An electrolyte solution for a lithium ion secondary battery, including a compound (1) represented by the following formula (1):
##STR00001##
wherein R1 and R2 are each independently a methyl, ethyl, propyl, or butyl group. Also disclosed is a lithium ion secondary battery including the electrolyte solution and a module including the lithium ion secondary battery.
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1. An electrolyte solution for a lithium ion secondary battery, comprising
a compound (1-a) represented by the following formula:
##STR00070##
wherein the compound (1-a) is present in an amount of 0.01 to 10% by mass relative to the electrolyte solution.
2. An electrolyte solution for a lithium ion secondary battery, comprising:
an imidazolium cation (1-1a) represented by the following formula (1-1a):
##STR00071##
a difluorophosphoric acid ion,
wherein the electrolyte solution has a molar ratio (a/b) of the amount (a) of the imidazolium cation (1-1a) to the amount (b) of the difluorophosphoric acid ion of 0.9 to 1.1.
3. The electrolyte solution for a lithium ion secondary battery according to
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This application is a Rule 53(b) Continuation of International Application No. PCT/JP2019/047001 filed Dec. 2, 2019, claiming priority based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2018-241240 filed Dec. 25, 2018, the respective disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
The disclosure relates to electrolyte solutions for lithium ion secondary batteries, lithium ion secondary batteries, and modules.
Current electric appliances demonstrate a tendency to have a reduced weight and a smaller size, which leads to development of electrochemical devices such as lithium-ion secondary batteries having a high energy density. Further, electrochemical devices such as lithium-ion secondary batteries are desired to have improved characteristics as they are applied to more various fields. Improvement in battery characteristics will become more and more important particularly when lithium-ion secondary batteries are put in use for automobiles.
Capacitors have been examined to improve their characteristics. For example, Patent Literature 1 discloses an electrolytic solution for an electrolytic capacitor in which a specific boron-containing anionic quaternary ammonium salt or quaternary phosphonium salt is used as a solute.
Patent Literature 2 discloses an electrolyte solution for an electric double layer capacitor containing ethyl trimethyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate and a specific imidazolium tetrafluoroborate.
Patent Literature 3 discloses a non-aqueous electrolyte solution containing lithium difluorophosphate and the like.
The disclosure relates to an electrolyte solution for a lithium ion secondary battery, including
##STR00002##
wherein R1 and R2 are each independently a methyl, ethyl, propyl, or butyl group.
The disclosure can provide an electrolyte solution that allows a lithium ion secondary battery to have low resistance and improved storage characteristics and a lithium ion secondary battery including the electrolyte solution.
The disclosure will be specifically described hereinbelow.
The disclosure relates to an electrolyte solution for a lithium ion secondary battery (hereinafter, also referred to as a first electrolyte solution), including a compound (1) represented by the following formula (1):
##STR00003##
wherein R1 and R2 are each independently a methyl, ethyl, propyl, or butyl group.
The first electrolyte solution of the disclosure having the above feature allows a lithium ion secondary battery to have low resistance and improved storage characteristics (e.g., capacity recovery after high-temperature storage).
In the formula (1), R1 and R2 are each independently an alkyl group optionally containing a C1-C4 ether bond. Examples of the alkyl group include methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl groups. Preferably, at least one of R1 or R2 is a methyl group. More preferably, one of R1 or R2 is a methyl group, and the other is an ethyl, propyl, or butyl group.
In particular, the compound (1) preferably includes at least one selected from the group consisting of a compound (1-a) represented by the formula (1-a):
##STR00004##
and a compound (1-b) represented by the formula (1-b):
##STR00005##
The compound (1) is more preferably the compound (1-a).
One of these compounds (1) may be used alone or two or more thereof may be used in any combination.
In the first electrolyte solution, the compound (1) is preferably present in an amount of 0.01 to 10% by mass relative to the electrolyte solution. The compound (1) in an amount within the above range can allows a lithium ion secondary battery to have lower resistance and further improved storage characteristics.
The amount of the compound (1) relative to the electrolyte solution is more preferably 0.1% by mass or more, still more preferably 0.5% by mass or more. The amount of the compound (1) is more preferably 5.0% by mass or less, still more preferably 3.0% by mass or less, particularly preferably 2.0% by mass or less.
The disclosure also relates to an electrolyte solution for a lithium ion secondary battery (hereinafter, also referred to as a second electrolyte solution), including an imidazolium cation (1-1) represented by the following formula (1-1):
##STR00006##
(wherein R1 and R2 are each independently a methyl, ethyl, propyl, or butyl group); and a difluorophosphoric acid ion (PO2F2−).
The second electrolyte solution of the disclosure having the above feature allows a lithium ion secondary battery to have low resistance and improved storage characteristics (e.g., capacity recovery after high-temperature storage).
In the formula (1-1), R1 and R2 are each independently a methyl, ethyl, propyl, or butyl group. Preferred combinations of R1 and R2 are as described for the formula (1).
In particular, the imidazolium cation (1-1) preferably includes at least one selected from the group consisting of an imidazolium cation (1-1a) represented by the following formula:
##STR00007##
and an imidazolium cation (1-1b) represented by the following formula:
##STR00008##
The imidazolium cation (1-1) is more preferably the imidazolium cation (1-1a).
The second electrolyte solution preferably has a molar ratio (a/b) of the amount (a) of the imidazolium cation (1-1) to the amount (b) of the difluorophosphate ion of 0.001 to 20. A molar ratio (a/b) within tha above range allows a lithium ion secondary battery to have lower resistance and further improved storage characteristics.
The molar ratio (a/b) is more preferably 0.01 or higher, still more preferably 0.1 or higher, particularly preferably 0.9 or higher. The molar ratio (a/b) is more preferably 13 or lower, still more preferably 3 or lower, particularly preferably 1.1 or lower.
In the second electrolyte solution, the imidazolium cation (1-1) is preferably present in an amount of 0.0005 to 15% by mass relative to the electrolyte solution.
The amounts of the imidazolium cation (1-1) and difluorophosphate ion can be determined by NMR and gas chromatography.
Examples of ion sources of the ions contained in the second electrolyte solution include compounds that contain the target ion(s) and are soluble in the solvent constituting the electrolyte solution. One or two or more of the ion sources may be used for each ion.
Examples of the ion source of the imidazolium cation (1-1) include the above-described compound (1) and a compound containing the imidazolium cation (1-1) and a counter anion other than a difluorophosphate ion.
Examples of the counter anion other than a difluorophosphate ion include PF6−, N(FSO2)2−, N(CF3SO2)2−, ClO4−, Cl−, and BF4−, with PF6− being preferred.
Examples of the ion source of the difluorophosphate ion include the above-described compound (1) and a compound containing a difluorophosphate ion and a counter cation other than the imidazolium cation (1-1).
Examples of the counter cation other than the imidazolium cation (1-1) include Li+, an ammonium cation, a pyridinium cation, a pyrrolidinium cation, and a piperidinium cation, with Li+ being preferred.
The compound (1) is preferably used as an ion source of both the imidazolium cation (1-1) and difluorophosphate ion in order to allow a lithium ion secondary battery to have lower resistance and further improved storage characteristics.
The compound (1) is suitably produced by a production method including reacting an imidazolium chloride represented by the following formula:
##STR00009##
lithium difluorophosphate, for example.
The reaction may be performed in a solvent. The solvent is preferably an organic solvent, and examples thereof include a non-aromatic hydrocarbon solvent, an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent, a ketone solvent, a halogenated hydrocarbon solvent, an ether solvent, an ester solvent, a nitrile solvent, a sulfoxide-based solvent, and an amide solvent. Specific examples thereof include non-aromatic hydrocarbon solvents such as pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, cyclohexane, decahydronaphthalene, n-decane, isododecane, and tridecane; aromatic hydrocarbon solvents such as benzene, toluene, xylene, tetralin, veratrole, diethyl benzene, methyl naphthalene, nitrobenzene, o-nitrotoluene, mesitylene, indene, and diphenyl sulfide; ketone solvents such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, acetophenone, propiophenone, diisobutyl ketone, and isophorone; halogenated hydrocarbon solvents such as dichloromethane, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, and chlorobenzene; ether solvents such as diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, diisopropyl ether, methyl t-butyl ether, dioxane, dimethoxyethane, diglyme, phenetole, 1,1-dimethoxycyclohexane, and diisoamyl ether; ester solvents such as ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, diethyl malonate, 3-methoxy-3-methylbutyl acetate, γ-butyrolactone, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, and α-acetyl-γ-butyrolactone; nitrile solvents such as acetonitrile and benzonitrile; sulfoxide solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and sulfolane; and amide solvents such as N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, N,N-dimethylacrylamide, N,N-dimethylacetoacetamide, N,N-diethylformamide, and N,N-diethylacetamide.
Each of these solvents may be used alone or a mixture of two or more of these may be used.
The temperature of the reaction is preferably 0° C. to 50° C., more preferably 10° C. to 30° C.
The duration of the reaction is preferably 1 to 50 hours, more preferably 10 to 30 hours.
The production method may further include additional step(s) such as ion exchange, filtration, and concentration.
Each of the first and second electrolyte solutions (hereinafter, also referred to as an electrolyte solution of the disclosure) preferably contains a solvent.
The solvent preferably includes at least one selected from the group consisting of a carbonate and a carboxylate.
The carbonate may be either a cyclic carbonate or an acyclic carbonate.
The cyclic carbonate may be either a non-fluorinated cyclic carbonate or a fluorinated cyclic carbonate.
An example of the non-fluorinated cyclic carbonate is a non-fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate. Preferred is a non-fluorinated saturated alkylene carbonate containing a C2-C6 alkylene group, more preferred is a non-fluorinated saturated alkylene carbonate containing a C2-C4 alkylene group.
In order to give high permittivity and suitable viscosity, the non-fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate preferably includes at least one selected from the group consisting of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, cis-2,3-pentylene carbonate, cis-2,3-butylene carbonate, 2,3-pentylene carbonate, 2,3-butylene carbonate, 1,2-pentylene carbonate, 1,2-butylene carbonate, and butylene carbonate.
One non-fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate may be used alone, or two or more thereof may be used in any combination at any ratio.
The non-fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate, when contained, is preferably present in an amount of 5 to 90% by volume, more preferably 10 to 60% by volume, still more preferably 15 to 45% by volume, relative to the solvent.
The fluorinated cyclic carbonate is a cyclic carbonate containing a fluorine atom. A solvent containing a fluorinated cyclic carbonate can suitably be used at high voltage.
The term “high voltage” herein means a voltage of 4.2 V or higher. The upper limit of the “high voltage” is preferably 4.9 V.
The fluorinated cyclic carbonate may be either a fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate or a fluorinated unsaturated cyclic carbonate.
The fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate is a saturated cyclic carbonate containing a fluorine atom. Specific examples thereof include a compound represented by the following formula (A):
##STR00010##
(wherein X1 to X4 are the same as or different from each other, and are each —H, —CH3, —C2H5, —F, a fluorinated alkyl group optionally containing an ether bond, or a fluorinated alkoxy group optionally containing an ether bond; at least one selected from X1 to X4 is —F, a fluorinated alkyl group optionally containing an ether bond, or a fluorinated alkoxy group optionally containing an ether bond). Examples of the fluorinated alkyl group include —CF3, —CF2H, and —CH2F.
The presence of the fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate in the electrolyte solution of the disclosure when applied to a high-voltage lithium ion secondary battery, for example, can improve the oxidation resistance of the electrolyte solution, resulting in stable and excellent charge and discharge characteristics.
The term “ether bond” herein means a bond represented by —O—.
In order to give a good permittivity and oxidation resistance, one or two of X1 to X4 is/are each preferably —F, a fluorinated alkyl group optionally containing an ether bond, or a fluorinated alkoxy group optionally containing an ether bond.
In anticipation of a decrease in viscosity at low temperature, an increase in flash point, and improvement in solubility of an electrolyte salt, X1 to X4 are each preferably —H, —F, a fluorinated alkyl group (a), a fluorinated alkyl group (b) containing an ether bond, or a fluorinated alkoxy group (c).
The fluorinated alkyl group (a) is a group obtainable by replacing at least one hydrogen atom of an alkyl group by a fluorine atom. The fluorinated alkyl group (a) preferably has a carbon number of 1 to 20, more preferably 1 to 17, still more preferably 1 to 7, particularly preferably 1 to 5.
Too large a carbon number may cause poor low-temperature characteristics and low solubility of an electrolyte salt. Too small a carbon number may cause low solubility of an electrolyte salt, low discharge efficiency, and increased viscosity, for example.
Examples of the fluorinated alkyl group (a) having a carbon number of 1 include CFH2—, CF2H—, and CF3—. In order to give good high-temperature storage characteristics, particularly preferred is CF2H— or CF3—. Most preferred is CF3—.
In order to give good solubility of an electrolyte salt, preferred examples of the fluorinated alkyl group (a) having a carbon number of 2 or greater include fluorinated alkyl groups represented by the following formula (a-1):
R1-R2— (a-1)
wherein R1 is an alkyl group having a carbon number of 1 or greater and optionally containing a fluorine atom; R2 is a C1-C3 alkylene group optionally containing a fluorine atom; and at least one selected from the group consisting of R1 and R2 contains a fluorine atom.
R1 and R2 each may further contain an atom other than carbon, hydrogen, and fluorine atoms.
R1 is an alkyl group having a carbon number of 1 or greater and optionally containing a fluorine atom. R1 is preferably a C1-C16 linear or branched alkyl group. The carbon number of R1 is more preferably 1 to 6, still more preferably 1 to 3.
Specifically, for example, CH3—, CH3CH2—, CH3CH2CH2—, CH3CH2CH2CH2—, and groups represented by the following formulae:
##STR00011##
may be mentioned as linear or branched alkyl groups for R1.
Examples of R1 which is a linear alkyl group containing a fluorine atom include CF3—, CF3CH2—, CF3CF2—, CF3CH2CH2—, CF3CF2CH2—, CF3CF2CF2—, CF3CH2CF2—, CF3CH2CH2CH2—, CF3CF2CH2CH2—, CF3CH2CF2CH2—, CF3CF2CF2CH2—, CF3CF2CF2CF2—, CF3CF2CH2CF2—, CF3CH2CH2CH2CH2—, CF3CF2CH2CH2CH2—, CF3CH2CF2CH2CH2—, CF3CF2CF2CH2CH2—, CF3CF2CF2CF2CH2—, CF3CF2CH2CF2CH2—, CF3CF2CH2CH2CH2CH2—, CF3CF2CF2CF2CH2CH2—, CF3CF2CH2CF2CH2CH2—, HCF2—, HCF2CH2—, HCF2CF2—, HCF2CH2CH2—, HCF2CF2CH2—, HCF2CH2CF2—, HCF2CF2CH2CH2—, HCF2CH2CF2CH2—, HCF2CF2CF2CF2—, HCF2CF2CH2CH2CH2—, HCF2CH2CF2CH2CH2—, HCF2CF2CF2CF2CH2—, HCF2CF2CF2CF2CH2CH2—, FCH2—, FCH2CH2—, FCH2CF2—, FCH2CF2CH2—, FCH2CF2CF2—, CH3CF2CH2—, CH3CF2CF2—, CH3CF2CH2CF2—, CH3CF2CF2CF2—, CH3CH2CF2CF2—, CH3CF2CH2CF2CH2—, CH3CF2CF2CF2CH2—, CH3CF2CF2CH2CH2—, CH3CH2CF2CF2CH2—, CH3CF2CH2CF2CH2CH2—, CH3CF2CH2CF2CH2CH2—, HCFClCF2CH2—, HCF2CFClCH2—, HCF2CFClCF2CFClCH2—, and HCFClCF2CFClCF2CH2—.
Examples of R1 which is a branched alkyl group containing a fluorine atom include those represented by the following formulae.
##STR00012##
##STR00013##
The presence of a branch such as CH3— or CF3— may easily cause high viscosity. Thus, the number of such branches is more preferably small (one) or zero.
R2 is a C1-C3 alkylene group optionally containing a fluorine atom. R2 may be either linear or branched. Examples of a minimum structural unit constituting such a linear or branched alkylene group are shown below. R2 is constituted by one or combination of these units.
(i) Linear Minimum Structural Units
—CH2—, —CHF—, —CF2—, —CHCl—, —CFCl—, —CCl2—
(ii) Branched Minimum Structural Units
##STR00014##
Preferred among these exemplified units are C1-free structural units because such units may not be dehydrochlorinated by a base, and thus may be more stable.
R2 which is a linear group consists only of any of the above linear minimum structural units, and is preferably —CH2—, —CH2CH2—, or CF2—. In order to further improve the solubility of an electrolyte salt, —CH2— or —CH2CH2— is more preferred.
R2 which is a branched group includes at least one of the above branched minimum structural units. A preferred example thereof is a group represented by —(CXaXb)— (wherein Xa is H, F, CH3, or CF3; Xb is CH3 or CF3; when Xb is CF3, Xa is H or CH3). Such a group can much further improve the solubility of an electrolyte salt.
For example, CF3CF2—, HCF2CF2—, H2CFCF2—, CH3CF2—, CF3CHF—, CH3CF2—, CF3CF2CF2—, HCF2CF2CF2—, H2CFCF2CF2—, CH3CF2CF2—, and those represented by the following formulae:
##STR00015##
##STR00016##
may be mentioned as preferred examples of the fluorinated alkyl group (a).
The fluorinated alkyl group (b) containing an ether bond is a group obtainable by replacing at least one hydrogen atom of an alkyl group containing an ether bond by a fluorine atom. The fluorinated alkyl group (b) containing an ether bond preferably has a carbon number of 2 to 17. Too large a carbon number may cause high viscosity of the fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate. This may also cause the presence of many fluorine-containing groups, resulting in poor solubility of an electrolyte salt due to reduction in permittivity, and poor miscibility with other solvents. Accordingly, the carbon number of the fluorinated alkyl group (b) containing an ether bond is preferably 2 to 10, more preferably 2 to 7.
The alkylene group which constitutes the ether moiety of the fluorinated alkyl group (b) containing an ether bond is a linear or branched alkylene group. Examples of a minimum structural unit constituting such a linear or branched alkylene group are shown below.
(i) Linear Minimum Structural Units
—CH2—, —CHF—, —CF2—, —CHCl—, —CFCl—, —CCl2—
(ii) Branched Minimum Structural Units
##STR00017##
The alkylene group may be constituted by one of these minimum structural units, or may be constituted by multiple linear units (i), by multiple branched units (ii), or by a combination of a linear unit (i) and a branched unit (ii). Preferred examples will be mentioned in detail later.
Preferred among these exemplified units are Cl-free structural units because such units may not be dehydrochlorinated by a base, and thus may be more stable.
A still more preferred example of the fluorinated alkyl group (b) containing an ether bond is a group represented by the following formula (b-1):
R3—(OR4)n1— (b-1)
wherein R3 is preferably a C1-C6 alkyl group optionally containing a fluorine atom; R4 is preferably a C1-C4 alkylene group optionally containing a fluorine atom; n1 is an integer of 1 to 3; and at least one selected from the group consisting of R3 and R4 contains a fluorine atom.
Examples of R3 and R4 include the following groups, and any appropriate combination of these groups can provide the fluorinated alkyl group (b) containing an ether bond represented by the formula (b-1). Still, the groups are not limited thereto.
(1) R3 is preferably an alkyl group represented by the formula: Xc3C—(R5)n2—, wherein three Xcs are the same as or different from each other, and are each H or F; R5 is a C1-C5 alkylene group optionally containing a fluorine atom; and n2 is 0 or 1.
When n2 is 0, R3 may be CH3—, CF3—, HCF2—, or H2CF—, for example.
When n2 is 1, specific examples of R3 which is a linear group include CF3CH2—, CF3CF2—, CF3CH2CH2—, CF3CF2CH2—, CF3CF2CF2—, CF3CH2CF2—, CF3CH2CH2CH2—, CF3CF2CH2CH2—, CF3CH2CF2CH2—, CF3CF2CF2CH2—, CF3CF2CF2CF2—, CF3CF2CH2CF2—, CF3CH2CH2CH2CH2—, CF3CF2CH2CH2CH2—, CF3CH2CF2CH2CH2—, CF3CF2CF2CH2CH2—, CF3CF2CF2CF2CH2—, CF3CF2CH2CF2CH2—, CF3CF2CH2CH2CH2CH2—, CF3CF2CF2CF2CH2CH2—, CF3CF2CH2CF2CH2CH2—, HCF2CH2—, HCF2CF2—, HCF2CH2CH2—, HCF2CF2CH2—, HCF2CH2CF2—, HCF2CF2CH2CH2—, HCF2CH2CF2CH2—, HCF2CF2CF2CF2—, HCF2CF2CH2CH2CH2—, HCF2CH2CF2CH2CH2—, HCF2CF2CF2CF2CH2—, HCF2CF2CF2CF2CH2CH2—, FCH2CH2—, FCH2CF2—, FCH2CF2CH2—, CH3CF2—, CH3CH2—, CH3CF2CH2—, CH3CF2CF2—, CH3CH2CH2—, CH3CF2CH2CF2—, CH3CF2CF2CF2—, CH3CH2CF2CF2—, CH3CH2CH2CH2—, CH3CF2CH2CF2CH2—, CH3CF2CF2CF2CH2—, CH3CF2CF2CH2CH2—, CH3CH2CF2CF2CH2—, CH3CF2CH2CF2CH2CH2—, CH3CH2CF2CF2CH2CH2—, and CH3CF2CH2CF2CH2CH2—
When n2 is 1, those represented by the following formulae:
##STR00018##
may be mentioned as examples of R3 which is a branched group.
The presence of a branch such as CH3— or CF3— may easily cause high viscosity. Thus, R3 is more preferably a linear group.
(2) In —(OR4)n1— of the formula (b-1), n1 is an integer of 1 to 3, preferably 1 or 2. When n1 is 2 or 3, R4s may be the same as or different from each other.
Preferred specific examples of R4 include the following linear or branched groups.
Examples of the linear groups include —CH2—, —CHF—, —CF2—, —CH2CH2—, —CF2CH2—, —CF2CF2—, —CH2CF2—, —CH2CH2CH2—, —CH2CH2CF2—, —CH2CF2CH2—, —CH2CF2CF2—, —CF2CH2CH2—, —CF2CF2CH2—, —CF2CH2CF2—, and —CF2CF2CF2—.
Those represented by the following formulae:
##STR00019##
may be mentioned as examples of the branched groups.
The fluorinated alkoxy group (c) is a group obtainable by replacing at least one hydrogen atom of an alkoxy group by a fluorine atom. The fluorinated alkoxy group (c) preferably has a carbon number of 1 to 17, more preferably 1 to 6.
The fluorinated alkoxy group (c) is particularly preferably a fluorinated alkoxy group represented by Xd3C—(R6)n3—O—, wherein three Xds are the same as or different from each other, and are each H or F; R6 is preferably a C1-C5 alkylene group optionally containing a fluorine atom; n3 is 0 or 1; and any of the three Xds contain a fluorine atom.
Specific examples of the fluorinated alkoxy group (c) include fluorinated alkoxy groups in which an oxygen atom binds to an end of an alkyl group mentioned as an example for R1 in the formula (a-1)
The fluorinated alkyl group (a), the fluorinated alkyl group (b) containing an ether bond, and the fluorinated alkoxy group (c) in the fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate each preferably have a fluorine content of 10% by mass or more. Too less a fluorine content may cause a failure in sufficiently achieving an effect of reducing the viscosity at low temperature and an effect of increasing the flash point. Thus, the fluorine content is more preferably 12% by mass or more, still more preferably 15% by mass or more. The upper limit thereof is usually 76% by mass.
The fluorine content of each of the fluorinated alkyl group (a), the fluorinated alkyl group (b) containing an ether bond, and the fluorinated alkoxy group (c) is a value calculated based on the corresponding structural formula by the following formula:
{(Number of fluorine atoms×19)/(Formula weight of group)}×100(%).
In order to give good permittivity and oxidation resistance, the fluorine content in the whole fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate is preferably 10% by mass or more, more preferably 15% by mass or more. The upper limit thereof is usually 76% by mass.
The fluorine content in the fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate is a value calculated based on the structural formula of the fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate by the following formula:
{(Number of fluorine atoms×19)/(Molecular weight of fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate)}×100(%)
Specific examples of the fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate include the following.
Specific examples of the fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate in which at least one selected from X1 to X4 is —F include those represented by the following formulae.
##STR00020##
These compounds have a high withstand voltage and give good solubility of an electrolyte salt.
Alternatively, those represented by the following formulae:
##STR00021##
may also be used.
Those represented by the following formulae:
##STR00022##
##STR00023##
##STR00024##
may be mentioned as specific examples of the fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate in which at least one selected from X1 to X4 is a fluorinated alkyl group (a) and the others are —H.
Those represented by the following formulae:
##STR00025##
##STR00026##
##STR00027##
##STR00028##
##STR00029##
##STR00030##
may be mentioned as specific examples of the fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate in which at least one selected from X1 to X4 is a fluorinated alkyl group (b) containing an ether bond or a fluorinated alkoxy group (c) and the others are —H.
In particular, the fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate is preferably any of the following compounds.
##STR00031##
##STR00032##
Examples of the fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate also include trans-4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 5-(1,1-difluoroethyl)-4,4-difluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-methylene-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-methyl-5-trifluoromethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-ethyl-5-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-ethyl-5,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-ethyl-4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-ethyl-4,5,5-trifluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4,4-difluoro-5-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-fluoro-5-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-fluoro-5-trifluoromethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, and 4,4-difluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one.
More preferred among these as the fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate are fluoroethylene carbonate, difluoroethylene carbonate, trifluoromethylethylene carbonate, (3,3,3-trifluoropropylene carbonate), and 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropylethylene carbonate.
The fluorinated unsaturated cyclic carbonate is a cyclic carbonate containing an unsaturated bond and a fluorine atom, and is preferably a fluorinated ethylene carbonate derivative substituted with a substituent containing an aromatic ring or a carbon-carbon double bond. Specific examples thereof include 4,4-difluoro-5-phenyl ethylene carbonate, 4,5-difluoro-4-phenyl ethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-phenyl ethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-vinyl ethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-4-phenyl ethylene carbonate, 4,4-difluoro-4-vinyl ethylene carbonate, 4,4-difluoro-4-allyl ethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-4-vinyl ethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-4,5-diallyl ethylene carbonate, 4,5-difluoro-4-vinyl ethylene carbonate, 4,5-difluoro-4,5-divinyl ethylene carbonate, and 4,5-difluoro-4,5-diallyl ethylene carbonate.
One fluorinated cyclic carbonate may be used alone or two or more thereof may be used in any combination at any ratio.
The fluorinated cyclic carbonate, when contained, is preferably present in an amount of 5 to 90% by volume, more preferably 10 to 60% by volume, still more preferably 15 to 45% by volume, relative to the solvent.
The acyclic carbonate may be either a non-fluorinated acyclic carbonate or a fluorinated acyclic carbonate.
Examples of the non-fluorinated acyclic carbonate include hydrocarbon-based acyclic carbonates such as CH3OCOOCH3 (dimethyl carbonate, DMC), CH3CH2OCOOCH2CH3 (diethyl carbonate, DEC), CH3CH2OCOOCH3 (ethyl methyl carbonate, EMC), CH3OCOOCH2CH2CH3 (methyl propyl carbonate), methyl butyl carbonate, ethyl propyl carbonate, ethyl butyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, dibutyl carbonate, methyl isopropyl carbonate, methyl-2-phenyl phenyl carbonate, phenyl-2-phenyl phenyl carbonate, trans-2,3-pentylene carbonate, trans-2,3-butylene carbonate, and ethyl phenyl carbonate. Preferred among these is at least one selected from the group consisting of ethyl methyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and dimethyl carbonate.
One non-fluorinated acyclic carbonate may be used alone or two or more thereof may be used in any combination at any ratio.
The non-fluorinated acyclic carbonate, when contained, is preferably present in an amount of 10 to 90% by volume, more preferably 40 to 85% by volume, still more preferably 50 to 80% by volume, relative to the solvent.
The fluorinated acyclic carbonate is an acyclic carbonate containing a fluorine atom. A solvent containing a fluorinated acyclic carbonate can suitably be used at high voltage.
An example of the fluorinated acyclic carbonate is a compound represented by the following formula (B):
Rf2OCOOR7 (B)
wherein Rf2 is a C1-C7 fluorinated alkyl group; and R7 is a C1-C7 alkyl group optionally containing a fluorine atom.
Rf2 is a C1-C7 fluorinated alkyl group and R7 is a C1-C7 alkyl group optionally containing a fluorine atom.
The fluorinated alkyl group is a group obtainable by replacing at least one hydrogen atom of an alkyl group by a fluorine atom. When R7 is an alkyl group containing a fluorine atom, it is a fluorinated alkyl group.
In order to give low viscosity, Rf2 and R7 each preferably have a carbon number of 1 to 7, more preferably 1 to 2.
Too large a carbon number may cause poor low-temperature characteristics and low solubility of an electrolyte salt. Too small a carbon number may cause low solubility of an electrolyte salt, low discharge efficiency, and increased viscosity, for example.
Examples of the fluorinated alkyl group having a carbon number of 1 include CFH2—, CF2H—, and CF3—. In order to give high-temperature storage characteristics, particularly preferred is CFH2— or CF3—.
In order to give good solubility of an electrolyte salt, preferred examples of the fluorinated alkyl group having a carbon number of 2 or greater include fluorinated alkyl groups represented by the following formula (d-1):
R1-R2- (d-1)
wherein R1 is an alkyl group having a carbon number of 1 or greater and optionally containing a fluorine atom; R2 is a C1-C3 alkylene group optionally containing a fluorine atom; and at least one selected from the group consisting of R1 and R2 contains a fluorine atom.
R1 and R2 each may further contain an atom other than carbon, hydrogen, and fluorine atoms.
R1 is an alkyl group having a carbon number of 1 or greater and optionally containing a fluorine atom. R1 is preferably a C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl group. The carbon number of R1 is more preferably 1 to 3.
Specifically, for example, CH3—, CF3—, CH3CH2—, CH3CH2CH2—, CH3CH2CH2CH2—, and groups represented by the following formulae:
##STR00033##
may be mentioned as linear or branched alkyl groups for R1.
Examples of R1 which is a linear alkyl group containing a fluorine atom include CF3—, CF3CH2—, CF3CF2—, CF3CH2CH2—, CF3CF2CH2—, CF3CF2CF2—, CF3CH2CF2—, CF3CH2CH2CH2—, CF3CF2CH2CH2—, CF3CH2CF2CH2—, CF3CF2CF2CH2—, CF3CF2CF2CF2—, CF3CF2CH2CF2—, CF3CH2CH2CH2CH2—, CF3CF2CH2CH2CH2—, CF3CH2CF2CH2CH2—, CF3CF2CF2CH2CH2—, CF3CF2CF2CF2CH2—, CF3CF2CH2CF2CH2—, CF3CF2CH2CH2CH2CH2—, CF3CF2CF2CF2CH2CH2—, CF3CF2CH2CF2CH2CH2—, HCF2—, HCF2CH2—, HCF2CF2—, HCF2CH2CH2—, HCF2CF2CH2—, HCF2CH2CF2—, HCF2CF2CH2CH2—, HCF2CH2CF2CH2—, HCF2CF2CF2CF2—, HCF2CF2CH2CH2CH2—, HCF2CH2CF2CH2CH2—, HCF2CF2CF2CF2CH2—, HCF2CF2CF2CF2CH2CH2—, FCH2—, FCH2CH2—, FCH2CF2—, FCH2CF2CH2—, FCH2CF2CF2—, CH3CF2CH2—, CH3CF2CF2—, CH3CF2CH2CF2—, CH3CF2CF2CF2—, CH3CH2CF2CF2—, CH3CF2CH2CF2CH2—, CH3CF2CF2CF2CH2—, CH3CF2CF2CH2CH2—, CH3CH2CF2CF2CH2—, CH3CF2CH2CF2CH2CH2—, CH3CF2CH2CF2CH2CH2—, HCFClCF2CH2—, HCF2CFClCH2—, HCF2CFClCF2CFClCH2—, and HCFClCF2CFClCF2CH2—.
Examples of R1 which is a branched alkyl group containing a fluorine atom include those represented by the following formulae.
##STR00034##
##STR00035##
The presence of a branch such as CH3— or CF3— may easily cause high viscosity. Thus, the number of such branches is more preferably small (one) or zero.
R2 is a C1-C3 alkylene group optionally containing a fluorine atom. R2 may be either linear or branched. Examples of a minimum structural unit constituting such a linear or branched alkylene group are shown below. R2 is constituted by one or combination of these units.
(i) Linear Minimum Structural Units
—CH2—, —CHF—, —CF2—, —CHCl—, —CFCl—, —CCl2—
(ii) Branched Minimum Structural Units
##STR00036##
Preferred among these exemplified units are C1-free structural units because such units may not be dehydrochlorinated by a base, and thus may be more stable.
R2 which is a linear group consists only of any of the above linear minimum structural units, and is preferably —CH2—, —CH2CH2—, or —CF2—. In order to further improve the solubility of an electrolyte salt, —CH2— or —CH2CH2— is more preferred.
R2 which is a branched group includes at least one of the above branched minimum structural units. A preferred example thereof is a group represented by —(CXaXb)— (wherein Xa is H, F, CH3, or CF3; Xb is CH3 or CF3; when Xb is CF3, Xa is H or CH3). Such a group can much further improve the solubility of an electrolyte salt.
For example, CF3CF2—, HCF2CF2—, H2CFCF2—, CH3CF2—, CF3CH2—, CF3CF2CF2—, HCF2CF2CF2—, H2CFCF2CF2—, CH3CF2CF2—, and those represented by the following formulae:
##STR00037##
##STR00038##
may be specifically mentioned as preferred examples of the fluorinated alkyl group.
The fluorinated alkyl group for Rf2 and R7 is preferably CF3—, CF3CF2—, (CF3)2CH—, CF3CH2—, C2F5CH2—, CF3CF2CH2—, HCF2CF2CH2—, CF3CFHCF2CH2—, CFH2—, and CF2H—. In order to give high incombustibility and good rate characteristics and oxidation resistance, more preferred are CF3CH2—, CF3CF2CH2—, HCF2CF2CH2—, CFH2—, and CF2H—.
R7, when it is an alkyl group free from a fluorine atom, is a C1-C7 alkyl group. In order to give low viscosity, R7 preferably has a carbon number of 1 to 4, more preferably 1 to 3.
Examples of the alkyl group free from a fluorine atom include CH3—, CH3CH2—, (CH3)2CH—, and C3H7—. In order to give low viscosity and good rate characteristics, preferred are CH3— and CH3CH2—.
The fluorinated acyclic carbonate preferably has a fluorine content of 15 to 70% by mass. The fluorinated acyclic carbonate having a fluorine content within the above range can maintain the miscibility with a solvent and the solubility of a salt. The fluorine content is more preferably 20% by mass or more, still more preferably 30% by mass or more, particularly preferably 35% by mass or more, while more preferably 60% by mass or less, still more preferably 50% by mass or less.
In the disclosure, the fluorine content is a value calculated based on the structural formula of the fluorinated acyclic carbonate by the following formula:
{(Number of fluorine atoms×19)/(Molecular weight of fluorinated acyclic carbonate)}×100(%).
In order to give low viscosity, the fluorinated acyclic carbonate is preferably any of the following compounds.
##STR00039##
The fluorinated acyclic carbonate is particularly preferably methyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl carbonate (F3CH2COC(═O) OCH3).
One fluorinated acyclic carbonate may be used alone, or two or more thereof may be used in any combination at any ratio.
The fluorinated acyclic carbonate, when contained, is preferably present in an amount of 10 to 90% by volume, more preferably 40 to 85% by volume, still more preferably 50 to 80% by volume, relative to the solvent.
The carboxylate may be either a cyclic carboxylate or an acyclic carboxylate.
The cyclic carboxylate may be either a non-fluorinated cyclic carboxylate or a fluorinated cyclic carboxylate.
Examples of the non-fluorinated cyclic carboxylate include a non-fluorinated saturated cyclic carboxylate, and preferred is a non-fluorinated saturated cyclic carboxylate containing a C2-C4 alkylene group.
Specific examples of the non-fluorinated saturated cyclic carboxylate containing a C2-C4 alkylene group include β-propiolactone, γ-butyrolactone, ε-caprolactone, δ-valerolactone, and α-methyl-γ-butyrolactone. In order to improve the degree of dissociation of lithium ions and to improve the load characteristics, particularly preferred among these are γ-butyrolactone and 5-valerolactone.
One non-fluorinated saturated cyclic carboxylate may be used alone or two or more thereof may be used in any combination at any ratio.
The non-fluorinated saturated cyclic carboxylate, when contained, is preferably present in an amount of 0 to 90% by volume, more preferably 0.001 to 90% by volume, still more preferably 1 to 60% by volume, particularly preferably 5 to 40% by volume, relative to the solvent.
The acyclic carboxylate may be either a non-fluorinated acyclic carboxylate or a fluorinated acyclic carboxylate. The solvent containing the acyclic carboxylate eanables further reduction of an increase in resistance after high-temperature storage of the electrolyte solution.
Examples of the non-fluorinated acyclic carboxylate include methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, butyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, propyl propionate, butyl propionate, tert-butyl propionate, tert-butyl butyrate, sec-butyl propionate, sec-butyl butyrate, n-butyl butyrate, methyl pyrophosphate, ethyl pyrophosphate, tert-butyl formate, tert-butyl acetate, sec-butyl formate, sec-butyl acetate, n-hexyl pivalate, n-propyl formate, n-propyl acetate, n-butyl formate, n-butyl pivalate, n-octyl pivalate, ethyl 2-(dimethoxyphosphoryl)acetate, ethyl 2-(dimethylphosphoryl)acetate, ethyl 2-(diethoxyphosphoryl)acetate, ethyl 2-(diethylphosphoryl)acetate, isopropyl propionate, isopropyl acetate, ethyl formate, ethyl 2-propynyl oxalate, isopropyl formate, isopropyl butyrate, isobutyl formate, isobutyl propionate, isobutyl butyrate, and isobutyl acetate.
Preferred among these are butyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, propyl propionate, and butyl propionate, particularly preferred are ethyl propionate and propyl propionate.
One non-fluorinated acyclic carboxylate may be used alone or two or more thereof may be used in any combination at any ratio.
The non-fluorinated acyclic carboxylate, when contained, is preferably present in an amount of 0 to 90% by volume, more preferably 0.001 to 90% by volume, still more preferably 1 to 60% by volume, particularly preferably 5 to 40% by volume, relative to the solvent.
The fluorinated acyclic carboxylate is an acyclic carboxylate containing a fluorine atom. A solvent containing a fluorinated acyclic carboxylate can be suitably used at high voltage.
In order to achieve good miscibility with other solvents and to give good oxidation resistance, preferred examples of the fluorinated acyclic carboxylate include a fluorinated acyclic carboxylate represented by the following formula:
R31COOR32
(wherein R31 and R32 are each individually a C1-C4 alkyl group optionally containing a fluorine atom, and at least one selected from the group consisting of R31 and R32 contains a fluorine atom).
Examples of R31 and R32 include non-fluorinated alkyl groups such as a methyl group (—CH3), an ethyl group (—CH2CH3), a propyl group (—CH2CH2CH3), an isopropyl group (—CH(CH3)2), a normal butyl group (—CH2CH2CH2CH3), and a tertiary butyl group (—C(CH3)3); and fluorinated alkyl groups such as —CF3, —CF2H, —CFH2, —CF2CF3, —CF2CF2H, —CF2CFH2, —CH2CF3, —CH2CF2H, —CH2CFH2, —CF2CF2CF3, —CF2CF2CF2H, —CF2CF2CFH2, —CH2CF2CF3, —CH2CF2CF2H, —CH2CF2CFH2, —CH2CH2CF3, —CH2CH2CF2H, —CH2CH2CFH2, —CF(CF3)2, —CF(CF2H)2, —CF(CFH2)2, —CH(CF3)2, —CH(CF2H)2, —CH(CFH2)2, —CF(OCH3) CF3, —CF2CF2CF2CF3, —CF2CF2CF2CF2H, —CF2CF2CF2CFH2, —CH2CF2CF2CF3, —CH2CF2CF2CF2H, —CH2CF2CF2CFH2, —CH2CH2CF2CF3, —CH2CH2CF2CF2H, —CH2CH2CF2CFH2, —CH2CH2CH2CF3, —CH2CH2CH2CF2H, —CH2CH2CH2CFH2, —CF(CF3)CF2CF3, —CF(CF2H) CF2CF3, —CF(CFH2) CF2CF3, —CF(CF3) CF2CF2H, —CF(CF3) CF2CFH2, —CF(CF3) CH2CF3, —CF(CF3) CH2CF2H, —CF(CF3) CH2CFH2, —CH(CF3) CF2CF3, —CH(CF2H) CF2CF3, —CH(CFH2) CF2CF3, —CH(CF3) CF2CF2H, —CH(CF3) CF2CFH2, —CH(CF3) CH2CF3, —CH(CF3) CH2CF2H, —CH(CF3) CH2CFH2, —CF2CF(CF3) CF3, —CF2CF(CF2H) CF3, —CF2CF(CFH2) CF3, —CF2CF(CF3) CF2H, —CF2CF(CF3) CFH2, —CH2CF(CF3) CF3, —CH2CF(CF2H) CF3, —CH2CF(CFH2) CF3, —CH2CF(CF3) CF2H, —CH2CF(CF3) CFH2, —CH2CH(CF3) CF3, —CH2CH(CF2H) CF3, —CH2CH(CFH2) CF3, —CH2CH(CF3) CF2H, —CH2CH(CF3) CFH2, —CF2CH(CF3) CF3, —CF2CH(CF2H) CF3, —CF2CH(CFH2) CF3, —CF2CH(CF3) CF2H, —CF2CH(CF3) CFH2, —C(CF3)3, —C(CF2H)3, and —C(CFH2)3. In order to improve the miscibility with other solvents, viscosity, and oxidation resistance, particularly preferred among these are a methyl group, an ethyl group, —CF3, —CF2H, —CF2CF3, —CH2CF3, —CH2CF2H, —CH2CFH2, —CH2CH2CF3, —CH2CF2CF3, —CH2CF2CF2H, and —CH2CF2CFH2.
Specific examples of the fluorinated acyclic carboxylate include one or two or more of CF3CH2C(═O)OCH3 (methyl 3,3,3-trifluoropropionate), HCF2C(═O)OCH3 (methyl difluoroacetate), HCF2C(═O)OC2Hs(ethyl difluoroacetate), CF3C(═O) OCH2CH2CF3, CF3C(═O) OCH2C2F5, CF3C(═O) OCH2CF2CF2H (2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl trifluoroacetate), CF3C(═O) OCH2CF3, CF3C(═O) OCH(CF3) 2, ethyl pentafluorobutyrate, methyl pentafluoropropionate, ethyl pentafluoropropionate, methyl heptafluoroisobutyrate, isopropyl trifluorobutyrate, ethyl trifluoroacetate, tert-butyl trifluoroacetate, n-butyl trifluoroacetate, methyl tetrafluoro-2-(methoxy)propionate, 2,2-difluoroethyl acetate, 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl acetate, CH3C(═O)OCH2CF3 (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl acetate), 1H,1H-heptafluorobutyl acetate, methyl 4,4,4-trifluorobutyrate, ethyl 4,4,4-trifluorobutyrate, ethyl 3,3,3-trifluoropropionate, 3,3,3trifluoropropyl 3,3,3-trifluoropropionate, ethyl 3-(trifluoromethyl)butyrate, methyl 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropionate, butyl 2,2-difluoroacetate, methyl 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropionate, methyl 2-(trifluoromethyl)-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate, and methyl heptafluorobutyrate.
In order to achieve good miscibility with other solvents and good rate characteristics, preferred among these are CF3CH2C(═O) OCH3, HCF2C(═O) OCH3, HCF2C(═O) OC2H5, CF3C(═O) OCH2C2F5, CF3C(═O) OCH2CF2CF2H, CF3C(═O) OCH2CF3, CF3C(═O) OCH(CF3)2, ethyl pentafluorobutyrate, methyl pentafluoropropionate, ethyl pentafluoropropionate, methyl heptafluoroisobutyrate, isopropyl trifluorobutyrate, ethyl trifluoroacetate, tert-butyl trifluoroacetate, n-butyl trifluoroacetate, methyl tetrafluoro-2-(methoxy)propionate, 2,2-difluoroethyl acetate, 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl acetate, CH3C(═O)OCH2CF3, 1H,1H-heptafluorobutyl acetate, methyl 4,4,4-trifluorobutyrate, ethyl 4,4,4-trifluorobutyrate, ethyl 3,3,3-trifluoropropionate, 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl 3,3,3-trifluoropropionate, ethyl 3-(trifluoromethyl)butyrate, methyl 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropionate, butyl 2,2-difluoroacetate, methyl 2,2,3,3,-tetrafluoropropionate, methyl 2-(trifluoromethyl)-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate, and methyl heptafluorobutyrate, more preferred are CF3CH2C(═O) OCH3, HCF2C(═O) OCH3, HCF2C(═O) OC2Hs, and CH3C(═O) OCH2CF3, and particularly preferred are HCF2C(═O) OCH3, HCF2C(═O) OC2H5, and CH3C(═O)OCH2CF3.
One fluorinated acyclic carboxylate may be used alone or two or more thereof may be used in any combination at any ratio.
The fluorinated acyclic carboxylate, when contained, is preferably present in an amount of 10 to 90% by volume, more preferably 40 to 85% by volume, still more preferably 50 to 80% by volume, relative to the solvent.
The solvent preferably contains at least one selected from the group consisting of the cyclic carbonate, the acyclic carbonate, and the acyclic carboxylate, and more preferably contains the cyclic carbonate and at least one selected from the group consisting of the acyclic carbonate and the acyclic carboxylate. The cyclic carbonate is preferably a saturated cyclic carbonate.
An electrolyte solution containing a solvent of such a composition enables an electrochemical device to have further improved high-temperature storage characteristics and cycle characteristics.
For the solvent containing the cyclic carbonate and at least one selected from the group consisting of the acyclic carbonate and the acyclic carboxylate, the total amount of the cyclic carbonate and at least one selected from the group consisting of the acyclic carbonate and the acyclic carboxylate ester is preferably 10 to 100% by volume, more preferably 30 to 100% by volume, still more preferably 50 to 100% by volume.
For the solvent containing the cyclic carbonate and at least one selected from the group consisting of the acyclic carbonate and the acyclic carboxylate, the cyclic carbonate and at least one selected from the group consisting of the acyclic carbonate and the acyclic carboxylate preferably give a volume ratio of 5/95 to 95/5, more preferably 10/90 or more, still more preferably 15/85 or more, particularly preferably 20/80 or more, while more preferably 90/10 or less, still more preferably 60/40 or less, particularly preferably 50/50 or less.
The solvent also preferably contains at least one selected from the group consisting of the non-fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate, the non-fluorinated acyclic carbonate, and the non-fluorinated acyclic carboxylate, more preferably contains the non-fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate and at least one selected from the group consisting of the non-fluorinated acyclic carbonate and the non-fluorinated acyclic carboxylate. An electrolyte solution containing a solvent of such a composition can suitably be used for electrochemical devices used at relatively low voltage.
For the solvent containing the non-fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate and at least one selected from the group consisting of the non-fluorinated acyclic carbonate and the non-fluorinated acyclic carboxylate, the total amount of the non-fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate and at least one selected from the group consisting of the non-fluorinated acyclic carbonate and the non-fluorinated acyclic carboxylate ester is preferably 5 to 100% by volume, more preferably 20 to 100% by volume, still more preferably 30 to 100% by volume.
For the electrolyte solution containing the non-fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate and at least one selected from the group consisting of the non-fluorinated acyclic carbonate and the non-fluorinated acyclic carboxylate, the non-fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate and at least one selected from the group consisting of the non-fluorinated acyclic carbonate and the non-fluorinated acyclic carboxylate ester preferably give a volume ratio of 5/95 to 95/5, more preferably 10/90 or more, still more preferably 15/85 or more, particularly preferably 20/80 or more, while more preferably 90/10 or less, still more preferably 60/40 or less, particularly preferably 50/50 or less.
The solvent preferably contains at least one selected from the group consisting of the fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate, the fluorinated acyclic carbonate, and the fluorinated acyclic carboxylate, and more preferably contains the fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate and at least one selected from the group consisting of the fluorinated acyclic carbonate and the fluorinated acyclic carboxylate. An electrolyte solution containing a solvent of such a composition can suitably be used for not only electrochemical devices used at relatively high voltage but also electrochemical devices used at relatively low voltage.
For the solvent containing the fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate and at least one selected from the group consisting of the fluorinated acyclic carbonate and the fluorinated acyclic carboxylate, the total amount of the fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate and at least one selected from the group consisting of the fluorinated acyclic carbonate and the fluorinated acyclic carboxylate ester is preferably 5 to 100% by volume, more preferably 10 to 100% by volume, still more preferably 30 to 100% by volume.
For the solvent containing the fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate and at least one selected from the group consisting of the fluorinated acyclic carbonate and the fluorinated acyclic carboxylate, the fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate and at least one selected from the group consisting of the fluorinated acyclic carbonate and the fluorinated acyclic carboxylate ester preferably give a volume ratio of 5/95 to 95/5, more preferably 10/90 or more, still more preferably 15/85 or more, particularly preferably 20/80 or more, while more preferably 90/10 or less, still more preferably 60/40 or less, particularly preferably 50/50 or less.
The solvent used may be an ionic liquid. The “ionic liquid” means a liquid containing an ion that is a combination of an organic cation and an anion.
Examples of the organic cation include, but are not limited to, imidazolium ions such as dialkyl imidazolium cations and trialkyl imidazolium cations; tetraalkyl ammonium ions; alkyl pyridinium ions; dialkyl pyrrolidinium ions; and dialkyl piperidinium ions.
Examples of the anion to be used as a counterion of any of these organic cations include, but are not limited to, a PF6 anion, a PF3 (C2F5)3 anion, a PF3 (CF3)3 anion, a BF4 anion, a BF2 (CF3)2 anion, a BF3 (CF3) anion, a P(C2O4)F2 anion, a Tf (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) anion, Nf (nonafluorobutanesulfonyl) anion, a bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide anion, a bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide anion, a bis(pentafluoroethanesulfonyl)imide anion, a dicyanoamine anion, and halide anions.
The solvent is preferably a non-aqueous solvent and the electrolyte solution of the disclosure is preferably a non-aqueous electrolyte solution.
The solvent is preferably present in an amount of 70 to 99.999% by mass, more preferably 80% by mass or more, while preferably 92% by mass or less, of the electrolyte solution.
The electrolyte solution of the disclosure may further contain the following compound (5). Examples of the compound (5) include lithium difluorooxalatoborate (LiDFOB) represented by the following formula:
##STR00040##
lithium difluorooxalatophosphanite (LiDFOP) represented by the following formula:
##STR00041##
lithium tetrafluorooxalatophosphanite (LITFOP) represented by the following formula:
##STR00042##
and lithium bis(oxalato)difluorophosphanite represented by the following formula:
##STR00043##
Examples of the compound (5) also include lithium bis(malonato)borate, lithium difluoro(malonato)borate, lithium bis(methylmalonato)borate, lithium difluoro(methylmalonato)borate, lithium bis(dimethylmalonato)borate, and lithium difluoro(dimethylmalonato)borate.
Examples of the compound (5) also include lithium tris(oxalato)phosphate, lithium tris(malonato)phosphate, lithium difluorobis(malonato)phosphate, lithium tetrafluoro(malonato)phosphate, lithium tris(methylmalonato)phosphate, lithium difluorobis(methylmalonato)phosphate, lithium tetrafluoro(methylmalonato)phosphate, lithium tris(dimethylmalonato)phosphate, lithium difluorobis(dimethylmalonato)phosphate, and lithium tetrafluoro(dimethylmalonato)phosphate.
Examples of the compound (5) also include LiAl(C2O4)2 and LiAlF2(C2O4).
In order to enable easy availability and contribute to formation of a stable film-shaped structure, more preferred among these are lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate, lithium tris(oxalato)phosphate, lithium difluorobis(oxalato)phosphate, and lithium tetrafluoro(oxalato)phosphate.
In order to give much better cycle characteristics, the compound (5) is preferably in an amount of 0.001% by mass or more, more preferably 0.01% by mass or more, while preferably 10% by mass or less, more preferably 3% by mass or less, relative to the solvent.
The electrolyte solution of the disclosure preferably further contains an electrolyte salt other than the compounds (1) and (5). Examples of the electrolyte salt used include lithium salts, ammonium salts, and metal salts, as well as any of those to be used for electrolyte solutions such as liquid salts (ionic liquids), inorganic polymer salts, and organic polymer salts.
The electrolyte salt of the electrolyte solution for a lithium ion secondary battery is preferably a lithium salt.
Any lithium salt may be used. Specific examples thereof include the following:
In order to achieve an effect of improving properties such as output characteristics, high-rate charge and discharge characteristics, high-temperature storage characteristics, and cycle characteristics, particularly preferred among these are LiPF6, LiBF4, LiSbF6, LiTaF6, LiPO2F2, FSO3Li, CF3SO3Li, LiN(FSO2)2, LiN(FSO2) (CF3SO2), LiN(CF3SO2)2, LiN(C2F5SO2)2, lithium cyclic 1,2-perfluoroethanedisulfonyl imide, lithium cyclic 1,3-perfluoropropanedisulfonyl imide, LiC(FSO2)3, LiC(CF3SO2)3, LiC(C2F5SO2)3, LiBF3CF3, LiBF3C2F5, LiPF3 (CF3)3, LiPF3 (C2F5)3, and the like. Most preferred is at least one lithium salt selected from the group consisting of LiPF6, LiN(FSO2)2, and LiBF4.
One of these electrolyte salts may be used alone or two or more thereof may be used in combination. In combination use of two or more thereof, preferred examples thereof include a combination of LiPF6 and LiBF4 and a combination of LiPF6 and LiPO2F2, C2H5OSO3Li, or FSO3Li, each of which have an effect of improving the high-temperature storage characteristics, the load characteristics, and the cycle characteristics.
In this case, LiBF4, LiPO2F2, C2H5OSO3Li, or FSO3Li may be present in any amount that does not significantly impair the effects of the disclosure in 100% by mass of the whole electrolyte solution. The amount thereof is usually 0.01% by mass or more, preferably 0.1% by mass or more, while the upper limit thereof is usually 30% by mass or less, preferably 20% by mass or less, more preferably 10% by mass or less, still more preferably 5% by mass or less, relative to the electrolyte solution of the disclosure.
In another example, an inorganic lithium salt and an organic lithium salt are used in combination. Such a combination has an effect of reducing deterioration due to high-temperature storage. The organic lithium salt is preferably CF3SO3Li, LiN(FSO2)2, LiN(FSO2) (CF3SO2), LiN(CF3SO2)2, LiN(C2F5SO2)2, lithium cyclic 1,2-perfluoroethanedisulfonyl imide, lithium cyclic 1,3-perfluoropropanedisulfonyl imide, LiC(FSO2)3, LiC(CF3SO2)3, LiC(C2F5SO2)3, LiBF3CF3, LiBF3C2F5, LiPF3 (CF3)3, LiPF3 (C2F5)3, or the like. In this case, the proportion of the organic lithium salt is preferably 0.1% by mass or more, particularly preferably 0.5% by mass or more, while preferably 30% by mass or less, particularly preferably 20% by mass or less, of 100% by mass of the whole electrolyte solution.
The electrolyte salt in the electrolyte solution may have any concentration that does not impair the effects of the disclosure. In order to make the electric conductivity of the electrolyte solution within a favorable range and to ensure good battery performance, the lithium in the electrolyte solution preferably has a total mole concentration of 0.3 mol/L or higher, more preferably 0.4 mol/L or higher, still more preferably 0.5 mol/L or higher, while preferably 3 mol/L or lower, more preferably 2.5 mol/L or lower, still more preferably 2.0 mol/L or lower.
Too low a total mole concentration of lithium may cause insufficient electric conductivity of the electrolyte solution, while too high a concentration may cause an increase in viscosity and then reduction in electric conductivity, impairing the battery performance.
The electrolyte solution of the disclosure preferably further contains a compound (2) represented by the following formula (2):
##STR00044##
(wherein X21 is a group containing at least H or C; n21 is an integer of 1 to 3; Y21 and Z21 are the same as or different from each other, and are each a group containing at least H, C, O, or F; n22 is 0 or 1; and Y21 and Z21 optionally bind to each other to form a ring). The electrolyte solution containing the compound (2) can cause much less reduction in capacity retention and can cause a much less increase in amount of gas generated even when stored at high temperature.
When n21 is 2 or 3, the two or three X21s may be the same as or different from each other.
When multiple Y21s and multiple Z21s are present, the multiple Y21s may be the same as or different from each other and the multiple Z21s may be the same as or different from each other.
X21 is preferably a group represented by —CY21Z21— (wherein Y21 and Z21 are defined as described above) or a group represented by —CY21═CZ21— (wherein Y21 and Z21 are defined as described above).
Y21 preferably includes at least one selected from the group consisting of H—, F—, CH3—, CH3CH2—, CH3CH2CH2—, CF3—, CF3CF2—, CH2FCH2—, and CF3CF2CF2—.
Z21 preferably includes at least one selected from the group consisting of H—, F—, CH3—, CH3CH2—, CH3CH2CH2—, CF3—, CF3CF2—, CH2FCH2—, and CF3CF2CF2—.
Alternatively, Y21 and Z21 may bind to each other to form a carbon ring or heterocycle that may contain an unsaturated bond and may have aromaticity. The ring preferably has a carbon number of 3 to 20.
Next, specific examples of the compound (2) are described. In the following examples, the term “analog” means an acid anhydride obtainable by replacing part of the structure of an acid anhydride mentioned as an example by another structure within the scope of the disclosure. Examples thereof include dimers, trimers, and tetramers each composed of a plurality of acid anhydrides, structural isomers such as those having a substituent that has the same carbon number but also has a branch, and those having a different site at which a substituent binds to the acid anhydride.
Specific examples of an acid anhydride having a 5-membered cyclic structure include succinic anhydride, methylsuccinic anhydride (4-methylsuccinic anhydride), dimethylsuccinic anhydride (e.g., 4,4-dimethylsuccinic anhydride, 4,5-dimethylsuccinic anhydride), 4,4,5-trimethylsuccinic anhydride, 4,4,5,5-tetramethylsuccinic anhydride, 4-vinylsuccinic anhydride, 4,5-divinylsuccinic anhydride, phenylsuccinic anhydride (4-phenylsuccinic anhydride), 4,5-diphenylsuccinic anhydride, 4,4-diphenylsuccinic anhydride, citraconic anhydride, maleic anhydride, methylmaleic anhydride (4-methylmaleic anhydride), 4,5-dimethylmaleic anhydride, phenylmaleic anhydride (4-phenylmaleic anhydride), 4,5-diphenylmaleic anhydride, itaconic anhydride, 5-methylitaconic anhydride, 5,5-dimethylitaconic anhydride, phthalic anhydride, and 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, and analogs thereof.
Specific examples of an acid anhydride having a 6-membered cyclic structure include cyclohexanedicarboxylic anhydride (e.g., cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic anhydride), 4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic anhydride, glutaric anhydride, glutaconic anhydride, and 2-phenylglutaric anhydride, and analogs thereof.
Specific examples of an acid anhydride having a different cyclic structure include 5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride, cyclopentanetetracarboxylic dianhydride, pyromellitic anhydride, and diglycolic anhydride, and analogs thereof.
Specific examples of an acid anhydride having a cyclic structure and substituted with a halogen atom include monofluorosuccinic anhydride (e.g., 4-fluorosuccinic anhydride), 4,4-difluorosuccinic anhydride, 4,5-difluorosuccinic anhydride, 4,4,5-trifluorosuccinic anhydride, trifluoromethylsuccinic anhydride, tetrafluorosuccinic anhydride (4,4,5,5-tetrafluorosuccinic anhydride), 4-fluoromaleic anhydride, 4,5-difluoromaleic anhydride, trifluoromethylmaleic anhydride, 5-fluoroitaconic anhydride, and 5,5-difluoroitaconic anhydride, and analogs thereof.
Preferred among these as the compound (2) are glutaric anhydride, citraconic anhydride, glutaconic anhydride, itaconic anhydride, diglycolic anhydride, cyclohexanedicarboxylic anhydride, cyclopentanetetracarboxylic dianhydride, 4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic anhydride, 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, 5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride, phenylsuccinic anhydride, 2-phenylglutaric anhydride, maleic anhydride, methylmaleic anhydride, trifluoromethylmaleic anhydride, phenylmaleic anhydride, succinic anhydride, methylsuccinic anhydride, dimethylsuccinic anhydride, trifluoromethylsuccinic anhydride, monofluorosuccinic anhydride, and tetrafluorosuccinic anhydride. More preferred are maleic anhydride, methylmaleic anhydride, trifluoromethylmaleic anhydride, succinic anhydride, methylsuccinic anhydride, trifluoromethylsuccinic anhydride, and tetrafluorosuccinic anhydride, and still more preferred are maleic anhydride and succinic anhydride.
The compound (2) preferably includes at least one selected from the group consisting of: a compound (3) represented by the following formula (3):
##STR00045##
(wherein X31 to X34 are the same as or different from each other, and are each a group containing at least H, C, O, or F); and a compound (4) represented by the following formula (4):
##STR00046##
(wherein X41 and X42 are the same as or different from each other, and are each a group containing at least H, C, O, or F).
X31 to X34 are the same as or different from each other, and preferably include at least one selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group, a fluorinated alkyl group, an alkenyl group, and a fluorinated alkenyl group. X31 to X34 each preferably have a carbon number of 1 to 10, more preferably 1 to 3.
X31 to X34 are the same as or different from each other, and more preferably include at least one selected from the group consisting of H—, F—, CH3—, CH3CH2—, CH3CH2CH2—, CF3—, CF3CF2—, CH2FCH2—, and CF3CF2CF2—.
X41 and X42 are the same as or different from each other, and preferably include at least one selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group, a fluorinated alkyl group, an alkenyl group, and a fluorinated alkenyl group. X41 and X42 each preferably have a carbon number of 1 to 10, more preferably 1 to 3.
X41 and X42 are the same as or different from each other, and more preferably include at least one selected from the group consisting of H—, F—, CH3—, CH3CH2—, CH3CH2CH2—, CF3—, CF3CF2—, CH2FCH2—, and CF3CF2CF2—.
The compound (3) is preferably any of the following compounds.
##STR00047##
The compound (4) is preferably any of the following compounds.
##STR00048##
In order to cause much less reduction in capacity retention and a much less increase in amount of gas generated even when stored at high temperature, the electrolyte solution preferably contains 0.0001 to 15% by mass of the compound (2) relative to the electrolyte solution. The amount of the compound (2) is more preferably 0.01 to 10% by mass, still more preferably 0.1 to 3% by mass, particularly preferably 0.1 to 1.0% by mass.
In order to cause much less reduction in capacity retention and a much less increase in amount of gas generated even when stored at high temperature, the electrolyte solution, when containing both the compounds (3) and (4), preferably contains 0.08 to 2.50% by mass of the compound (3) and 0.02 to 1.50% by mass of the compound (4), more preferably 0.80 to 2.50% by mass of the compound (3) and 0.08 to 1.50% by mass of the compound (4), relative to the electrolyte solution.
The electrolyte solution of the disclosure may contain at least one selected from the group consisting of nitrile compounds represented by the following formulae (1a), (1b), and (1c):
##STR00049##
(wherein Ra and Rb are each individually a hydrogen atom, a cyano group (CN), a halogen atom, an alkyl group, or a group obtainable by replacing at least one hydrogen atom of an alkyl group by a halogen atom; and n is an integer of 1 to 10);
##STR00050##
(wherein Rc is a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, a group obtainable by replacing at least one hydrogen atom of an alkyl group by a halogen atom, or a group represented by NC—Rc1—Xc1— (wherein Rc1 is an alkylene group, Xc1 is an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom); Rd and Re are each individually a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, or a group obtainable by replacing at least one hydrogen atom of an alkyl group by a halogen atom; and m is an integer of 1 to 10);
##STR00051##
(wherein Rf, Rg, Rh, and Ri are each individually a group containing a cyano group (CN), a hydrogen atom (H), a halogen atom, an alkyl group, or a group obtainable by replacing at least one hydrogen atom of an alkyl group by a halogen atom; at least one selected from the group consisting of Rf, Rg, Rh, and Ri is a group containing a cyano group; and 1 is an integer of 1 to 3). This can improve the high-temperature storage characteristics of an electrochemical device. One nitrile compound may be used alone, or two or more thereof may be used in any combination at any ratio.
In the formula (1a), Ra and Rb are each individually a hydrogen atom, a cyano group (CN), a halogen atom, an alkyl group, or a group obtainable by replacing at least one hydrogen atom of an alkyl group by a halogen atom.
Examples of the halogen atom include a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, and an iodine atom. Preferred among these is a fluorine atom.
The alkyl group is preferably a C1-C5 alkyl group. Specific examples of the alkyl group include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a butyl group, an isobutyl group, and a tert-butyl group.
An example of the group obtainable by replacing at least one hydrogen atom of an alkyl group by a halogen atom is a group obtainable by replacing at least one hydrogen atom of the aforementioned alkyl group by the aforementioned halogen atom.
When Ra and Rb are alkyl groups or groups each obtainable by replacing at least one hydrogen atom of an alkyl group by a halogen atom, Ra and Rb may bind to each other to form a cyclic structure (e.g., a cyclohexane ring).
Ra and Rb are each preferably a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group.
In the formula (1a), n is an integer of 1 to 10. When n is 2 or greater, all of n Ras may be the same as each other, or at least part of them may be different from the others. The same applies to Rb. In the formula, n is preferably an integer of 1 to 7, more preferably an integer of 2 to 5.
Preferred as the nitrile compound represented by the formula (1a) are dinitriles and tricarbonitriles.
Specific examples of the dinitriles include malononitrile, succinonitrile, glutaronitrile, adiponitrile, pimelonitrile, suberonitrile, azelanitrile, sebaconitrile, undecanedinitrile, dodecanedinitrile, methylmalononitrile, ethylmalononitrile, isopropylmalononitrile, tert-butylmalononitrile, methylsuccinonitrile, 2,2-dimethylsuccinonitrile, 2,3-dimethylsuccinonitrile, 2,3,3-trimethylsuccinonitrile, 2,2,3,3-tetramethylsuccinonitrile, 2,3-diethyl-2,3-dimethylsuccinonitrile, 2,2-diethyl-3,3-dimethylsuccinonitrile, bicyclohexyl-1,1-dicarbonitrile, bicyclohexyl-2,2-dicarbonitrile, bicyclohexyl-3,3-dicarbonitrile, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-hexanedicarbonitrile, 2,3-diisobutyl-2,3-dimethylsuccinonitrile, 2,2-diisobutyl-3,3-dimethylsuccinonitrile, 2-methylglutaronitrile, 2,3-dimethylglutaronitrile, 2,4-dimethylglutaronitrile, 2,2,3,3-tetramethylglutaronitrile, 2,2,4,4-tetramethylglutaronitrile, 2,2,3,4-tetramethylglutaronitrile, 2,3,3,4-tetramethylglutaronitrile, 1,4-dicyanopentane, 2,6-dicyanoheptane, 2,7-dicyanooctane, 2,8-dicyanononane, 1,6-dicyanodecane, 1,2-dicyanobenzene, 1,3-dicyanobenzene, 1,4-dicyanobenzene, 3,3′-(ethylenedioxy)dipropionitrile, 3,3′-(ethylenedithio)dipropionitrile, 3,9-bis(2-cyanoethyl)-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro[5,5]undecane, butanenitrile, and phthalonitrile. Particularly preferred among these are succinonitrile, glutaronitrile, and adiponitrile.
Specific examples of the tricarbonitriles include pentanetricarbonitrile, propanetricarbonitrile, 1,3,5-hexanetricarbonitrile, 1,3,6-hexanetricarbonitrile, heptanetricarbonitrile, 1,2,3-propanetricarbonitrile, 1,3,5-pentanetricarbonitrile, cyclohexanetricarbonitrile, triscyanoethylamine, triscyanoethoxypropane, tricyanoethylene, and tris(2-cyanoethyl)amine. Particularly preferred are 1,3,6-hexanetricarbonitrile and cyclohexanetricarbonitrile, most preferred is cyclohexanetricarbonitrile.
In the formula (1b), Rc is a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, a group obtainable by replacing at least one hydrogen atom of an alkyl group by a halogen atom, or a group represented by NC—Rc1—Xc1— (wherein Rc1 is an alkylene group; and Xc1 is an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom); Rd and Re are each individually a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, or a group obtainable by replacing at least one hydrogen atom of an alkyl group by a halogen atom.
Examples of the halogen atom, the alkyl group, and the group obtainable by replacing at least one hydrogen atom of an alkyl group by a halogen atom include those mentioned as examples thereof for the formula (1a).
Rc1 in NC—Rc1—Xc1— is an alkylene group. The alkylene group is preferably a C1-C3 alkylene group.
Rc, Rd, and Re are each preferably individually a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, or a group obtainable by replacing at least one hydrogen atom of an alkyl group by a halogen atom.
At least one selected from Rc, Rd, and Re is preferably a halogen atom or a group obtainable by replacing at least one hydrogen atom of an alkyl group by a halogen atom, more preferably a fluorine atom or a group obtainable by replacing at least one hydrogen atom of an alkyl group by a fluorine atom.
When Rd and Re are each an alkyl group or a group obtainable by replacing at least one hydrogen atom of an alkyl group by a halogen atom, Rd and Re may bind to each other to form a cyclic structure (e.g., a cyclohexane ring).
In the formula (1b), m is an integer of 1 to 10. When m is 2 or greater, all of m Rds may be the same as each other, or at least part of them may be different from the others. The same applies to Re. In the formula, m is preferably an integer of 2 to 7, more preferably an integer of 2 to 5.
Examples of the nitrile compound represented by the formula (1b) include acetonitrile, propionitrile, butyronitrile, isobutyronitrile, valeronitrile, isovaleronitrile, lauronitrile, 3-methoxypropionitrile, 2-methylbutyronitrile, trimethylacetonitrile, hexanenitrile, cyclopentanecarbonitrile, cyclohexanecarbonitrile, fluoroacetonitrile, difluoroacetonitrile, trifluoroacetonitrile, 2-fluoropropionitrile, 3-fluoropropionitrile, 2,2-difluoropropionitrile, 2,3-difluoropropionitrile, 3,3-difluoropropionitrile, 2,2,3-trifluoropropionitrile, 3,3,3-trifluoropropionitrile, 3,3′-oxydipropionitrile, 3,3′-thiodipropionitrile, pentafluoropropionitrile, methoxyacetonitrile, and benzonitrile. Particularly preferred among these is 3,3,3-trifluoropropionitrile.
In the formula (1c), Rf, Rg, Rh, and Ri are each individually a group containing a cyano group (CN), a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, or a group obtainable by replacing at least one hydrogen atom of an alkyl group by a halogen atom.
Examples of the halogen atom, the alkyl group, and the group obtainable by replacing at least one hydrogen atom of an alkyl group by a halogen atom include those mentioned as examples thereof for the formula (1a).
Examples of the group containing a cyano group include a cyano group and a group obtainable by replacing at least one hydrogen atom of an alkyl group by a cyano group. Examples of the alkyl group in this case include those mentioned as examples for the formula (1a).
At least one selected from Rf, Rg, Rh, and Ri is a group containing a cyano group. Preferably, at least two selected from Rf, Rg, Rh, and Ri are each a group containing a cyano group. More preferably, Rh and Ri are each a group containing a cyano group. When Rh and Ri are each a group containing a cyano group, Rf and Rg are preferably hydrogen atoms.
In the formula (1c), 1 is an integer of 1 to 3. When 1 is 2 or greater, all of 1 Rfs may be the same as each other, or at least part of them may be different from the others. The same applies to Rg. In the formula, 1 is preferably an integer of 1 or 2.
Examples of the nitrile compound represented by the formula (1c) include 3-hexenedinitrile, mucononitrile, maleonitrile, fumaronitrile, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, crotononitrile, 3-methylcrotononitrile, 2-methyl-2-butenenitrile, 2-pentenenitrile, 2-methyl-2-pentenenitrile, 3-methyl-2-pentenenitrile, and 2-hexenenitrile. Preferred are 3-hexenedinitrile and mucononitrile, particularly preferred is 3-hexenedinitrile.
The nitrile compounds are preferably present in an amount of 0.2 to 7% by mass relative to the electrolyte solution. This can further improve the high-temperature storage characteristics and safety of an electrochemical device at high voltage. The lower limit of the total amount of the nitrile compounds is more preferably 0.3% by mass, still more preferably 0.5% by mass. The upper limit thereof is more preferably 5% by mass, still more preferably 2% by mass, particularly preferably 0.5% by mass.
The electrolyte solution of the disclosure may contain a compound containing an isocyanate group (hereinafter, also abbreviated as “isocyanate”). The isocyanate used may be any isocyanate. Examples of the isocyanate include monoisocyanates, diisocyanates, and triisocyanates.
Specific examples of the monoisocyanate include isocyanatomethane, isocyanatoethane, 1-isocyanatopropane, 1-isocyanatobutane, 1-isocyanatopentane, 1-isocyanatohexane, 1-isocyanatoheptane, 1-isocyanatooctane, 1-isocyanatononane, 1-isocyanatodecane, isocyanatocyclohexane, methoxycarbonyl isocyanate, ethoxycarbonyl isocyanate, propoxycarbonyl isocyanate, butoxycarbonyl isocyanate, methoxysulfonyl isocyanate, ethoxysulfonyl isocyanate, propoxysulfonyl isocyanate, butoxysulfonyl isocyanate, fluorosulfonyl isocyanate, methyl isocyanate, butyl isocyanate, phenyl isocyanate, 2-isocyanatoethyl acrylate, 2-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate, and ethyl isocyanate.
Specific examples of the diisocyanates include 1,4-diisocyanatobutane, 1,5-diisocyanatopentane, 1,6-diisocyanatohexane, 1,7-diisocyanatoheptane, 1,8-diisocyanatooctane, 1,9-diisocyanatononane, 1,10-diisocyanatodecane, 1,3-diisocyanatopropene, 1,4-diisocyanato-2-butene, 1,4-diisocyanato-2-fluorobutane, 1,4-diisocyanato-2,3-difluorobutane, 1,5-diisocyanato-2-pentene, 1,5-diisocyanato-2-methylpentane, 1,6-diisocyanato-2-hexene, 1,6-diisocyanato-3-hexene, 1,6-diisocyanato-3-fluorohexane, 1,6-diisocyanato-3,4-difluorohexane, toluene diisocyanate, xylene diisocyanate, tolylene diisocyanate, 1,2-bis(isocyanatomethyl)cyclohexane, 1,3-bis(isocyanatomethyl)cyclohexane, 1,4-bis(isocyanatomethyl)cyclohexane, 1,2-diisocyanatocyclohexane, 1,3-diisocyanatocyclohexane, 1,4-diisocyanatocyclohexane, dicyclohexylmethane-1,1′-diisocyanate, dicyclohexylmethane-2,2′-diisocyanate, dicyclohexylmethane-3,3′-diisocyanate, dicyclohexylmethane-4,4′-diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,5-diylbis(methyl=isocyanate), bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,6-diylbis(methyl=isocyanate), 2,4,4-trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate, 2,2,4-trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, 1,4-phenylene diisocyanate, octamethylene diisocyanate, and tetramethylene diisocyanate.
Specific examples of the triisocyanates include 1,6,11-triisocyanatoundecane, 4-isocyanatomethyl-1,8-octamethylene diisocyanate, 1,3,5-triisocyanatomethylbenzene, 1,3,5-tris(6-isocyanatohex-1-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione, and 4-(isocyanatomethyl)octamethylene=diisocyanate.
In order to enable industrially easy availability and cause low cost in production of an electrolyte solution, preferred among these are 1,6-diisocyanatohexane, 1,3-bis(isocyanatomethyl)cyclohexane, 1,3,5-tris(6-isocyanatohex-1-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione, 2,4,4-trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate, and 2,2,4-trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate. From the technical viewpoint, they can contribute to formation of a stable film-shaped structure and can therefore more suitably be used.
The isocyanate may be present in any amount that does not significantly impair the effects of the disclosure. The amount is preferably, but not limited to, 0.001% by mass or more and 1.0% by mass or less relative to the electrolyte solution. The isocyanate in an amount of not smaller than this lower limit can give a sufficient effect of improving the cycle characteristics to a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery. The isocyanate in an amount of not larger than this upper limit can eliminate an initial increase in resistance of a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery. The amount of the isocyanate is more preferably 0.01% by mass or more, still more preferably 0.1% by mass or more, particularly preferably 0.2% by mass or more, while more preferably 0.8% by mass or less, still more preferably 0.7% by mass or less, particularly preferably 0.6% by mass or less.
The electrolyte solution of the disclosure may contain a cyclic sulfonate. The cyclic sulfonate may be any cyclic sulfonate. Examples of the cyclic sulfonate include a saturated cyclic sulfonate, an unsaturated cyclic sulfonate, a saturated cyclic disulfonate, and an unsaturated cyclic disulfonate.
Specific examples of the saturated cyclic sulfonate include 1,3-propanesultone, 1-fluoro-1,3-propanesultone, 2-fluoro-1,3-propanesultone, 3-fluoro-1,3-propanesultone, 1-methyl-1,3-propanesultone, 2-methyl-1,3-propanesultone, 3-methyl-1,3-propanesultone, 1,3-butanesultone, 1,4-butanesultone, 1-fluoro-1,4-butanesultone, 2-fluoro-1,4-butanesultone, 3-fluoro-1,4-butanesultone, 4-fluoro-1,4-butanesultone, 1-methyl-1,4-butanesultone, 2-methyl-1,4-butanesultone, 3-methyl-1,4-butanesultone, 4-methyl-1,4-butanesultone, and 2,4-butanesultone.
Specific examples of the unsaturated cyclic sulfonate include 1-propene-1,3-sultone, 2-propene-1,3-sultone, 1-fluoro-1-propene-1,3-sultone, 2-fluoro-1-propene-1,3-sultone, 3-fluoro-1-propene-1,3-sultone, 1-fluoro-2-propene-1,3-sultone, 2-fluoro-2-propene-1,3-sultone, 3-fluoro-2-propene-1,3-sultone, 1-methyl-1-propene-1,3-sultone, 2-methyl-1-propene-1,3-sultone, 3-methyl-1-propene-1,3-sultone, 1-methyl-2-propene-1,3-sultone, 2-methyl-2-propene-1,3-sultone, 3-methyl-2-propene-1,3-sultone, 1-butene-1,4-sultone, 2-butene-1,4-sultone, 3-butene-1,4-sultone, 1-fluoro-1-butene-1,4-sultone, 2-fluoro-1-butene-1,4-sultone, 3-fluoro-1-butene-1,4-sultone, 4-fluoro-1-butene-1,4-sultone, 1-fluoro-2-butene-1,4-sultone, 2-fluoro-2-butene-1,4-sultone, 3-fluoro-2-butene-1,4-sultone, 4-fluoro-2-butene-1,4-sultone, 1,3-propenesultone, 1-fluoro-3-butene-1,4-sultone, 2-fluoro-3-butene-1,4-sultone, 3-fluoro-3-butene-1,4-sultone, 4-fluoro-3-butene-1,4-sultone, 1-methyl-1-butene-1,4-sultone, 2-methyl-1-butene-1,4-sultone, 3-methyl-1-butene-1,4-sultone, 4-methyl-1-butene-1,4-sultone, 1-methyl-2-butene-1,4-sultone, 2-methyl-2-butene-1,4-sultone, 3-methyl-2-butene-1,4-sultone, 4-methyl-2-butene-1,4-sultone, 1-methyl-3-butene-1,4-sultone, 2-methyl-3-butene-1,4-sultone, 3-methyl-3-butene-1,4-sultone, and 4-methyl-3-butene-14-sultone.
In order to enable easy availability and contribute to formation of a stable film-shaped structure, more preferred among these are 1,3-propanesultone, 1-fluoro-1,3-propanesultone, 2-fluoro-1,3-propanesultone, 3-fluoro-1,3-propanesultone, and 1-propene-1,3-sultone. The cyclic sulfonate may be in any amount that does not significantly impair the effects of the disclosure. The amount is preferably, but not limited to, 0.001% by mass or more and 3.0% by mass or less relative to the electrolyte solution.
The cyclic sulfonate in an amount of not smaller than this lower limit can give a sufficient effect of improving the cycle characteristics to a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery. The cyclic sulfonate in an amount of not larger than this upper limit can eliminate an increase in the cost of producing a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery. The amount of the cyclic sulfonate is more preferably 0.01% by mass or more, still more preferably 0.1% by mass or more, particularly preferably 0.2% by mass or more, while more preferably 2.5% by mass or less, still more preferably 2.0% by mass or less, particularly preferably 1.8% by mass or less.
The electrolyte solution of the disclosure may further contain a polyethylene oxide that has a weight average molecular weight of 2000 to 4000 and has —OH, —OCOOH, or —COOH at an end.
The presence of such a compound can improve the stability at the interfaces with the respective electrodes, improving the characteristics of an electrochemical device.
Examples of the polyethylene oxide include polyethylene oxide monool, polyethylene oxide carboxylate, polyethylene oxide diol, polyethylene oxide dicarboxylate, polyethylene oxide triol, and polyethylene oxide tricarboxylate. One of these may be used alone or two or more thereof may be used in combination.
In order to give better characteristics of an electrochemical device, preferred are a mixture of polyethylene oxide monool and polyethylene oxide diol and a mixture of polyethylene carboxylate and polyethylene dicarboxylate.
The polyethylene oxide having too small a weight average molecular weight may be easily oxidatively decomposed. The weight average molecular weight is more preferably 3000 to 4000.
The weight average molecular weight can be determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) in polystyrene equivalent.
The polyethylene oxide is preferably present in an amount of 1×10−6 to 1×10−2 mol/kg in the electrolyte solution. Too large an amount of the polyethylene oxide may cause poor characteristics of an electrochemical device.
The amount of the polyethylene oxide is more preferably 5×10−6 mol/kg or more.
The electrolyte solution of the disclosure may further contain, as an additive, any of other components such as a fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate, an unsaturated cyclic carbonate, an overcharge inhibitor, and a known different aid. This can reduce impairment of the characteristics of an electrochemical device.
Examples of the fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate include compounds represented by the aforementioned formula (A). Preferred among these are fluoroethylene carbonate, difluoroethylene carbonate, monofluoromethyl ethylene carbonate, trifluoromethyl ethylene carbonate, 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropylethylene carbonate (4-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-propyl)-[1,3]dioxolan-2-one). One fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate may be used alone, or two or more thereof may be used in any combination at any ratio.
The fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate is preferably present in an amount of 0.001 to 10% by mass, more preferably 0.01 to 5% by mass, still more preferably 0.1 to 3% by mass, relative to the electrolyte solution.
Examples of the unsaturated cyclic carbonate include vinylene carbonate compounds, ethylene carbonate compounds substituted with a substituent that contains an aromatic ring, a carbon-carbon double bond, or a carbon-carbon triple bond, phenyl carbonate compounds, vinyl carbonate compounds, allyl carbonate compounds, and catechol carbonate compounds.
Examples of the vinylene carbonate compounds include vinylene carbonate, methylvinylene carbonate, 4,5-dimethylvinylene carbonate, phenylvinylene carbonate, 4,5-diphenylvinylene carbonate, vinylvinylene carbonate, 4,5-divinylvinylene carbonate, allylvinylene carbonate, 4,5-diallylvinylene carbonate, 4-fluorovinylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-methylvinylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-phenylvinylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-vinylvinylene carbonate, 4-allyl-5-fluorovinylene carbonate, ethynylethylene carbonate, propargylethylene carbonate, methylvinylene carbonate, and dimethylvinylene carbonate.
Specific examples of the ethylene carbonate compounds substituted with a substituent that contains an aromatic ring, a carbon-carbon double bond, or a carbon-carbon triple bond include vinylethylene carbonate, 4,5-divinylethylene carbonate, 4-methyl-5-vinylethylene carbonate, 4-allyl-5-vinylethylene carbonate, ethynylethylene carbonate, 4,5-diethynylethylene carbonate, 4-methyl-5-ethynylethylene carbonate, 4-vinyl-5-ethynylethylene carbonate, 4-allyl-5-ethynylethylene carbonate, phenylethylene carbonate, 4,5-diphenylethylene carbonate, 4-phenyl-5-vinylethylene carbonate, 4-allyl-5-phenylethylene carbonate, allylethylene carbonate, 4,5-diallylethylene carbonate, 4-methyl-5-allylethylene carbonate, 4-methylene-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4,5-di methylene-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, and 4-methyl-5-allylethylene carbonate.
The unsaturated cyclic carbonate is preferably vinylene carbonate, methylvinylene carbonate, 4,5-dimethylvinylene carbonate, vinylvinylene carbonate, 4,5-vinylvinylene carbonate, allylvinylene carbonate, 4,5-diallylvinylene carbonate, vinylethylene carbonate, 4,5-divinylethylene carbonate, 4-methyl-5-vinylethylene carbonate, allylethylene carbonate, 4,5-diallylethylene carbonate, 4-methyl-5-allylethylene carbonate, 4-allyl-5-vinylethylene carbonate, ethynylethylene carbonate, 4,5-diethynylethylene carbonate, 4-methyl-5-ethynylethylene carbonate, and 4-vinyl-5-ethynylethylene carbonate. In order to form a more stable interface protecting film, particularly preferred are vinylene carbonate, vinylethylene carbonate, and ethynylethylene carbonate, and most preferred is vinylene carbonate.
The unsaturated cyclic carbonate may have any molecular weight that does not significantly impair the effects of the disclosure. The molecular weight is preferably 50 or higher and 250 or lower. The unsaturated cyclic carbonate having a molecular weight within this range can easily ensure its solubility in the electrolyte solution and can easily lead to sufficient achievement of the effects of the disclosure. The molecular weight of the unsaturated cyclic carbonate is more preferably 80 or higher and 150 or lower.
The unsaturated cyclic carbonate may be produced by any production method, and may be produced by a known method selected as appropriate.
One unsaturated cyclic carbonate may be used alone or two or more thereof may be used in any combination at any ratio.
The unsaturated cyclic carbonate may be present in any amount that does not significantly impair the effects of the disclosure. The amount of the unsaturated cyclic carbonate is preferably 0.001% by mass or more, more preferably 0.01% by mass or more, still more preferably 0.1% by mass or more, of 100% by mass of the electrolyte solution. The amount is preferably 5% by mass or less, more preferably 4% by mass or less, still more preferably 3% by mass or less. The unsaturated cyclic carbonate in an amount within the above range allows an electrochemical device containing the electrolyte solution to easily exhibit a sufficient effect of improving the cycle characteristics, and can easily avoid a situation with impaired high-temperature storage characteristics, generation of a large amount of gas, and a reduced discharge capacity retention.
In addition to the aforementioned non-fluorinated unsaturated cyclic carbonates, a fluorinated unsaturated cyclic carbonate may also suitably be used as an unsaturated cyclic carbonate.
The fluorinated unsaturated cyclic carbonate is a cyclic carbonate containing an unsaturated bond and a fluorine atom. The number of fluorine atoms in the fluorinated unsaturated cyclic carbonate may be any number that is 1 or greater. The number of fluorine atoms is usually 6 or smaller, preferably 4 or smaller, most preferably 1 or 2.
Examples of the fluorinated unsaturated cyclic carbonate include fluorinated vinylene carbonate derivatives and fluorinated ethylene carbonate derivatives substituted with a substituent that contains an aromatic ring or a carbon-carbon double bond.
Examples of the fluorinated vinylene carbonate derivatives include 4-fluorovinylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-methylvinylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-phenylvinylene carbonate, 4-allyl-5-fluorovinylene carbonate, and 4-fluoro-5-vinylvinylene carbonate.
Examples of the fluorinated ethylene carbonate derivatives substituted with a substituent that contains an aromatic ring or a carbon-carbon double bond include 4-fluoro-4-vinylethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-4-allylethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-vinylethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-allylethylene carbonate, 4,4-difluoro-4-vinylethylene carbonate, 4,4-difluoro-4-allylethylene carbonate, 4,5-difluoro-4-vinylethylene carbonate, 4,5-difluoro-4-allylethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-4,5-divinylethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-4,5-diallylethylene carbonate, 4,5-difluoro-4,5-divinylethylene carbonate, 4,5-difluoro-4,5-diallylethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-4-phenylethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-phenylethylene carbonate, 4,4-difluoro-5-phenylethylene carbonate, and 4,5-difluoro-4-phenylethylene carbonate.
In order to form a stable interface protecting film, more preferably used as the fluorinated unsaturated cyclic carbonate are 4-fluorovinylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-methylvinylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-vinylvinylene carbonate, 4-allyl-5-fluorovinylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-4-vinylethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-4-allylethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-vinylethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-5-allylethylene carbonate, 4,4-difluoro-4-vinylethylene carbonate, 4,4-difluoro-4-allylethylene carbonate, 4,5-difluoro-4-vinylethylene carbonate, 4,5-difluoro-4-allylethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-4,5-divinylethylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-4,5-diallylethylene carbonate, 4,5-difluoro-4,5-divinylethylene carbonate, and 4,5-difluoro-4,5-diallylethylene carbonate.
The fluorinated unsaturated cyclic carbonate may have any molecular weight that does not significantly impair the effects of the disclosure. The molecular weight is preferably 50 or higher and 500 or lower. The fluorinated unsaturated cyclic carbonate having a molecular weight within this range can easily ensure the solubility of the fluorinated unsaturated cyclic carbonate in the electrolyte solution.
The fluorinated unsaturated cyclic carbonate may be produced by any method, and may be produced by any known method selected as appropriate. The molecular weight is more preferably 100 or higher and 200 or lower.
One fluorinated unsaturated cyclic carbonate may be used alone or two or more thereof may be used in any combination at any ratio. The fluorinated unsaturated cyclic carbonate may be contained in any amount that does not significantly impair the effects of the disclosure. The amount of the fluorinated unsaturated cyclic carbonate is usually preferably 0.001% by mass or more, more preferably 0.01% by mass or more, still more preferably 0.1% by mass or more, while preferably 5% by mass or less, more preferably 4% by mass or less, still more preferably 3% by mass or less, of 100% by mass of the electrolyte solution. The fluorinated unsaturated cyclic carbonate in an amount within this range allows an electrochemical device containing the electrolyte solution to exhibit an effect of sufficiently improving the cycle characteristics and can easily avoid a situation with reduced high-temperature storage characteristics, generation of a large amount of gas, and a reduced discharge capacity retention.
The electrolyte solution of the disclosure may contain a compound containing a triple bond. This compound may be of any type as long as it contains one or more triple bonds in the molecule.
Specific examples of the compound containing a triple bond include the following compounds:
In order to more stably form a negative electrode film in the electrolyte solution, preferred among these are compounds containing an alkynyloxy group.
In order to improve the storage characteristics, particularly preferred are compounds such as 2-propynylmethyl carbonate, di-2-propynyl carbonate, 2-butyne-1,4-diol dimethyl dicarbonate, 2-propynyl acetate, 2-butyne-1,4-diol diacetate, methyl 2-propynyl oxalate, and di-2-propynyl oxalate.
One compound containing a triple bond may be used alone or two or more thereof may be used in any combination at any ratio. The compound containing a triple bond may be present in any amount that does not significantly impair the effects of the disclosure relative to the whole electrolyte solution of the disclosure. The compound is usually contained at a concentration of 0.01% by mass or more, preferably 0.05% by mass or more, more preferably 0.1% by mass or more, while usually 5% by mass or less, preferably 3% by mass or less, more preferably 1% by mass or less, relative to the electrolyte solution of the disclosure. The compound satisfying the above range can further improve the effects such as output characteristics, load characteristics, cycle characteristics, and high-temperature storage characteristics.
In order to effectively reduce burst or combustion of a battery in case of overcharge, for example, of an electrochemical device containing the electrolyte solution, the electrolyte solution of the disclosure may contain an overcharge inhibitor.
Examples of the overcharge inhibitor include aromatic compounds, including unsubstituted or alkyl-substituted terphenyl derivatives such as biphenyl, o-terphenyl, m-terphenyl, and p-terphenyl, partially hydrogenated products of unsubstituted or alkyl-substituted terphenyl derivatives, cyclohexylbenzene, t-butylbenzene, t-amylbenzene, diphenyl ether, dibenzofuran, diphenyl cyclohexane, 1,1,3-trimethyl-3-phenylindan, cyclopentylbenzene, cyclohexylbenzene, cumene, 1,3-diisopropylbenzene, 1,4-diisopropylbenzene, t-butylbenzene, t-amylbenzene, t-hexylbenzene, and anisole; partially fluorinated products of the aromatic compounds such as 2-fluorobiphenyl, 4-fluorobiphenyl, o-cyclohexylfluorobenzene, p-cyclohexylfluorobenzene, o-cyclohexylfluorobenzene, p-cyclohexylfluorobenzene, fluorobenzene, fluorotoluene, and benzotrifluoride; fluorine-containing anisole compounds such as 2,4-difluoroanisole, 2,5-difluoroanisole, 1,6-difluoroanisole, 2,6-difluoroanisole, and 3,5-difluoroanisole; aromatic acetates such as 3-propylphenyl acetate, 2-ethylphenyl acetate, benzylphenyl acetate, methylphenyl acetate, benzyl acetate, and phenethylphenyl acetate; aromatic carbonates such as diphenyl carbonate and methylphenyl carbonate, toluene derivatives such as toluene and xylene, and unsubstituted or alkyl-substituted biphenyl derivatives such as 2-methylbiphenyl, 3-methylbiphenyl, 4-methylbiphenyl, and o-cyclohexylbiphenyl. Preferred among these are aromatic compounds such as biphenyl, alkylbiphenyl, terphenyl, partially hydrogenated terphenyl, cyclohexylbenzene, t-butylbenzene, t-amylbenzene, diphenyl ether, and dibenzofuran, diphenyl cyclohexane, 1,1,3-trimethyl-3-phenylindan, 3-propylphenyl acetate, 2-ethylphenyl acetate, benzylphenyl acetate, methylphenyl acetate, benzyl acetate, diphenyl carbonate, and methylphenyl carbonate. One of these compounds may be used alone or two or more thereof may be used in combination. In order to achieve good balance between the overcharge inhibiting characteristics and the high-temperature storage characteristics with a combination use of two or more thereof, preferred is a combination of cyclohexylbenzene and t-butylbenzene or t-amylbenzene, or a combination of at least one oxygen-free aromatic compound selected from the group consisting of biphenyl, alkylbiphenyl, terphenyl, partially hydrogenated terphenyl, cyclohexylbenzene, t-butylbenzene, t-amylbenzene, and the like and at least one oxygen-containing aromatic compound selected from the group consisting of diphenyl ether, dibenzofuran, and the like.
The electrolyte solution used in the disclosure may contain a carboxylic anhydride other than the compound (2). Preferred is a compound represented by the following formula (6). The carboxylic anhydride may be produced by any method which may be selected from known methods as appropriate.
##STR00052##
In the formula (6), R61 and R62 are each individually a hydrocarbon group having a carbon number of 1 or greater and 15 or smaller and optionally containing a substituent.
R61 and R62 each may be any monovalent hydrocarbon group. For example, each of them may be either an aliphatic hydrocarbon group or an aromatic hydrocarbon group, or may be a bond of an aliphatic hydrocarbon group and an aromatic hydrocarbon group. The aliphatic hydrocarbon group may be a saturated hydrocarbon group and may contain an unsaturated bond (carbon-carbon double bond or carbon-carbon triple bond). The aliphatic hydrocarbon group may be either acyclic or cyclic. In the case of an acyclic group, it may be either linear or branched. The group may be a bond of an acyclic group and a cyclic group. R61 and R62 may be the same as or different from each other.
When the hydrocarbon group for R61 and R62 contains a substituent, the substituent may be of any type as long as it is not beyond the scope of the disclosure. Examples thereof include halogen atoms such as a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, and an iodine atom. Preferred is a fluorine atom. Examples of the substituent other than the halogen atoms include substituents containing a functional group such as an ester group, a cyano group, a carbonyl group, or an ether group. Preferred are a cyano group and a carbonyl group. The hydrocarbon group for R61 and R62 may contain only one of these substituents or may contain two or more thereof. When two or more substituents are contained, these substituents may be the same as or different from each other.
The hydrocarbon group for R61 and R62 has a carbon number of usually 1 or greater, while usually 15 or smaller, preferably 12 or smaller, more preferably 10 or smaller, still more preferably 9 or smaller. When R1 and R2 bind to each other to form a divalent hydrocarbon group, the divalent hydrocarbon group has a carbon number of usually 1 or greater, while usually 15 or smaller, preferably 13 or smaller, more preferably 10 or smaller, still more preferably 8 or smaller. When the hydrocarbon group for R61 and R62 contains a substituent that contains a carbon atom, the carbon number of the whole R61 or R62 including the substituent preferably satisfies the above range.
Next, specific examples of the acid anhydride represented by the formula (6) are described. In the following examples, the term “analog” means an acid anhydride obtainable by replacing part of the structure of an acid anhydride mentioned as an example by another structure within the scope of the disclosure. Examples thereof include dimers, trimers, and tetramers each composed of a plurality of acid anhydrides, structural isomers such as those having a substituent that has the same carbon number but also has a branch, and those having a different site at which a substituent binds to the acid anhydride.
First, specific examples of an acid anhydride in which R61 and R62 are the same as each other are described.
Specific examples of an acid anhydride in which R61 and R62 are linear alkyl groups include acetic anhydride, propionic anhydride, butanoic anhydride, 2-methylpropionic anhydride, 2,2-dimethylpropionic anhydride, 2-methylbutanoic anhydride, 3-methylbutanoic anhydride, 2,2-dimethylbutanoic anhydride, 2,3-dimethylbutanoic anhydride, 3,3-dimethylbutanoic anhydride, 2,2,3-trimethylbutanoic anhydride, 2,3,3-trimethylbutanoic anhydride, 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutanoic anhydride, and 2-ethylbutanoic anhydride, and analogs thereof.
Specific examples of an acid anhydride in which R61 and R62 are cyclic alkyl groups include cyclopropanecarboxylic anhydride, cyclopentanecarboxylic anhydride, and cyclohexanecarboxylic anhydride, and analogs thereof.
Specific examples of an acid anhydride in which R61 and R62 are alkenyl groups include acrylic anhydride, 2-methylacrylic anhydride, 3-methylacrylic anhydride, 2,3-dimethylacrylic anhydride, 3,3-dimethylacrylic anhydride, 2,3,3-trimethylacrylic anhydride, 2-phenylacrylic anhydride, 3-phenylacrylic anhydride, 2,3-diphenylacrylic anhydride, 3,3-diphenylacrylic anhydride, 3-butenoic anhydride, 2-methyl-3-butenoic anhydride, 2,2-dimethyl-3-butenoic anhydride, 3-methyl-3-butenoic anhydride, 2-methyl-3-methyl-3-butenoic anhydride, 2,2-dimethyl-3-methyl-3-butenoic anhydride, 3-pentenoic anhydride, 4-pentenoic anhydride, 2-cyclopentenecarboxylic anhydride, 3-cyclopentenecarboxylic anhydride, and 4-cyclopentenecarboxylic anhydride, and analogs thereof.
Specific examples of an acid anhydride in which R61 and R62 are alkynyl groups include propynoic anhydride, 3-phenylpropynoic anhydride, 2-butynoic anhydride, 2-penthynoic anhydride, 3-butynoic anhydride, 3-penthynoic anhydride, and 4-penthynoic anhydride, and analogs thereof.
Specific examples of an acid anhydride in which R61 and R62 are aryl groups include benzoic anhydride, 4-methylbenzoic anhydride, 4-ethylbenzoic anhydride, 4-tert-butylbenzoic anhydride, 2-methylbenzoic anhydride, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoic anhydride, 1-naphthalenecarboxylic anhydride, and 2-naphthalenecarboxylic anhydride, and analogs thereof.
Examples of an acid anhydride substituted with a fluorine atom are mainly listed below as examples of the acid anhydride in which R61 and R62 are substituted with a halogen atom. Acid anhydrides obtainable by replacing any or all of the fluorine atoms thereof with a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, or an iodine atom are also included in the exemplary compounds.
Examples of an acid anhydride in which R61 and R62 are halogen-substituted linear alkyl groups include fluoroacetic anhydride, difluoroacetic anhydride, trifluoroacetic anhydride, 2-fluoropropionic anhydride, 2,2-difluoropropionic anhydride, 2,3-difluoropropionic anhydride, 2,2,3-trifluoropropionic anhydride, 2,3,3-trifluoropropionic anhydride, 2,2,3,3-tetrapropionic anhydride, 2,3,3,3-tetrapropionic anhydride, 3-fluoropropionic anhydride, 3,3-difluoropropionic anhydride, 3,3,3-trifluoropropionic anhydride, and perfluoropropionic anhydride, and analogs thereof.
Examples of an acid anhydride in which R61 and R62 are halogen-substituted cyclic alkyl groups include 2-fluorocyclopentanecarboxylic anhydride, 3-fluorocyclopentanecarboxylic anhydride, and 4-fluorocyclopentanecarboxylic anhydride, and analogs thereof.
Examples of an acid anhydride in which R61 and R62 are halogen-substituted alkenyl groups include 2-fluoroacrylic anhydride, 3-fluoroacrylic anhydride, 2,3-difluoroacrylic anhydride, 3,3-difluoroacrylic anhydride, 2,3,3-trifluoroacrylic anhydride, 2-(trifluoromethyl)acrylic anhydride, 3-(trifluoromethyl)acrylic anhydride, 2,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)acrylic anhydride, 2,3,3-tris(trifluoromethyl)acrylic anhydride, 2-(4-fluorophenyl)acrylic anhydride, 3-(4-fluorophenyl)acrylic anhydride, 2,3-bis(4-fluorophenyl)acrylic anhydride, 3,3-bis(4-fluorophenyl)acrylic anhydride, 2-fluoro-3-butenoic anhydride, 2,2-difluoro-3-butenoic anhydride, 3-fluoro-2-butenoic anhydride, 4-fluoro-3-butenoic anhydride, 3,4-difluoro-3-butenoic anhydride, and 3,3,4-trifluoro-3-butenoic anhydride, and analogs thereof.
Examples of an acid anhydride in which R61 and R62 are halogen-substituted alkynyl groups include 3-fluoro-2-propynoic anhydride, 3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-propynoic anhydride, 3-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)-2-propynoic anhydride, 4-fluoro-2-butynoic anhydride, 4,4-difluoro-2-butynoic anhydride, and 4,4,4-trifluoro-2-butynoic anhydride, and analogs thereof.
Examples of an acid anhydride in which R61 and R62 are halogen-substituted aryl groups include 4-fluorobenzoic anhydride, 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzoic anhydride, and 4-trifluoromethylbenzoic anhydride, and analogs thereof.
Examples of an acid anhydride in which R61 and R62 each contains a substituent containing a functional group such as an ester, a nitrile, a ketone, an ether, or the like include methoxyformic anhydride, ethoxyformic anhydride, methyloxalic anhydride, ethyloxalic anhydride, 2-cyanoacetic anhydride, 2-oxopropionic anhydride, 3-oxobutanoic anhydride, 4-acetylbenzoic anhydride, methoxyacetic anhydride, and 4-methoxybenzoic anhydride, and analogs thereof.
Then, specific examples of an acid anhydride in which R61 and R62 are different from each other are described below.
R61 and R62 may be in any combination of those mentioned as examples above and analogs thereof. The following gives representative examples.
Examples of a combination of linear alkyl groups include acetic propionic anhydride, acetic butanoic anhydride, butanoic propionic anhydride, and acetic 2-methylpropionic anhydride.
Examples of a combination of a linear alkyl group and a cyclic alkyl group include acetic cyclopentanoic anhydride, acetic cyclohexanoic anhydride, and cyclopentanoic propionic anhydride.
Examples of a combination of a linear alkyl group and an alkenyl group include acetic acrylic anhydride, acetic 3-methylacrylic anhydride, acetic 3-butenoic anhydride, and acrylic propionic anhydride.
Examples of a combination of a linear alkyl group and an alkynyl group include acetic propynoic anhydride, acetic 2-butynoic anhydride, acetic 3-butynoic anhydride, acetic 3-phenyl propynoic anhydride, and propionic propynoic anhydride.
Examples of a combination of a linear alkyl group and an aryl group include acetic benzoic anhydride, acetic 4-methylbenzoic anhydride, acetic 1-naphthalenecarboxylic anhydride, and benzoic propionic anhydride.
Examples of a combination of a linear alkyl group and a hydrocarbon group containing a functional group include acetic fluoroacetic anhydride, acetic trifluoroacetic anhydride, acetic 4-fluorobenzoic anhydride, fluoroacetic propionic anhydride, acetic alkyloxalic anhydride, acetic 2-cyanoacetic anhydride, acetic 2-oxopropionic anhydride, acetic methoxyacetic anhydride, and methoxyacetic propionic anhydride.
Examples of a combination of cyclic alkyl groups include cyclopentanoic cyclohexanoic anhydride.
Examples of a combination of a cyclic alkyl group and an alkenyl group include acrylic cyclopentanoic anhydride, 3-methylacrylic cyclopentanoic anhydride, 3-butenoic cyclopentanoic anhydride, and acrylic cyclohexanoic anhydride.
Examples of a combination of a cyclic alkyl group and an alkynyl group include propynoic cyclopentanoic anhydride, 2-butynoic cyclopentanoic anhydride, and propynoic cyclohexanoic anhydride.
Examples of a combination of a cyclic alkyl group and an aryl group include benzoic cyclopentanoic anhydride, 4-methylbenzoic cyclopentanoic anhydride, and benzoic cyclohexanoic anhydride.
Examples of a combination of a cyclic alkyl group and a hydrocarbon group containing a functional group include fluoroacetic cyclopentanoic anhydride, cyclopentanoic trifluoroacetic anhydride, cyclopentanoic 2-cyanoacetic anhydride, cyclopentanoic methoxyacetic anhydride, and cyclohexanoic fluoroacetic anhydride.
Examples of a combination of alkenyl groups include acrylic 2-methylacrylic anhydride, acrylic 3-methylacrylic anhydride, acrylic 3-butenoic anhydride, and 2-methylacrylic 3-methylacrylic anhydride.
Examples of a combination of an alkenyl group and an alkynyl group include acrylic propynoic anhydride, acrylic 2-butynoic anhydride, and 2-methylacrylic propynoic anhydride.
Examples of a combination of an alkenyl group and an aryl group include acrylic benzoic anhydride, acrylic 4-methylbenzoic anhydride, and 2-methylacrylic benzoic anhydride.
Examples of a combination of an alkenyl group and a hydrocarbon group containing a functional group include acrylic fluoroacetic anhydride, acrylic trifluoroacetic anhydride, acrylic 2-cyanoacetic anhydride, acrylic methoxyacetic anhydride, and 2-methylacrylic fluoroacetic anhydride.
Examples of a combination of alkynyl groups include propynoic 2-butynoic anhydride, propynoic 3-butynoic anhydride, and 2-butynoic 3-butynoic anhydride.
Examples of a combination of an alkynyl group and an aryl group include benzoic propynoic anhydride, 4-methylbenzoic propynoic anhydride, and benzoic 2-butynoic anhydride.
Examples of a combination of an alkynyl group and a hydrocarbon group containing a functional group include propynoic fluoroacetic anhydride, propynoic trifluoroacetic anhydride, propynoic 2-cyanoacetic anhydride, propynoic methoxyacetic anhydride, and 2-butynoic fluoroacetic anhydride.
Examples of a combination of aryl groups include benzoic 4-methylbenzoic anhydride, benzoic 1-naphthalenecarboxylic anhydride, and 4-methylbenzoic 1-naphthalenecarboxylic anhydride.
Examples of a combination of an aryl group and a hydrocarbon group containing a functional group include benzoic fluoroacetic anhydride, benzoic trifluoroacetic anhydride, benzoic 2-cyanoacetic anhydride, benzoic methoxyacetic anhydride, and 4-methylbenzoic fluoroacetic anhydride.
Examples of a combination of hydrocarbon groups each containing a functional group include fluoroacetic trifluoroacetic anhydride, fluoroacetic 2-cyanoacetic anhydride, fluoroacetic methoxyacetic anhydride, and trifluoroacetic 2-cyanoacetic anhydride.
Preferred among the acid anhydrides having an acyclic structure are acetic anhydride, propionic anhydride, 2-methylpropionic anhydride, cyclopentanecarboxylic anhydride, cyclohexanecarboxylic anhydride, acrylic anhydride, 2-methylacrylic anhydride, 3-methylacrylic anhydride, 2,3-dimethylacrylic anhydride, 3,3-dimethylacrylic anhydride, 3-butenoic anhydride, 2-methyl-3-butenoic anhydride, propynoic anhydride, 2-butynoic anhydride, benzoic anhydride, 2-methylbenzoic anhydride, 4-methylbenzoic anhydride, 4-tert-butylbenzoic anhydride, trifluoroacetic anhydride, 3,3,3-trifluoropropionic anhydride, 2-(trifluoromethyl)acrylic anhydride, 2-(4-fluorophenyl)acrylic anhydride, 4-fluorobenzoic anhydride, 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzoic anhydride, methoxyformic anhydride, and ethoxyformic anhydride. More preferred are acrylic anhydride, 2-methylacrylic anhydride, 3-methylacrylic anhydride, benzoic anhydride, 2-methylbenzoic anhydride, 4-methylbenzoic anhydride, 4-tert-butylbenzoic anhydride, 4-fluorobenzoic anhydride, 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzoic anhydride, methoxyformic anhydride, and ethoxyformic anhydride.
These compounds are preferred because they can appropriately form a bond with lithium oxalate to provide a film having excellent durability, thereby improving especially the charge and discharge rate characteristics after a durability test, input and output characteristics, and impedance characteristics.
The carboxylic anhydride may have any molecular weight that does not significantly impair the effects of the disclosure. The molecular weight is usually 90 or higher, preferably 95 or higher, while usually 300 or lower, preferably 200 or lower. The carboxylic anhydride having a molecular weight within the above range can reduce an increase in viscosity of an electrolyte solution and can give a reasonable film density, appropriately improving the durability.
The carboxylic anhydride may be formed by any production method which may be selected from known methods. One of the carboxylic anhydrides described above alone may be contained in the non-aqueous electrolyte solution of the disclosure, or two or more thereof may be contained in any combination at any ratio.
The carboxylic anhydride may be contained in any amount that does not significantly impair the effects of the disclosure relative to the electrolyte solution of the disclosure. The carboxylic anhydride is usually contained at a concentration of 0.01% by mass or more, preferably 0.1% by mass or more, while usually 5% by mass or less, preferably 3% by mass or less, relative to the electrolyte solution of the disclosure. The carboxylic anhydride in an amount within the above range can easily achieve an effect of improving the cycle characteristics and have good reactivity, easily improving the battery characteristics.
The electrolyte solution of the disclosure may further contain a known different aid. Examples of the different aid include hydrocarbon compounds such as pentane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane, cycloheptane, benzene, furan, naphthalene, 2-phenyl bicyclohexyl, cyclohexane, 2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro[5.5]undecane, and 3,9-divinyl-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro[5.5]undecane;
Preferred among these as the different aid are phosphorus-containing compounds, and especially preferred are tris(trimethylsilyl) phosphate and tris(trimethylsilyl) phosphite.
The different aid may be present in any amount that does not significantly impair the effects of the disclosure. The amount of the different aid is preferably 0.01% by mass or more and 5% by mass or less of 100% by mass of the electrolyte solution. The different aid in an amount within this range can easily sufficiently exhibit the effects thereof and can easily avoid a situation with impairment of battery characteristics such as high-load discharge characteristics. The amount of the different aid is more preferably 0.1% by mass or more, still more preferably 0.2% by mass or more, while more preferably 3% by mass or less, still more preferably 1% by mass or less.
The electrolyte solution of the disclosure may further contain as an additive any of a cyclic carboxylate, an acyclic carboxylate, an ether compound, a nitrogen-containing compound, a boron-containing compound, an organosilicon-containing compound, a fireproof agent (flame retardant), a surfactant, an additive for increasing the permittivity, an improver for cycle characteristics and rate characteristics, and a sulfone-based compound to the extent that the effects of the disclosure are not impaired.
Examples of the cyclic carboxylate include those having a carbon number of 3 to 12 in total in the structural formula. Specific examples thereof include gamma-butyrolactone, gamma-valerolactone, gamma-caprolactone, epsilon-caprolactone, and 3-methyl-γ-butyrolactone. In order to improve the characteristics of an electrochemical device owing to improvement in the degree of dissociation of lithium ions, particularly preferred is gamma-butyrolactone.
In general, the cyclic carboxylate as an additive is preferably present in an amount of 0.1% by mass or more, more preferably 1% by mass or more, of 100% by mass of the solvent. The cyclic carboxylate in an amount within this range can easily improve the electric conductivity of the electrolyte solution, improving the large-current discharge characteristics of an electrochemical device. The amount of the cyclic carboxylate is also preferably 10% by mass or less, more preferably 5% by mass or less. Such an upper limit may allow the electrolyte solution to have a viscosity within an appropriate range, may make it possible to avoid a reduction in the electric conductivity, may reduce an increase in the resistance of the negative electrode, and may allow an electrochemical device to have large-current discharge characteristics within a favorable range.
The cyclic carboxylate to be suitably used may also be a fluorinated cyclic carboxylate (fluorine-containing lactone). Examples of the fluorine-containing lactone include fluorine-containing lactones represented by the following formula (C):
##STR00053##
wherein X15 to X20 are the same as or different from each other, and are each —H, —F, —Cl, —CH3, or a fluorinated alkyl group; and at least one selected from X15 to X20 is a fluorinated alkyl group.
Examples of the fluorinated alkyl group for X15 to X20 include —CFH2, —CF2H, —CF3, —CH2CF3, —CF2CF3, —CH2CF2CF3, and —CF(CF3)2. In order to achieve high oxidation resistance and an effect of improving the safety, —CH2CF3 and —CH2CF2CF3 are preferred.
One of X15 to X20 or a plurality thereof may be replaced by —H, —F, —Cl, —CH3, or a fluorinated alkyl group only when at least one selected from X15 to X20 is a fluorinated alkyl group. In order to give good solubility of an electrolyte salt, the number of substituents is preferably 1 to 3, more preferably 1 or 2.
The substitution of the fluorinated alkyl group may be at any of the above sites. In order to give a good synthesizing yield, the substitution site is preferably X17 and/or X18. In particular, X17 or X18 is preferably a fluorinated alkyl group, especially —CH2CF3 or —CH2CF2CF3. The substituent for X15 to X20 other than the fluorinated alkyl group is —H, —F, —Cl, or CH3. In order to give good solubility of an electrolyte salt, —H is preferred.
In addition to those represented by the above formula, the fluorine-containing lactone may also be a fluorine-containing lactone represented by the following formula (D):
##STR00054##
wherein one of A or B is CX226X227 (where X226 and X227 are the same as or different from each other, and are each —H, —F, —Cl, —CF3, —CH3, or an alkylene group in which a hydrogen atom is optionally replaced by a halogen atom and which optionally contains a hetero atom in the chain) and the other is an oxygen atom; Rf12 is a fluorinated alkyl group or fluorinated alkoxy group optionally containing an ether bond; X221 and X222 are the same as or different from each other, and are each —H, —F, —Cl, —CF3, or CH3; X223 to X225 are the same as or different from each other, and are each —H, —F, —Cl, or an alkyl group in which a hydrogen atom is optionally replaced by a halogen atom and which optionally contains a hetero atom in the chain; and n=0 or 1.
A preferred example of the fluorine-containing lactone represented by the formula (D) is a 5-membered ring structure represented by the following formula (E):
##STR00055##
(wherein A, B, Rf12, X221, X222, and X223 are defined as in the formula (D)) because it can be easily synthesized and can have good chemical stability. Further, in relation to the combination of A and B, fluorine-containing lactones represented by the following formula (F):
##STR00056##
(wherein Rf12, X221, X222, X223, X226, and X227 are defined as in the formula (D)) and fluorine-containing lactones represented by the following formula (G):
##STR00057##
(wherein Rf12, X221, X222, X223, X226, and X227 are defined as in the formula (D)) may be mentioned.
In order to particularly give excellent characteristics such as high permittivity and high withstand voltage, and to improve the characteristics of the electrolyte solution in the disclosure, for example, to give good solubility of an electrolyte salt and to reduce the internal resistance well, those represented by the following formulae:
##STR00058##
may be mentioned.
The presence of a fluorinated cyclic carboxylate can lead to, for example, effects of improving the ion conductivity, improving the safety, and improving the stability at high temperature.
Examples of the acyclic carboxylate include those having a carbon number of 3 to 7 in total in the structural formula thereof. Specific examples thereof include methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, n-propyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, t-butyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, n-propyl propionate, isobutyl propionate, n-butyl propionate, methyl butyrate, isobutyl propionate, t-butyl propionate, methyl butyrate, ethyl butyrate, n-propyl butyrate, isopropyl butyrate, methyl isobutyrate, ethyl isobutyrate, n-propyl isobutyrate, and isopropyl isobutyrate.
In order to improve the ion conductivity owing to viscosity reduction, preferred among these are methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, n-propyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, n-propyl propionate, isopropyl propionate, methyl butyrate, and ethyl butyrate.
The ether compound is preferably a C2-C10 acyclic ether or a C3-C6 cyclic ether.
Examples of the C2-C10 acyclic ether include dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, di-n-butyl ether, dimethoxymethane, methoxyethoxymethane, diethoxymethane, dimethoxyethane, methoxyethoxyethane, diethoxyethane, ethylene glycol di-n-propyl ether, ethylene glycol di-n-butyl ether, diethylene glycol, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, pentaethylene glycol, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether, and diisopropyl ether.
Further, the ether compound may also suitably be a fluorinated ether.
An example of the fluorinated ether is a fluorinated ether (I) represented by the following formula (I):
Rf3—O—Rf4 (I)
(wherein Rf3 and Rf4 are the same as or different from each other, and are each a C1-C10 alkyl group or a C1-C10 fluorinated alkyl group; and at least one selected from the group consisting of Rf3 and Rf4 is a fluorinated alkyl group). The presence of the fluorinated ether (I) allows the electrolyte solution to have improved incombustibility as well as improved stability and safety at high temperature under high voltage.
In the formula (I), at least one selected from the group consisting of Rf3 and Rf4 is a C1-C10 fluorinated alkyl group. In order to allow the electrolyte solution to have further improved incombustibility and further improved stability and safety at high temperature under high voltage, both Rf3 and Rf4 are preferably C1-C10 fluorinated alkyl groups. In this case, Rf3 and Rf4 may be the same as or different from each other.
Particularly preferably, Rf3 and Rf4 are the same as or different from each other, and Rf3 is a C3-C6 fluorinated alkyl group and Rf4 is a C2-C6 fluorinated alkyl group.
If the sum of the carbon numbers of Rf3 and Rf4 is too small, the fluorinated ether may have too low a boiling point. Too large a carbon number of Rf3 or Rf4 may cause low solubility of an electrolyte salt, may start to adversely affect the miscibility with other solvents, and may cause high viscosity, resulting in poor rate characteristics. In order to achieve an excellent boiling point and rate characteristics, advantageously, the carbon number of Rf3 is 3 or 4 and the carbon number of Rf4 is 2 or 3.
The fluorinated ether (I) preferably has a fluorine content of 40 to 75% by mass. The fluorinated ether (I) having a fluorine content within this range may lead to particularly excellent balance between the non-flammability and the miscibility. The above range is also preferred for good oxidation resistance and safety.
The lower limit of the fluorine content is more preferably 45% by mass, still more preferably 50% by mass, particularly preferably 55% by mass. The upper limit thereof is more preferably 70% by mass, still more preferably 66% by mass.
The fluorine content of the fluorinated ether (I) is a value calculated based on the structural formula of the fluorinated ether (I) by the following formula:
{(Number of fluorine atoms×19)/(Molecular weight of fluorinated ether (I))}×100(%).
Examples of Rf3 include CF3CF2CH2—, CF3CFHCF2—, HCF2CF2CF2—, HCF2CF2CH2—, CF3CF2CH2CH2—, CF3CFHCF2CH2—, HCF2CF2CF2CF2—, HCF2CF2CF2CH2—, HCF2CF2CH2CH2—, and HCF2CF(CF3) CH2—. Examples of Rf4 include —CH2CF2CF3, —CF2CFHCF3, —CF2CF2CF2H, —CH2CF2CF2H, —CH2CH2CF2CF3, —CH2CF2CFHCF3, —CF2CF2CF2CF2H, —CH2CF2CF2CF2H, —CH2CH2CF2CF2H, —CH2CF(CF3)CF2H, —CF2CF2H, —CH2CF2H, and —CF2CH3.
Specific examples of the fluorinated ether (I) include HCF2CF2CH2OCF2CF2H, CF3CF2CH2OCF2CF2H, HCF2CF2CH2OCF2CFHCF3, CF3CF2CH2OCF2CFHCF3, C6F13OCH3, C6F13OC2H5, C8F17OCH3, C8F17OC2H5, CF3CFHCF2CH(CH3) OCF2CFHCF3, HCF2CF2OCH(C2H5)2, HCF2CF2OC4H9, HCF2CF2OCH2CH(C2H5)2, and HCF2CF2OCH2CH(CH3)2.
In particular, those having HCF2— or CF3CFH— at one or each end can provide a fluorinated ether (I) having excellent polarizability and a high boiling point. The boiling point of the fluorinated ether (I) is preferably 67° C. to 120° C., more preferably 80° C. or higher, still more preferably 90° C. or higher.
Such a fluorinated ether (I) may include one or two or more of CF3CH2OCF2CFHCF3, CF3CF2CH2OCF2CFHCF3, HCF2CF2CH2OCF2CFHCF3, HCF2CF2CH2OCH2CF2CF2H, CF3CFHCF2CH2OCF2CFHCF3, HCF2CF2CH2OCF2CF2H, CF3CF2CH2OCF2CF2H, and the like.
Advantageously, in order to achieve a high boiling point and good miscibility with other solvents and to give good solubility of an electrolyte salt, the fluorinated ether (I) preferably include at least one selected from the group consisting of HCF2CF2CH2OCF2CFHCF3 (boiling point: 106° C.), CF3CF2CH2OCF2CFHCF3 (boiling point: 82° C.), HCF2CF2CH2OCF2CF2H (boiling point: 92° C.), and CF3CF2CH2OCF2CF2H (boiling point: 68° C.), more preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of HCF2CF2CH2OCF2CFHCF3 (boiling point: 106° C.), and HCF2CF2CH2OCF2CF2H (boiling point: 92° C.).
Examples of the C3-C6 cyclic ether include 1,2-dioxane, 1,3-dioxane, 2-methyl-1,3-dioxane, 4-methyl-1,3-dioxane, 1,4-dioxane, metaformaldehyde, 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, 1,3-dioxolane, 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, 2-(trifluoroethyl)dioxolane, 2,2,-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-dioxolane, and fluorinated compounds thereof. In order to achieve a high ability to solvate with lithium ions and improve the degree of ion dissociation, preferred are dimethoxymethane, diethoxymethane, ethoxymethoxymethane, ethylene glycol n-propyl ether, ethylene glycol di-n-butyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, and crown ethers. In order to achieve low viscosity and to give a high ion conductivity, particularly preferred are dimethoxymethane, diethoxymethane, and ethoxymethoxymethane.
Examples of the nitrogen-containing compound include nitrile, fluorine-containing nitrile, carboxylic acid amide, fluorine-containing carboxylic acid amide, sulfonic acid amide, fluorine-containing sulfonic acid amide, acetamide, and formamide. Also, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, 1-methyl-2-piperidone, 3-methyl-2-oxazilidinone, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, and N-methylsuccinimide may be used. The nitrile compounds represented by the formulae (1a), (1b), and (1c) are not included in the above nitrogen-containing compounds.
Examples of the boron-containing compound include borates such as trimethyl borate and triethyl borate, boric acid ethers, and alkyl borates.
Examples of the organosilicon-containing compound include (CH3)4—Si, (CH3)3—Si—Si(CH3)3, and silicone oil.
Examples of the fireproof agent (flame retardant) include organophosphates and phosphazene-based compounds. Examples of the organophosphates include fluorine-containing alkyl phosphates, non-fluorine-containing alkyl phosphates, and aryl phosphates. In order to achieve a flame retardant effect even in a small amount, fluorine-containing alkyl phosphates are particularly preferred.
Examples of the phosphazene-based compounds include methoxypentafluorocyclotriphosphazene, phenoxypentafluorocyclotriphosphazene, dimethylaminopentafluorocyclotriphosphazene, diethylaminopentafluorocyclotriphosphazene, ethoxypentafluorocyclotriphosphazene, and ethoxyheptafluorocyclotetraphosphazene.
Specific examples of the fluorine-containing alkyl phosphates include fluorine-containing dialkyl phosphates disclosed in JP H11-233141 A, cyclic alkyl phosphates disclosed in JP H11-283669 A, and fluorine-containing trialkyl phosphates.
Preferred examples of the fireproof agent (flame retardant) include (CH3O)3P═O, (CF3CH2O)3P═O, (HCF2CH2O)3P═o, (CF3CF2CH2)3P═O, and (HCF2CF2CH2)3P═O.
The surfactant may be any of cationic surfactants, anionic surfactants, nonionic surfactants, and amphoteric surfactants. In order to give good cycle characteristics and rate characteristics, the surfactant is preferably one containing a fluorine atom.
Preferred examples of such a surfactant containing a fluorine atom include fluorine-containing carboxylic acid salts represented by the following formula (30):
Rf5COO−M+ (30)
(wherein Rf5 is a C3-C10 fluorine-containing alkyl group optionally containing an ether bond; M+ is Li+, Na+, K+, or NHR′3+, wherein R's are the same as or different from each other, and are each H or a C1-C3 alkyl group), and fluorine-containing sulfonic acid salts represented by the following formula (40):
Rf6SO3−M+ (40)
(wherein Rf6 is a C3-C10 fluorine-containing alkyl group optionally containing an ether bond; M+ is Li+, Na+, K+, or NHR′3+, wherein R's are the same as or different from each other, and are each H or a C1-C3 alkyl group).
In order to reduce the surface tension of the electrolyte solution without impairing the charge and discharge cycle characteristics, the surfactant is preferably present in an amount of 0.01 to 2% by mass of the electrolyte solution.
Examples of the additive for increasing the permittivity include sulfolane, methylsulfolane, γ-butyrolactone, and γ-valerolactone.
Examples of the improver for cycle characteristics and rate characteristics include methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, and 1,4-dioxane.
The electrolyte solution of the disclosure may be combined with a polymer material and thereby formed into a gel-like (plasticized), gel electrolyte solution.
Examples of such a polymer material include conventionally known polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide, and modified products thereof (see JP H08-222270 A, JP 2002-100405 A); polyacrylate-based polymers, polyacrylonitrile, and fluororesins such as polyvinylidene fluoride and vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymers (see JP H04-506726 T, JP H08-507407 T, JP H10-294131 A); and composites of any of these fluororesins and any hydrocarbon resin (see JP H11-35765 A, JP H11-86630 A), In particular, polyvinylidene fluoride or a vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer is preferably used as a polymer material for a gel electrolyte.
The electrolyte solution of the disclosure may also contain an ion conductive compound disclosed in Japanese Patent Application No. 2004-301934.
This ion conductive compound is an amorphous fluorine-containing polyether compound having a fluorine-containing group at a side chain and is represented by the following formula (101):
A-(D)-B (101)
wherein D is represented by the following formula (201):
-(D1)n-(FAE)m-(AE)p-(Y)q- (201)
[wherein D1 is an ether unit containing a fluorine-containing ether group at a side chain and is represented by the following formula (2a):
##STR00059##
(wherein Rf is a fluorine-containing ether group optionally containing a crosslinkable functional group; and R10 is a group or a bond that links Rf and the main chain);
##STR00060##
(wherein Rfa is a hydrogen atom or a fluorinated alkyl group optionally containing a crosslinkable functional group; and R11 is a group or a bond that links Rfa and the main chain);
##STR00061##
(wherein R13 is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group optionally containing a crosslinkable functional group, an aliphatic cyclic hydrocarbon group optionally containing a crosslinkable functional group, or an aromatic hydrocarbon group optionally containing a crosslinkable functional group; and R12 is a group or a bond that links R13 and the main chain);
##STR00062##
The electrolyte solution of the disclosure may contain a sulfone-based compound. Preferred as the sulfone-based compound are a C3-C6 cyclic sulfone and a C2-C6 acyclic sulfone. The number of sulfonyl groups in one molecule is preferably 1 or 2.
Examples of the cyclic sulfone include monosulfone compounds such as trimethylene sulfones, tetramethylene sulfones, and hexamethylene sulfones; disulfone compounds such as trimethylene disulfones, tetramethylene disulfones, and hexamethylene disulfones. In order to give good permittivity and viscosity, more preferred among these are tetramethylene sulfones, tetramethylene disulfones, hexamethylene sulfones, and hexamethylene disulfones, particularly preferred are tetramethylene sulfones (sulfolanes).
The sulfolanes are preferably sulfolane and/or sulfolane derivatives (hereinafter, also abbreviated as “sulfolanes” including sulfolane). The sulfolane derivatives are preferably those in which one or more hydrogen atoms binding to any carbon atom constituting the sulfolane ring is replaced by a fluorine atom or an alkyl group.
In order to achieve high ion conductivity and high input and output, preferred among these are 2-methylsulfolane, 3-methylsulfolane, 2-fluorosulfolane, 3-fluorosulfolane, 2,2-difluorosulfolane, 2,3-difluorosulfolane, 2,4-difluorosulfolane, 2,5-difluorosulfolane, 3,4-difluorosulfolane, 2-fluoro-3-methylsulfolane, 2-fluoro-2-methylsulfolane, 3-fluoro-3-methylsulfolane, 3-fluoro-2-methylsulfolane, 4-fluoro-3-methylsulfolane, 4-fluoro-2-methylsulfolane, 5-fluoro-3-methylsulfolane, 5-fluoro-2-methylsulfolane, 2-fluoromethylsulfolane, 3-fluoromethylsulfolane, 2-difluoromethylsulfolane, 3-difluoromethylsulfolane, 2-trifluoromethylsulfolane, 3-trifluoromethylsulfolane, 2-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)sulfolane, 3-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)sulfolane, 4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)sulfolane, 3-sulfolene, 5-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)sulfolane, and the like.
Examples of the acyclic sulfone include dimethyl sulfone, ethyl methyl sulfone, diethyl sulfone, n-propyl methyl sulfone, n-propyl ethyl sulfone, di-n-propyl sulfone, isopropyl methyl sulfone, isopropyl ethyl sulfone, diisopropyl sulfone, n-butyl methyl sulfone, n-butyl ethyl sulfone, t-butyl methyl sulfone, t-butyl ethyl sulfone, monofluoromethyl methyl sulfone, difluoromethyl methyl sulfone, trifluoromethyl methyl sulfone, monofluoroethyl methyl sulfone, difluoroethyl methyl sulfone, trifluoroethyl methyl sulfone, pentafluoroethyl methyl sulfone, ethyl monofluoromethyl sulfone, ethyl difluoromethyl sulfone, ethyl trifluoromethyl sulfone, perfluoroethyl methyl sulfone, ethyl trifluoroethyl sulfone, ethyl pentafluoroethyl sulfone, di(trifluoroethyl)sulfone, perfluorodiethyl sulfone, fluoromethyl-n-propyl sulfone, difluoromethyl-n-propyl sulfone, trifluoromethyl-n-propyl sulfone, fluoromethyl isopropyl sulfone, difluoromethyl isopropyl sulfone, trifluoromethyl isopropyl sulfone, trifluoroethyl-n-propyl sulfone, trifluoroethyl isopropyl sulfone, pentafluoroethyl-n-propyl sulfone, pentafluoroethyl isopropyl sulfone, trifluoroethyl-n-butyl sulfone, trifluoroethyl-t-butyl sulfone, pentafluoroethyl-n-butyl sulfone, and pentafluoroethyl-t-butyl sulfone.
In order to achieve high ion conductivity and high input and output, preferred among these are dimethyl sulfone, ethyl methyl sulfone, diethyl sulfone, n-propyl methyl sulfone, isopropyl methyl sulfone, n-butyl methyl sulfone, t-butyl methyl sulfone, monofluoromethyl methyl sulfone, difluoromethyl methyl sulfone, trifluoromethyl methyl sulfone, monofluoroethyl methyl sulfone, difluoroethyl methyl sulfone, trifluoroethyl methyl sulfone, pentafluoroethyl methyl sulfone, ethyl monofluoromethyl sulfone, ethyl difluoromethyl sulfone, ethyl trifluoromethyl sulfone, ethyl trifluoroethyl sulfone, ethyl pentafluoroethyl sulfone, trifluoromethyl-n-propyl sulfone, trifluoromethyl isopropyl sulfone, trifluoroethyl-n-butyl sulfone, trifluoroethyl-t-butyl sulfone, trifluoromethyl-n-butyl sulfone, trifluoromethyl-t-butyl sulfone, and the like.
The sulfone-based compound may be present in any amount that does not significantly impair the effects of the disclosure. The amount is usually 0.3% by volume or more, preferably 0.5% by volume or more, more preferably 1% by volume or more, while usually 40% by volume or less, preferably 35% by volume or less, more preferably 30% by volume or less, in 100% by volume of the solvent. The sulfone-based compound in an amount within the above range can easily achieve an effect of improving the cycle characteristics and the durability such as storage characteristics, can lead to an appropriate range of the viscosity of a non-aqueous electrolyte solution, can eliminate a reduction in electric conductivity, and can lead to appropriate ranges of the input and output characteristics and charge and discharge rate characteristics of a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
In order to improve the output characteristics, the electrolyte solution of the disclosure also preferably contains as an additive a compound (7) that is at least one selected from the group consisting of a lithium fluorophosphate other than LiPF6 and LiPO2F2 and a lithium salt containing a S=0 group.
When the compound (7) is used as an additive, the above described electrolyte salt is preferably a compound other than the compound (7).
An example of the lithium fluorophosphate is lithium monofluorophosphate (LiPO3F).
Examples of the lithium salt containing a S═O group include lithium monofluorosulfonate (FSO3Li), lithium methyl sulfate (CH3OSO3Li), lithium ethyl sulfate (C2HsOSO3Li), and lithium 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl sulfate.
Preferred among these as the compound (7) are FSO3Li and C2H5OSO3Li.
The compound (7) is preferably present in an amount of 0.001 to 20% by mass, more preferably 0.01 to 15% by mass, still more preferably 0.1 to 10% by mass, particularly preferably 0.1 to 7% by mass, relative to the electrolyte solution.
The electrolyte solution of the disclosure may further contain a different additive, if necessary. Examples of the different additive include metal oxides and glass.
The electrolyte solution of the disclosure preferably contains as an additive at least one selected from the group consisting of an unsaturated cyclic carbonate, a fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate, a S═O group-containing lithium salt, a lithium imide salt, a nitrile compound, a cyclic sulfonic acid ester, and the compound (2). The presence of any of these additives allows a lithium ion secondary battery to have lower resistance and further improved storage characteristics.
Preferably, the additive includes at least one selected from the group consisting of an unsaturated cyclic carbonate, a fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate, a lithium sulfonate compound, a lithium alkylsulfate compound, a lithium imide salt represented by (CmF2m+1SO2) (CnF2n+1SO2)NLi (m and n are each an integer of 0 to 5), a nitrile compound represented by the formula (1a), a saturated cyclic sulfonic acid ester, an unsaturated cyclic sulfonic acid ester, the compound (3), and the compound (4). More preferably, the additive includes at least one selected from the group consisting of vinylene carbonate, vinylethylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, difluoroethylene carbonate, FSO3Li, C2H5OSO3Li, LiN(FSO2)2, LiN(CF3SO2)2, adiponitrile, succinonitrile, glutaronitrile, 1,3-propanesultone, 1-propene-1,3-sultone, succinic anhydride, and maleic anhydride.
The additive is preferably present in an amount of 0.001 to 5% by mass or more relative to the electrolyte solution. The amount is more preferably 0.01% by mass or more, still more preferably 0.1% by mass or more, particularly preferably 0.2% by mass or more. The amount is more preferably 3% by mass or less, still more preferably 1% by mass or less.
The electrolyte solution of the disclosure preferably contains 1 to 1000 ppm of hydrogen fluoride (HF). The presence of HF can promote formation of a film of the aforementioned additive. Too small an amount of HF tends to impair the ability to form a film on the negative electrode, impairing the characteristics of an electrochemical device. Too large an amount of HF tends to impair the oxidation resistance of the electrolyte solution due to the influence by HF. The electrolyte solution of the disclosure, even when containing HF in an amount within the above range, causes no reduction in capacity recovery of an electrochemical device after high-temperature storage.
The amount of HF is more preferably 5 ppm or more, still more preferably 10 ppm or more, particularly preferably 20 ppm or more. The amount of HF is also more preferably 200 ppm or less, still more preferably 100 ppm or less, further more preferably 80 ppm or less, particularly preferably 50 ppm or less.
The amount of HF can be determined by neutralization titration.
The electrolyte solution of the disclosure is preferably prepared by any method using the aforementioned components.
The electrolyte solution of the disclosure relates to an electrolyte solution for lithium ion secondary batteries.
The disclosure also relates to a lithium ion secondary battery including the electrolyte solution of the disclosure.
The lithium ion secondary battery of the disclosure preferably includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and the above electrolyte solution.
<Positive Electrode>
The positive electrode includes a positive electrode active material layer containing a positive electrode active material and a current collector.
The positive electrode active material may be any material that can electrochemically occlude and release lithium ions. Examples thereof include lithium-containing transition metal complex oxides, lithium-containing transition metal phosphoric acid compounds, sulfur-based materials, and conductive polymers. Preferred among these as the positive electrode active material are lithium-containing transition metal complex oxides and lithium-containing transition metal phosphoric acid compounds. Particularly preferred is a lithium-containing transition metal complex oxide that generates high voltage.
The transition metal of the lithium-containing transition metal complex oxide is preferably V, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, or the like. Specific examples thereof include lithium-cobalt complex oxides such as LiCoO2, lithium-nickel complex oxides such as LiNiO2, lithium-manganese complex oxides such as LiMnO2, LiMn2O4, and Li2MnO4, and those obtained by substituting some of transition metal atoms as main components of these lithium transition metal complex oxides with another element such as Na, K, B, F, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Li, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mg, Ga, Zr, Si, Nb, Mo, Sn, or W. Specific examples of those obtained by substitution include LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2, LiNi0.85Co0.10Al0.05O2, LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2, LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2, LiNi0.33Co0.33Mn0.33O2, LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2, LiNi0.45Co0.10Al0.45O2, LiMn1.8Al0.2O4, and LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4.
The lithium-containing transition metal complex oxide is preferably any of LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4, LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2, and LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 each of which has a high energy density even at high voltage. In particular, LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 is preferred at a high voltage of 4.4 V or higher.
The transition metal of the lithium-containing transition metal phosphoric acid compound is preferably V, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, or the like. Specific examples thereof include iron phosphates such as LiFePO4, Li3Fe2(PO4)3, and LiFeP2O7, cobalt phosphates such as LiCoPO4, and those obtained by substituting some of transition metal atoms as main components of these lithium transition metal phosphoric acid compounds with another element such as Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Li, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mg, Ga, Zr, Nb, or Si.
Examples of the lithium-containing transition metal complex oxide include
In order to provide a high-power lithium ion secondary battery having a high energy density, preferred is LiCoO2, LiMnO2, LiNiO2, LiMn2O4, LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2, or LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2.
Other examples of the positive electrode active material include LiFePO4, LiNi0.8Co0.2O2, Li1.2Fe0.4Mn0.4O2, LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2, LiV3O6, and Li2MnO3.
An example of the sulfur-based material is a sulfur-containing material. The sulfur-based material preferably includes at least one selected from the group consisting of an elemental sulfur, a metallic sulfide, and an organic sulfur compound. The sulfur-based material is more preferably an elemental sulfur. The metallic sulfide may be a metal polysulfide. The organic sulfur compound may be an organic polysulfide.
Examples of the metal sulfides include compounds represented by LiSx (0<x≤8), compounds represented by Li2Sx (0<x≤8), compounds having a 2D lamellar structure such as TiS2 and MoS2, and chevrel compounds having a strong 3D skeletal structure such as those represented by the formula: MexMo6S8(wherein Me is a transition metal such as Pb, Ag, or Cu).
An example of the organic sulfur compound is a carbon sulfide compound.
The organic sulfur compound may be carried on a porous material such as carbon and used as a carbon composite material. In order to achieve further excellent cycle performance and further reduce overvoltage, the carbon composite material preferably contains sulfur in an amount of 10 to 99% by mass, more preferably 20% by mass or more, still more preferably 30% by mass or more, particularly preferably 40% by mass or more, and preferably 85% by mass or less relative to the carbon composite material.
In the case of using simple sulfur as the positive electrode active material, the amount of the sulfur contained in the positive electrode active material is equal to the amount of the simple sulfur.
Examples of the conductive polymers include p-doped conductive polymers and n-doped conductive polymers. Examples of the conductive polymers include polyacetylene-based polymers, polyphenylene-based polymers, heterocyclic polymers, ionic polymers, ladder-shaped polymers, and network polymers.
In order to improve the continuous charge characteristics, the positive electrode active material preferably contains lithium phosphate. Lithium phosphate may be used in any manner, and is preferably used in admixture with the positive electrode active material. The lower limit of the amount of lithium phosphate used is preferably 0.1% by mass or more, more preferably 0.3% by mass or more, still more preferably 0.5% by mass or more, relative to the sum of the amounts of the positive electrode active material and lithium phosphate. The upper limit thereof is preferably 10% by mass or less, more preferably 8% by mass or less, still more preferably 5% by mass or less.
To a surface of the positive electrode active material may be attached a substance having a composition different from the positive electrode active material. Examples of the substance attached to the surface include oxides such as aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, boron oxide, antimony oxide, and bismuth oxide; sulfates such as lithium sulfate, sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, calcium sulfate, and aluminum sulfate; carbonates such as lithium carbonate, calcium carbonate, and magnesium carbonate; and carbon.
Such a substance may be attached to a surface of the positive electrode active material by, for example, a method of dissolving or suspending the substance in a solvent, impregnating the solution or suspension into the positive electrode active material, and drying the impregnated material; a method of dissolving or suspending a precursor of the substance in a solvent, impregnating the solution or suspension into the positive electrode active material, and heating the material and the precursor to cause a reaction therebetween; or a method of adding the substance to a precursor of the positive electrode active material and simultaneously sintering the materials. In the case of attaching carbon, for example, a carbonaceous material in the form of activated carbon may be mechanically attached to the surface afterward.
For the amount of the substance attached to the surface in terms of the mass relative to the amount of the positive electrode active material, the lower limit thereof is preferably 0.1 ppm or more, more preferably 1 ppm or more, still more preferably 10 ppm or more, while the upper limit thereof is preferably 20% or less, more preferably 10% or less, still more preferably 5% or less. The substance attached to the surface can reduce oxidation of the electrolyte solution on the surface of the positive electrode active material, improving the battery life. Too small an amount of the substance may fail to sufficiently provide this effect. Too large an amount thereof may hinder the entrance and exit of lithium ions, increasing the resistance.
Particles of the positive electrode active material may have any shape conventionally used, such as a bulky shape, a polyhedral shape, a spherical shape, an ellipsoidal shape, a plate shape, a needle shape, or a pillar shape. The primary particles may agglomerate to form secondary particles.
The positive electrode active material has a tap density of preferably 0.5 g/cm3 or higher, more preferably 0.8 g/cm3 or higher, still more preferably 1.0 g/cm3 or higher. The positive electrode active material having a tap density below the lower limit may cause an increased amount of a dispersion medium required and increased amounts of a conductive material and a binder required in formation of the positive electrode active material layer, as well as limitation on the packing fraction of the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode active material layer, resulting in limitation on the battery capacity. A complex oxide powder having a high tap density enables formation of a positive electrode active material layer with a high density. The tap density is preferably as high as possible and has no upper limit, in general. Still, too high a tap density may cause diffusion of lithium ions in the positive electrode active material layer with the electrolyte solution serving as a diffusion medium to function as a rate-determining step, easily impairing the load characteristics. Thus, the upper limit of the tap density is preferably 4.0 g/cm3 or lower, more preferably 3.7 g/cm3 or lower, still more preferably 3.5 g/cm3 or lower.
In the disclosure, the tap density is determined as a powder packing density (tap density) g/cm3 when 5 to 10 g of the positive electrode active material powder is packed into a 10-ml glass graduated cylinder and the cylinder is tapped 200 times with a stroke of about 20 mm.
The particles of the positive electrode active material have a median size d50 (or a secondary particle size when the primary particles agglomerate to form secondary particles) of preferably 0.3 μm or greater, more preferably 0.5 μm or greater, still more preferably 0.8 μm or greater, most preferably 1.0 μm or greater, while preferably 30 μm or smaller, more preferably 27 μm or smaller, still more preferably 25 μm or smaller, most preferably 22 μm or smaller. The particles having a median size below the lower limit may fail to provide a product with a high tap density. The particles having a median size greater than the upper limit may cause prolonged diffusion of lithium in the particles, impairing the battery performance and generating streaks in formation of the positive electrode for a battery, i.e., when the active material and components such as a conductive material and a binder are formed into slurry by adding a solvent and the slurry is applied in the form of a film, for example. Mixing two or more positive electrode active materials having different median sizes d50 can further improve the easiness of packing in formation of the positive electrode.
In the disclosure, the median size d50 is determined using a known laser diffraction/scattering particle size distribution analyzer. In the case of using LA-920 (Horiba, Ltd.) as the particle size distribution analyzer, the dispersion medium used in the measurement is a 0.1% by mass sodium hexametaphosphate aqueous solution and the measurement refractive index is set to 1.24 after 5-minute ultrasonic dispersion.
When the primary particles agglomerate to form secondary particles, the average primary particle size of the positive electrode active material is preferably 0.05 μm or greater, more preferably 0.1 μm or greater, still more preferably 0.2 μm or greater. The upper limit thereof is preferably 5 μm or smaller, more preferably 4 μm or smaller, still more preferably 3 μm or smaller, most preferably 2 μm or smaller. The primary particles having an average primary particle size greater than the upper limit may have difficulty in forming spherical secondary particles, adversely affecting the powder packing. Further, such primary particles may have a greatly reduced specific surface area, highly possibly impairing the battery performance such as output characteristics. In contrast, the primary particles having an average primary particle size below the lower limit may usually be insufficiently grown crystals, causing poor charge and discharge reversibility, for example.
In the disclosure, the primary particle size is measured by scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observation. Specifically, the primary particle size is determined as follows. A photograph at a magnification of 10000× is first taken. Any 50 primary particles are selected and the maximum length between the left and right boundary lines of each primary particle is measured along the horizontal line. Then, the average value of the maximum lengths is calculated, which is defined as the primary particle size.
The positive electrode active material has a BET specific surface area of preferably 0.1 m2/g or larger, more preferably 0.2 m2/g or larger, still more preferably 0.3 m2/g or larger. The upper limit thereof is preferably 50 m2/g or smaller, more preferably 40 m2/g or smaller, still more preferably 30 m2/g or smaller. The positive electrode active material having a BET specific surface area smaller than the above range may easily impair the battery performance. The positive electrode active material having a BET specific surface area larger than the above range may less easily have an increased tap density, easily causing a difficulty in applying the material in formation of the positive electrode active material layer.
In the disclosure, the BET specific surface area is defined by a value determined by single point BET nitrogen adsorption utilizing a gas flow method using a surface area analyzer (e.g., fully automatic surface area measurement device, Ohkura Riken Co., Ltd.), a sample pre-dried in nitrogen stream at 150° C. for 30 minutes, and a nitrogen-helium gas mixture with the nitrogen pressure relative to the atmospheric pressure being accurately adjusted to 0.3.
When the lithium ion secondary battery of the disclosure is used as a large-size lithium ion secondary battery for hybrid vehicles or distributed generation, it needs to achieve high output. Thus, the particles of the positive electrode active material preferably mainly composed of secondary particles.
The particles of the positive electrode active material preferably include 0.5 to 7.0% by volume of fine particles having an average secondary particle size of 40 μm or smaller and having an average primary particle size of 1 μm or smaller. The presence of fine particles having an average primary particle size of 1 μm or smaller enlarges the contact area with the electrolyte solution and enables more rapid diffusion of lithium ions between the electrode and the electrolyte solution, improving the output performance of the battery.
The positive electrode active material may be produced by any usual method of producing an inorganic compound. In particular, a spherical or ellipsoidal active material can be produced by various methods. For example, a material substance of transition metal is dissolved or crushed and dispersed in a solvent such as water, and the pH of the solution or dispersion is adjusted under stirring to form a spherical precursor. The precursor is recovered and, if necessary, dried. Then, a Li source such as LiOH, Li2CO3, or LiNO3 is added thereto and the mixture is sintered at high temperature, thereby providing an active material.
In production of the positive electrode, one of the aforementioned positive electrode active materials may be used alone or two or more thereof having different compositions may be used in any combination at any ratio. Preferred examples of the combination in this case include a combination of LiCoO2 and LiMn2O4 in which part of Mn may optionally be replaced by a different transition metal (e.g., LiNi0.33Co0.33Mn0.33O2), and a combination with LiCoO2 in which part of Co may optionally be replaced by a different transition metal.
In order to achieve a high battery capacity, the amount of the positive electrode active material is preferably 50 to 99.5% by mass, more preferably 80 to 99% by mass, of the positive electrode mixture. The amount of the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode active material layer is preferably 80% by mass or more, more preferably 82% by mass or more, particularly preferably 84% by mass or more. The upper limit thereof is preferably 99% by mass or less, more preferably 98% by mass or less. Too small an amount of the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode active material layer may cause an insufficient electric capacity. In contrast, too large an amount thereof may cause insufficient strength of the positive electrode.
The positive electrode mixture preferably further contains a binder, a thickening agent, and a conductive material.
The binder may be any material that is safe against a solvent to be used in production of the electrode and the electrolyte solution. Examples thereof include resin polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polymethyl methacrylate, aromatic polyamide, chitosan, alginic acid, polyacrylic acid, polyimide, cellulose, and nitro cellulose; rubbery polymers such as SBR (styrene-butadiene rubber), isoprene rubber, butadiene rubber, fluoroelastomers, NBR (acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber), and ethylene-propylene rubber; styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymers and hydrogenated products thereof; thermoplastic elastomeric polymers such as EPDM (ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymers), styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene copolymers, and styrene-isoprene-styrene block copolymers and hydrogenated products thereof; soft resin polymers such as syndiotactic-1,2-polybutadiene, polyvinyl acetate, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, and propylene-α-olefin copolymers; fluoropolymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, vinylidene fluoride copolymer, and tetrafluoroethylene-ethylene copolymers; and polymer compositions having ion conductivity of alkali metal ions (especially, lithium ions). One of these may be used alone or two or more thereof may be used in any combination at any ratio.
The amount of the binder, which is expressed as the proportion of the binder in the positive electrode active material layer, is usually 0.1% by mass or more, preferably 1% by mass or more, more preferably 1.5% by mass or more. The proportion is also usually 80% by mass or less, preferably 60% by mass or less, still more preferably 40% by mass or less, most preferably 10% by mass or less. Too low a proportion of the binder may fail to sufficiently hold the positive electrode active material and cause insufficient mechanical strength of the positive electrode, impairing the battery performance such as cycle characteristics. In contrast, too high a proportion thereof may cause reduction in battery capacity and conductivity.
Examples of the thickening agent include carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, oxidized starch, monostarch phosphate, casein, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and salts thereof. One of these agents may be used alone or two or more thereof may be used in any combination at any ratio.
The proportion of the thickening agent relative to the active material is usually 0.1% by mass or higher, preferably 0.2% by mass or higher, more preferably 0.3% by mass or higher, while usually 5% by mass or lower, preferably 3% by mass or lower, more preferably 2% by mass or lower. The thickening agent at a proportion lower than the above range may cause significantly poor easiness of application. The thickening agent at a proportion higher than the above range may cause a low proportion of the active material in the positive electrode active material layer, resulting in a low capacity of the battery and high resistance between the positive electrode active materials.
The conductive material may be any known conductive material. Specific examples thereof include metal materials such as copper and nickel, and carbon materials such as graphite, including natural graphite and artificial graphite, carbon black, including acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, and thermal black, and amorphous carbon, including needle coke, carbon nanotube, fullerene, and VGCF. One of these materials may be used alone or two or more thereof may be used in any combination at any ratio. The conductive material is used in an amount of usually 0.01% by mass or more, preferably 0.1% by mass or more, more preferably 1% by mass or more, while usually 50% by mass or less, preferably 30% by mass or less, more preferably 15% by mass or less, in the positive electrode active material layer. The conductive material in an amount less than the above range may cause insufficient conductivity. In contrast, the conductive material in an amount more than the above range may cause a low battery capacity.
The solvent for forming slurry may be any solvent that can dissolve or disperse therein the positive electrode active material, the conductive material, and the binder, as well as a thickening agent used as appropriate. The solvent may be either an aqueous solvent or an organic solvent. Examples of the aqueous medium include water and solvent mixtures of an alcohol and water. Examples of the organic medium include aliphatic hydrocarbons such as hexane; aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylene, and methyl naphthalene; heterocyclic compounds such as quinoline and pyridine; ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, and cyclohexanone; esters such as methyl acetate and methyl acrylate; amines such as diethylene triamine and N,N-dimethylaminopropylamine; ethers such as diethyl ether, propylene oxide, and tetrahydrofuran (THF); amides such as N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), dimethyl formamide, and dimethyl acetamide; and aprotic polar solvents such as hexamethyl phospharamide and dimethyl sulfoxide.
Examples of the material of the current collector for a positive electrode include metal materials such as aluminum, titanium, tantalum, stainless steel, and nickel, and alloys thereof; and carbon materials such as carbon cloth and carbon paper. Preferred is any metal material, especially aluminum or an alloy thereof.
In the case of a metal material, the current collector may be in the form of metal foil, metal cylinder, metal coil, metal plate, metal film, expanded metal, punched metal, metal foam, or the like. In the case of a carbon material, it may be in the form of carbon plate, carbon film, carbon cylinder, or the like. Preferred among these is a metal film. The film may be in the form of mesh, as appropriate. The film may have any thickness, and the thickness is usually 1 μm or greater, preferably 3 μm or greater, more preferably 5 μm or greater, while usually 1 mm or smaller, preferably 100 μm or smaller, more preferably 50 μm or smaller. The film having a thickness smaller than the above range may have insufficient strength as a current collector. In contrast, the film having a thickness greater than the above range may have poor handleability.
In order to reduce the electric contact resistance between the current collector and the positive electrode active material layer, the current collector also preferably has a conductive aid applied on the surface thereof. Examples of the conductive aid include carbon and noble metals such as gold, platinum, and silver.
The ratio between the thicknesses of the current collector and the positive electrode active material layer may be any value, and the ratio {(thickness of positive electrode active material layer on one side immediately before injection of electrolyte solution)/(thickness of current collector)} is preferably 20 or lower, more preferably 15 or lower, most preferably 10 or lower. The ratio is also preferably 0.5 or higher, more preferably 0.8 or higher, most preferably 1 or higher. The current collector and the positive electrode active material layer showing a ratio higher than the above range may cause the current collector to generate heat due to Joule heating during high-current-density charge and discharge. The current collector and the positive electrode active material layer showing a ratio lower than the above range may cause an increased ratio by volume of the current collector to the positive electrode active material, reducing the battery capacity.
The positive electrode may be produced by a usual method. An example of the production method is a method in which the positive electrode active material is mixed with the aforementioned binder, thickening agent, conductive material, solvent, and other components to form a slurry-like positive electrode mixture, and then this mixture is applied to a current collector, dried, and pressed so as to be densified.
The densification may be achieved using a manual press or a roll press, for example. The density of the positive electrode active material layer is preferably 1.5 g/cm3 or higher, more preferably 2 g/cm3 or higher, still more preferably 2.2 g/cm3 or higher, while preferably 5 g/cm3 or lower, more preferably 4.5 g/cm3 or lower, still more preferably 4 g/cm3 or lower. The positive electrode active material layer having a density higher than the above range may cause low permeability of the electrolyte solution toward the vicinity of the interface between the current collector and the active material, and poor charge and discharge characteristics particularly at a high current density, failing to provide high output. The positive electrode active material layer having a density lower than the above range may cause poor conductivity between the active materials and increase the battery resistance, failing to provide high output.
In order to improve the stability at high output and high temperature in the case of using the electrolyte solution of the disclosure, the area of the positive electrode active material layer is preferably large relative to the outer surface area of an external case of the battery. Specifically, the total area of the positive electrode is preferably 15 times or more, more preferably 40 times or more, greater than the surface area of the external case of the secondary battery. For closed, square-shaped cases, the outer surface area of an external case of the battery herein means the total area calculated from the dimensions of length, width, and thickness of the case portion into which a power-generating element is packed except for a protruding portion of a terminal. For closed, cylinder-like cases, the outer surface area of an external case of the battery herein means the geometric surface area of an approximated cylinder of the case portion into which a power-generating element is packed except for a protruding portion of a terminal. The total area of the positive electrode herein means the geometric surface area of the positive electrode mixture layer opposite to a mixture layer including the negative electrode active material. For structures including a current collector foil and positive electrode mixture layers on both sides of the current collector, the total area of the positive electrode is the sum of the areas calculated on the respective sides.
The positive electrode plate may have any thickness. In order to achieve a high capacity and high output, the lower limit of the thickness of the mixture layer on one side of the current collector excluding the thickness of the base metal foil is preferably 10 μm or greater, more preferably 20 μm or greater, while preferably 500 μm or smaller, more preferably 450 μm or smaller.
To a surface of the positive electrode plate may be attached a substance having a composition different from the positive electrode plate. Examples of the substance attached to the surface include oxides such as aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, boron oxide, antimony oxide, and bismuth oxide; sulfates such as lithium sulfate, sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, calcium sulfate, and aluminum sulfate; carbonates such as lithium carbonate, calcium carbonate, and magnesium carbonate; and carbon.
<Negative Electrode>
The negative electrode includes a negative electrode active material layer containing a negative electrode active material and a current collector.
The negative electrode material may be any one that can electrochemically occlude and release lithium ions. Specific examples thereof include carbon materials, alloyed materials, lithium-containing metal complex oxide materials, and conductive polymers. One of these may be used alone or two or more thereof may be used in any combination.
Examples of the negative electrode active material include carbonaceous materials that can occlude and release lithium such as pyrolysates of organic matter under various pyrolysis conditions, artificial graphite, and natural graphite; metal oxide materials that can occlude and release lithium such as tin oxide and silicon oxide; lithium metals; various lithium alloys; and lithium-containing metal complex oxide materials. Two or more of these negative electrode active materials may be used in admixture with each other.
The carbonaceous material that can occlude and release lithium is preferably artificial graphite produced by high-temperature treatment of easily graphitizable pitch from various materials, purified natural graphite, or a material obtained by surface treatment on such graphite with pitch or other organic matter and then carbonization of the surface-treated graphite. In order to achieve a good balance between the initial irreversible capacity and the high-current-density charge and discharge characteristics, the carbonaceous material is more preferably selected from carbonaceous materials obtained by heat-treating natural graphite, artificial graphite, artificial carbonaceous substances, or artificial graphite substances at 400° C. to 3200° C. once or more; carbonaceous materials which allow the negative electrode active material layer to include at least two or more carbonaceous matters having different crystallinities and/or have an interface between the carbonaceous matters having the different crystallinities; and carbonaceous materials which allow the negative electrode active material layer to have an interface between at least two or more carbonaceous matters having different orientations. One of these carbonaceous materials may be used alone or two or more thereof may be used in any combination at any ratio.
Examples of the carbonaceous materials obtained by heat-treating artificial carbonaceous substances or artificial graphite substances at 400° C. to 3200° C. once or more include coal-based coke, petroleum-based coke, coal-based pitch, petroleum-based pitch, and those prepared by oxidizing these pitches; needle coke, pitch coke, and carbon materials prepared by partially graphitizing these cokes; pyrolysates of organic matter such as furnace black, acetylene black, and pitch-based carbon fibers; carbonizable organic matter and carbides thereof; and solutions prepared by dissolving carbonizable organic matter in a low-molecular-weight organic solvent such as benzene, toluene, xylene, quinoline, or n-hexane, and carbides thereof.
The metal material (excluding lithium-titanium complex oxides) to be used as the negative electrode active material may be any compound that can occlude and release lithium, and examples thereof include simple lithium, simple metals and alloys that constitute lithium alloys, and oxides, carbides, nitrides, silicides, sulfides, and phosphides thereof. The simple metals and alloys constituting lithium alloys are preferably materials containing any of metal and semi-metal elements in Groups 13 and 14, more preferably simple metal of aluminum, silicon, and tin (hereinafter, referred to as “specific metal elements”), and alloys and compounds containing any of these atoms. One of these materials may be used alone or two or more thereof may be used in combination at any ratio.
Examples of the negative electrode active material containing at least one atom selected from the specific metal elements include simple metal of any one specific metal element, alloys of two or more specific metal elements, alloys of one or two or more specific metal elements and one or two or more other metal elements, compounds containing one or two or more specific metal elements, and composite compounds such as oxides, carbides, nitrides, silicides, sulfides, and phosphides of the compounds. Such a simple metal, alloy, or metal compound used as the negative electrode active material can lead to a high-capacity battery.
Examples thereof further include compounds in which any of the above composite compounds are complexly bonded with several elements such as simple metals, alloys, and nonmetal elements. Specifically, in the case of silicon or tin, for example, an alloy of this element and a metal that does not serve as a negative electrode may be used. In the case of tin, for example, a composite compound including a combination of 5 or 6 elements, including tin, a metal (excluding silicon) that serves as a negative electrode, a metal that does not serve as a negative electrode, and a nonmetal element, may be used.
Specific examples thereof include simple Si, SiB4, SiB6, Mg2Si, NizSi, TiSiz, MoSi2, CoSi2, NiSi2, CaSi2, CrSiz, Cu6Si, FeSiz, MnSiz, NbSiz, TaSiz, VSiz, WSiz, ZnSiz, SiC, Si3N4, Si2N2O, SiOv (0<v≤2), LiSiO, simple tin, SnSiO3, LiSnO, Mg2Sn, and SnOw (0<w≤2).
Examples thereof further include composite materials of Si or Sn used as a first constitutional element, and second and third constitutional elements. The second constitutional element is at least one selected from the group consisting of cobalt, iron, magnesium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, and zirconium, for example. The third constitutional element is at least one selected from the group consisting of boron, carbon, aluminum, and phosphorus, for example.
In order to achieve a high battery capacity and excellent battery characteristics, the metal material is preferably simple silicon or tin (which may contain trace impurities), SiOv (0<v≤2), SnOw (0≤w≤2), a Si—Co—C composite material, a Si—Ni—C composite material, a Sn—Co—C composite material, or a Sn—Ni—C composite material.
The lithium-containing metal complex oxide material to be used as the negative electrode active material may be any material that can occlude and release lithium. In order to achieve good high-current-density charge and discharge characteristics, materials containing titanium and lithium are preferred, lithium-containing metal complex oxide materials containing titanium are more preferred, and complex oxides of lithium and titanium (hereinafter, abbreviated as “lithium titanium complex oxides”) are still more preferred. In other words, use of a spinel-structured lithium titanium complex oxide in the negative electrode active material for an electrolyte battery is particularly preferred because this can markedly reduce the output resistance.
Preferred examples of the lithium titanium complex oxides include compounds represented by the following formula:
LixTiyMzO4
wherein M is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Na, K, Co, Al, Fe, Ti, Mg, Cr, Ga, Cu, Zn, and Nb.
In order to achieve a good balance of the battery performance, particularly preferred among the above compositions are those satisfying any of the following:
1.2≤x≤1.4,1.5≤y≤1.7,z=0 (i)
0.9≤x≤1.1,1.9≤y≤2.1,z=0 (ii)
0.7≤x≤0.9,2.1≤y≤2.3,z=0. (iii)
Particularly preferred representative composition of the compound is Li4/3Ti5/3O4 corresponding to the composition (i), Li1Ti2O4 corresponding to the composition (ii), and Li4/5Ti11/5O4 corresponding to the composition (iii). Preferred examples of the structure satisfying Z≠0 include Li4/3Ti4/3Al1/3O4.
The negative electrode mixture preferably further contains a binder, a thickening agent, and a conductive material.
Examples of the binder include the same binders as those mentioned for the positive electrode. The proportion of the binder is preferably 0.1% by mass or more, more preferably 0.5% by mass or more, particularly preferably 0.6% by mass or more, while preferably 20% by mass or less, more preferably 15% by mass or less, still more preferably 10% by mass or less, particularly preferably 8% by mass or less, relative to the negative electrode active material. The binder at a proportion relative to the negative electrode active material higher than the above range may lead to an increased proportion of the binder which fails to contribute to the battery capacity, causing a low battery capacity. The binder at a proportion lower than the above range may cause lowered strength of the negative electrode.
In particular, in the case of using a rubbery polymer typified by SBR as a main component, the proportion of the binder is usually 0.1% by mass or more, preferably 0.5% by mass or more, more preferably 0.6% by mass or more, while usually 5% by mass or less, preferably 3% by mass or less, more preferably 2% by mass or less, relative to the negative electrode active material. In the case of using a fluoropolymer typified by polyvinylidene fluoride as a main component, the proportion of the binder is usually 1% by mass or more, preferably 2% by mass or more, more preferably 3% by mass or more, while usually 15% by mass or less, preferably 10% by mass or less, more preferably 8% by mass or less, relative to the negative electrode active material.
Examples of the thickening agent include the same thickening agents as those mentioned for the positive electrode. The proportion of the thickening agent is usually 0.1% by mass or higher, preferably 0.5% by mass or higher, still more preferably 0.6% by mass or higher, while usually 5% by mass or lower, preferably 3% by mass or lower, still more preferably 2% by mass or lower, relative to the negative electrode active material. The thickening agent at a proportion relative to the negative electrode active material lower than the above range may cause significantly poor easiness of application. The thickening agent at a proportion higher than the above range may cause a small proportion of the negative electrode active material in the negative electrode active material layer, resulting in a low capacity of the battery and high resistance between the negative electrode active materials.
Examples of the conductive material of the negative electrode include metal materials such as copper and nickel; and carbon materials such as graphite and carbon black.
The solvent for forming slurry may be any solvent that can dissolve or disperse the negative electrode active material and the binder, as well as a thickening agent and a conductive material used as appropriate. The solvent may be either an aqueous solvent or an organic solvent.
Examples of the aqueous solvent include water and alcohols. Examples of the organic solvent include N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), dimethyl formamide, dimethyl acetamide, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, methyl acetate, methyl acrylate, diethyl triamine, N,N-dimethyl aminopropyl amine, tetrahydrofuran (THF), toluene, acetone, diethyl ether, dimethyl acetamide, hexamethyl phospharamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, benzene, xylene, quinoline, pyridine, methyl naphthalene, and hexane.
Examples of the material of the current collector for a negative electrode include copper, nickel, and stainless steel. In order to easily process the material into a film and to minimize the cost, copper foil is preferred.
The current collector usually has a thickness of 1 μm or greater, preferably 5 μm or greater, while usually 100 μm or smaller, preferably 50 μm or smaller. Too thick a negative electrode current collector may cause an excessive reduction in capacity of the whole battery, while too thin a current collector may be difficult to handle.
The negative electrode may be produced by a usual method. An example of the production method is a method in which the negative electrode material is mixed with the aforementioned binder, thickening agent, conductive material, solvent, and other components to form a slurry-like mixture, and then this mixture is applied to a current collector, dried, and pressed so as to be densified. In the case of using an alloyed material, a thin film layer containing the above negative electrode active material (negative electrode active material layer) may be produced by vapor deposition, sputtering, plating, or the like.
The electrode formed from the negative electrode active material may have any structure. The negative electrode active material existing on the current collector preferably has a density of 1 g·cm−3 or higher, more preferably 1.2 g·cm−3 or higher, particularly preferably 1.3 g·cm−3 or higher, while preferably 2.2 g·cm−3 or lower, more preferably 2.1 g·cm−3 or lower, still more preferably 2.0 g·cm−3 or lower, particularly preferably 1.9 g·cm−3 or lower. The negative electrode active material existing on the current collector having a density higher than the above range may cause destruction of the negative electrode active material particles, resulting in a high initial irreversible capacity and poor high-current-density charge and discharge characteristics due to reduction in permeability of the electrolyte solution toward the vicinity of the interface between the current collector and the negative electrode active material. The negative electrode active material having a density below the above range may cause poor conductivity between the negative electrode active materials, high battery resistance, and a low capacity per unit volume.
The thickness of the negative electrode plate is a design matter in accordance with the positive electrode plate to be used, and may be any value. The thickness of the mixture layer excluding the thickness of the base metal foil is usually 15 μm or greater, preferably 20 μm or greater, more preferably 30 μm or greater, while usually 300 μm or smaller, preferably 280 μm or smaller, more preferably 250 μm or smaller.
To a surface of the negative electrode plate may be attached a substance having a composition different from the negative electrode plate. Examples of the substance attached to the surface include oxides such as aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, boron oxide, antimony oxide, and bismuth oxide; sulfates such as lithium sulfate, sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, calcium sulfate, and aluminum sulfate; and carbonates such as lithium carbonate, calcium carbonate, and magnesium carbonate.
<Separator>
The lithium ion secondary battery of the disclosure preferably further includes a separator.
The separator may be formed from any known material and may have any known shape as long as the resulting separator is stable to the electrolyte solution and is excellent in a liquid-retaining ability. The separator is preferably in the form of a porous sheet or a nonwoven fabric which is formed from a material stable to the electrolyte solution of the disclosure, such as resin, glass fiber, or inorganic matter, and which has an excellent liquid-retaining ability.
Examples of the material of a resin or glass-fiber separator include polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene, aromatic polyamide, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyether sulfone, and glass filters. One of these materials may be used alone or two or more thereof may be used in any combination at any ratio, for example, in the form of a polypropylene/polyethylene bilayer film or a polypropylene/polyethylene/polypropylene trilayer film. In order to achieve good permeability of the electrolyte solution and a good shut-down effect, the separator is preferably a porous sheet or a nonwoven fabric formed from a polyolefin such as polyethylene or polypropylene.
The separator may have any thickness, and the thickness is usually 1 μm or greater, preferably 5 μm or greater, more preferably 8 μm or greater, while usually 50 μm or smaller, preferably 40 μm or smaller, more preferably 30 μm or smaller. The separator thinner than the above range may have poor insulation and mechanical strength. The separator thicker than the above range may cause not only poor battery performance such as poor rate characteristics but also a low energy density of the whole electrolyte battery.
The separator which is a porous one such as a porous sheet or a nonwoven fabric may have any porosity. The porosity is usually 20% or higher, preferably 35% or higher, more preferably 45% or higher, while usually 90% or lower, preferably 85% or lower, more preferably 75% or lower. The separator having a porosity lower than the above range tends to have high film resistance, causing poor rate characteristics. The separator having a porosity higher than the above range tends to have low mechanical strength, causing poor insulation.
The separator may also have any average pore size. The average pore size is usually 0.5 μm or smaller, preferably 0.2 μm or smaller, while usually 0.05 μm or larger. The separator having an average pore size larger than the above range may easily cause short circuits. The separator having an average pore size smaller than the above range may have high film resistance, causing poor rate characteristics.
Examples of the inorganic matter include oxides such as alumina and silicon dioxide, nitrides such as aluminum nitride and silicon nitride, and sulfates such as barium sulfate and calcium sulfate, each in the form of particles or fibers.
The separator is in the form of a thin film such as a nonwoven fabric, a woven fabric, or a microporous film. The thin film favorably has a pore size of 0.01 to 1 μm and a thickness of 5 to 50 μm. Instead of the above separate thin film, the separator may have a structure in which a composite porous layer containing particles of the above inorganic matter is disposed on a surface of one or each of the positive and negative electrodes using a resin binder. For example, alumina particles having a 90% particle size of smaller than 1 μm may be applied to the respective surfaces of the positive electrode with fluororesin used as a binder to form a porous layer.
<Battery Design>
The electrode group may be either a laminate structure including the above positive and negative electrode plates with the above separator in between, or a wound structure including the above positive and negative electrode plates in spiral with the above separator in between. The proportion of the volume of the electrode group in the battery internal volume (hereinafter, referred to as an electrode group proportion) is usually 40% or higher, preferably 50% or higher, while usually 90% or lower, preferably 80% or lower.
The electrode group proportion lower than the above range may cause a low battery capacity. The electrode group proportion higher than the above range may cause small void space in the battery. Thus, if the battery temperature rises to high temperature and thereby the components swell and the liquid fraction of the electrolyte solution exhibits high vapor pressure to raise the internal pressure, the battery characteristics such as charge and discharge repeatability and high-temperature storageability may be impaired and a gas-releasing valve for releasing the internal pressure toward the outside may be actuated.
The current collecting structure may be any structure. In order to more effectively improve the high-current-density charge and discharge performance by the electrolyte solution of the disclosure, the current collecting structure is preferably a structure which reduces the resistances at wiring portions and jointing portions. Such reduction in internal resistance can particularly favorably lead to the effects achieved with the electrolyte solution of the disclosure.
In an electrode group having the laminate structure, the metal core portions of the respective electrode layers are preferably bundled and welded to a terminal. If an electrode has a large area, the internal resistance is high. Thus, multiple terminals may preferably be disposed in the electrode so as to reduce the resistance. In an electrode group having the wound structure, multiple lead structures may be disposed on each of the positive electrode and the negative electrode and bundled to a terminal. This can reduce the internal resistance.
The external case may be made of any material that is stable to an electrolyte solution to be used. Specific examples thereof include metals such as nickel-plated steel plates, stainless steel, aluminum and aluminum alloys, and magnesium alloys, and a layered film (laminate film) of resin and aluminum foil. In order to reduce the weight, a metal such as aluminum or an aluminum alloy or a laminate film is favorably used.
An external case made of metal may have a sealed-up structure formed by welding the metal by laser welding, resistance welding, or ultrasonic welding, or a caulking structure using the metal with a resin gasket in between. An external case made of a laminate film may have a sealed-up structure formed by hot-melting resin layers. In order to improve the sealability, a resin which is different from the resin of the laminate film may be disposed between the resin layers. Especially, in the case of forming a sealed-up structure by hot-melting the resin layers with current collecting terminals in between, metal and resin are to be bonded. Thus, the resin to be disposed between the resin layers is favorably a resin having a polar group or a modified resin having a polar group introduced therein.
The lithium ion secondary battery of the disclosure may have any shape, such as a cylindrical shape, a square shape, a laminate shape, a coin shape, or a large-size shape. The shapes and the structures of the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the separator may be changed in accordance with the shape of the battery.
In a preferred embodiment, the lithium ion secondary battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and the aforementioned electrolyte solution, the positive electrode including a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode active material layer containing a positive electrode active material, the positive electrode active material containing Mn. The lithium ion secondary battery including a positive electrode active material layer that contains a positive electrode active material containing Mn can have much better high-temperature storage characteristics.
In order to provide a high-power lithium ion secondary battery having a high energy density, preferred as the positive electrode active material containing Mn are LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4, LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2, and LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2.
The amount of the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode active material layer is preferably 80% by mass or more, more preferably 82% by mass or more, particularly preferably 84% by mass or more. The upper limit of the amount thereof is preferably 99% by mass or less, more preferably 98% by mass or less. Too small an amount of the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode active material layer may lead to an insufficient electric capacity. In contrast, too large an amount thereof may lead to insufficient strength of the positive electrode.
The positive electrode active material layer may further contain a conductive material, a thickening agent, and a binder.
The binder may be any material that is safe against a solvent to be used in production of electrodes and the electrolyte solution. Examples thereof include polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, SBR (styrene-butadiene rubber), isoprene rubber, butadiene rubber, ethylene-acrylic acid copolymers, ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymers, polyethylene terephthalate, polymethyl methacrylate, polyimide, aromatic polyamide, cellulose, nitro cellulose, NBR (acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber), fluoroelastomer, ethylene-propylene rubber, styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymers and hydrogenated products thereof, EPDM (ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymers), styrene-ethylene-butadiene-ethylene copolymers, styrene-isoprene-styrene block copolymers and hydrogenated products thereof, syndiotactic-1,2-polybutadiene, polyvinyl acetate, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, propylene-α-olefin copolymers, fluorinated polyvinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene-ethylene copolymers, and polymer compositions having ion conductivity of alkali metal ions (especially, lithium ions). One of these substances may be used alone or two or more thereof may be used in any combination at any ratio.
The amount of the binder, which is expressed as the proportion of the binder in the positive electrode active material layer, is usually 0.1% by mass or more, preferably 1% by mass or more, more preferably 1.5% by mass or more. The proportion is also usually 80% by mass or less, preferably 60% by mass or less, still more preferably 40% by mass or less, most preferably 10% by mass or less. Too low a proportion of the binder may fail to sufficiently hold the positive electrode active material and cause insufficient mechanical strength of the positive electrode, impairing the battery performance such as cycle characteristics. In contrast, too high a proportion thereof may cause reduction in battery capacity and conductivity.
Examples of the thickening agent include carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, oxidized starch, monostarch phosphate, casein, and salts thereof. One of these agents may be used alone or two or more thereof may be used in any combination at any ratio.
The proportion of the thickening agent relative to the active material is usually 0.1% by mass or higher, preferably 0.2% by mass or higher, more preferably 0.3% by mass or higher, while usually 5% by mass or lower, preferably 3% by mass or lower, more preferably 2% by mass or lower. The thickening agent at a proportion lower than the above range may cause significantly poor easiness of application. The thickening agent at a proportion higher than the above range may cause a low proportion of the active material in the positive electrode active material layer, resulting in a low capacity of the battery and high resistance between the positive electrode active materials.
The conductive material may be any known conductive material. Specific examples thereof include metal materials such as copper and nickel, and carbon materials such as graphite, including natural graphite and artificial graphite, carbon black, including acetylene black, and amorphous carbon, including needle coke. One of these materials may be used alone or two or more thereof may be used in any combination at any ratio. The conductive material is used in an amount of usually 0.01% by mass or more, preferably 0.1% by mass or more, more preferably 1% by mass or more, while usually 50% by mass or less, preferably 30% by mass or less, more preferably 15% by mass or less, in the positive electrode active material layer. The conductive material in an amount less than the above range may cause insufficient conductivity. In contrast, conductive material in an amount more than the above range may cause a low battery capacity.
In order to further improve the high-temperature storage characteristics, the positive electrode current collector is preferably formed from a valve metal or an alloy thereof. Examples of the valve metal include aluminum, titanium, tantalum, and chromium. The positive electrode current collector is more preferably formed from aluminum or an alloy of aluminum.
In order to further improve the high-temperature storage characteristics of the lithium ion secondary battery, a portion in contact with the electrolyte solution among portions electrically coupled with the positive electrode current collector is also preferably formed from a valve metal or an alloy thereof. In particular, the external case of the battery and a portion that is electrically coupled with the positive electrode current collector and is in contact with the non-aqueous electrolyte solution among components accommodated in the external case of the battery, such as leads and a safety valve, are preferably formed from a valve metal or an alloy thereof. Stainless steel coated with a valve metal or an alloy thereof may also be used.
The positive electrode may be produced by the aforementioned method. An example of the production method is a method in which the positive electrode active material is mixed with the aforementioned binder, thickening agent, conductive material, solvent, and other components to form a slurry-like positive electrode mixture, and then this mixture is applied to a positive electrode current collector, dried, and pressed so as to be densified.
The structure of the negative electrode is as described above.
A module including the lithium ion secondary battery of the disclosure is also one aspect of the disclosure.
The electrolyte solution of the disclosure is useful as an electrolyte solution for large-size lithium ion secondary batteries for hybrid vehicles or distributed generation.
The disclosure relates to an electrolyte solution for a lithium ion secondary battery, including
##STR00063##
wherein R1 and R2 are each independently a methyl, ethyl, propyl, or butyl group.
Preferably, the compound (1) is a compound (1-a) represented by the following formula:
##STR00064##
Preferably, the compound (1) is present in an amount of 0.01 to 10% by mass relative to the electrolyte solution.
The disclosure also relates to an electrolyte solution for a lithium ion secondary battery, including:
##STR00065##
wherein R1 and R2 are each independently a methyl, ethyl, propyl, or butyl group; and
The disclosure also relates to a lithium ion secondary battery including the electrolyte solution.
The disclosure also relates to a module including the lithium ion secondary battery.
The disclosure is described with reference to examples, but the disclosure is not intended to be limited by these examples.
First, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and lithium difluorophosphate were dissolved in an acetone/acetonitrile (volume ratio of 1:1) solvent such that 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and lithium difluorophosphate had a molar ratio of 1:1, and they were stirred with a stirrer for 24 hours. Then, the mixture was filtered and concentrated to give a target compound (I) represented by the following formula.
##STR00066##
(Preparation of Electrolyte Solutions)
LiPF6 was added to a mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) (volume ratio=30/40/30) such that the concentration of LiPF6 was 1.0 mol/L, whereby a fundamental electrolyte solution was prepared. This fundamental electrolyte solution was further mixed with the component(s) shown in Table 1 in amount(s) shown in Table 1, whereby a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was obtained.
(Production of Aluminum Laminate-Type Lithium Ion Secondary Battery)
[Production of Positive Electrode]
First, 93% by mass of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2(NMC) serving as a positive electrode active material, 3% by mass of acetylene black serving as a conductive material, and 4% by mass of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) serving as a binding agent were mixed in a N-methylpyrrolidone solvent to form slurry. The resulting slurry was applied to one surface of 15-μm-thick aluminum foil with a conductive aid applied thereto in advance, and dried. The workpiece was then roll-pressed using a press and cut to provide a piece including an active material layer having a width of 50 mm and a length of 30 mm and an uncoated portion having a width of 5 mm and a length of 9 mm. This piece was used as a positive electrode.
[Production of Negative Electrode]
First, 98 parts by mass of a carbonaceous material (graphite) was mixed with 1 part by mass of an aqueous dispersion of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (concentration of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose: 1% by mass) and 1 part by mass of an aqueous dispersion of styrene-butadiene rubber (concentration of styrene-butadiene rubber: 50% by mass) respectively serving as a thickening agent and a binder. The components were mixed using a disperser to form slurry. The resulting slurry was applied to 10-μm-thick copper foil and dried. The workpiece was rolled using a press and cut to provide a piece including an active material layer having a width of 52 mm and a length of 32 mm and an uncoated portion having a width of 5 mm and a length of 9 mm. This piece was used as a negative electrode.
[Production of Aluminum Laminate Cell]
The above positive electrode and negative electrode were placed to face each other with a 20-μm-thick porous polyethylene film (separator) in between. The non-aqueous electrolyte solution prepared above was filled thereinto and the non-aqueous electrolyte solution was made to sufficiently permeate into the components such as the separator. The workpiece was then sealed, pre-charged, and aged, whereby a lithium ion secondary battery was produced.
(Analysis of Battery Characteristics)
(Capacity Recovery after Storage)
The secondary battery produced above in a state of being sandwiched and pressurized between plates was subjected to constant current/constant voltage charge (hereinafter, referred to as CC/CV charge) (0.1 C cut off) to 4.2 V at a current corresponding to 0.2 C and at 25° C., and then discharged to 3 V at a constant current of 0.2 C. This was counted as one cycle, and the discharge capacity at the third cycle was used to determine the initial discharge capacity. Here, 1 C means the current value at which the reference capacity of the battery is discharged in one hour. For example, 0.2 C means 1/5 of this current value. The battery was again subjected to CC/CV charge (0.1 C cut off) to 4.2 V at 0.2 C and then stored at a high temperature of 60° C. for three days. The battery was sufficiently cooled down and then discharged to 3 V at 25° C. and 0.2 C. Thereafter, the battery was charged (CC/CV charge (0.1 C cut off)) to 4.2 V at 0.2 C and discharged to 3 V at 0.2 C. The discharge capacity was determined, which was a capacity recovery after high-temperature storage. The capacity recovery was calculated based on the value of Comparative Example 1 taken as 1.
The results are shown in Table 1.
(Evaluation of IV Resistance)
The battery after the evaluation of initial discharge capacity was charged at 25° C. and a constant current of 1 C up to half the initial discharge capacity. The battery was discharged at 1.0 C, and the voltage at the 10th second was measured. The resistance was calculated from the voltage drop in discharge, which was taken as the IV resistance. The resistance was calculated based on the value of Comparative Example 1 taken as 1. The results are shown in Table 1.
[Table 1]
TABLE 1
Battery characteristics
Capacity after storage
(relative value to value
IV resistance
Additive 1
Additive 2
of Comparative
(relative value to value
Concentration
Concentration
Example 1 which is
of Comparative Example
Type
(% by mass)
Type
(% by mass)
a/b
taken as 1)
1 which is taken as 1)
Example 1
(I)
0.01
—
—
1.00
1.15
0.87
Example 2
(I)
0.1
—
—
1.00
1.17
0.86
Example 3
(I)
0.5
—
—
1.00
1.18
0.84
Example 4
(I)
1.0
—
—
1.00
1.20
0.82
Example 5
(I)
3.0
—
—
1.00
1.19
0.83
Example 6
(I)
5.0
—
—
1.00
1.16
0.86
Example 7
(I)
10
—
—
1.00
1.13
0.87
Example 8
(II)
1.2
(III)
0.5
1.00
1.20
0.83
Example 9
(II)
0.1
(III)
3.0
0.01
1.13
0.82
Example 10
(II)
0.5
(III)
1.5
0.14
1.14
0.84
Example 11
(II)
1.5
(III)
0.5
1.27
1.16
0.85
Example 12
(II)
3.0
(III)
0.1
12.7
1.20
0.87
Example 13
(I)
1.0
A
1.0
1.00
1.25
0.83
Example 14
(I)
1.0
B
1.0
1.00
1.25
0.84
Example 15
(I)
1.0
C
1.0
1.00
1.26
0.82
Example 16
(I)
1.0
D
1.0
1.00
1.26
0.83
Example 17
(I)
1.0
E
1.0
1.00
1.21
0.77
Example 18
(I)
1.0
F
1.0
1.00
1.22
0.76
Example 19
(I)
1.0
G
1.0
1.00
1.21
0.78
Example 20
(I)
1.0
H
1.0
1.00
1.22
0.78
Example 21
(I)
1.0
I
1.0
1.00
1.23
0.82
Example 22
(I)
1.0
J
1.0
1.00
1.22
0.83
Example 23
(I)
1.0
K
1.0
1.00
1.22
0.81
Example 24
(I)
1.0
L
1.0
1.00
1.23
0.82
Example 25
(I)
1.0
M
1.0
1.00
1.22
0.81
Example 26
(I)
1.0
N
1.0
1.00
1.24
0.83
Example 27
(I)
1.0
O
1.0
1.00
1.25
0.82
Comparative
—
—
—
—
—
1.00
1.00
Example 1
Comparative
(II)
1.2
—
—
—
1.02
1.01
Example 2
Comparative
(III)
0.5
—
—
0
1.01
0.98
Example 3
The abbreviations in the tables mean as follows.
##STR00067##
##STR00068##
##STR00069##
Hidaka, Tomoya, Yamazaki, Shigeaki
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