Provided is a novel composition which is the reaction product of chlorine dioxide and a polymer, and in particular, polymeric n-vinyl-α-pyrrolidone. The resulting product is an organically stabilized ClO2 composition which is a powerful microbiocide.
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1. An organically stabilized chlorine dioxide composition which exhibits biocidal activity, said composition being comprised of a ClO2 product which has been prepared by water soluble polymeric n-vinyl pyrrolidone.
15. A method for preventing the growth of microorganisms, which comprises treating the microorganisms with a composition comprising the reaction product of chlorine dioxide and water soluble polymeric n-vinyl pyrrolidone.
14. A method for preparing a cidal composition, which comprises the steps of:
(a) dissolving a polymeric n-vinyl pyrrolidone in water, (b) saturating the aqueous solution with chlorine dioxide, (c) allowing the two components to interact to thereby form a ClO2 /polymer product wherein the ClO2 is bound to the polymer, and optionally adjusting the ph in the range of from 4 to 7.
8. A composition, useful as a biocide, which is prepared by the steps of:
(a) preparing an aqueous solution of a polymeric n-vinyl pyrrolidone, (b) saturating the solution with chlorine dioxide, (c) allowing the mixture to react to form a ClO2 /polymer product wherein the ClO2 is bound to the polymer, removing the excess free chlorine dioxide, and (d) adjusting the ph of the resulting solution to a ph of about 4.0 to 6∅
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1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a novel composition obtained upon the reaction of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) with a polymer, preferably polymeric N-vinyl-α-pyrrolidone.
2. Brief Description of the Prior Art
Chlorine dioxide is a gas which is explosive in air at concentrations over 9 to 10%. It has some solubility in water, but solutions of chlorine dioxide in water rapidly lose ClO2 at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature. Thus the effectiveness of solutions of ClO2, although possessing a powerful killing effect on bacteria, fungi, viruses, spores, etc., is fugitive to some extent due to the tendency for loss of ClO2 gas from the solution.
One approach to this stability problem has been to stabilize the ClO2 solution with various inorganic salts, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,701,781, at a pH above 8 and to liberate ClO2 slowly by reducing the pH of the stabilized solution. This approach has disadvantages, however, in that it requires an operation to lower the pH and the resulting solution exhibits a tendency to lose free ClO2 once it is liberated from the stabilized solution. There is, therefore, a need for a chlorine dioxide solution of improved stability.
The use of polymeric N-vinyl pyrrolidone for stabilizing halogen containing solutions s disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,739,922. Reaction products of ClO2 with polymers such as polymeric N-vinyl pyrrolidone to provide an organically stabilized ClO2 composition, however, are nowhere disclosed or suggested therein.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a novel, stabilized composition of ClO2.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an organically stabilized composition of ClO2.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide an organically stabilized ClO2 composition which is a powerful microbiocide.
These and other objects of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art, as well as the scope, nature and utilization, upon a review of the following description and the claims appended hereto.
In accordance with the foregoing objectives, the present invention provides a very stable and powerful microbiocide which is the reaction product of gaseous chlorine dioxide and a polymer, most preferably polymeric N vinyl-α-pyrrolidone (PVP). In preparing the product, it is believed that rather than a complexing of the ClO2 with a polymer such as PVP, a definite chemical reaction between ClO2 and PVP occurs. This is evidenced by the fact that any resulting aqueous solution is colorless and the pH of the solution is reduced below 2∅ For example, a 20% PVP solution is initially at a pH of 4, but after reaction with ClO2, the pH of the solution is decreased to 1.5.
Typical polymeric N-vinyl-α-pyrrolidone compounds useful herein for reacting with chlorine dioxide are the polymeric N-vinyl-α-pyrrolidones of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,265,450. The water soluble polymers of N-vinyl-α-pyrrolidone as a class are effective in this invention and the degree of polymerization (i.e. molecular weight of the polymer) has no apparent effect on the reaction. However, for any particular use, polymers of a specific molecular weight range may be preferred for various reasons. The Fichentscher K value is a convenient designation of relative degree of polymerization or relative molecular weight and will therefore be used to designate the specific polymers.
For example, polymers having a K value below 15, and particularly below 10, are rapidly excreted from the body in the urine when administered in parenteral fluids. Thus, such polymers are useful when it is desired to prepare the cidal composition and to have that compound excreted from the body more slowly. Moreover, the osmotic pressure of solutions of polymers within this range of K values appears to be better suited for the preparation of parenteral fluids. Therefore, such molecular weight polymers are usually preferred in compositions intended for use in parenteral fluids, or where it is desired to prolong the presence and effect of the composition in the body.
The higher polymers, i.e. those having a K value above 50, and especially above 75, to e.g., 90, appear to be stored in the liver for appreciable periods of time. Such high molecular weight products may, therefore, be preferred in compositions intended for therapy of the liver.
The water soluble polymers of N-vinyl pyrrolidone have been extensively employed as blood plasma substitutes and appear to be entirely innocuous, having LD50 values in the range of 100 gm/kg. While for certain purposes, as discussed above, a polymer for a particular weight range may be desired, the cidal effect does not appear to be related to the molecular weight. Thus, the range of molecular weight of a particular polymer to be employed in any given application will be governed by considerations other than the cidal action. Such considerations are well known in the medical profession and the proper choice of polymer may readily be made. For external use, the molecular weight (K value) of the polymer appears to be without effect, save for its effect on the viscosity of the composition.
The novel cidal composition of the present invention is generally prepared by dissolving solid polyvinyl pyrrolidone (K 10 to K 90) in water to make solutions ranging from 1% to 60% by weight of the PVP (depending upon its molecular weight), saturating this solution with ClO2, and allowing the ClO2 to react with the PVP at room temperature and atmospheric pressure until the yellow-chartreuse color of the chlorine dioxide has disappeared. The procedure may be repeated several times, with the solution being allowed to sit until colorless. The colorless solution is then assayed to determine the equivalent free ClO2 which has been incorporated into the PVP solution and which is available as an oxidizing biocide. Incorporation of higher concentrations into water causes the solution to become very viscous and hard to handle, especially at higher K values. However, the PVP is still reactive and, in fact, solid PVP shows reactivity towards ClO2 gas. Thus, reaction in the solid state is possible.
The effective concentration of ClO2 or chlorous acid in an aqueous solution of the present composition is easily measured by reacting the solution with KI thus liberating I2 in proportion to the oxidizing power of the solution (due to ClO2 or chlorous acid). The I2 is then titrated with sodium thiosulfate. This method is well known and conventionally used in the assay of chlorine dioxide solutions.
If desired, the pH of the biocidal solution containing the PVP-chlorine dioxide reaction product may be raised by reaction with organic bases, such as amines, without appreciably affecting the biocidal activity of the solution.
Alternative methods for preparing the ClO2 /PVP solution would be the generation of ClO2 in a solution of PVP by known methods, such as the reduction of chlorate ion, or the oxidation of chlorite ion, by any of the known methods already described in the chemical literature.
Exemplary polymers capable of forming the same type of complex or reaction product with ClO2 besides PVP include water soluble copolymers of vinylpyrrolidone with vinyl pyridine, acrylamide, substituted acrylamides, vinyl caprolactam, vinyl phthalamide, etc. Also homopolymers such as polyvinyl caprolactam, polyvinyl-α-valerolactam, polyvinyl-α-valerolactam, and the like. These polymers are expected to exhibit the same type of behavior to a greater or lesser degree depending upon the particular polymer chosen.
The cidal solutions of the present invention are useful as a wide spectrum biocide against such organisms as bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, yeast, spores, and the like. Applications which take advantage of the killing power of such solutions are infections of the skin, toes, hands, ears and, after adjustments to higher pH, gingivitus, burns, decubitus ulcers, dermatitis, varicose ulcers, thrush, skin grafting, and the like. The composition of the present invention is particularly useful in applications which can take advantage of the film forming qualities of the PVP to protect areas from external contamination, coupled with the antiseptic power of the ClO2 reaction product such as wounds, burns, skin infections, etc. Application of the composition results in more rapid healing.
The reaction product of PVP with ClO2 may be administered topically as a powder, ointment, gel, spray or solution.
The ClO2 compositions of the present invention may also be formulated with a wide variety of surface active agents such as soap or alkylaryl sulfate and sulfonate, higher fatty alcohol sulfates and sulfonates, cationic agents such as quaternary ammonium compounds, and non-ionic surface active agents such as higher fatty alcohols or the polyglycol ether esters of higher fatty acids, to produce valuable sanitizers which have a wide field of application in cleaning and sanitizing operations such as washing, bathing, spraying, dipping, and the like. Surface active agents such as the Tweens and Ammonyxs are particularly suitable for use with the compositions of the present invention. Compositions containing stabilized chlorine dioxide, quaternary ammonium compounds, and the present reaction product of ClO2 with polymeric N-vinyl pyrrolidone show a killing power on microorganisms far in excess of that expected for the sum of the components in the composition. The same results apply to mixtures of stabilized ClO2 and the compositions of this invention.
To prevent the loss of equivalent ClO2 content, solutions can be supplied with an excess of free ClO2. This excess ClO2 will enhance the microbiological activity of the solution initially but will slowly evaporate when the solution is exposed to the air, leaving only the bound ClO2 (equivalent).
The following examples are provided to illustrate the preparation of a biocidal composition in accordance with the present invention, but are not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any manner.
It should be noted that in the examples which follow, the highest equivalent oxidizing power of the solutions is 2200 ppm equivalent ClO2, which would give the solution of Example 15 a dilution of approximately 1:7 with water. Higher levels of equivalent free ClO2 can be prepared by increasing the reaction temperature (although ClO2 is less soluble in the solution as the temperature is raised) and/or the reaction pressure to increase the concentration of ClO2 in the liquid phase. Other methods of increasing the extent of reaction between PVP and ClO2 are multiple cycles which may be employed to obtain higher levels of equivalent ClO2 content.
Moreover, as illustrated in the following examples, the pH of the solution of PVP is about 1.5 after reaction with ClO2. The pH may be adjusted to higher values by adding bases without substantially altering the cidal properties of the composition. Among the applications well suited for this adjusted material are dental sterilization and animal medicine.
Polymeric N-vinyl-α-pyrrolidone (K 15, 5% by weight) was dissolved in distilled water. ClO2 gas from a generator was passed through the solution for several hours until it was saturated and became brilliant yellow-green in color. A sample of distilled water was saturated in the same manner to the same brilliant yellow-green color. The two solutions were then divided in half and one of the two solutions was capped (i.e. closed) and the other was left open to the atmosphere to allow ClO2 gas to slowly escape from solution. All samples were assayed from time to time using the KI-sodium thiosulfate method. The results are recorded below in Table I.
| TABLE I |
| ______________________________________ |
| Example No. |
| 1 2* 3 4* |
| ______________________________________ |
| Sample 5% PVP Distilled 5% PVP Distilled |
| H2 O H2 O |
| Initial Color |
| ←bright yellow-green→ |
| yellow |
| State open open closed closed |
| Time - 6 Days: |
| Color nearly water brilliant |
| pale |
| colorless |
| white yellow-green |
| yellow |
| Free ClO2, |
| 108 5 170 5 |
| ppm |
| Time - 39 days: |
| Color water water bright pale |
| white white yellow-green |
| yellow |
| Free ClO2, |
| 105 2 170 37 |
| ppm |
| ______________________________________ |
| *Comparative |
The above data shows that the open solution of PVP designated Example I, although colorless after 39 days (indicating no free ClO2 present), had an equivalent ClO2 content of 105 ppm. The open solution of distilled water (designated Example 2), was also water-white but had lost all of its ClO2 content. The closed samples of PVP and distilled water (designated as Examples 3 and 4) retained some free ClO2 as evidenced by their color and analysis.
Another series of samples was prepared by dissolving 10% by weight of PVP (K 15) in distilled water and dividing the solution in half. One-half was held as a control and the other sample was saturated with ClO2 and allowed to react. In like manner, two distilled water samples were prepared, one being saturated with ClO2 and the other being held as a control. All samples were tightly capped and analyzed at various intervals for their total ClO2 content by the KI-sodium thiosulfate method. Free ClO2 in the yellow solution was determined by a UV Spectrophotometer at 390 nm. Combined ClO2 was calculated by subtracting free ClO2 from total ClO2. In a colorless solution of the PVP - ClO2 reaction product at pH 1.5, the KI - sodium thiosulfate method gives total ClO2 which is equal to free ClO2 (equivalent) or bound ClO2. The results are recorded below in Table II.
| TABLE II |
| ______________________________________ |
| Example No. 5* 6 7** 8** |
| ______________________________________ |
| Sample composition |
| 10% 10% Dist. Dist. |
| PVP PVP + H2 O |
| H2 O + |
| ClO2 ClO2 |
| Time-0 days: |
| Free ClO2, ***ppm |
| 0 567 0 387 |
| Combined ClO2, ppm |
| 0 1529 0 1934 |
| Time-5 days: |
| Free ClO2, ***ppm |
| 1.3 742 0 418 |
| Combined ClO2, ppm |
| 0 121 0 1580 |
| Total ClO2, ppm |
| 1.3 863 0 1997 |
| Time-14 days: |
| Free ClO2, ***ppm |
| 0 308 0 189 |
| Combined ClO2, ppm |
| 0 0 0 606 |
| Total ClO2, ppm |
| 0 308 0 795 |
| Color orange very pale |
| water brilliant |
| yellow white yellow- |
| green |
| pH 4.1 1.9 6.2 3.1 |
| Odor slight iodine none very |
| alco- like strong |
| holic ClO2 |
| ______________________________________ |
| *Control |
| **Comparative |
| ***Equivalent |
The above data shows that a reaction has taken place between the PVP and ClO2 in Example No. 6 as evidenced by the decrease in pH from 4.1 to 1.9, a decrease in color of the solution, and the absence of the characteristic odor of chlorine dioxide. In addition, the composition of Example No. 6, when assayed for ClO2 by the KI-sodium thiosulfate method, gives an indication of ClO2 equivalent of 308 ppm after 14 days.
A possible explanation for these observed facts is the reduction of ClO2 to chlorous acid which is then stabilized by or complexed with the PVP present. Normally, chlorous acid is unstable and tends to form ClO2. Here it does not decompose and is available in stable form for use as a biocide.
Two solutions of 10% by weight PVP (K 15) were prepared, and their pH was adjusted from 4.0 to 7.0 with NaOH. Both solutions were saturated with ClO2 for 24 hours and assayed. One was adjusted back to pH 7∅ Both were resaturated with ClO2 and assayed. This procedure was repeated 3 times and the solutions were allowed to decolorize for 11 days. Two samples of 25% by weight of PVP were also prepared and 0.5 wt % NaClO2 was added to the solutions and the pH was lowered with acid to 4.0 and 2.4. The results are given in Table III.
| TABLE III |
| ______________________________________ |
| Example No. 9 10* 11 12 |
| ______________________________________ |
| % PVP 10 10 25 25 |
| ClO2 Yes Yes No No |
| NaClO2, wt. % |
| 0 0 0.5 0.5 |
| Color water-white pale bright |
| yellow yellow-green |
| pH 1.2 1.2 4.0 2.4 |
| Free ClO2, **ppm |
| 567 532 243 353 |
| ______________________________________ |
| *pH of Example 10 was readjusted back to 7.0 before each ClO2 |
| saturation. |
| **Equivalent |
The results show that 530-560 ppm of equivalent ClO2 result from successive saturations of 10% PVP solutions with chlorine dioxide, and that the PVP-ClO2 reaction product results from chlorite acidification.
A 10% PVP (K 15) aqueous solution was saturated with chlorine dioxide and was then divided into equal portions and capped. One solution was stored in the dark for 12 days and the other was exposed to strong sunlight for 12 days. Both were then assayed. The results are recorded in Table IV.
| TABLE IV |
| ______________________________________ |
| Example No. 13 14 |
| ______________________________________ |
| % PVP 10 10 |
| Days Exposure 12 12 |
| UV light no yes |
| Color ← water-white → |
| pH 1.7 1.6 |
| Free ClO2, *ppm |
| 455 43 |
| ______________________________________ |
| *Equivalent |
The above data indicates that ultraviolet radiation does not enhance the reaction between PVP and ClO2. In fact, it is known to destroy ClO2 and appears to be detrimental to the reaction product of ClO2 and PVP, judging from the low equivalent ClO2 content of the material exposed to UV radiation.
A 20% by weight PVP (K 15) solution was prepared by dissolving the PVP in 200 grams of tap water. A 50 gram aliquot of the above solution was saturated with ClO2 over a period of 4 hours. Another 50 gram portion of the PVP solution was added to the first 50 gram portion and the total solution was then saturated with ClO2. This procedure was repeated four times until the full 250 grams of the PVP solution had been reacted with ClO2. This solution was then exposed to the atmosphere for 51/2 days until it was water white, and then was assayed. The solution was again assayed 31/2 days later. The results of the assays are recorded in Table V.
| TABLE V |
| ______________________________________ |
| Example No. 15 16 |
| ______________________________________ |
| % PVP 20 20 |
| Days Stored 5.5 9 |
| Color ← Water-White → |
| pH 1.3 1.2 |
| Free ClO2, *ppm |
| 2226 1956 |
| ______________________________________ |
| *Equivalent |
It can be seen from the above examples that ClO2 readily interacts with the PVP to give a solution possessing oxidizing properties as evidenced by the KI-sodium thiosulfate test procedure.
A 10% by weight solution of high molecular weight polyvinylpyrrolidone (K 60) in water was prepared and then saturated again with ClO2 gas from a generator. The solution was allowed to stand for several days at room temperature and then saturated again with ClO2 gas from a generator. The solution was allowed to stand for several more days at room temperature and then saturated again with ClO2. The solution was allowed to sit uncovered for 7 days in a hood and the solution was then assayed. The total ClO2 content was 2044 ppm and the free ClO2 content was 1700 ppm, indicating an equivalent ClO2 content of 344 ppm for the PVP-ClO2 reaction product.
The solution, when analyzed, was a bright chartreuse, indicating that little or no diffusion of ClO2 into the atmosphere had occurred. This behavior is unusual since 10% solutions of the lower molecular weight PVP will rapidly lose ClO2 when uncovered, usually overnight. This data indicates that either the diffusion of ClO2 through the polymer solution was slowed due to high viscosity of the solution or that its vapor pressure was lowered by complexing with the PVP. These observations suggest a method of shipping free ClO2 solutions without the usual attendant loss from water solutions.
Tests were conducted on the biocidal properties of a solution prepared by reacting ClO2 with a 10% solution of PVP prepared as described in Example 6. The sample assayed at 308 ppm free ClO2 equivalent, and had a pH of 1.9. To 4.5 ml. of this sample (used as is, not diluted) 0.5 ml. of the test organism was added and mixed well. The three test organisms used were Staphylococcus Aureus (ATTC 6538), Psuedomonas Aeruginosa (ATTC 15442), and Samonella Choleraesius (ATTC 10708). The solutions were prepared from slants of the culture to 4 successive propagations in 24 hr broth culture (broth to broth for at least 4 transfers per the AOAC method).
The sample of disinfectant plus organisms was stored at room temperature. At the appropriate time intervals, a loopful of the sample was subcultured into a tube of AOAC broth with Letheen. The subculture tubes were incubated for 48 hours at 35°C and examined for the presence of growth. The results are recorded in Table VI.
| TABLE VI |
| ______________________________________ |
| Minutes Hours |
| 1 2 5 10 30 l 2 4 24 |
| ______________________________________ |
| S. Aureus + + + + o o o o o |
| P. Aeruginosa |
| o o o o o o o o o |
| S. Choleraesuis |
| o o o o o o o o o |
| ______________________________________ |
| + = growth, o = no growth |
The results show that the solution possesses powerful cidal activity, killing S. Aureus in greater than 10 but less than 30 minutes and P. Aeruginosa and S. Choleraesuis in less than 1 minute. For comparison, a solution of Anthium Dioxcide (5% solution of stabilized ClO2) which had been diluted to 1:140 (357 ppm total ClO2) and adjusted to pH 4.0 had the following kill times for analogous organisms; S. Aureus (ATTC 6538) - 20 min., Samonella Choleraesius (ATCC 7001) 5 min.
In order to demonstrate that the kill of microorganisms was not related only to the pH of the test solution being below 2.0, and that the solution is still a powerful biocide at higher pH levels, another sample of the solution was tested after its pH had been adjusted to 5.98 with NaOH. The results of these tests, which were carried out using the same procedure, are given in Table VII.
| TABLE VII |
| ______________________________________ |
| Minutes Hours |
| 1 2 5 10 30 1 2 4 24 |
| ______________________________________ |
| S. Aureus + + + + + + + o o |
| P. Aeruginosa |
| + + + o o o o o o |
| S. Choleraesuis |
| + + + + o o o o o |
| ______________________________________ |
The data in Table VII show that upon increasing the pH to 5.98, while the cidal activity is diminished slightly, the solution is still a powerful biocide.
Although the invention has been described with preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that variations and modifications may be resorted to as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Such variations and modifications are to be considered within the purview and the scope of the claims appended hereto.
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