A method is provided for the manufacture of an assembly of at least two metallic substrates spot welded together through at least one spot welded joint, such method including two steps, the assembly obtainable according to this method and the use of this assembly for the manufacture of automotive vehicle.
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1. A welding method for manufacture of an assembly, the method comprising the following steps:
A. providing at least two metallic substrates including a first metallic substrate being a hardened steel part coated with:
an aluminum-based alloyed coating including zinc and silicon, and optionally magnesium, a balance being aluminum, the alloyed coating directly topped by
a native oxide layer including zno and optionally MgO;
B. applying a spot welding cycle, with a spot-welding machine having welding electrodes and a spot welding power source applying an inverter direct current, through the at least two metallic substrates of step A), the spot welding cycle including the following successive sub-steps:
i. applying one pulsation having a pulsation current applied through the at least two metallic substrates using welding electrodes connected to the spot welding power source to join together the at least two metallic substrates, the one pulsation having a pulsation duration, and,
ii. welding with a welding current through the at least two metallic substrates for a welding duration;
wherein a welding force during the spot welding cycle is between 50 and 350 daN, the pulsation current being different from the welding current and the pulsation duration being shorter than the welding duration, wherein there is no cooling between steps B(i) and B(ii).
2. The welding method as recited in
3. The welding method as recited in
4. The welding method as recited in
5. The welding method as recited in
6. The welding method as recited in
7. The welding method as recited in
9. The welding method as recited in
10. The welding method as recited in
a rectangular form including a rectangular pulsation peak and a rectangular welding peak,
a parabolic form including a parabolic pulsation peak and a parabolic welding peak,
a triangular form including a triangular pulsation peak and a triangular welding peak,
a parabolic and a rectangular shape including a further parabolic pulsation peak and a further rectangular welding peak, and
a triangular and a rectangular shape including a further triangular pulsation peak and a yet further rectangular welding peak.
11. A method for manufacturing an automotive vehicle comprising performing the welding method as recited in
12. The welding method as recited in
13. The welding method as recited in
14. The welding method as recited in
15. The welding method as recited in
16. The welding method as recited in
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The present invention relates to a method for the manufacture of an assembly of at least two metallic substrates and the assembly. The invention is particularly well suited for the manufacture of automotive vehicles.
With a view of saving the weight of vehicles, it is known to use high strength steel sheets to achieve lighter weight vehicle bodies and improve crash safety. Hardened parts are also used notably to reduce the weight of vehicles. Indeed, the tensile strength of these steels is of a minimum of 1200 MPa and can be up to 2500 MPa. Hardened parts can be coated with an aluminum-based or zinc-based coating having a good corrosion resistance and thermal properties.
Usually, the method for the manufacture of a coated hardened part comprises the following steps:
It is generally followed by the welding of two coated hardened parts or one coated hardened part with another metallic substrate. The welding of aluminum or zinc based coated hardened parts is very difficult to realize due to the coating being hard and thick.
The patent application EP3020499 discloses a resistance spot welding method comprising:
However, this method is only dedicated to hot stamped steel sheets coated with conventional zinc-based-coating and aluminum-based coating. Indeed, in Examples, this method was tested on aluminum coated 1500 MPa hot stamped steel sheets, galvannealed coated 1500 MPa grade hot stamped steel sheet and ZnO skin-treated Al coated 1500 MPa grade hot stamped steel sheet. Specific coatings based on aluminum or zinc including other elements are not included in this patent application.
The patent application EP3085485 discloses a resistance spot welding method welding a plurality of steel sheets including a high tensile steel sheet superposed, in which said resistance spot welding method, the conduction system is pulsation conduction using an inverter DC welding power supply, and, in the plurality of current pulses forming the pulsation conduction, at the respective current pulses, the conduction time, the intervals of the current pulses defined as the conduction idle time, and the weld currents applied by the current pulses are variably controlled.
However, this method is dedicated to hot stamped steel sheets comprising on its surface a solid solution of intermetallic compounds and iron by an alloying reaction between a conventional zinc-based (pure Zn, Zn—Fe, Zn—Ni, Zn—Al, Zn—Mg, Zn—Mg—Al, etc.) or a conventional aluminum-based (Al—Si etc.) coating and the steel of the base material. These surfaces are formed with an oxide layer mainly comprised of zinc or aluminum. Further, sometimes the surface of the coating mainly comprised of intermetallic compounds of iron and aluminum is formed with a film mainly comprised of zinc oxide. In Examples, the method was tested on hot stamped steel sheets coated with an alloyed of aluminum coating comprising 9% by weight of Si and Fe and a very small amount of ZnO, and on galvannealed coated hot stamped steel sheets. Usually, the native oxide layer of these coatings has a thickness between 10 and 100 nm. When a thin layer of ZnO is deposited on the aluminum based coated hardened part before the austenitization, ZnO and the aluminum-based coating are alloyed. Since a very thin layer of ZnO is deposited on the aluminum-based coating, the oxide native mainly composed of Aluminum is still very thin after austenitization, i.e. 10-100 nm, leading to an easy welding. Specific coatings based on aluminum or zinc containing other elements are not included in this patent application.
The patent application GB2468011 discloses a method for applying a current for resistive welding of a plate assembly in which a material of at least one plate is a high-tensile material, the method comprising:
This method is dedicated to a high-tensile material or a hot-stamped material. The hot-stamped material can be coated with a plating layer. However, the nature of the plating layer is not specified. Additionally, in the first step, low amperage is applied to soften the surface of a joining location and the second step, high amperage is applied to cause the growth of the nugget at the joining location of the high tensile materials. Nevertheless, the low amperage in the first step is not sufficient for the welding of specific coated hot stamped parts wherein the coatings comprising other elements than zinc or aluminum.
Recently, new coatings have been developed for hot formed steel sheets. The patent application WO2017/017521 discloses a phosphatable hardened part coated with an alloyed coating comprising from 0.4 to 20.0% by weight of zinc, from 1.0 to 3.5% by weight of silicon, optionally from 1.0 to 4.0 by weight of magnesium wherein the ratio Zn/Si is between 3.2 and 8.0. The patent application WO2017/017514 discloses a hardened part coated with an alloyed coating comprising from 2.0 to 24.0% by weight of zinc, from 1.1 to 7.0% by weight of silicon and optionally from 1.1 to 8.0% of magnesium, the balance being aluminum wherein the ratio Al/Zn is above 2.9 for improving the liquid metal embrittlement (LME) resistance. The patent application WO2017/017513 discloses a sacrificial steel sheet coated with a coating comprising from 2.0 and 24% by weight of zinc, from 7.1 to 12.0% of silicon, optionally from 1.1 to 8.0% by weight of magnesium, the balance being aluminum wherein the ratio Al/Zn is above 2.9 and the coated sacrificial hardened part obtained after the method of press hardening. These specific coatings have a native oxide layer of a micrometric thickness. Because of the thickness and the hardness of the native oxide layer, these coatings are very difficult to weld.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an easy to implement welding method for the manufacture of hardened parts coated with specific coatings based on aluminum or zinc recently developed. In particular for the production lines, an objective is to obtain a welding range for such specific coated hardened parts being equal or above 1 kA.
The present invention provides welding method for the manufacture of an assembly comprising the following steps:
The present invention also provides an assembly of at least two metallic substrates (3, 3′) spot welded together through at least one spot welded joint obtainable according to the method of the present invention, said assembly comprising:
The present invention also provides the use of the assembly for the manufacture of an automobile vehicle.
Other characteristics and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention.
To illustrate the invention, various embodiments and trials of non-limiting examples will be described, particularly with reference to the following Figure:
Other characteristics and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention.
The designation hardened steel part means a hot-formed or hot-stamped steel sheet having a tensile strength up to 2500 MPa and more preferably up to 2000 MPa. For example, the tensile strength is above or equal to 500 MPa, advantageously above or equal to 1200 MPa, preferably above or equal 1500 MPa.
The invention relates to a welding method for the manufacture of an assembly comprising the following steps:
Without willing to be bound by any theory, it seems that the welding method according to the present invention performed on two metallic substrates comprising at least a hardened steel part coated with the specific coating comprising zinc, silicon, optionally magnesium, the balance being aluminum allows a welding range equal or above 1 kA and a decrease of coating splashing on the assembly surface. Indeed, it seems that ZnO and optionally MgO are naturally present on the surface of the hardened steel part due to the oxidation of the hardened steel with air. It is believed that the pulsation breaks at least a part of the ZnO and optionally MgO oxide layer and/or alloyed coating present on the coated hardened steel part opening a path to the welding current. Additionally, it seems that the method according to the present invention comprising one pulsation is easy to implement in industrial scale. Finally, it seems that when the welding force is between 50 and 350 daN, the welding is improved since the current is more localized at the electrode center leading to a better expulsion of the alloyed coating and/or oxide layer. However, when the welding force is outside the scope of the present invention, i.e. above 350 daN, there is a risk that the nugget is not formed at the interface between the at least two metallic substrates since the current spreads on a larger surface of the coated hardened parts.
As illustrated in
Preferably, in step B.i), the pulsation current (Cp) is between 0.1 and 30 kA, preferably between 0.1 and 20 kA, more preferably between 8.0 and 20 kA and advantageously between 8.0 and 15 kA.
Advantageously, in step B.i), the pulsation duration is from 5 to 60 ms, preferably from 4 to 30 ms.
Preferably, in step B.ii), the welding current (Cw) is between 0.1 and 30 kA, preferably between 0.1 and 20 kA, more preferably between 0.1 and 10 and advantageously between 1 and 7.5 kA.
Advantageously, in step B.ii), the welding duration is from 150 to 500 ms and more preferably from 250 to 400 ms.
In a preferred embodiment, the current Cp is below the current Cw.
In another preferred embodiment, the current Cp is above the current Cw. Indeed, without willing to be bound by any theory, the inventors have found that when Cp is above Cw, the welding range is further improved.
Preferably, the welding force during the spot welding cycle is between 100 daN and 250 daN, more preferably between 150 and 250 daN.
Preferably, the welding frequency is between 500 and 5000 Hz, more preferably 500 and 3000 Hz and for example between 800 and 1200 Hz.
Preferably, the welding step B.ii) comprises a plurality of pulses, the at least one pulsation B.i being directly followed by the first pulse of the welding step. In this case, there is no cooling between the pulsation and the first pulse. The first pulse is followed by one or more pulse(s), a break duration being present between each subsequent pulse. Preferably, the break duration is from 20 to 80 ms and preferably from 30 to 60 ms.
The spot welding cycle according to the present invention can have different shape.
The invention relates also to an assembly of at least two metallic substrates spot welded together through at least one spot welded joint obtainable with the method according to the present invention, said assembly comprising:
Without willing to be bound by any theory, it seems that when the assembly comprises the above specific coating on the hardened part welded using the welding method according to the present invention, the welding range is equal or above to 1 kA. Indeed, it seems that although the thickness of the native oxide layer is higher than the coatings of the prior art, the welding method according to the present invention breaks the native oxide layer and remove at least a part of the native oxide layer and/or alloyed coating allowing a good weldability of the assembly.
Preferably, the alloyed coating of the hardened steel part comprises from 0.1 to 40.0% by weight of zinc, more preferably between 0.1 and 20.0% by weight of zinc and advantageously between 5.0 and 14% by weight of zinc and for example between 7.0 and 12.0% by weight.
Preferably, the alloyed coating of the hardened steel part comprises from 0.1 to 20.0% by weight of silicon, more preferably from 0.1 to 12.0% by weight of silicon and advantageously from 0.1 to 6.0% by weight of silicon and for example between 2.0 and 6.0% by weight of silicon.
Preferably, the alloyed coating of the hardened steel part comprises from 0.1 to 20.0% by weight of magnesium, from 0.1 to 10.0%, preferably from 0.1 to 4.0% by weight of magnesium.
Optionally, the coating comprises additional elements chosen from Sr, Sb, Pb, Ti, Ca, Mn, Sn, La, Ce, Cr, Zr or Bi, the content by weight of each additional element being inferior to 0.3% by weight and optionally residuals elements from feeding ingots or from the passage of the steel substrate in the molten bath including iron. For example, the amount of iron is up to 5% by weight.
In a preferred embodiment, the second metallic substrate is a steel substrate or an aluminum substrate. Preferably, the second steel substrate is a hardened steel part according to the present invention.
In another preferred embodiment, the assembly comprises a third metallic substrate sheet 101 (shown schematically in
Finally, the invention relates to the use of the assembly according to the present invention for the manufacture of automotive vehicle.
The invention will now be explained in trials carried out for information only. They are not limiting.
Trials 1 to 18 being Usibor® 1500 steel sheets were hot-dip coated with a coating comprising 3% by weight of silicon, 2% by weight magnesium, 12% by weight of zinc, the balance being aluminum. Trial 19 being Usibor® 1500 steel sheets was hot-dip coated with a coating comprising 3% by weight of silicon, 2% by weight magnesium, 10% by weight of zinc, the balance being aluminum. The steel sheets were then press hardened at an austenitization temperature between 880 and 950° C. for 3-7 minutes.
Then, for each Trial, two identical press hardened parts were welded together.
The welding range was determined according to the norm SEP1220-2. Welding test started from 3 kA and increased by 0.2 kA every two spot welds. When two consecutive splashings occurred at the same current level, the splash limit was found. When the splash limit was reached, the welding current was decreased with the step of 0.1 kA to have three consecutive welded samples at the same current level without expulsion. This current level is defined as the upper welding limit of the current range: Imax.
After that, the lower limit Imin was found. Imin search was done by using the criteria of 4√t, where t is the sheet thickness. This criterion defines the minimum acceptable diameter value that guaranteed the weld quality and strength. For confirmation five consecutive welded samples were obtained with superior welding diameter than minimal welding diameter.
For Trials 1 to 12 and 17 to 19, the welding cycle comprises, optionally one pulsation having a pulsation current Cp, and one welding step having a welding current Cw defined by Imin and Imax according the norm SEP1220-2. For Trials 13 to 16, the welding cycle comprises one pulsation having a pulsation current Cp and three or four welding steps having a welding current Cw defined by Imin and Imax according the norm SEP1220-2, a temporary stop being performed between each welding step.
The frequency was of 1000 Hz. The obtained Imin, Imax and the welding current range are in the following Table 1.
Zinc
Welding step
percentage
Austenitization
Number
Welding
Welding
in the
treatment
Welding
Pulsation
of
current
current
coating
Temperature
Time
force
Duration
Current
welding
duration
Stop
Imin
Imax
range
Trials
(wt. %)
(° C.)
(min)
(daN)
Number
(ms)
(kA)
step(s)
(ms)
(ms)
(kA)
(kA)
(kA)
1*
12
880
5
200
1
20
10
1
340
—
4.45
5.86
1.41
2
12
880
5
450
1
20
10
1
340
—
4.45
5.08
0.63
3*
12
880
8
200
1
20
10
1
340
—
4.45
5.46
1.01
4
12
880
8
450
1
20
10
1
340
—
4.45
4.85
0.4
5
12
900
5
200
0
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
0
6
12
900
5
450
0
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
0
7*
12
900
5
200
1
20
10
1
340
—
4.25
5.46
1.21
8*
12
900
5
300
1
20
10
1
340
—
4.4
5.4
1
9
12
900
5
450
1
20
10
1
340
—
4.25
5.06
0.81
10
12
900
5
600
1
20
10
1
340
—
4.6
5
0.4
11
12
900
5
800
1
20
10
1
—
—
—
—
0
12
12
900
5
1000
1
20
10
1
—
—
—
—
0
13
12
900
5
450
1
80
10
3
160
40
5.6
6.1
yes
14
12
900
5
450
1
120
10
3
160
40
4.9
5.4
yes
15
12
900
5
450
1
160
10
3
160
40
4.5
4.6
yes
16
12
900
5
450
1
160
10
4
160
40
—
—
0
17*
12
900
7
200
1
20
10
1
340
—
4.4
5.41
1.01
18
12
900
7
450
1
20
10
1
340
—
4.62
5.23
0.3
19*
10
900
5
200
1
20
10
1
340
—
4
5.2
1.2
*according to the present invention
Trials 5, 6, 11, 12 and 16 were not weldable, i.e. the criterions of Imin and Imax defined in norm SEP1220-2 were not achieved. Trials according to the present invention have a welding range equal or above 1 kA.
Usibor® 1500 steel sheets were hot-dip coated with a coating comprising 3% by weight of silicon, 2% by weight magnesium, 12% by weight of zinc, the balance being aluminum. The steel sheets were then press hardened at an austenitization temperature between 900° C. for 5 minutes. They were welded with DP600 steel grade (C: 0.14 wt. %, Mn: 2.1 wt % and Si: 0.4 wt. %) coated with a zinc coating. The welding range was determined as in Example 1. The frequency was of 1000 Hz. The obtained Imin, Imax and the welding current range are in the following Table 2.
Welding step
Welding
Welding
Welding
Pulsation
Welding
current
current
force
Duration
Stop
Current
duration
Imin
Imax
range
Trials
(daN)
Number
(ms)
(ms)
(kA)
(ms)
(kA)
(kA)
(kA)
20*
200
1
20
—
10
340
4.8
6.6
1.8
21*
300
1
20
—
10
340
5.2
6.4
1.2
22
800
1
20
—
10
—
—
—
0
*according to the present invention
Trial 22 was not weldable. Trials according to the present invention have a welding range equal or above 1 kA.
Electrode life is defined as the last weld number of a test strip before reaching more than two welds out of eight below a minimum weld diameter defined. The minimum weld diameter was of 4.7 mm.
Two coated hardened steel parts prepared as Trial 7 were welded together with the welding method according to the present invention comprising one pulsation and the welding step. The pulsation current was of 10 kA during 10 ms. The welding current was Imax determined for Trial 7 in Example 1. A plurality of spot welds was performed with the electrodes on the two coated hardened parts and the weld diameter was measured for each spot weld. Results are in the following Table 3.
Number
Weld
of spot
diameter
Trial
welds
(mm)
7*
10
5.2
100
5.2
200
5.2
300
5.2
400
5.2
500
5.3
600
5.4
*according to the present invention
The weld diameter was always above the minimum weld diameter with Trial 7 according to the present invention.
Machado Amorim, Tiago, Brossard, Maxime, Michaut, Stéphanie, Helmer, Jean-Marie
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| Feb 01 2021 | HELMER, JEAN-MARIE | ArcelorMittal | ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS | 055317 | /0674 | |
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