This invention is a composition comprising
(a) a p-hydrocarbylphenylporphyrinato chromium or aluminum with axial counterions; and
(b) an aliphatic amine, a heterocyclic amine, an aromatic amine, a phosphine or a phosphine oxide.
Another aspect of this invention is a process for the preparation of an alkylene carbonate which comprises contacting an epoxide with a carbon dioxide in the presence of a catalytic amount of the hereinbefore-described composition.
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1. A process for the preparation of alkylene carbonates which comprises contacting an epoxide and carbon dioxide in the presence of a catalytic amount of a catalyst which comprises
(a) a p-hydrocarbylphenylporphyrinato chromium with an axial counter-ion wherein the chromium is in the +2, +3, or +4 oxidation state; and (b) a cocatalyst of an amine, a phosphine or a phosphine oxide under conditions such that an alkylene carbonate is prepared. 2. The process of
M is the chromium; and X is a halide, alkoxide, azide, cyanide, isocyanide, perchlorate, fluoroborate, nitride or oxo moiety, and the phosphine corresponds to the formula P(Y)3 wherein Y is separately in each occurrence a C1-20 hydrocarbyl moiety, and the phosphine oxide corresponds to the formula ##STR6## wherein Y is separately in each occurrence a C1-20 hydrocarbyl moiety; and the cocatalyst and the p-hydrocarbylphenylporphyrinato chromium are present in an equivalent ratio of between about 1:1 and 20:1.
3. The process of
4. The process of
R1 is separately in each occurrence hydrogen, a monovalent C1-20 alkane, C1-20 haloalkane, a C1-20 alkene, a C1-20 alkane further substituted by an alkoxy, aryloxy, alkaryloxy or aralkyloxy moiety, or two R1 's, either on the same or adjacent carbon atoms, combined to form a cycloaliphatic group.
6. The process of
7. The process of
8. The process of
9. The process of
10. The process of
11. The process of
12. The process of
14. The process of
15. The process of
16. The process of
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This invention relates to a novel porphyrinate and amine composition, which is useful as a catalyst in preparing alkylene carbonates.
Alkylene carbonates are useful in the preparation of polymers and glycols and as solvents.
The preparation of alkylene carbonates by reacting an alkylene oxide and carbon dioxide is well-known. The general conditions for the reaction are the use of temperatures in the approximate range of 100° C.-250°C Superatmospheric pressures of about 10-300 atmospheres are employed. A reaction temperature of about 160°C-200° C. and a pressure of 50-150 atmospheres are usually preferred. The reactants are used in about equal molar proportions with the carbon dioxide normally in slight excess.
Known catalysts for the reaction include inorganic bases such as sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate and organic nitrogen bases such as tertiary amines, quaternary ammonium bases, and salts of these nitrogen bases such as their carbonates and halides. For example, aliphatic tertiary amines such as trimethylamine, aromatic tertiary amines such as pyridine and quinoline, quaternary ammonium hydroxides such as tetraethyl ammonium hydroxide, trimethylbenzyl ammonium hydroxide, dialkyl piperidinium hydroxide, and the carbonates, bicarbonates, and halides of such hydroxides are all known to catalyze the reaction. Catalyst concentrations of 0.1-5 percent based on the weight of alkylene oxide are conventional.
Other catalysts disclosed in the patent literature are anion-exchange resins containing quaternary ammonium chloride groups (U.S. Pat. No. 2,773,070), hydrazine or the hydrohalide salt thereof (U.S. Pat. No. 3,535,341) and guanidine and its salts (U.S. Pat. No. 3,535,342). Catalysts known to the art generally are effective for the purpose and they provide fairly high conversions of the reactants and generally good yields of the desired cyclic carbonates. These yields usually are about 70-90 percent of the theoretical. The latter two patents claim conversions and yields each in excess of 95 percent.
In commercial processes the ammonium halide and anion-exchange resins containing the ammonium halides are the most common catalysts.
There are several problems with the above-described processes. The alkylene carbonates prepared by such processes contain troublesome impurities. Some of these impurities result in a colored product. Further, it has been found that the anion-exchange resin catalysts tend to lose their catalytic activity over a period of use.
A process for the preparation of alkylene carbonates in which the catalyst has long lifetimes, can be recovered easily and repeatedly used, is desirable. Further, a catalyst which does not degrade to form undesirable impurities is needed.
This invention is a composition comprising
(a) a p-hydrocarbylphenyl porphyrinato chromium or aluminum with axial counterions; and
(b) an aliphatic amine, a heterocyclic amine, an aromatic amine, a phosphine or phosphine oxide.
Another aspect of this invention is a process for the preparation of alkylene carbonates (1,3-dioxalan-2-ones) which comprises contacting an epoxide and carbon dioxide in the presence of a catalytic amount of a catalyst which comprises
(a) a p-hydrocarbylphenol porphyrinato chromium or aluminum with an axial counterion; and
(b) an aliphatic amine, an aromatic amine, a phosphine or a phosphine oxide under conditions such that an alkylene carbonate is prepared.
The novel porphyrinate and amine composition of this invention has several advantages. First, as a catalyst in the production of alkylene carbonates, such catalysts have increased lifetimes. These catalysts can be easily recovered and recycled repeatedly. Furthermore, these catalysts do not degrade so as to prepare impurities which create problems in the products.
The FIGURE is a plot of the yield of butylene carbonate versus time wherein three different catalysts are used, in particular, chloro-(5,10,15,20-tetra-p-tolylporphyrinato)chromium (III); (5,10,15,20-tetra-p-tolylporphyrinato)aluminum methoxide; and tetra-N-butyl ammonium chloride. The experiment is further described in Example 13.
Included among porphyrinates useful in this invention are p-hydrocarbylphenyl porphyrinato chromium or aluminum (hereinafter porphyrinates) wherein the aluminum is in the +3 oxidation state and the chromium is in the +2, +3 or +4 oxidation state. Porphyrinates wherein the aluminum or chromium is in the +3 oxidation state are preferred. The porphyrinates useful in this invention have axial counterions bonded to the chromium or aluminum and such axial counterions are generally anions.
Porphyrinates useful in this invention include those which correspond to the formula ##STR1## wherein M is chromium or aluminum; R is a hydrocarbyl moiety; and X is a halide, alkoxide, azide, cyanide, isocyanide, perchlorate, fluoroborate, nitride or oxo moiety.
In the above formula, M is preferably chromium. R is preferably a C1-20 alkyl, C6-20 aryl, C7-20 alkaryl or C7-20 aralkyl moiety. R is more preferably a C1-20 alkyl moiety, with a C1-10 alkyl moiety being even more preferred. R is most preferably a C1-4 alkyl moiety. X is more preferably a halide, alkoxide, azide, cyanide, oxo or isocyanide moiety; most preferably a halide.
Examples of porphyrinates within the scope of this invention include chloro-(5,10,15,20-tetra-p-tolylporphyrinato)chromium (III); oxo-(5,10,15,20-tetra-p-tolylporphyrinato)chromium (IV); bromo-(5,10,15,20-tetra-p-tolylporphyrinato)chromium (III); chloro-(5,10,15,20-tetra-p-ethylphenylporphyrinato)chromium (III); oxo-(5,10,15,20-tetra-p-ethylphenylporphyrinato)chromium (IV); bromo-(5,10,15,20-tetra-p-ethylphenylporphyrinato)chromium (III); (5,10,15,20-tetratolylporphyrinato)chromium (III) methoxide; (5,10,15,20-tetratolylporphyrinato)aluminum (III) methoxide, and (5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrinato)aluminum (III) ethoxide.
Co-catalysts in this invention include amines, phosphines and phosphine oxides. Amines useful in this invention include aliphatic amines, heterocyclic amines and aromatic amines. Examples of amines which can be used in this invention include the following: monoalkylamines including methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine, isopropylamine, n-butylamine, sec-butylamine, isobutylamine, pentylamines, hexylamines, cyclohexylamines, heptylamines, octylamines, dodecylamines, octadecylamines, eicosylamines, triacontanylamines, benzylamine, chlorobenzylamine, nitrobenzylamine, 2-ethoxyethylamine, 4-carbomethoxyhexylamine, etc.; dialkylamines including dimethylamine, diethylamine, di-n-propylamine, diisopropylamine, di-n-butylamine, di-sec-butylamine, diisobutylamine, di-tert-butylamine, dipentylamines, dihexylamines, dioctylamines, ditriacontanylamine, N-methylethylamine, N-methylpropylamine, N-methyloctadecylamine, N-ethylhexylamine, N-ethyldodecylamine, N-propyldodecylamine, etc.; heterocyclic aliphatic secondary amines including piperidine, pyrrole, imidazoline, pyrazole, piperazine, etc.; arylamines including aniline, toluidine, anisidine, nitroaniline, bromoaniline, xylidines, 4-ethylaniline, naphthylamine, etc; diarylamines including diphenylamine, N-phenyl-2-nephthylamine, N-phenylnaphthylamine, etc.; alkyl arylamine having from 1 to about 30 carbon atoms in the alkyl group attached either to the nitrogen atom or to the aryl group including N-ethylaniline, N-methyl-o-toluidine, N-methyl-p-toluidine, p-chloro-N-methylaniline, N,N'-dimethylphenylenediamine, 4-ethylaniline, 4-propylaniline, 4-butylaniline, 4-decylaniline, etc.; and aminoalkyl-substituted amines including ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, 1,3-propylenediamine, di-1,3-propylenetriamine, 1,6-11,16-tetraazahexadecane.
Preferred amines are the heterocyclic and aromatic amines. Among examples of preferred amines are 4-dimethylaminopyridine, 4-cyanopyridine, 4-chloropyridine, 1-methylimidazole and 2-methylimidazole.
Phosphines comprise a phosphorus atom substituted with three ligands and those useful in this process correspond to the formula P(Y)3 wherein Y is separately in each occurrence a C1-20 hydrocarbyl moiety, preferably alkyl or aryl. Examples of phosphines include triphenylphosphine, trimethylphosphine, triethylphosphine and tripropylphosphine.
Phosphine oxides comprise a phosphorus atom which is doubly bonded to an oxygen and wherein the phosphorus atom is further substituted with 3 ligands, and those useful in this process correspond to the formula ##STR2## wherein Y is as defined hereinbefore.
The preferred co-catalysts are the amines and phosphines, with the amines being the most preferred co-catalyst species.
The preferred co-catalyst to porphyrinate ratio is between about 1:1 and 20:1, more preferably between about 4:1 and 10:1, with between about 4:1 and 6:1 being most preferred.
The porphyrinates useful in this invention are known compounds and may be prepared by the techniques described in Adler, J. Org. Chem., 32, 476 (1967); Inoue et al., Bull. Chem. Soc. Jap., 50 (4), 984 (1977); Takeda, Makromolecular Chem., 179, 1377 (1978); Groves et al., Inorg. Chem., 21, 1363 (1982); Aida et al., Macromolecules, 14, 1162 (1981); Aida et al., Macromolecular Chemistry, Rapid Communications, 1, 677 (1980); and Summerville et al., J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 99 (25), 8195 (1977) (all incorporated herein by reference).
Tetra-p-hydrocarbylphenylporphyrines are prepared by contacting pyrrolidine and p-hydrocarbyl-substituted benzaldehydes in refluxing propionic acid, for about 30 minuntes. After reflux, the solution is cooled to room temperature and filtered, and the filter cake washed thoroughly with methanol. After a hot water wash, the resulting crystals are air dried, and finally dried in vacuo to remove any absorbed acid.
Chloro-(5,10,15,20-p-hydrocarbylphenylporphyrinato)chromium (III) is prepared by dissolving tetra-p-hydrocarbylphenylporphyrines in refluxing dimethylformamide and thereafter contacting with the solution chromium dichloride and refluxing until no more of the tetra-p-hydrocarbylphenylporphyrinate is present. The reaction mixture is thereafter cooled and poured into a reaction flask containing water at about 0°C The resulting precipitate is collected by filtration and washed with water and dried in a vacuum for about 1 hour at about 100°C
The chloro-(5,10,15,20-tetra-p-hydrocarbylphenylporphyrinato)chromium (III) can be converted to the oxo-(5,10,15,20-tetra-p-hydrocarbylphenylporphyrinato)chromium (IV) by reacting chloro-(5,10,15,20-tetra-p-hycrocarbylphenylporphyrinato)chromium (III) with iodosylbenzene and base, for example, tert-butyl-hydroperoxide, m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, or sodium hypochlorite to produce the oxo chromium species. The porphyrinates with chlorine as the axial counterion can be converted to porphyrinates with other axial counterions by a ligand-exchange. This is done by dissolving the porphyrinate with the chlorine axial counterion in an aqueous solution and contacting the aqueous solution with an alkali metal salt which contains the counterion to be ligand-exchanged with the chlorine in the presence of a phase-transfer catalyst at room temperature.
The aluminum porphyrinates are prepared by reacting tetra-p-hydrocarbylphenyl porphyrines with a dialkyl ammonium halide in a dichloromethane solvent, in the absence of oxygen. The chloride counterion can be ligand-exchanged as described hereinbefore.
The novel composition of this invention is useful as a catalyst for the preparation of alkylene carbonates from epoxides and carbon dioxide.
Desirable epoxides include those corresponding to the formula ##STR3## wherein R1 is separately in each occurrence hydrogen, halogen, a nitro group, a cyano group or a monovalent hydrocarbon C1-20 or a monovalent hydrocarbon C1-20 substituted with one or more of the following: a halo, cyano, nitro, thioalkyl, tert-amino, alkoxy, aryloxy, aralkoxy, carbonyldioxyalkyl, carbonydioxyaryl, carbonyldioxyaralkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, aralkylcarbonyl, alkylsulfinyl, arylsulfinyl, aralkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl or aralkylsulfonyl group, or two R1 's either on the same carbon atom or adjacent carbon atoms may combine to form a cycloaliphatic group.
R1 is preferably hydrogen, a monovalent C1-20 alkane, C1-20 haloalkane, a C1-20 alkene, a C1-20 alkane further substituted by an alkoxy, aryloxy, alkaryloxy or aralkyloxy moiety, or two R1 's, either on the same or adjacent carbon atoms, may combine to form a cycloaliphatic group. R1 is most preferably hydrogen or methyl.
Among desirable epoxides are the alkylene oxides, for instance ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide; epihalohydrins, such as epibromohydrin and epichlorohydrin; styrene oxide, vinylene oxide, cyclohexene oxide, cyclopentene oxide, cycloheptane oxide, 2,3-epoxy propylphenyl ether and tert-butyl glycidyl ether. Among preferred epoxides are ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, epichlorohydrin, epibromohydrin, styrene oxide and vinylene oxide. Among more preferred epoxides are propylene oxide and butylene oxide.
Alkylene carbonates prepared by the process of this invention include those corresponding to the formula ##STR4## wherein R1 is as defined above.
Examples of desirable alkylene carbonates include ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate and phenylene carbonate. More preferred alkylene carbonates include butylene carbonate and propylene carbonate.
C1-20 hydrocarbyl means herein an organic radical containing between one and twenty carbon atoms to which are bonded hydrogen atoms. Included are the following groups: C1-20 alkyl, C1-20 alkenyl, C1-20 alkynyl, C3-20 cycloalkyl, C3-20 cycloalkenyl, C6-20 aryl, C7-20 alkaryl or C7-20 aralkyl.
The term aryl refers herein to biaryl, phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthranyl and anthranyl. Alkaryl refers herein to an alkyl-, alkenyl- or alkynyl-substituted aryl substituent wherein aryl is as defined hereinbefore. Aralkyl means herein an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl substituent substituted with an aryl group, wherein aryl is as defined hereinbefore.
C3-20 cycloalkyl refers to an alkyl group containing one, two, three or more cyclic rings. C3-20 cycloalkenyl refers to mono-, di- and polycyclic groups containing one or more double bonds. C3-20 cycloalkenyl also refers to the cycloalkenyl groups wherein two or more double bonds are present.
In general the epoxide and carbon dioxide are reacted in any ratio which gives a suitable yield of the desired alkylene carbonate. Preferably the epoxide is contacted with an excess of carbon dioxide. In more preferable embodiments, the reaction is done under pressure wherein excess carbon dioxide is used to pressurize the reaction vessel. It is preferable to run the reaction at between about 100 and 1000 psia (689.47 and 6894.75 Pa) of pressure, with between about 600 and 800 psi (4136.85 and 5515.80 Pa) of pressure being more preferred.
The catalyst can be present in any amount which is catalytic for the reaction described hereinbefore. It is preferable to use an amount of catalyst which provides between about 0.005 and 10 mole percent of porphyrinate based upon the epoxide, preferably between about 0.01 and 1.0 mole percent, with between about 0.01 and and 0.05 mole percent being most preferred.
The epoxide and carbon dioxide can either be contacted in neat form or in the presence of an inert organic solvent. It is preferable to run the reaction under neat conditions.
Suitable solvents include any inert organic solvent which dissolves the reactants. Organic solvents include aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic chlorinated hydrocarbons, cyclic ethers and aliphatic ethers. Examples of aromatic solvents include benzene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene and the like. Examples of aliphatic hydrocarbons include hexane, heptane, octane and the like. Examples of chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons include monochlorobenzenes, dichlorobenzenes, trichlorobenzenes, monochlorotoluene, monochloroethylbenzene and the like. Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons include chloromethane, dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, chloroethane, dichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride and the like. Cyclic ethers include tetrahydrofuran and the like. Aliphatic ethers include ethyl ether and the like. Preferred solvents are chlorinated hydrocarbons.
This process can be run at any temperature at which the reaction proceeds. Preferable temperatures are between about 0°C and 250°C Between about 25°C and 150°C is more preferred, with between about 50°C and 100°C being most preferred. Below about 0°C the reaction rate is extremely slow. Above 250° C. there is significant risk of thermal degradation of both products and reactants.
The porphyrinate catalysts can be recovered from the reaction mixture by distilling the product and solvent away. In order to remove any residual product from the porphyrinates, the porphyrinates can be dissolved in a solvent and thereafter eluted through a suitable adsorbent so as to separate the porphyrinates from the residual product. This can be done by a technique known as gravity chromatography using a column of silica gel or alumina.
The advantages of using the composition of this invention to catalyze the preparation of alkylene carbonates include the easy recovery of the porphyrinates; the porphyrinates can be used repeatedly; the porphyrinates do not degrade to prepare unwanted impurities; and the product can be easily distilled from the catalyst without leaving behind any impurities.
The following examples are included for illustrative purposes and do not limit the scope of the claims or the invention. All parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise specified.
An epoxide, porphyrinate catalyst and amine co-catalyst are added to a stainless steel autoclave equipped with a small magnetic stir bar. The autoclave is then sealed, pressurized with gaseous carbon dioxide with heating and stirring. After a specified reaction time the vessel is cautiously vented and the products distilled from the reaction mixture.
The following table demonstrates the conditions and results of Examples 1-12.
| TABLE I |
| __________________________________________________________________________ |
| Catalyst |
| Co-cata- |
| Epoxide |
| mass lyst Temp |
| Pressure |
| Time % Yield |
| Example |
| Epoxide Co-catalyst |
| mass, g |
| mg mass, mg |
| °C. |
| psig hr Product (distilled) |
| __________________________________________________________________________ |
| 1 propylene |
| N,N--dimethyl- |
| 16.3 25 25 80 720 84 4-methyl-1,3- |
| 95 |
| oxide aminopyridine dioxalan-2-one1 |
| 2 propylene |
| N--methyl- |
| 16.4 25 25 80 750 48 4-methyl-1,3- |
| 99 |
| oxide imidazole dioxalan-2-one1 |
| 3 propylene |
| N,N--dimethyl- |
| 20.5 25 25 60 780 40 4-methyl-1,3- |
| 100 |
| oxide aminopyridine dioxalan-2-one1 |
| 4 epichloro- |
| N,N--dimethyl- |
| 25 25 60 18 4-chloromethyl- |
| 99.8 |
| hydrin aminopyridine 1,3-dioxalan- |
| 2-one2 |
| 5 epichloro- |
| N--methyl- |
| 10.53 |
| 25 25 70 680 48 4-chloromethyl- |
| 100 |
| hydrin imidazole 1,3-dioxalan- |
| 2-one2 |
| 6 cyclohexene |
| dimethyl- |
| 5.0 20 30 95 780 18 7,9-dioxabicy- |
| 97 |
| oxide aminopyridine clo[4.3.0]no- |
| nan-8-one3 |
| 7 cyclohexene |
| N--methyl- |
| 4.0 25 25 100 700 24 7,9-dioxabicy- |
| 85 |
| oxide imidazole clo[4.3.0]no- |
| nan-8-one3 |
| 8 cyclopentene |
| N--methyl- |
| 5.0 25 25 90 700 60 2,4-dioxabicy- |
| 90 |
| oxide imidazole clo[3.3.0]oc- |
| tan-3-one4 |
| 9 cycloheptene |
| N--methyl- |
| 2.0 12 12 85 700 22 8,10-dioxabicy- |
| 97 |
| oxide imidazole clo[5.3.0]de- |
| can-9-one5 |
| 10 cycloheptene |
| N--methyl- 85 22 8,10-dioxabicy- |
| 100 |
| oxide imidazole clo[5.3.0]de- |
| can-9-one5 |
| 11 2,3-epoxy- |
| N--methyl- |
| 10 25 25 70 780 16 4-phenoxymethyl- |
| 100 |
| propyl phenyl |
| imidazole 1,3-dioxalan- |
| ether 2-one |
| 12 1-butylene |
| N,N--dimethyl- |
| 2 12 12 100 780 20 4,5-dimethyl- |
| 84 |
| oxide aminopyridine 1,3-dioxalan- |
| 2-one6 |
| __________________________________________________________________________ |
| 1 Propylene carbonate |
| 2 Epichlorohydrin carbonate |
| 3 Cyclohexane carbonate |
| 4 Cyclopentene carbonate |
| 5 Cycloheptene carbonate |
| 6 Butylene oxide |
The catalyst in Examples 1 and 3-12 is chloro-(5,10,15,20-tetra-p-tolylporphyrinato)chromium (III). The catalyst in Example 2 is oxo-5,10,15,20-tetra-p-phenylporphyrinato)chromium (IV).
In separate reactors are placed chloro-(5,10,15,20-tetra-p-tolylporphyrinato)chromium (III) and (5,10,15,20-p-tetratolylporphyrinato)aluminum methoxide and 17 mg of dimethylaminopyridine along with 1-butylene oxide (11.5 g, 1.59 mmoles). The reactors are sealed and heated to 50°C under a pressure of 780 psig of carbon dioxide with stirring. Samples are periodically taken and analyzed by vapor phase chromatography to determine the conversion rate. In a third reactor, tetra-N-butyl ammonium chloride (50 mg, 0.11 mole percent) is used as a catalyst under identical conditions. In the FIGURE a plot of the yield versus time of each of these three reactions is given. The FIGURE demonstrates that the porphyrinate catalysts exhibit a much faster reaction rate than the ammonium halides. The FIGURE further illustrates that the chromium porphyrinates demonstrate a much faster reaction rate than the aluminum porphyrinate. Further, the porphyrinates demonstrate a faster reaction rate than the ammonium salt catalyst.
Kruper, Jr., William J., Dellar, David V.
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| Executed on | Assignor | Assignee | Conveyance | Frame | Reel | Doc |
| Mar 01 1984 | KRUPER, WILLIAM J JR | DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY, THE | ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST | 004606 | /0970 | |
| Mar 01 1984 | DELLAR, DAVID V | DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY, THE | ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST | 004606 | /0970 | |
| Mar 05 1984 | The Dow Chemical Company | (assignment on the face of the patent) | / |
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