The present invention relates to a pole-changeable three-phase winding for p1 :p2 =(3m±1)/3n (m and n being integers). This eliminates coils for the primary pole pair number p1 in the base winding branches and the parallel-connected null winding branches which are active only in this level. The same number of additional coils with reduced turn number are additionally series-connected between the terminals of the secondary pole pair number p2, so that at constant effective turn number w1 times the winding factor ξ1 a reduction of the copper losses is achieved.
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1. In a pole-changeable three-phase winding for a fractional pole pair number ratio of primary p1 and secondary pole pair numbers p2 according to p1 :p2 =(3m±1):3n (m, n being positive integers), with G base winding branches operative in both pole number levels, one third of which are associated with all three phases and with N null winding branches operative only at the primary pole pair number p1, the division into G base winding and N null winding branches per phase occurring according to G+N=2p1 /t, wherein t is an integral divisor of 2p1 and G is divisible by the number three, the improvement comprising a reduction in the number coils in the G base winding branches and in the N null winding branches of the individual phases predetermined increase of the winding factor and a number of additional coils disposed between the terminals for the secondary pole pair number p2 and the coil-reduced G base winding branches as additional null winding branches Z, the number of additional coils being equal to the reduction in the number of coils.
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This invention relates to pole changeable three phase windings in general and more particularly to a pole changeable three phase winding for a fractional pole pair ratio of the first and second numbers of pole pairs p1 and p2 according to p1 :p2 =(3m±1):3n, where p2 =3n is an integral multiple of the number of phases and m and n are positive integers.
A winding of the above type is disclosed in my U.S. Pat. No. 4,144,470 which issued on Mar. 13, 1979, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
According to my '470 patent, each phase winding for the first number of poles 2p1 consists of 2p1 /t equal winding branches, of which a number G, divisible by three, of so-called base winding-branches carry current for the first number of poles 2p1 and for the second number of poles 2p2, where one third of each of the base winding branches, for the second number of poles 2p2, are assigned to all three phase windings. The remaining number N of winding branches are designed as zero or null winding branches which are ineffective for the second number of poles 2p2, so that a division into G base winding branches and N zero branches according to G+N=2p1 takes takes place, where t is an integral divisor of 2p1.
The G base-winding branches may be connected in triple-Y/triple Y; delta/triple-delta; or Y/triple-delta. In a case of triple-Y/triple Y connection of the G base-winding branches, only six terminals are needed, and for the selective insertion of one of the two pole numbers, a single three-pole switch is sufficient. The null winding can be connected as desired, parallel to or in series with the base winding; however, only the use of a single null branch winding for the primary pole pair number p1 not divisible by three is provided.
To attain favorable operating properties, in particular for drives at constant torque, it is desirable to obtain for both pole number levels equal air gap flux densities B to the extent possible, the ratio of the two flux densities to be not less than 0.85, if possible. In a winding with base-winding branches connected in triple-Y/triple-Y and parallel null winding branches, the phase turn numbers for both pole pair number levels are the same, so that for p2 >p1 -because of the limited magnitude of the higher-pole winding factor ξ2 -there is to be provided for the lower primary pole number a phase-interspersed winding arrangement maintaining the winding and field symmetry and having a correspondingly reduced winding factor. As a result, however, the copper losses increase approximately as the square of the reciprocal winding factor at the lower primary pole number, the phase turn numbers being the same for both pole number levels. The essential operating properties depend on the effective turn numbers, which result from the product of winding factor and actual turn number.
It is an object of the invention to reduce the copper losses while maintaining favorable operating properties, i.e. without impairment of the magnetic symmetry, of a winding of the type in the '470 patent and thereby improve the efficiency and reduce heating in a machine equipped with such a winding.
The invention is based on the finding that for maintaining the effective phase turn numbers, an increase of the winding factor and a corresponding reduction of the phase turn number for the lower pole number level is possible, it being necessary in order to maintain the effective phase turn numbers for the higher pole number level to add to the thereby reduced base winding branches a corresponding number of additional coils in such a way that also the flux pattern remains unchanged.
In accordance with the invention, a pole-changeable three-phase winding is provided for a fractional pole pair number ratio of primary (p1) and secondary pole pair numbers (p2) according to p1 :p2 =(3m±1):3n (m, n being positive integers), with G base winding branches operative in both pole number levels, one third of which are associated with all three phases and with N null winding branches operative only at the primary pole pair number (p1), the division into G base winding and N null winding branches per phase occurring according to G+N=2p1 /t, wherein t is an integral divisor of 2p1 and G is divisible by the number three, in which the G base winding branches and the N null winding branches of the individual phases are carried out with a coil number reduced by an equal number of coils in accordance with a desired increase of the winding factor (ξ1). Of the coils thus eliminated, a number of coils reduced in the radio G:(G+N) are inserted between the terminals for the secondary pole pair number (p2) and the coil-reduced G base winding branches as additional null winding branches Z.
In the embodiment in which G base winding branches for both pole pair numbers are connected in triple Y/triple Y, and N null winding branches are connected in parallel therewith and operative only at the primary pole pair number (p1), the coils inserted as additional null winding branches Z are carried out with a turn number (wz) reduced to one third as compared with the coils of the base winding branches G.
In accordance with one aspect of the invention, the total number of all coils is reduced by the number which corresponds to the number of coils eliminated in the N null winding branches. In accordance with other aspects of the invention, the additional null winding branches Z are formed exclusively by the coils eliminated in the G base winding branches and by coils eliminated both in the G base and in the N null winding branches.
In some embodiments of the invention, G base winding branches are connected in triple Y/triple Y, null branch windings N for p1 are connected in parallel therewith, and series connected additional null winding branches Z for p2 are provided.
These and other aspects of the invention will be more apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiments when considered with the accompanying figures and supplementary tables.
The present invention is illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings in which like numerals indicate similar parts and in which:
FIG. 1 is a winding circuit diagram illustrating two wiring versions of a winding for 2p1 :2p2 =4:6 and 72 slots, the coil numbers in parentheses indicating the second version of the coil arrangement;
FIGS. 2 to 4 show sext-axially periodic Gte,uml/o/ rges polygons illustrating different coil pitch widths and different coil side groups according to Table II, one third of which are illustrated;
FIG. 5 is a vector diagram illustrating for the winding according to FIG. 1, the slot voltage vectors or arrows of phase winding U1 for the primary pole number level 2p1 =4;
FIG. 6 is a vector diagram of the slot voltage vectors or arrows of phase winding U1, uniformly fanned out over the entire periphery for the secondary pole number level 2p2 =6, the coils of which then belong in equal parts to all three phases U2, V2, W2 ;
FIGS. 7 to 9 show several Gte,uml/o/ rges polygons for the secondary pole number level 2p2 =6 in the two versions according to FIG. 1 at different coil pitches, FIG. 9 being the version indicated by parentheses in FIG. 1;
FIG. 10 is a wiring diagram of a 12/10-pole winding for 135 slots with G:N=3:2;
FIGS. 11 and 12 show the Gte,uml/o/ rges polygons for the winding according to FIG. 10 and the coil pitch 1-14;
FIG. 13 is a wiring diagram of a 12/10-pole winding for 90 slots and G:N=3:2; and
FIGS. 14 to 17 show the Gte,uml/o/ rges polygons for the winding according to FIG. 11 and the coil pitches 1-9 and 1-10.
In the Supplementary Tables:
Table I shows two symmetrical and one non-symmetrical coil side groups, respectively in one layer per pole and per phase winding with 72 slots for a primary pole number 2p1 =4 and q=6 slots per pole and per phase winding as well as the associated values of the winding factors and harmonic leakage factors for both pole numbers and also the flux density relations for a 4/6-pole changeable winding; and
Table II shows some coil side groups derived from the coil side groups of Table I by removal of coils from the base and null winding branches, with additional null branches for 2p2 =6, the coil sides inoperative for the primary pole number 2p1 =4 being marked with a circle (o).
In Table I, the three variants a, b and c with the highest winding factors are selected from a possible plurality of known coil groupings in respectively one layer per pole and per phase for a winding for 72 slots and the primary pole number 2p1 =4 and the secondary pole number 2p2 =6. All are carried out with a coil pitch 1-13, which corresponds to the pole pitch τ2 and hence results in the best possible field excitation curve at 2p2 =6. Variants a and b are grouped symmetrically, variant c unsymmetrically. In addition, the respective harmonic leakage factors ##EQU1## and the flux density relations B1 /B2 are given. These known windings with null winding branches N operative only at the primary pole pair number and connected parallel to the base winding G, can, according to Table II, be modified in accordance with the variants a1 to a3, b1, b2 and c1 to c4 of the invention. The coil sides inoperative at p1 are shown as circles, the operative coil sides as black dots.
The Gte,uml/o/ rges polygons according to FIGS. 2 to 4, for the windings according to Table II formed in known manner from the vectorially joined slot fluxes, are sext-axially periodic, only one third being shown for the individual variants a1 . . . c4. The curves in solid lines refer to a coil pitch 1-13, which means a diameter pitch for 2p2 =6, a 2/3 chorded winding for 2p1 =4.
The curves in dash-dot lines apply to a coil pitch 1-12 (shortened pitch), the curves in broken lines, to a coil pitch 1-14 (lengthened pitch). The edge points marked with a dot in a circle indicate the positions of the flux-free slots originating from the omitted coils, their position is different for the individual variants a1 to c4. It can be seen from the six axis-symmetrical Gte,uml/o/ rges polygons that the various winding variants show field excitation curves relatively low in harmonic content already at a pitch width 1-13, which respectively contain only odd order numbers ν=6g±1(g=integer).
A further reduction of the harmonic content can be obtained in the case of the variants a1, b1 with a pitch width 1-14, and in the case of variant c2 with a pitch width 1-12.
For the 4-pole primary pole number level 2p1, in this instance winding factors are increased or decreased according to the coil chordings. In the 6-pole secondary pole number level 2p2, the same variation of the winding factor is obtained for shortened and lengthened pitch widths at pitch width 1-13 (over- or under-chording).
Thus, the flux density relations B1 /B2 are increased at pitch widths 1-12 and decreased at pitch widths 1-14 as compared with the values shown in Tables I and II by about 5%. At pitch widths differing from the diameter pitch for p2, there occur even harmonics in the secondary pole number level 2p2 =6.
A 4/6-pole changeable winding as shown in FIG. 1 for 72 slots with nine base-winding branches G and three null winding branches N in common Y-connection normally comprises six coils per winding branch, i.e., a total of seventy-two coils.
FIG. 5 shows for phase U1, the slot star with entered top layer coil sides for the primary pole number 2p1 =4. The coil side distribution corresponds to the variant b2 in Table II. The coils 5, 41 without arrow heads as well as the coils 23 and 59 flux-permeated in the opposite direction, are inoperative in 4-pole operation.
In FIG. 6 the altered phase position for the secondary pole number 2p2 =6 is illustrated. As can be seen, the vectors of a phase winding according to FIG. 5 are fanned out to the full angle 2π for the 6-pole level. For greater clarity, all slot voltage vectors are entered in a direction away from the center. The respective flux direction is indicated at the associated coil numbers by positive (+) or negative (-) signs. The coils are associated with the individual winding branches of the base winding G and with the parallel-connected null winding in the indicated manner; the six coils belonging to each phase of the base winding G and symmetrical with the axes U2, V2, W2 are indicated by parentheses in FIG. 6. The two slot voltage vectors in broken lines, lying between them, belong to the null winding branch N. The coils omitted in the base winding G and in the null winding branches N are without arrow heads in FIG. 5. They are entered with their numbering also in the winding diagram according to FIG. 1 (being crossed out as "obviated" coils). They are realized with a turn number WZ reduced to one third and with an accordingly enlarged cross-section and are used for the formation of the 6-pole additional null winding branches Z inserted between the physically separated Y points of the base winding branches and the terminals U2, V2, W2. The identically grouped phase windings U, V, W are arranged in space offset by one third the circumference of the machine, i.e. by twenty-four slots. The coils of the additional null winding branches Z carry triple the current as compared with the base-winding branches G.
In the first version, the crossed-out coils are omitted in the base winding branches. Instead, coils 5 (U1), 29 (V1) and 53 (W1) in phase winding U2, coils -23 (U1), -47 (V1) and -71 (W1) in phase winding V2, and coils 41 (U1), 65 (V1) and 17 (W1) in phase winding W2 are connected respectively between the Y-points of the individual phase windings for 2p1 =4 of the base winding and the terminals for the secondary pole number level U2, V2, W2. Due to the reduction of the number of coils in the base-winding and null-winding branches to five coils each, the voltages induced in the null winding branches at the secondary pole number level 2p2 =6 no longer fully cancel each other out. This results in a potential difference in the amount of a coil voltage between the Y point of the null winding branches N and their beginnings U1, V1, W1, but which only leads to a potential shift of said Y point not affecting the operational behavior. In all, however, the winding according to the invention remains exactly symmetrical in both pole number levels.
The three coils -59, -11 and -35 omitted in the null winding branches N are not inserted elsewhere, as is the case with the coils omitted in the base winding branches which, as has been set forth, form in a modified design the additional null winding branches Z, whose coil voltages cancel each other out at the primary pole number 2p1 =4, so that the terminals U2, V2, W2 are then potential-free. With the elimination of these three coils the copper weight is reduced by 3/72, or about 4% (copper saving).
The flux direction in the coils for the additional null winding branches can be selected independently of the primary pole number level. According to FIG. 6, it is possible to provide, instead of the coils of the base winding G mentioned for the additional null winding branches Z, the coils placed in parentheses in FIG. 1 from the base winding G and the null winding N, in diametrical position relative to the former, if the flux direction in FIG. 6 is reversed at the same time. Coils 23, 47 and 41 from the base winding branches G are then obviated.
Taking FIG. 1 as a starting point, it is possible also in the additional null winding Z to interchange the branches of U2 in W2 or only to insert in V2 the coils omitted there. In all three of the aforesaid modifications, the winding factor is ξ2 =0.903 at a coil pitch 1-13, and there always results the favorable Gte,uml/o/ rges polygon according to FIG. 7 with a harmonic content of σ0 =0.830%.
At coil pitch widths 1-12 or 1-14 differing from the diameter pitch 1-13, the Gte,uml/o/ rges polygons for the circuit variants shown in FIG. 1 are only uni-axially symmetrical according to FIGS. 8 and 9, indicating the presence of even harmonics.
The coil sides of the remaining winding branches G and N operative at the primary pole number 2p1, must, at variance with the known phase-interspersed form of construction with relatively low winding factor ξ1, be grouped so that their winding factor is increased approximately reciprocally with the lower coil number and thus the effective phase turn number ξ1 ν1 remains unchanged. In accordance with the smaller coil number in said winding branches, the copper losses become smaller, and generally also the harmonic content of the field excitation curve is reduced (Gte,uml/o/ rges polygon).
The measure according to the invention is especially suited for pole-changeable windings with base winding branches G connected in triple Y/triple Y in which the primary pole pair number p1 is greater than the secondary pole pair number p2, reduced effective phase turn numbers being needed for the primary pole number level because of the desired balanced magnetic stress of the machine.
Two embodiments for a 12/10-pole changeable two-layer winding for different slot numbers are shown in FIGS. 10 and 13, which are suitable in particular for drive motors where a torque increasing with speed (rpm) is required, to which end a flux density ratio B1 /B2 >1 is sought. Since in higher-pole operation the required output is perceptibly smaller, it suffices if in the secondary pole number level 2p2 =12 only about two thirds of the coils are live. And since moreover the field harmonic content may be noticeably higher in said little utilized level than in the primary pole number level 2p1 =10, fractional slot windings with q=3.75 or respectively 2.5 slots per pole and per phase may be provided.
The starting point in both cases (FIGS. 10 and 13) is a 10-pole three-zone winding, divided in the ratio G:N=3.2 and connected in quintuple Y, where each winding train is normally composed of 135 and/or 90/5×3 coils.
In the instance of the wiring according to FIG. 10 with 135 slots, of the 135/15=9 coils, only seven coils, and in the instance of FIG. 13 with 90 slots, of the 90:15=6 coils, only five coils are normally used.
In FIG. 10, the middle nine winding branches constitute the base winding G connected in triple Y/triple Y; to the right and left thereof are three parallel null branches N1 and N2. The 2×3=6 coils not used for 2p1 =10 in the base winding are realized with a turn number reduced to one third and are inserted as 12-pole additional null winding Z between the three centers of the base winding G and the terminals U2, V2, W2. The coils omitted from the null branches N1 and N2, 2×3×2=12 in all (8, 36, 44, 45, 53, 81, 89, 90, 98, 126, 134 and 135), are no longer needed in any pole number level. For 135 slots, therefore, only 123 coils need to be provided, owing to which the copper quantity is reduced by 9%. At the primary pole number 2p1 =10, the main part of the winding (base winding G and null winding branches N1, N 2), comprising 105 coils (7/9 of 135) and connected in quintuple Y, is active. In the second pole level, 105×3/5=63 coils of the base winding G plus 3×6=18 of the additional null winding branches, or a total of 81 coils, are live.
With the wiring according to FIG. 10, there results the Gte,uml/o/ rges polygon shown in FIG. 11 for the 10-pole level at q=4.5 slots per pole and per phase, and the Gte,uml/o/ rges polygon shown in FIG. 13 for the 12-pole level at q=3.75 slots per pole and per phase with a relatively high harmonic content (σ0 =9.49%).
In the arrangement according to FIG. 13, at 2p1 =10 only 5/6 of 90=75 coils are operative, each winding branch of the main part of the winding connected in quintuple Y consisting of five coils. The additional null winding branches Z are formed by 3×3=9 coils with one third turn number, so that in 12-pole operation 3/5×75+9=45+9=54 coils are live. Six coils (18, 24, 48, 54, 78, 84) are eliminated in the null winding branches N1 and N2, so that there are in all only 84 coils (7% copper saving). The field form in the two pole number levels is evident from the Gte,uml/o/ rges polygons shown in FIGS. 14 to 17 (respectively for a coil pitch width of 1-10 or 1-9). The respective winding factors ξ1 and ξ2 the harmonic leakage factor σ0 and the air gap flux density ratios B10 /B12 can be seen from said figures.
By the elimination of coils, in particular from the null winding branches, it is thus possible to save copper, and the different design of the coils provided for the additional null winding branches Z involves practically no extra cost. Taken as a whole, in addition to the saving of copper, it is possible at 2p1 to attain lower copper losses, a lower harmonic content, and a more balanced magnetic stress without extra cost.
Such windings with partially utilized null winding branches N and additional null winding branches Z in both pole number levels are advantageous not only with a base winding connected in triple Y/triple Y but also with differently connected base winding branches G (delta/triple delta or Y/triple delta circuits with increased number of terminals) and can be realized analogously.
The advantages of the present invention, as well as certain changes and modifications of the disclosed embodiments thereof will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. It is the applicant's intention to cover by his claims all those changes and modifications which could be made to the embodiment of the invention herein chosen for the purpose of the disclosure without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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