 to 75, 20 to 70, 25 to 65, 30 to 60, 25 to 55, 30 to 50, 35 to 45, 38 to 42 volume % of one or more components in the conventional mulch composition or growing medium, based on the total volume of the mulch composition or growing medium. An exemplary conventional growing mix may contain, based on the total weight of the growing mix, about 80 weight % of peat and 20 weight % of perlite, which is being added to create air space for the peat. An alternative example, the substrate contains 70 weight % peat and 30 weight % growing medium. Yet another example substrate contains 50 weight % peat and 50 weight % growing medium. In a yet alternative embodiment, the substrate contains 30 weight % peat and 70 weight % growing medium. The growing medium of the present invention may replace the perlite entirely and replace at least about 50 weight % of the peat. The resulting growing medium is thus environmentally advantageous as it contains only a relatively low amount of peat and more economical than the conventional growing mix due to replacement of perlite. The resulting growing medium also provides a better balance of air and water retention than the peat-perlite and other conventional growing mixes.
Table 1 below illustrates the benefit of combining the growing medium having a bulk density from about 1.2 lbs/ft3 (19.2 kg/m3) to about 1.7 lbs/ft3 (27.0 kg/m3) with peat having a bulk density from about 7.7 (123.3 kg/m3) to about 11.5 lbs/ft3 (184.2 kg/m3). The higher the ratio of growing medium, the lower the resulting combined bulk density and the greater the resulting recoverable volume. Peat is the primary component used in soiless substrates. Yet, due to its weight, up to about 50% of the delivery cost of peat is due to freight or transportation costs. The introduction of the growing medium into the peat substantially increases the volume of a peat soiless substrate while reducing the freight or transportation cost.
TABLE 1
Density reduction of a peat substrate by addition of the growing medium (GM)
Substrate
Substrate
Bulk Density
Bulk Density
Density
Substrate
Decrease in
Type of
[lb/ft3]/[kg/m3]
[lb/ft3]/
Reduction
Increase in
Transportation
Substrate
peat
GM
[kg/m3]
[%]
Volume [%]
cost [%]
70 vol. % peat,
7.7-11.5/
1.25-1.7/
5.75-8.6/
25.3
33.9
25.3
30 vol. % GM
123.34-184.21
20.02-27.23
92.11-137.76
50 vol. % peat,
7.7-11.5/
1.25-1.7/
4.5-6.6/
41.5
71
41.5
50 vol. % GM
123.34-184.21
20.02-27.23
72.08-105.72
20 vol. % peat,
7.7-11.5/
1.25-1.7/
2.5-3.7/
67.5
209
67.5
80 vol. % GM
123.34-184.21
20.02-27.23
40.05-59.27
5 vol. % peat,
7.7-11.5/
1.25-1.7/
1.5-2.2/
80.5
414
80.5
95 vol. % GM
123.34-184.21
20.02-27.23
24.03-35.24
Balanced air (non-capillary) and water (capillary) holding capacity provides ideal growing conditions to plants. The volume of air space is important for root systems and plants in general, as without oxygen, roots cannot grow and absorb water or minerals. The more oxygenated the roots are, the more efficient the plants become in converting sugars into energy for plant growing. Likewise, sufficient water retention of the growing medium is important to ensure that the roots have access to proper amount of water for photosynthesis, root growth, and efficient uptake of water by the growing plant without being oversaturated. Yet, the conventional mulch compositions or growing mixes usually do not achieve balanced air and water retention as typically, when the volume % of water retention rises, it is at the expense of air retention and vice versa.
The mulch composition or growing medium of the present invention advantageously can provide balanced air and water holding capacity at about 25-60 volume % each, preferably between about 43-56 volume % each, more preferably about 48-49 volume % each, based on the total volume of the mulch composition or growing medium, measured in a container having dimensions 30.5×30.5×30.5 cm (12×12×12 inches). The air and water holding capacity may each be without limitation, about 20 volume % or more, 25 volume % or more, 30 volume % or more, 35 volume % or more, 40 volume % or more, 45 volume % or more, 50 volume % or more, 55 volume % or more, 60 volume % or more, or 65 volume % or more, of the total volume of the mulch composition or growing medium, when measured in 30.5×30.5×30.5 cm (12×12×12 inches) container.
Water and air holding capacity, as referred to herein, are measured according to “Procedures for Determining Physical Properties of Horticultural Substrates Using the NCSU Porometer by Horticultural Substrates Laboratory,” Department of Horticultural Science, N.C. State University in Raleigh, N.C., which is incorporated in its entirety by reference herein. The water holding capacity is measured by a Container Capacity test which measures the percent volume of a substrate that is filled with water after the growing medium is saturated and allowed to drain. It is the maximum amount of water the growing medium can hold. The drainage is influenced by the height of the substrate; this property is thus dependent on container size. The taller the container, the more drainage it will cause, and the less capacity of the substrate to hold water. The oxygen holding capacity is measured as percent volume of a substrate that is filled with air after the growing medium is saturated and allowed to drain. It is the minimum amount of air the material will have. It is affected by the container height in reverse fashion to container capacity; i.e., the taller the container, the more drainage and therefore more air space.
The sum of water and air holding capacity equal total porosity for a given density and moisture content. Total porosity defines the total volume of pores and refers to percent volume of a substrate that is comprised of pores, or holes. It is the volume fraction which provides the water and aeration in a substrate. The total porosity+the percent solids=100%. Total porosity of the mulch composition or growing medium may be about 88 to about 99 volume %, about 91 to about 98 volume %, about 93 to about 97 volume %, about 94 to about 96 volume %. Total porosity of the mulch composition or growing medium may be about 88 vol. % or more, 91 vol. % or more, 93 vol. % or more, 95 vol. % or more, 97 vol. % or more, 99 vol. % or more.
The water holding capacity (WHC) of the mulch composition or growing medium may be also measured by ASTM D7367-14, a standard test method for determining water holding capacity of fiber mulches for hydraulic planting. According to ASTM D7367-14, the water holding capacity (WHC) of the mulch composition or growing medium may be about 400 to about 1000 weight %, about 500 to 1000 weight %, about 600 to 900 weight %, based on the total weight of the mulch composition or growing medium.
Alternatively still, the air holding capacity of the mulch composition or growing medium may be assessed based on a water retention curve comparison focusing on the amount of water which is available to the plant once grown in the mulch composition or growing medium. Substrates, both soil-based and soil-less, may be classified based on particle and pore size analysis as either uniform, well, or gap graded. Uniform graded substrates include particles and pores of similar diameter. An example of a uniform substrate may be sand. Well graded substrates include particles and pores of various sizes, but contain a consistent gradation of the particles from large particles to fine particles. In a well graded substrate, the pore spaces also range between large and fine. A well graded substrate is, for example, silt loam. Gap graded substrates, on the other hand, include large particles and fine particles, but lack intermediately sized particles. Thus, the pores in a gap graded substrate are either large or small, and a gap of intermediate or mid-size particles exists. An example gap graded substrate is bark.
Large particles are particles greater than 2.35 mm in diameter, mid-size particles have a diameter between 0.71 mm and 2.35 mm, and small or fine particles have a diameter smaller than 0.71 mm. The pore cavities created between particles depend on the size of the particles. The larger the particles, the larger the pores between the particles. The size distribution of particles and pores influences how water moves within a substrate. When intermediate sized pores are absent, water does not move easily between the large and small pores. Thus, a missing pore size may cause a break in hydraulic conductivity. Water may still move from the large pores to the small pores, but the transport happens via vapor phase transport instead of direct water flow. An optimal growing substrate is a well graded substrate having large, mid-size, and small particles and pores. A well graded substrate is capable of maintaining hydraulic conductivity which is beneficial to maximizing plant available water. The gradual particle distribution in a well graded substrate thus allows continuous movement of water from large to small pores.
The mulch composition or growing medium represents a well graded substrate which maintains hydraulic conductivity, provides a high percentage of available water to the plant, but unlike other well graded substrates, the growing medium also maintains high porosity. The growing medium may be used by itself or as a filler of other substrates to cure one or more of their deficiencies such as lack of intermediately sized particles. The growing medium may fill the spaces between the particles of a different substrate without clogging pore spaces. The addition of the growing medium may increase the volume of medium and small pores in a substrate, increase porosity and available water while reducing density of the substrate.
Tables 2-4 below provide comparison of particle distribution in various substrates and the growing medium (GM). Whole Tree Substrate (WTS) refers to a pine tree substrate containing pine wood, pine bark, and needles processed by hammer milling. Pine Tree Substrate (PTS) refers to a substrate containing pine wood chips processed by hammer milling.
TABLE 2
Substrate particle distribution in substrates and
growing medium containing 100 vol./wt. %
of one type of substrate or growing medium.
Type of Substrate
[100 vol. %]
GM
Peat
Perlite
Bark
Sieves
Particle
Particle
Particle
Particle
Particle
[Mesh/
Range
Distribu-
Distribu-
Distribu-
Distribu-
μm]
[mm]
tion [%]
tion [%]
tion [%]
tion [%]
1/4″/
>6.3
0.3
8.9
0.0
25.2
6300
#4/
4.75-6.2
0.1
6.1
2.0
9.6
4750
#8/
2.36-4.74
12.4
17.8
52.8
28.1
2360
#16/
1.18-2.35
23.8
18.1
23.9
16.7
1180
#25/
0.71-1.17
24.2
20.1
8.8
11.0
710
#50/
0.3-0.7
21.5
20.2
11.8
9.2
300
#100/
0.15-0.29
10.3
6.9
0.8
0.2
150
Pan/
<0.15
7.3
1.9
0.0
0.0
<150
In at least one embodiment, about 70 to 96 wt./vol. % of the total weight/volume of the growing medium has a particle size smaller than or equal to 4750 μm and larger than or equal to 150 μm. In another embodiment, about 70 to 96 wt./vol. % of the total weight/volume of the growing medium has a particle size smaller than or equal to 4750 μm and larger than or equal to 150 μm. Alternatively, about 64 to 96 wt./vol. % of the total weight/volume of the growing medium has a particle size smaller than or equal to 4750 μm and larger than or equal to 150 μm. In one or more embodiments, about 62.3 to 79.5 wt./vol. % of the total weight/volume of the growing medium has a particle size smaller than or equal to 4750 μm and larger than or equal to 150 μm. About 90 to 99 wt./vol. % of the total weight/volume of the growing medium has a particle size smaller than or equal to 4750 μm and larger than or equal to 150 μm. Alternatively still, about 90 to 95 wt./vol. % of the total weight/volume of the growing medium has a particle size smaller than or equal to 4750 μm and larger than or equal to 150 μm.
In one or more embodiments, about 70 to 96 wt./vol. % of the total weight/volume of the growing medium has a particle size smaller than or equal to 2360 μm and larger than or equal to 150 μm. In another embodiment, about 70 to 96 wt./vol. % of the total weight/volume of the growing medium has a particle size smaller than or equal to 2360 μm and larger than or equal to 150 μm. Alternatively, about 64 to 96 wt./vol. % of the total weight/volume of the growing medium has a particle size smaller than or equal to 2360 μm and larger than or equal to 150 μm. In one or more embodiments, about 62.3 to 79.5 wt./vol. % of the total weight/volume of the growing medium has a particle size smaller than or equal to 2360 μm and larger than or equal to 150 μm. About 77 to 96 wt./vol. % of the total weight/volume of the growing medium has a particle size smaller than or equal to 2360 μm and larger than or equal to 150 μm. Alternatively, about 80 to 90 wt./vol. % of the total weight/volume of the growing medium has a particle size smaller than or equal to 2360 μm and larger than or equal to 150 μm. About 56 to 86 wt./vol. % of the total weight/volume of the growing medium has a particle size smaller than or equal to 2360 μm and larger than or equal to 150 μm.
In one or more embodiments, about 40 to 80 wt./vol. % of the total weight/volume of the growing medium has a particle size greater than or equal to 710 μm and less than or equal to 1180 μm. Alternatively, about 36 to 86 wt./vol. % of the total weight/volume of the growing medium has a particle size greater than or equal to 710 μm and less than or equal to 1180 μm. In one or more embodiments, about 39 to 70 wt./vol. % of the total weight/volume of the growing medium has a particle size greater than or equal to 710 μm and less than or equal to 1180 μm. About 40 to 55 wt./vol. % of the total weight/volume of the growing medium has a particle size greater than or equal to 710 μm and less than or equal to 1180 μm. Alternatively still, about 45 to 50 wt./vol. % of the total weight/volume of the growing medium has a particle size greater than or equal to 710 μm and less than or equal to 1180 μm.
In one or more embodiments, about 10.1 to 25.0 wt./vol. % of the total weight/volume of the growing medium has a particle size greater than or equal to 2360 μm and less than or equal to 4750 μm. Alternatively, about 4.0 to 31.0 wt./vol. % of the total weight/volume of the growing medium has a particle size greater than or equal to 2360 μm and less than or equal to 4750 μm. In one or more embodiments, about 12.5 to 20.5 wt./vol. % of the total weight/volume of the growing medium has a particle size greater than or equal to 2360 μm and less than or equal to 4750 μm. About 10.0 to 23.5 wt./vol. % of the total weight/volume of the growing medium has a particle size greater than or equal to 2360 μm and less than or equal to 4750 μm. Alternatively still, about 12.0 to 23.0 wt./vol. % of the total weight/volume of the growing medium has a particle size greater than or equal to 2360 μm and less than or equal to 4750 μm.
TABLE 3
Substrate particle distribution in substrates containing 100 vol. %
of one type of substrate.
Type of Substrate
[100 vol. %]
Coir
WTS
PTS
Sieves
Particle
Particle
Particle
Particle
[Mesh/
Range
Distribution
Distribution
Distribution
μm]
[mm]
[%]
[%]
[%]
1/4″/
>6.3
0.0
0.0
35.8
6300
#4/
4.75-6.2
0.2
0.2
17.1
4750
#8/
2.36-4.74
6.6
14.0
27.8
2360
#16/
1.18-2.35
24.6
42.0
12.3
1180
#25/
0.71-1.17
26.2
24.2
5.2
710
#50/
0.3-0.7
40.0
14.9
1.7
300
#100/
0.15-0.29
1.9
4.1
0.1
150
Pan/
<0.15
0.5
0.7
0.0
<150
TABLE 4
Substrate particle distribution in substrates to which
either growing medium, perlite, WTS, or PTS was added.
50 vol. %
70 vol. %
80 vol. %
80 vol. %
70 vol. %
70 vol. %
Peat, 50 vol.
Peat, 30 vol.
Bark, 20 vol.
Peat, 20 vol.
Peat, 30 vol.
Peat, 30 vol.
Type of Substrate
% GM
% GM
% GM
% Perlite
% WTS
% PTS
Sieves
Particle
Particle
Particle
Particle
Particle
Particle
Particle
[Mesh/
Range
Distribution
Distribution
Distribution
Distribution
Distribution
Distribution
μm]
[mm]
[%]
[%]
[%]
[%]
[%]
[%]
¼″/6300
>6.3
0.6
1.1
8.4
1.75
0.5
21.0
#4/4750
4.75-6.2
2.4
1.7
7.7
2.1
1.0
10.1
#8/2360
2.36-4.74
6.6
9.6
24.8
15.0
10.0
16.3
#16/1180
1.18-2.35
14.4
12.2
20.8
12.3
18.9
10.6
#25/710
0.71-1.17
27.9
17.2
13.3
15.2
16.9
10.4
#50/300
0.3-0.7
30.5
30.6
17.5
35.3
28.9
18.8
#100/150
0.15-0.29
11.2
20.2
6.9
14.9
18.2
8.9
Pan/<150
<0.15
6.6
7.4
0.5
3.5
5.5
4.0
The available water of various substrates and the growing medium was assessed using a Hyprop. Hyprop is a modular lab instrument capable of generating a moisture characteristic curve of a sample material and determines the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of a sample material. Hyprop measures loss of conductivity of water in a substrate. According to Pertassek, T., A. Peters and W. Durner (2015), “[t]his method uses weight changes of samples and the matric potential measurements in the samples during a drying process caused by evaporation to derive soil hydraulic functions.” As each sample dries, water within the sample continually moves from the larger to smaller pores until the water can no longer move easily due to a gap in the grading of the substrate. At that point, Hyprop begins to measure the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity.
During the testing, 250 cm3 cores/sampling rings were packed to a known density with substrates 1-5 and allowed to sub-irrigate. The Hyprop unit and two tensiometers, at two different lengths, were filled with degassed water and inserted into the packed cores. Each core+Hyprop was placed on a scale, and available water was monitored as each sample dried. During the monitoring, a computer equipped with software collected several thousand measurements for each sample. Based on the collected data points, the software generated a water release curve and the point of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (UHC) for each sample. UHC indicates a point at which a plant starts to experience water stress.
Table 5 below, as well as
TABLE 5
Hyprop test results
Volumetric
Volumetric
Water
UHC
Water Content
Available
Sample
Type of
Content
Break
at UHC Break
Water
no.
Substrate
at 1 pF [%]
(pF)
[%]
[%]
1
70 vol. %
81.77
1.99
36.24
45.53
peat, 30 vol.
% GM
2
70 vol. %
78.40
1.84
48.28
30.12
peat, 30 vol.
% PTS
3
70 vol. %
79.30
1.76
43.27
36.03
peat, 30 vol.
% WTS
4
80 vol. %
71.51
1.91
32.99
38.52
peat, 20 vol.
% perlite
5
80 vol. %
74.57
2.07
34.29
40.28
peat, 20 vol.
% perlite
Additional testing was performed with four different samples, each of which contained 80 vol. % of peat and the remained formed by an addition of perlite, vermiculite, coir, or growing medium (GM), respectively. The testing incorporated yet another methodology of assessing data regarding available water, specifically pressure plate testing. For each sample, a six-inch cylinder was filled with the material and allowed to saturate in a water bath for 24 hours. The cylinder was removed from the water bath without allowing it to drain and was weighed to calculate saturated bulk density. The cylinder was allowed to drain freely for 2 hours and was weighed again. Each sample was then placed in an oven for 24 hours to dry and then re-weighed. The measured values, along with the known volume of the cylinder, water retention, air space, and solids were calculated as volume percentages in the container. To determine available water at different pressures, a smaller cylinder was used (pressure cores) for each sample in a similar fashion except the cylinder was placed under 2 centibars (2,000 Pa) of pressure in a pressure pot for 24 hours and then weighed. The measured value, along with the porosity determined in the six-inch cylinder, was used to determine available water at the specific pressure. The measurement was repeated at 24 hour intervals for the 10 centibar (10,000 Pa) and 50 centibar (50,000 Pa) values. Readily available water is the volumetric water content between 2 centibars (2,000 Pa) and 50 centibars (50,000 Pa). Potentially available water relates to the amount of available water after adding back 50% of the water that was held in the substrate at 50 centibars (50,000 Pa) of pressure. Available water improvement expresses how much more available water there is when peat is amended with GM versus perlite, vermiculite, and coco pith at 20% inclusion rates.
TABLE 6
Test data for a substrate containing 80 vol. % peat and
20 vol. % substitute measured by pressure plate testing
Potentially
Available
Total
Container
Available
Available
Water
Type of
Porosity
Water Capacity
Air Space
Water
Water
Improvement
Substrate
[%]
[%]
[%]
[%]
[%]
[%]
80 vol. % peat,
85.2
65.5
19.7
32.9
49.2
10
20 vol. % perlite
80 vol. % peat,
85.1
67.1
17.9
30.3
48.7
19.5
20 vol. % vermiculite
80 vol. % peat,
86.3
68.6
17.7
26.5
47.6
36.6
20 vol. % coco pith
80 vol. % peat,
89.3
67.6
21.6
36.2
51.9
—
20 vol. % GM
Compared to other substrates, the growing medium processed in the pressurized vessel by a process described above has fiber which is thinner and longer, which has higher surface area ratio, much lower density, as well as smaller median particle diameter, as is shown in Table 7 below. The surface area ratio refers to the following formula: 10/median particle diameter/dry bulk density. The smaller the median particle diameter at the lower density equates to higher surface area of the particles. Due to the growing medium preparation process described herein, the lignin with the growing medium components melts and the resultant fiber is shaped differently compared to other media. For example, coir particles are generally spherical in shape with a smaller aspect ratio than the growing medium fiber. Bark particles and perlite are generally cylindrical. Peat, PTS, and WTS particles are more elongated than coir, bark, and perlite, but remain wider and shorter than growing medium fiber. Example particles and fibers are shown in
TABLE 7
Median particle diameter, dry bulk density, and surface area ratio of various substrates
and of the growing medium. The dry bulk density was assessed using a container of
the following dimensions: 30.5 × 30.5 × 30.5 cm (12 × 12 × 12 inches).
Type of Substrate
[100 vol. %]
GM
Peat
Perlite
Bark
Coir
PTS
WTS
Median Particle
0.92
1.24
2.57
3.45
0.84
5.00
1.35
Diameter [mm]
Dry Bulk Density [kg/l]
0.02
0.08
0.06
0.19
0.09
0.13
0.14
Surface Area Ratio
549.1
106.4
65.4
15.4
127.4
15.3
54.2
Additionally, the fiber's average length to width ratio is significantly greater in the growing medium than in other substrates, as is evidenced in Table 8 below. Since water is held by surface tension along the length of the fiber, the longer the fiber is, the more water can be held by the substrate. Since the growing medium has fiber with greater length to width ratio than other substrates, the growing medium has higher available water and allows for development of a plant root ball in a faster manner. Additionally, the elongated fiber of the growing medium provides reinforcement of the substrate in a planting container. Since a container plant can be sold once it can be successfully removed from the container and a substrate does not fall away from the roots, using the growing medium as a substrate or as a filler to a different substrate increases plant establishment and thus results in a faster crop turn.
TABLE 8
Average length to width ratio of particles in sieves #16 and #50 of various
substrates and of the growing medium.
Sieve #16/1180 μm
Sieve #50/300 μm
1.18-2.36 mm Particle Range
0.30-0.71 mm Particle Range
Type of Substrate
Average length to Width Ratio Range
Average length to Width Ratio Range
[100 vol. %]
Lower
Higher
Lower
Higher
GM
14.899:1
30.602:1
39.615:1
55.507:1
Peat
1.463:1
2.010:1
3.498:1
6.323:1
Perlite
1.070:1
1.133:1
1:1
1.260:1
Bark
1.255:1
1.520:1
1.702:1
2.019:1
Coir
1.720:1
1.840:1
1.051:1
1.349:1
PTS
7.260:1
7.392:1
2.543:1
14.497:1
WTS
1.805:1
4.368:1
4.942:1
13.329:1
In at least about one embodiment, about 10 to 80 weight % of the growing medium has fiber with an average length to width ratio, also referred to as an aspect ratio, of 14:1 to 31:1. In an alternative embodiment, at least about 20 to 70 weight % of the growing medium has fiber with an average length to width ratio of 14:1 to 31:1. In a yet another embodiment, about 30 to 60 weight % of the growing medium has fiber with an average length to width ratio of 14:1 to 31:1. Alternatively, at least about 40 to 50 weight % of the growing medium has fiber with an average length to width ratio of 14:1 to 31:1. Alternatively still, about 15 to 40 weight % of the growing medium has fiber with an average length to width ratio of 14:1 to 31:1. In another embodiment, about 18 to 30 weight % of the growing medium has fiber with an average length to width ratio of 14:1 to 31:1.
In at least one embodiment, about 10 to 80 weight % of the growing medium has fiber with an average length to width ratio of 39:1 to 56:1. In an alternative embodiment, about 20 to 70 weight % of the growing medium has fiber with an average length to width ratio of 39:1 to 56:1. In a yet another embodiment, about 30 to 60 weight % of the growing medium has fiber with an average length to width ratio of 39:1 to 56:1. Alternatively, about 40 to 50 weight % of the growing medium has fiber with an average length to width ratio of 39:1 to 56:1. Alternatively still, about 15 to 40 weight % of the growing medium has fiber with an average length to width ratio of 39:1 to 56:1. In another embodiment, about 18 to 30 weight % of the growing medium has fiber with an average length to width ratio of 39:1 to 56:1.
At least about 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90 weight % of the growing medium fibers have an average length to width aspect ratio equal to or greater than 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 14:1, 15:1, 18:1, 20:1, 22:1, 25:1, 18:1, 30:1 in sieve #16. About 10 to 80, 20 to 70, 30, to 60, 40 to 50 weight % of the growing medium fiber has the aspect ratio of equal to or greater than 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 14:1, 15:1, 18:1, 20:1, 22:1, 25:1, 18:1, 30:1 in sieve #16.
At least about 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90 weight % of the growing medium fibers have an average length to width aspect ratio equal to or greater than 16:1, 18:1, 20:1, 22:1, 24:1, 26:1, 28:1, 30:1, 32:1, 33:1, 34:1, 36:1, 38:1, 39:1, 40:1, 42:1, 44:1, 46:1, 48:1, 50:1, 52:1, 55:1 in sieve #50. About 10 to 80, 20 to 70, 30 to 60, 40 to 50 weight % of the growing medium fiber has the aspect ratio of equal to or greater than 16:1, 18:1, 20:1, 22:1, 24:1, 26:1, 28:1, 30:1, 32:1, 33:1, 34:1, 36:1, 38:1, 39:1, 40:1, 42:1, 44:1, 46:1, 48:1, 50:1, 52:1, 55:1 in sieve #50.
At least about 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90 volume % of the growing medium fibers have an average length to width aspect ratio equal to or greater than 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 15:1, 18:1, 20:1, 22:1, 25:1, 18:1, 30:1 in sieve #16. About 10 to 80, 20 to 70, 30 to 60, 40 to 50 volume % of the growing medium fiber has the aspect ratio of equal to or greater than 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 15:1, 18:1, 20:1, 22:1, 25:1, 18:1, 30:1 in sieve #16.
At least about 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90 volume % of the growing medium fibers have an average length to width aspect ratio equal to or greater than 16:1, 18:1, 20:1, 22:1, 24:1, 26:1, 28:1, 30:1, 32:1, 33:1, 34:1, 36:1, 38:1, 39:1, 40:1, 42:1, 44:1, 46:1, 48:1, 50:1, 52:1, 55:1 in sieve #50. About 10 to 80, 20 to 70, 30 to 60, 40 to 50 volume % of the growing medium fiber has the aspect ratio of equal to or greater than 16:1, 18:1, 20:1, 22:1, 24:1, 26:1, 28:1, 30:1, 32:1, 33:1, 34:1, 36:1, 38:1, 39:1, 40:1, 42:1, 44:1, 46:1, 48:1, 50:1, 52:1, 55:1 in sieve #50.
At least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 weight % of the fibers, based on the total weight of the fibers, have an average length to width ratio of about 8:1 to 35:1, 10:1 to 30:1, 12:1 to 28:1, 15:1 to 25:1, 18:1 to 23:1, 20:1 to 22:1 in sieve #16, and/or 15:1 to 60:1, 20:1 to 55:1, 25:1 to 50:1, 28:1 to 45:1, 25:1:40:1, 28:1 to 38:1, 30:1 to 35:1 in sieve #50. Alternatively, at least about 1 to 90, 10 to 80, 20 to 70, 30 to 60, 40 to 50 weight % of the fibers, based on the total weight of the fibers, have an average length to width ratio of at about 8:1 to 35:1, 10:1 to 30:1, 12:1 to 28:1, 15:1 to 25:1, 18:1 to 23:1, 20:1 to 22:1 in sieve #16, and/or 15:1 to 60:1, 20:1 to 55:1, 25:1 to 50:1, 28:1 to 45:1, 25:1:40:1, 28:1 to 38:1, 30:1 to 35:1 in sieve #50.
At least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 volume % of the fibers, based on the total volume of the fibers, have an average length to volume ratio of about 8:1 to 35:1, 10:1 to 30:1, 12:1 to 28:1, 15:1 to 25:1, 18:1 to 23:1, 20:1 to 22:1, 9:1 to 50:1, 13.5:1 to 34:1, 14:1 to 32:1 in sieve #16, and/or 15:1 to 60:1, 20:1 to 55:1, 25:1 to 50:1, 28:1 to 45:1, 25:1:40:1, 28:1 to 38:1, 30:1 to 35:1, 30:1 to 70:1, 37:1 to 62:1, 38:1 to 60:1 in sieve #50. Alternatively, about 1 to 90, 10 to 80, 20 to 70, 30 to 60, 40 to 50 volume % of the fibers, based on the total volume of the fibers, have an average length to width ratio of about 8:1 to 35:1, 10:1 to 30:1, 12:1 to 28:1, 15:1 to 25:1, 18:1 to 23:1, 20:1 to 22:1 in sieve #16, and/or 15:1 to 60:1, 20:1 to 55:1, 25:1 to 50:1, 28:1 to 45:1, 25:1:40:1, 28:1 to 38:1, 30:1 to 35:1 in sieve #50.
An additional advantage of the mulch composition or growing medium of the present invention is lower dry bulk density as well as wet bulk density when compared to prior art substrates. High density may impose transportation limits on the mulch compositions or growing substrates as such substrates may reach their weight limit before they reach the volume limit feasible for transportation. When compared to higher density media, the lower wet and dry bulk densities of the present mulch composition or growing medium provide greater volume of the mulch composition or growing medium to the end user at the same weight. The low density mulch composition or growing medium of the present invention may be added as a component to prior art mulches or growing media and thus lower their transportation costs by about 5% or more, 10% or more, 15% or more, or 20% or more, as compared to the prior art media alone. Additionally, a consumer may find it easier to purchase and utilize the growing medium of the present invention because of its lower weight. The dry bulk density of the growing medium may be, in order of increasing preference, about 6 lb/ft3 (96.11 kg/m3) or less, 4 lb/ft3 (64.07 kg/m3) or less, 3 lb/ft3 (48.06 kg/m3) or less, or 2 lb/ft3 (32.04 kg/m3) or less. The dry bulk density of the mulch composition or growing medium may be about 1.5 lb/ft3 (24.03 kg/m3) to about 6 lb/ft3 (96.11 kg/m3), about 2 lb/ft3 (32.04 kg/m3) to about 4 lb/ft3 (64.07 kg/m3), about 2.2 lb/ft3 (35.24 kg/m3) to about 2.6 lb/ft3 (41.65 kg/m3). The wet bulk density of the mulch composition or growing medium may be, in order of increasing preference, about 15 lb/ft3 (240.28 kg/m3) or less, 10 lb/ft3 (160.18 kg/m3) or less, 8 lb/ft3 (128.15 kg/m3) or less, 6 lb/ft3 (96.11 kg/m3) or less, 4 lb/ft3 (64.07 kg/m3) or less, 3 lb/ft3 (48.06 kg/m3) or less, or 2 lb/ft3 (32.04 kg/m3) or less. The wet bulk density of the mulch composition or growing medium may be about 1 lb/ft3 (16.02 kg/m3) to about 20 lb/ft3 (320.37 kg/m3), about 2.2 lb/ft3 (35.24 kg/m3) to about 10 lb/ft3 (160.18 kg/m3), about 2.4 lb/ft3 (38.44 kg/m3) to about 15 lb/ft3 (240.28 kg/m3), about 2.6 (41.65 kg/m3) to 10 lb/ft3 (160.18 kg/m3), about 2.8 lb/ft3 (44.85 kg/m3) to about 7 lb/ft3 (112.13 kg/m3), about 3.0 lb/ft3 (48.06 kg/m3) to about 5 lb/ft3 (80.09 kg/m3).
Table 9 below illustrates test results for one embodiment of a mulch composition or growing medium comprising about 80% wood components and about 20% tree bark and another embodiment comprising 100% pine wood fiber, based on the total weight of the mulch composition or growing medium, in comparison to prior art growing media.
TABLE 9
Mulch/growing media properties
Volume
Volume of
of
air space -
Moisture
Mulch/growing
air space
range
Dry bulk density
Wet bulk density
content
medium
[vol. %]
[vol. %]
[lb/ft3]
[kg/m3]
[lb/ft3]
[kg/m3]
[%]
Mulch/growing
30.25
25-75
2.37
37.96
2.83
45.33
90.99
medium of present
invention (80%
wood, 20% bark)
Mulch/growing
44.53
25-75
2.20
35.24
2.49
39.89
89.80
medium of present
invention (100%
pine wood fiber)
Sphagnum Peat
10.22
5-25
4.25
68.08
12.04
192.86
85.78
⅜″
24.00
20-45
9.64
154.42
23.82
381.56
75.99
Hammermilled
Bark
Retruder Processed
14.69
—
7.46
119.50
19.85
317.49
84.56
Bark
Coir Block Fiber
15.36
—
4.42
70.80
32.55
521.40
89.33
The data in Table 9 was collected by JR Peters Laboratory Allentown, Pa., USA, using “Procedures for Determining Physical Properties of Horticultural Substrates Using the NCSU Porometer by Horticultural Substrates Laboratory,” Department of Horticultural Science, N.C. State University in Raleigh, N.C., which is incorporated in its entirety by reference herein.
The percent volume of air space in Table 9 refers to the air holding capacity discussed above which was measured as the percent volume of a substrate that is filled with air after the material is saturated and allowed to drain. It is the minimum amount of air the material will have. The analysis using the NCSU Porometer was performed on a 28.3 inch3 (463.8 cm3) sample in a 3×3 inches (7.6×7.6 cm) aluminum cylinder.
The bulk density in Table 9 refers to the ratio of the mass of dry solids to the bulk volume of the substrate. The bulk volume includes the volume of solids and pore space. The mass is determined after drying a packed core to constant weight at 221° F. (105° C.), and volume is that of the sample in cylinders.
The moisture content in Table 9 refers to the percent moisture found in a sample on a wet mass basis. This is calculated by: [(Wet weight−Dry weight)/Wet weight]×100. It denotes how much of a particular sample is comprised of water.
Table 10 provides comparison of prior art growing media with two embodiments of the present invention, specifically one embodiment of a mulch composition or growing medium comprising about 80% wood components and about 20% tree bark and another embodiment comprising 100% pine wood fiber, based on the total weight of the mulch composition or growing medium. The loose bulk density data in Table 7 was gained by packing the mulch composition or growing medium into a container measuring 30.5×30.5×30.5 cm (12×12×12 inches) after the mulch composition or growing medium was expanded by an opener and/or by using a process recommended for the specific kind of a mulch composition or growing medium.
TABLE 10
Loose bulk density
Expanded bulk
density including
Net dry weight
moisture content of the
expanded bulk
Mulch/growing
mulch/growing medium
density
medium
[lb/ft3]
[kg/m3]
[lb/ft3]
[kg/m3]
Mulch/growing
1.2-1.75
19.22-28.03
0.9-1.35
14.42-
medium of present
21.62
invention (80%
wood, 20% bark)
Mulch/growing
1.0-1.65
16.02-26.43
0.75-1.25
12.01-
medium of present
20.02
invention (100%
pine wood fiber)
Sphagnum Peat
9.0-12.5
144.17-200.23
5.0-6.85
80.09-
109.73
3/8″ Hammermilled
23-33
368.43-528.61
11.0-17.5
176.20-
Composted Pine
280.32
Bark
3/8″ Hammermilled
15-20
240.28-320.37
7.5-10
120.14-
Aged Pine Bark
160.19
Table 11 provides a size classification of the fiber of the mulches or growing media; the weight % of material passing through various sieve sizes as well as density, WHC, and total porosity are also provided. Total porosity was measured by the porometer testing “Procedures for Determining Physical Properties of Horticultural Substrates Using the NCSU Porometer by Horticultural Substrates Laboratory,” as referenced above.
TABLE 11
Wood fiber size classification
Materials: wt. % wood
Particle
components/wt. % bark
90%/10%
70%/30%
50%/50%
30%/70%
10%/90%
size ranges
Sieves
#8/2360 [wt. %]
15.9
26.7
21.0
8.6
4.7
4-25
Mesh/μm
#16/1180 [wt. %]
23.8
16.3
9.6
10.1
8.9
9-30
#25/710 [wt. %]
25.0
14.9
12.5
13.7
10.1
15-35
#50/300 [wt. %]
20.7
17.6
25.6
27.0
25.4
15-30
#100/150 [wt. %]
10.0
13.5
15.4
21.1
20.4
6-15
pan/<150 [wt. %]
4.6
11.0
15.9
19.5
26.4
2-20
Total
Porometer [vol. %]
96-99
94-98
93-97
91-95
88-94
88-99
porosity
Density
Range [lb/ft3];
1.5-2.0;
1.5-2.5;
2.0-3.25;
3.0-5.0;
3.5-6.5;
1.5-6.5;
[kg/m3]
24-32
24-40
32-52
48-80
56-104
24-104
WHC
ASTM D7367-
825-925
725-825
625-725
500-625
400-500
—
14 [wt. %]
The sieve size of the fiber particles in the end product may range from US sieve size #8 to #100, but other sieve sizes are contemplated. The size of the fiber in the mulch composition or growing medium may range from about 0.149 mm to about 2.36 mm. Some of the wood components and/or bark may be processed in such a way that they become a powder with a particle size of about 30 μm or smaller to about 600 μm or larger. Generally, the smaller the fiber size, the higher the WHC.
In the Table 11 above, 79.5% of the wood/bark fiber components of the composition having 90 wt. % wood components and 10 wt. % bark, has a particle size smaller than 2360 μm and larger than 150 μm. 62.3% of the wood/bark fiber components of the composition having 70 wt. % wood components and 30 wt. % bark has a particle size smaller than 2360 μm and larger than 150 μm. 63.1% of the wood/bark fiber components of the composition having 50 wt. % wood components and 50 wt. % bark has a particle size smaller than 2360 μm and larger than 150 μm. 71.9% of the wood/bark fiber components of the composition having 30 wt. % wood components and 70 wt. % bark has a particle size smaller than 2360 μm and larger than 150 μm. 64.8% of the wood/bark fiber components of the composition having 10 wt. % wood components and 90 wt. % bark has a particle size smaller than 2360 μm and larger than 150 μm.
In an alternative embodiment, 70 to 90 wt. % of the fibrous wood components have a particle size smaller than 2360 μm and larger than 150 μm. In at least one embodiment, 55 to 90 wt. % of the fibrous wood components have a particle size smaller than 2360 μm and larger than 150 μm. In another embodiment, 63.1 to 79.5 wt. % % of the fibrous wood components of the composition have a particle size smaller than 2360 μm and larger than 150 μm.
About 10.1 to 25.0 wt. % of the fibrous wood components have a particle size greater than 710 μm and less than 1180 μm. In an alternative embodiment, about 12 to 20 wt. % of the fibrous wood components have a particle size greater than 710 μm and less than 1180 μm. Alternatively still, about 15 to 18 wt. % of the fibrous wood components have a particle size greater than 710 μm and less than 1180 μm.
At least about 10 to 90, 20 to 80, 30 to 70, 40 to 60 weight % of fibers having a particle size from 150 μm to 2360 μm have an average aspect ratio of at least 9:1 to 55:1, 9.5:1 to 50:1, 10:1 to 45:1, 11:1 to 40:1, 12:1 to 38:1, 13:1 to 35:1, 13.5:1 to 34:1, 14:1 to 33.5:1, or 14.5:1 to 33.1.
The mulch composition or growing medium may be also used in hydraulic applications. The hydraulically-applied mulch composition or growing medium presents an effective solution for restoration of vegetation and erosion control. The hydraulically-applied mulch composition or growing medium may bond directly to soil while protecting seed, thus sheltering seedlings and/or plants from wind, heavy rain, and other environmental conditions while allowing seed germination and plant growth. The hydraulically-applied mulch composition or growing medium may be used to secure statically-compromised slopes, stabilize highly erodible soil, reintroduce native species of plants, the like, or a combination thereof. The hydraulically-applied mulch composition or growing medium may be used alone or in combination with other erosion-control methods. The hydraulically-applied mulch composition or growing medium may be used during highway projects, recreational projects such as golf courses, in mine reclamation areas, in industrial or other applications.
The hydraulically-applied mulch composition or growing medium may be applied to a site at once or in a plurality of stages. The mulch composition or growing medium may be mixed together with water, and optionally seed, chemical binders, natural gums, and/or interlocking manmade fibers, and/or other components in a tank of a hydro-spraying machine or another suitable equipment. The seed may contain one species or comprise a mix of species such as native or non-native grasses, wildflowers, forbs, or other desirable species. The mixing may continue until all fiber of the mulch composition or growing medium is substantially broken apart and hydrated. When proper viscosity and activation of bonding additives is achieved, additional components named above or other components such as fertilizers, macronutrients, and/or micronutrients, may be added. The hydrated mulch composition or growing medium may be then applied onto the site from a suitable equipment such as a hydro-spraying machine with a fan-type nozzle. Immediately after application, the mulch composition or growing medium bonds directly to the soil and provides protection for dormant seed, minimizes soil loss, and assists in fast establishment of vegetation at the application site.
While exemplary embodiments are described above, it is not intended that these embodiments describe all possible forms of the invention. Rather, the words used in the specification are words of description rather than limitation, and it is understood that various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Additionally, the features of various implementing embodiments may be combined to form further embodiments of the invention.
Spittle, Kevin Scott, Bowers, Gary Lane
Patent | Priority | Assignee | Title |
11771021, | Jun 29 2014 | Profile Products L.L.C. | Naturally dyed mulch and growing media |
Patent | Priority | Assignee | Title |
1015764, | |||
10266457, | Jun 29 2014 | PROFILE PRODUCTS L L C | Bark and wood fiber growing medium |
10519073, | Jun 29 2014 | Profile Products L.L.C. | Bark and wood fiber growing medium |
10519373, | Jun 29 2014 | PROFILE PRODUCTS, L L C | Bark and wood fiber growing medium |
10907098, | Jun 29 2014 | Profile Products L.L.C. | Bark and wood fiber growing medium |
1222523, | |||
1331001, | |||
1610096, | |||
1610791, | |||
1629068, | |||
1700321, | |||
1700621, | |||
2100300, | |||
2157684, | |||
2744045, | |||
2757150, | |||
2759224, | |||
2795080, | |||
2893064, | |||
2902722, | |||
2986778, | |||
2989252, | |||
2995434, | |||
3051398, | |||
3139650, | |||
3150215, | |||
3192571, | |||
3208107, | |||
3251096, | |||
3797073, | |||
3862472, | |||
4031003, | Dec 26 1973 | CONTINENTAL EAGLE CORPORATION, A CORP OF DE | Field to gin cotton handling and storge systems |
4057876, | Oct 10 1975 | Method and apparatus for conveying and breaking apart fiber modules | |
4097209, | Mar 23 1977 | Armstrong Cork Company | Apparatus for forming a mineral wool fiberboard product |
4109875, | Jun 21 1976 | BELT-WIDE INDUSTRIAL AND GIN SUPPLY, INC A CORP OF TEXAS | Module feeding apparatus |
4192042, | Jul 20 1977 | Trutzschler GmbH & Co. KG | Apparatus for breaking textile fiber bales |
4202079, | Feb 18 1977 | BELT-WIDE INDUSTRIAL & GIN SUPPLY, INC , | Cotton gin feeding system |
4237814, | Dec 13 1972 | Apparatus for the continuous production and coating of granulates in fluidized layer | |
4274177, | Jan 21 1977 | The English Card Clothing Company Limited | Carding |
4300267, | Feb 06 1980 | Cotton, Incorporated | Total fiber recovery method and apparatus |
441760, | |||
4435353, | Aug 16 1982 | Armstrong World Industries, Inc. | Processes for forming building materials comprising non-woven webs |
4458381, | Nov 19 1980 | Lummus Corporation | Cotton ginning system embodying a lint cleaner |
4479285, | Oct 09 1981 | Continental Conveyor & Equipment Co., Inc. | Cotton module dispersing and feeding system with improved electrical controls |
4548131, | Aug 25 1982 | Mobile apparatus for the infield handling of fibrous material | |
4625368, | Sep 19 1983 | Trutzschler GmbH & Co. KG | Method and apparatus for opening and cleaning fiber material |
4662031, | Feb 11 1985 | Trutzschler GmbH & Co. KG | Opening roller for removing material from fiber bales |
4723343, | Sep 07 1985 | Method and apparatus of carding | |
4756059, | Jan 31 1986 | Trutzschler GmbH & Co. KG | Fiber bale opener |
4766648, | Aug 27 1982 | Module feeder | |
4788790, | Jun 06 1986 | Method of making a dark, uniformly-colored, hardwood mulch | |
4796335, | Dec 19 1986 | Trutzschler GmbH & Co. KG | Method and apparatus for opening fiber bales |
4932156, | Nov 09 1988 | BECKER-UNDERWOOD, INC | Method of controlling the color of mulch |
4971540, | Dec 22 1987 | Compak Systems Limited | Apparatus for laying a mat of fibrous material |
4987646, | Feb 20 1989 | Trutzschler GmbH & Co. KG | Method and apparatus for operating a fiber tuft feeder |
4993119, | Apr 14 1989 | Fiber opening, mixing, and flow regulating apparatus and method | |
5087400, | Jan 13 1988 | Wogegal S.A. | Process for making a product serving as a cultivation support |
5121841, | Aug 06 1990 | BELT-WIDE INDUSTRIAL AND GIN SUPPLY, INC A CORP OF TEXAS | Method and apparatus for separating and feeding seed cotton modules |
5192587, | Aug 23 1991 | KURTZ BROS , INC | Method for coloring wood chips |
524650, | |||
524695, | |||
5343597, | Sep 27 1989 | Hergeth Hollingsworth GmbH | Method and device for opening and cleaning fiber material |
5513805, | Mar 31 1995 | Fiber separation method and apparatus | |
5537809, | Feb 13 1995 | SUNTRUST BANK, SOUTH GEORGIA, N A | Seed cotton module handler with trash separator |
5617614, | Jul 14 1994 | Fratelli Marzoli & C. S.p.A. | Machine for automatically withdrawing staple fibres from fibre bales |
5845367, | Jul 11 1996 | Fratelli Marzoli & C. S.p.A. | Double-cylinder opener and relative process for opening and cleaning staple fiber by progressive action |
6195841, | Nov 24 1998 | Marzoli S.p.A. | Device for preparation and opening of flock fibers to be supplied to a carder |
6327745, | Aug 30 1999 | Trutzschler GmbH & Co. KG | Means for supplying fiber material to a fiber opening and cleaning apparatus |
6349499, | Nov 24 1999 | PROFILE PRODUCTS LLC | Artificial mulch for seedling establishment |
6393665, | Sep 01 2000 | FOSTER, RAYMOND KEITH | Method and apparatus for mixing textile fibers and particulate materials |
6435433, | Mar 09 1999 | Device for treating of processing and especially for disintegrating of substances or compounds | |
6442803, | Feb 14 2001 | FOSTER, RAYMOND KEITH | Method of producing blends of cotton lint |
6460223, | Feb 17 2000 | Fiber web for non-woven fabric forming apparatus | |
6539585, | Sep 25 2001 | The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of Agriculture | Device to separate contaminants from cotton and flax |
6615454, | Sep 19 2002 | The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of Agriculture | Enhanced separation of contaminants from fibers such as cotton, kenaf and flax |
6711850, | Nov 09 2001 | OMS INVESTMENTS, INC | Plant growth media and processes for production thereof and compositions for use therein |
6740342, | Jan 06 1999 | COOPERATIE AVEBE U A | Separating and recovering components from plants |
6773545, | Dec 26 2000 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Method of forming and metering fluff pulp |
6786438, | Apr 25 2002 | Combination module feeder and cleaner for cotton gin | |
6800319, | Jan 06 1999 | COOPERATIE AVEBE U A | Accessing leaf and/or stem parts of plants |
7032273, | May 12 2003 | Fiber mixing and opening machine | |
7752715, | Aug 17 2007 | Temafa Maschinenfabrik GmbH | Procedure and system for opening and proportioning synthetic material |
7797798, | Jun 29 2006 | Truetzschler GmbH & Co. KG | Saw-tooth wire for producing a saw-tooth all-steel clothing for a roller or a carding element of a spinning room machine |
8567117, | Oct 04 2004 | Profile Products, LLC | Netless fiber mulch mats bound with bicomponent fibers |
8894811, | Oct 16 2013 | USG INTERIORS, LLC | Air dispersion of mineral fibers in ceiling tile manufacture |
8984805, | Oct 05 2010 | Plant growth medium | |
20020026688, | |||
20020189053, | |||
20030056873, | |||
20050076564, | |||
20060207064, | |||
20070186463, | |||
20080280760, | |||
20090101294, | |||
20100155513, | |||
20120255143, | |||
20130075504, | |||
20130075509, | |||
20130255048, | |||
20150225304, | |||
20150368165, | |||
20160083651, | |||
20160138201, | |||
20170305802, | |||
20180057966, | |||
20200299208, | |||
20210047566, | |||
CN101096786, | |||
CN101219916, | |||
CN103270927, | |||
CN103340139, | |||
CN1191524, | |||
CN1607999, | |||
CN1612686, | |||
CN201495328, | |||
CN201947750, | |||
CN202543422, | |||
CN202730348, | |||
CN2223300, | |||
DE10360635, | |||
DE2432432, | |||
DE3235452, | |||
DE4243126, | |||
EP104355, | |||
EP147349, | |||
EP167340, | |||
EP1491666, | |||
EP1914344, | |||
FR2705191, | |||
GB1337694, | |||
GB437242, | |||
JP2006214053, | |||
JP61186524, | |||
KR19810001716, | |||
TW200738849, | |||
WO2006055715, | |||
WO9853669, |
Executed on | Assignor | Assignee | Conveyance | Frame | Reel | Doc |
Oct 15 2020 | Profile Products L.L.C. | (assignment on the face of the patent) | / | |||
Nov 12 2021 | PROFILE PRODUCTS LLC | Antares Capital LP | SECURITY INTEREST SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS | 058100 | /0912 |
Date | Maintenance Fee Events |
Oct 15 2020 | BIG: Entity status set to Undiscounted (note the period is included in the code). |
Oct 22 2020 | SMAL: Entity status set to Small. |
Jul 08 2022 | BIG: Entity status set to Undiscounted (note the period is included in the code). |
Date | Maintenance Schedule |
Sep 06 2025 | 4 years fee payment window open |
Mar 06 2026 | 6 months grace period start (w surcharge) |
Sep 06 2026 | patent expiry (for year 4) |
Sep 06 2028 | 2 years to revive unintentionally abandoned end. (for year 4) |
Sep 06 2029 | 8 years fee payment window open |
Mar 06 2030 | 6 months grace period start (w surcharge) |
Sep 06 2030 | patent expiry (for year 8) |
Sep 06 2032 | 2 years to revive unintentionally abandoned end. (for year 8) |
Sep 06 2033 | 12 years fee payment window open |
Mar 06 2034 | 6 months grace period start (w surcharge) |
Sep 06 2034 | patent expiry (for year 12) |
Sep 06 2036 | 2 years to revive unintentionally abandoned end. (for year 12) |