radiant heating systems for warming an occupant of an enclosed space. The system includes a component with a surface that faces the occupant. The surface defines an A-surface quality meaning the surface is visible and is designed with styling objectives to have an aesthetic appearance. Conductive strands are exposed at the surface and a power supply supplies electric power to the conductive strands. A controller controls the electric power supplied to the conductive strands.
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1. A radiant heating system for warming an occupant of an enclosed space, the system comprising:
a component configured to define a part of the enclosed space with a surface configured to face the occupant, the surface comprising an A-surface quality meaning the surface is visible and has a contour and a texture for a desired appearance;
conductive strands in the component and exposed to the enclosed space at the surface, the conductive strands configured to act as heating elements that are not covered, and as a part of the desired appearance of the surface;
a power supply configured to supply electric power to the conductive strands; and
a controller configured to control the electric power supplied to the conductive strands.
11. A radiant heating system for warming an occupant of an enclosed space, the system comprising:
a component configured to define a part of the enclosed space with a layer having a surface configured to face the occupant, the surface comprising an A-surface quality meaning the surface is visible and is designed with styling objectives to have an aesthetic appearance, wherein the surface is defined by a fabric material that comprises the layer;
conductive strands comprising a part of the component and embedded in the fabric material and exposed at the surface to the enclosed space, the conductive strands configured as heating elements that uncovered, and configured as a part of the aesthetic appearance of the surface; and
a power supply configured to supply electric power to the conductive strands.
20. A radiant heating system for warming an occupant of an enclosed space, the system comprising:
a component configured to define a part of the enclosed space with a surface configured to face the occupant, the surface comprising an A-surface quality meaning the surface is visible and has a contour and a texture for a desired appearance, wherein the surface is defined by a fabric material;
conductive strands embedded in the fabric material of the component and exposed to the enclosed space at the surface, the conductive strands configured to act as uncovered heating elements, and as a part of the desired appearance of the surface;
nonconductive strands interwoven with the conductive strands;
a power supply configured to supply electric power to the conductive strands; and
a controller configured to control the electric power supplied to the conductive strands.
2. The system of
3. The system of
4. The system of
5. The system of
6. The system of
7. The system of
8. The system of
10. The system of
12. The system of
a heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system configured to condition the enclosed space to a set temperature; and
a controller configured to:
control the electric power supplied to the conductive strands; and
control the HVAC system,
wherein the power supply and the HVAC system are controlled in coordination based on the set temperature.
13. The system of
control the supply of electric power based on the proximity; and
interrupt the electric power when the occupant approaches contact with the component at the surface as determined by monitoring the sensor.
14. The system of
15. The system of
16. The system of
17. The system of
18. The system of
19. The system of
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The present disclosure generally relates to the use of radiant heating for controlling the temperature of an enclosed space, and more particularly relates to radiant heating systems with components that have a class A surface (A-surface) formed by the heating system.
The development of HVAC systems that deliver adequate thermal comfort at lower cost and higher efficiency is a challenge. Providing a comfortable environment for occupants of a space typically involves conditioning through the use of climate control such as through a heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) system. Providing a HVAC system enables maintaining a comfortable environment for occupants by adding or removing heat from the space. The HVAC system therefore works to counter unwanted heat or cold. Such systems often have a time lag between start-up and achieving a desirable comfort level, particularly when a space has been unheated for an extended period of time. When heat loss or infiltration occurs or when surrounding components are at a low temperature, an occupant feels cold and the HVAC system only indirectly addresses those sources by warming internal air. In addition, forced air type systems generate sound when in operation, which may be undesirable.
The surfaces that contribute to a cold feeling include A-surfaces. An A-surface is a product's visible surface designed with styling objectives to have an aesthetic appearance. The A-surface of a component generally has a smoothly contoured side that is visible to the human eye after the part is assembled to present a surface with curvature continuity. The A-surface may have a selected texture, and is generally free of features such as ribs, die marks, irregularities, etcetera. Maintaining the appearance of an A-surface is preferred.
In vehicle applications, the current powertrain trends indicate that as engines become more fuel-efficient, the amount of waste heat from these engines is significantly reduced. This creates additional challenges in providing thermal comfort for vehicle occupants, especially during the cold-soak, warm-up phase of vehicle operation. The issue becomes further challenging for vehicles with alternative powertrains such as hybrid and electric vehicles, as there is little to no waste heat from internal combustion engines. Therefore, in certain applications a HVAC system may have an undesirably long response time or a limited capacity for space heating. In other applications there is a preference to reduce energy usage of a HVAC system. In other applications, providing additional heating options is desirable. In addition, HVAC systems do not directly address cold soaked components with A-surfaces.
Accordingly, it is desirable to provide systems and methods that efficiently, quickly and quietly provide heating for a broad range of applications. Furthermore, other desirable features and characteristics of systems for thermal control of an enclosed space will become apparent from the subsequent detailed description and the appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and the foregoing introduction.
Radiant heating systems are provided using A-surface generated heat. In a number of embodiments, a radiant heating system for warming an occupant of an enclosed space includes a component with a layer forming a surface that faces the occupant. The surface has an A-surface quality, meaning the surface is visible and is designed with styling objectives to have an aesthetic appearance. Conductive strands are exposed at the surface. A power supply supplies electric power to the conductive strands, and a controller controls the electric power supplied to the conductive strands.
In an additional embodiment, a sensor monitors proximity to the component. The controller controls the supply of electric power based on the proximity.
In an additional embodiment, the controller interrupts the electric power when the occupant approaches touching the component as determined by monitoring the sensor.
In an additional embodiment, the controller interrupts the electric power only when a temperature of the surface is greater than eighty-degrees Celsius.
In an additional embodiment, the controller operates the conductive strands up to approximately 130° Celsius.
In an additional embodiment, the surface is comprised of a fabric with nonconductive strands interwoven with the conductive strands.
In an additional embodiment, conductive terminals are coupled with the conductive strands and are interwoven with the nonconductive strands.
In an additional embodiment, the conductive strands each comprise a nonconductive core yarn surrounded by a conductive casing.
In an additional embodiment, the conductive casing comprises carbon fibers.
In an additional embodiment, the controller sets the electric power to zero when a desired temperature of the surface is sixty-degrees Celsius or lower.
In a number of additional embodiments, a radiant heating system for warming an occupant of an enclosed space includes a component with a layer having a surface that faces the occupant. The surface has an A-surface quality meaning the surface is visible and is designed with styling objectives to have an aesthetic appearance. The surface is defined by a fabric material with conductive strands embedded in the fabric material and exposed at the surface. A power supply delivers electric power to the conductive strands.
In an additional embodiment, a heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system conditions the enclosed space to a set temperature. A controller controls the electric power supplied to the conductive strands and controls the HVAC system. The power supply and the HVAC system are controlled in coordination based on the set temperature.
In an additional embodiment, a sensor monitors proximity to the component. The controller controls the supply of electric power based on the proximity and interrupts the electric power when the occupant approaches contact with the component, as determined by monitoring the sensor.
In an additional embodiment, the controller interrupts the electric power only when a temperature of the surface is greater than eighty-degrees Celsius.
In an additional embodiment, the controller operates the conductive strands up to approximately 130° Celsius so that the surface heats to 130° Celsius.
In an additional embodiment, the fabric material includes nonconductive strands interwoven with the conductive strands.
In an additional embodiment, conductive terminals are coupled with the conductive strands, with the power supply, and are interwoven in the fabric material.
In an additional embodiment, the conductive strands each include a nonconductive core yarn to provide strength to the fabric material. The nonconductive core yarn is surrounded by a conductive casing to conduct electricity.
In an additional embodiment, the conductive casing includes carbon fibers and the core yarn includes polymer fibers.
In additional embodiments, a radiant heating system for warming an occupant of an enclosed space includes a component with a surface that faces the occupant. The surface has an A-surface quality meaning the surface is visible and is designed with styling objectives to have an aesthetic appearance. The surface is defined by a fabric material with conductive strands embedded in the fabric material and exposed at the surface. Nonconductive strands are interwoven with the conductive strands. A power supply supplies electric power to the conductive strands. A controller controls the electric power supplied to the conductive strands.
The exemplary embodiments will hereinafter be described in conjunction with the following drawing figures, wherein like numerals denote like elements, and wherein:
The following detailed description is merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the application or its uses. Furthermore, there is no intention to be bound by any expressed or implied theory presented in the preceding technical field, introduction, brief summary or the following detailed description. As used herein, the term module refers to any hardware, software, firmware, electronic control component, processing logic, and/or processor device, individually or in any combination, including without limitation: application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), an electronic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group) and memory that executes one or more software or firmware programs, a combinational logic circuit, and/or other suitable components that provide the described functionality.
Embodiments of the present disclosure may be described herein in terms of functional and/or logical block components and various processing steps. It should be appreciated that such block components may be realized by any number of hardware, software, and/or firmware components configured to perform the specified functions. For example, an embodiment of the present disclosure may employ various integrated circuit components, e.g., memory elements, digital signal processing elements, logic elements, look-up tables, or the like, which may carry out a variety of functions under the control of one or more microprocessors or other control devices. In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciate that embodiments of the present disclosure may be practiced in conjunction with any number of systems, and that the systems described herein are merely exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.
For the sake of brevity, conventional techniques related to signal processing, data transmission, signaling, control, and other functional aspects of the systems (and the individual operating components of the systems) may not be described in detail herein. Furthermore, the connecting lines shown in the various figures contained herein are intended to represent example functional relationships and/or physical couplings between the various elements. It should be noted that many alternative or additional functional relationships or physical connections may be present in an embodiment of the present disclosure.
As described in more detail below, radiant materials are implemented in the interior A-surfaces of an enclosed space such as the occupant compartment of a motor vehicle. Fast occupant thermal comfort is achieved through nearly instantaneous radiant heat at low power consumption. The A-surface radiant heating system may target specific occupant body segments based on view factors between the radiant materials and occupant body segments. Multiple components may be implemented with A-surface radiant heating to deliver optimal occupant thermal comfort at an efficient power consumption rate. Surface temperatures of the components may be controlled to deliver effective radiant heat and to avoid undesirable heat exposure.
Referring additionally to
The vehicle 20 generally includes a body 40 defining a space that substantially encloses components of the vehicle 20, including any occupant(s) 18. The vehicle 20 includes various vehicle systems that are controlled by one or more controller(s) 42. These vehicle systems include the A-surface radiant heating system 22 and the HVAC system 36. The A-surface radiant heating system 22 includes a sensor suite 44 communicatively coupled with the controller(s) 42 for measuring parameters such as temperatures of external ambient air outside the vehicle 20, cabin air temperature inside the cabin of the vehicle 20, temperature of the material section 34, occupant proximity to the material section 34, and/or others. The sensor suite 44 provides signals and/or other information to the controller(s) 42 to discern the monitored parameters.
An operator interface 38 is provided, such as in the instrument panel of the vehicle 20, or at another location appropriate for the application, and may include operator controls 46, 48. The operator interface 38 is communicatively coupled with the controller(s) 42 and provides signals and/or other information thereto with regard to selections made by the occupant 18. The signals include information from which the controller(s) 42 discern a temperature setting desired by occupants 18 such as the driver and front passenger of a vehicle via control 46, including for operation of the A-surface radiant heating system 22. The operator interface 38 also include the control 48, such as one or more buttons to activate/deactivate all or some of the A-surface radiant heating components 24, 26, 28, 30, 32. In a number of examples, instead of buttons, for the controls 46, 48, the operator interface 38 may comprise one or more sensors associated with user interfaces such as vehicle touch screens, rotary knobs, and/or other types of user interfaces within the vehicle 20 for receiving inputs from the occupant 18.
While the components of the A-surface radiant heating system 22 are depicted as being part of the same system, it will be appreciated that in certain embodiments these features may comprise multiple modules or systems. In addition, in various embodiments the A-surface radiant heating system 22 may comprise all or part of, and/or may be coupled to, various other vehicle devices and systems, such as, among others, the HVAC system 36, and/or one or more other systems of the vehicle 20.
The controller(s) 42 accept information from the various sources, processes that information, and provides control commands based thereon to effect outcomes such as operation of the vehicle 20 and its systems, including the A-surface radiant heating system 22 and the HVAC system 36. In the depicted embodiment, the controller(s) 42 includes various modules such as a processor 50 and a memory device 52, and is coupled with a storage device 54. The processor 50 performs the computation and control functions of the controller(s) 42, and may comprise any type of processor or multiple processors, single integrated circuits such as a microprocessor, or any suitable number of integrated circuit devices and/or circuit boards working in cooperation to accomplish the functions of a processing unit. During operation, the processor 50 executes one or more programs that may be contained within the storage device 54 and, as such, controls the general operation of the controller(s) 42, generally in executing the operations described herein.
The memory device 52 may be any type of suitable memory. For example, the memory device 52 may include volatile and nonvolatile storage in read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), and keep-alive memory (KAM), for example. KAM is a persistent or non-volatile memory that may be used to store various operating variables while the processor 50 is powered down. The memory device 52 may be implemented using any of a number of known memory devices such as PROMs (programmable read-only memory), EPROMs (electrically PROM), EEPROMs (electrically erasable PROM), flash memory, or any other electric, magnetic, optical, or combination memory devices capable of storing data, some of which represent executable instructions, used by the controller(s) 42. In the depicted embodiment, the storage device 54 stores the above-referenced programs along with one or more stored values.
The storage device 54 stores data for use in automatically controlling the aspects of the vehicle 20 and its systems, including the A-surface radiant heating system 22. The storage device 54 may be any suitable type of storage apparatus, including direct access storage devices such as hard disk drives, flash systems, floppy disk drives and optical disk drives. In one exemplary embodiment, the storage device 54 comprises a source from which the memory device 52 receives the programs that execute one or more embodiments of one or more operations of the present disclosure, such as the steps of processes (and any sub-processes thereof) described herein. In another exemplary embodiment, a program may be directly stored in and/or otherwise accessed by the memory device 52. The programs represent executable instructions, used by the electronic controller(s) 42 in processing information and in controlling aspects of the vehicle 20 and its systems. The instructions may include one or more separate programs, each of which comprises an ordered listing of executable instructions for implementing logical functions. The instructions, when executed by the processor 50 support the receipt and processing of signals such as from sensors, perform logic, calculations, methods and/or algorithms for automatically controlling various aspects of the components and systems of the vehicle 20. The processor 50 may generate control signals for the A-surface radiant heating system 22 and/or the HVAC system 36 for automatic control based on the logic, calculations, methods, and/or algorithms.
Methods, algorithms, or parts thereof may be implemented in a computer program product of the controller(s) 42 including instructions or calculations carried on a computer readable medium for use by one or more processors to implement one or more of the method steps or instructions. The computer program product may include one or more software programs comprised of program instructions in source code, object code, executable code or other formats; one or more firmware programs; or hardware description language (HDL) files; and any program related data. The data may include data structures, look-up tables, or data in any other suitable format. The program instructions may include program modules, routines, programs, objects, components, and/or the like. The computer program may be executed on one processor or on multiple processors in communication with one another.
In a number of embodiments, the controller(s) 42 produce signals for delivery to a power supply 56 that includes a power source 58, and may set the operational state thereof such as on/off state by selectively delivering a supply of power when heating by the A-surface radiant heating system is desired. For example, a feed from the electrical system of the vehicle 20 may be used as the power source 58 and may be switched on when desired. The controller(s) 42 produce signals that are delivered to a regulator 60 of the power supply 56 to set the power supply level delivered to the material section 34. For example, the regulator 60 may provide voltage regulation via pulse-width modulation (PWM) control to control the amount of power delivered to the material section 34 and therefore to control the heat radiated. In response to the supplied power, the material section 34 provides an instantaneous warm thermal sensation to the occupant 18. Heating output may be controlled as a function of sensed environmental temperature, giving maximum heat at lower temperature and reducing heat output and power use as temperature rises and/or as the capacity of the HVAC system 36 to deliver heat increases. For example, the power source 58 and the regulator 60 are controlled to supply current with PWM control at 0% for a cabin/external air temperature above an upper threshold and 100% for the cabin/external air temperature below a lower threshold temperature. Between the upper and lower threshold temperatures, PWM is varied in relation to the desired control temperature with more power supplied at lower temperatures. The surface temperatures of the material section 34 is set by varying the power supplied to improve occupant thermal comfort of the occupant 18. The surface temperature target may be generated by the controller(s) 42 based on data and algorithms stored in the storage device 54.
The material section 34 may be a layer that covers the entire occupant facing surface of any of the components 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, or any portion of the surface. The material section 34 is a fabric type material that is weaved/knitted or otherwise formed, and that is directly exposed to the occupant 18 and that includes the radiant heating elements exposed at the A-surface. The material section 34 may be constructed, such as by weaving to provide the desired A-surface appearance and may be any of a variety of colors and textures. For example, a set of warp strands designated as nonconductive strands 64 may be aligned and stretched and then a set of weft strands, designated as conductive strands 66 may be introduced across the warp strands and alternated at various intervals either in front of or behind a row or rows of warp strands. In the current embodiment, the warp/nonconductive strands 64 comprise a nonconductive material selected for its strength, appearance, and durability and may be made of natural or synthetic fibers. Examples include polyethylene terephthalate, polybutyrate, aliphatic polyamide, semi-aromatic polyamide, polyacrylonitrile, cotton, and combinations thereof, although a wide range of fiber materials may be used depending on the characteristics desired. In the current example, the weft/conductive strands 66 comprise a conductive material selected for its ability to conduct electricity and generate heat. In other embodiments, the conductive strands 66 may be used as the warp strands and the nonconductive strands 64 may be used as the weft strands. In additional embodiments, the conductive strands 66 may be intermingled with nonconductive strands 64 in either or both of the respective warp or weft strand set. The weaved/knitted strands that comprise the heating A-surface are designed into recognizable/desirable patterns of the fabric material for interior feature enhancement of the components 24, 26, 28, 30, 32.
A cross section of one conductive strand 66 is illustrated in
As shown in
Referring to
Referring to
Referring to
With power supplied to the conductive strands 126, heat is generated and radiated toward the occupant 18. To radiate a desirable amount of heat, temperatures reaching approximately 130° Celsius are generated. This level of temperature may feel uncomfortable to the touch, such as during a prolonged exposure. Accordingly, the sensor suite 44 includes a number of sensor(s) 144 monitoring the component 24. It will be appreciated that due to the size of a headliner, plural sensors 144 may be included to monitor zones of the component 24. The sensor(s) 144 are configured to determine when the occupant 18 is about to touch or is touching the component 24. For example, the sensor(s) 144 may be touch sensors that generate a signal in response to touch applied to the component 24 and may operate on capacitance, resistance or piezio switching properties. Some of these sensors 144 may be embodied as short-rage proximity sensors. The sensor(s) 144 may be another type of proximity sensor such as those that emit a beam or field and monitor for disturbances. The sensor(s) 144 are monitored and a determination 146 is periodically made by the controller(s) 42 as to whether the occupant is about to touch and/or is touching the component 24. When the outcome of the determination 146 is no/negative, the power level supplied to the component 24 continues uninterrupted. When the outcome of the determination 146 is yes/positive, a further determination 148 is made as to whether the set temperature of the conductive strands is above 80° Celsius. When the outcome of the determination 148 is no/negative, the power level supplied to the component 24 continues uninterrupted. When the outcome of the determination 148 is yes/positive, the power supplied to the conductive strands 126 is interrupted/stopped 149, such as until the sensor(s) 144 indicate the occupant 18 has moved away from the component 24.
The graph of
Accordingly, multi-zone targeted heating using radiative heat transfer is provided to an occupant directly from the A-surface of surrounding components. When efficient and/or rapid warming of an occupant is needed, the A-surface radiant heating system provides an effective solution. While at least one exemplary embodiment has been presented in the foregoing detailed description, it should be appreciated that a vast number of variations exist. It should also be appreciated that the exemplary embodiment or exemplary embodiments are only examples, and are not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of the disclosure in any way. Rather, the foregoing detailed description will provide those skilled in the art with a convenient road map for implementing the exemplary embodiment or exemplary embodiments. It should be understood that various changes can be made in the function and arrangement of elements without departing from the scope of the disclosure as set forth in the appended claims and the legal equivalents thereof.
Chen, Kuo-Huey, Demianenko, Michael S., Sayed, Rami Z., Youkhana, Oumta G.
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