An improved process for the separation of enantiomers of a mixture of certain aliphatic carboxylic acids or esters thereof is disclosed. The process involves adding an inert liquid to the reaction solution formed by: (i) forming a salt solution comprising said racemic mixture of a c1 to c6 linear or branched aliphatic carboxylic acid and an organic or inorganic base; (ii) treating said salt solution with less that equimolar equivalents of a chiral organic nitrogenous base; (iii) precipitating from the reaction solution formed in step (ii) the less soluble diastereomeric salt; (iv) addition of a countersolvent to the slurry formed in step (iii); (v) extracting the more soluble diastereomeric salt or the salt of carboxylic acid and the base added in step (i) into the countersolvent. The inert liquid and the countersolvent must be of sufficiently different density. The inert liquid is substantially immiscible with the countersolvent and does not dissolve appreciable quantities of the precipitated less soluble diastereomeric salt.
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8. In a process for separating the diastereomers from a mixture of 2-(4-isobutylphenyl)propionic acid which process comprises: (i) forming a salt solution comprising said mixture and an organic base and a suitable solvent; (ii) treating said salt solution at a temperature of about 25°C to about 125°C with a chiral organic base c1 to c6 linear or branched aliphatic amine further substituted with c6 to c10 aryl group that is unsubstituted or substituted with c1 to c6 alkyl, c1 to c6 alkoxy or halo, or c1 to c6 linear or branched alkoxy; (iii) precipitating from the reaction solution formed in step (ii) the less soluble diastereomeric salt; (iv) addition of a countersolvent to the slurry formed in step (iii); and (v) extracting the more soluble diastereomeric salt or the salt of carboxylic acid and the base added in step (i) into the countersolvent; the improvement comprising separating the precipitated less soluble diastereomeric salt by adding an inert liquid that: (a) has a density different than the density of the countersolvent; (b) is substantially immiscible with the countersolvent; and (c) doe not dissolve appreciable quantities of the precipitated less soluble diastereomeric salt.
1. In a process for separating the enantiomers of a racemic mixture of a c1 to c6 linear or branched aliphatic carboxylic acid or ester thereof having the formula: ##STR3## where R1 is hydrogen or c1 to c6 linear or branched alkyl; R2, R3 and R4 are different and are hydrogen or c1 to c6 linear or branched alkyl; cycloalkyl; alkyl substituted cycloalkyl; c6 to c14 aryl; c1 to c6 linear or branched alkoxy; c1 to c6 alkylthio; c2 to c8 cycloalkylthio; c6 to c10 arylthio; c6 to c10 arylcarbonyl; c4 to c8 cycloalkenyl; trifluoromethyl; halo; c4 to c5 heteroaryl; the process comprising: (i) forming a salt solution of said racemic mixture and an organic or inorganic base and a suitable solvent; (ii) treating said salt solution with a chiral organic nitrogenous base; (iii) precipitating from the reaction solution formed in step (ii) the less soluble diasteromeric salt; (iv) adding a countersolvent to the slurry formed in step (iii); and (v) extracting the more soluble diastereomeric salt or the salt of carboxylic acid and the base added in step (i) into the countersolvent; the improvement comprising separating the precipitated less soluble diastereomeric salt by adding an inert liquid that: (a) has a density different than the density of the countersolvent; (b) is substantially immiscible with the countersolvent; and (c) does not dissolve appreciable quantities of the precipitated less soluble diastereomeric salt.
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This invention relates to an improvement in a process for the preparation of optically active carboxylic acids and the esters thereof. More particularly this invention relates to an improved process for the preparation of aliphatic carboxylic acids and the esters thereof by adding to a mixture of the diastereomeric salts of such materials an inert liquid that has a density less than the density of the mixture and then separating the diastereomeric salts.
Resolution of racemic aryl-substituted aliphatic carboxylic acids has been described in the literature. Kaiser et al., J. Pharm. Sci., Vol. 65, No. 2, 269-273 (February 1976) formed the S(-) α-methylbenzylamine salt of S(+)-ibuprofen, removed it from the reaction mixture by filtration, and recrystallized it from isopropanol and then from methanol. After acidifying the 3N aqueous sulfuric acid and extracting with ether, S(+)-ibuprofen was obtained, m.p. 50.14 52., [α]D +57., with 95% optical purity as determined by GLC analysis. Cox et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., Vol. 232, No. 3, 636-643 (March 1985), using the Kaiser et al. method, were able to obtain an S(+)-ibuprofen preparation which was 99% S isomer and 1% R isomer (w/w).
Other methods of separating the enantiomers of racemates can be effected by preparing a salt of the acid with an alkaloid or similar resolving agent such as cinchonidine, then separating the products by fractional crystallization from a solvent in which the salt of the dextrorotatory isomer is less soluble. The (+)-salt can then be acid cleaved to yield pure enantiomer. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,209,638 issued Jun. 24, 1980, and U.S. Pat. No. 3,637,767 issued Jan. 25, 1972, which relate to resolution of naproxen and related compounds.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,015,764 discloses and claims a process for increasing the amount of the desired enantiomer obtained from a racemic mixture of C1 to C6 linear or branched aliphatic carboxylic acid or ester thereof. The process comprises: (i) forming a salt solution comprising the racemic mixture of the C1 to C6 linear or branched aliphatic carboxylic acid or ester thereof and an organic or inorganic base; (ii) treating said salt solution with a chiral organic nitrogenous base having a base strength no stronger than said organic base, inorganic base or mixtures of an organic base and an inorganic base; (iii) precipitating from the reaction solution produced in the treatment of step (ii) the less soluble diastereomeric salt; and (iv) separating said diastereomeric salt. The disclosure of this patent is incorporated herein by reference.
According to the process of the present invention, an improvement of the above process has been discovered. Reaction steps (i), (ii) and (iii) are carried out as disclosed. At this point in the reaction sequence, a two-phase mixture is produced that is essentially the solid diastereomeric salt and the remaining reaction liquid. The solid is dispersed in near emulsion form throughout the liquid. It is typically separated by filtration leaving the mother liquor filtrate and solid filtered residue. The residue requires numerous recrystallizations before a product of satisfactory purity is obtained. The conventional separation processes are inconvenient and time consuming, disadvantageously producing multiple process streams.
It has now been discovered that an improved crystalline product can be obtained from the mixture of step (iii) by adding an inert liquid having a different density than the density of the reaction mixture. Surprisingly, when the less dense, inert liquid is added and mixed into the reaction mass, when the mixing action is stopped, the solid phase readily separates from both the reaction solvent and the inert liquid. A three-phase mixture typically results, each layer being easily separated from the other by simple mechanical means (decantation and the like). The inert liquid, if less dense than any of the other components of the mixture, usually forms the uppermost layer; if more dense than the other components, usually forms the lowermost layer.
The inert liquid, however, must have appreciable ability to solubilize one of the diastereomeric salts, preferentially more than the other diastereomeric salt. As such, a solubility of 1 gram of salt per cubic centimeter of inert liquid produces an acceptable inert liquid. This characteristic can be readily identified when, after adding a potential inert liquid and mixing, a phase separation occurs. Further, it should be substantially immiscible with the reaction solution. If either of these conditions should occur, then the density of the liquid will be affected and the ability to cause the phase separation will be lost.
Since the process can be carried out in either aqueous or hydrocarbon medium, the inert liquid can be either a hydrocarbon, water, formamide, acetamide, N,N-dialkyl, substituted formamide or acetamide, as long as the above criteria are met. Thus, when reaction steps (i), (ii) and (iii) occur in water, formamide, acetamide, substituted formamide or acetamide as the reaction medium, the inert liquid is an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon optionally substituted with one or more halo (chloro or bromo), nitro, amino, cyano, carboxylic acid or C1 to C6 linear or branched alkyl ester thereof, hydroxy, thio, thioether--the substituent or the sulfur being C1 to C6 linear or branched alkyl, or C1 to C6 linear or branched alkyl, and the reverse is also true.
Preferably, under these reaction conditions, the inert liquid is a C5 to C12 linear or branched hydrocarbon optionally substituted with one or more halo groups or it is an aromatic hydrocarbon optionally substituted with one or more C1 to C6 linear or branched alkyl or halo group. Most preferably, the inert liquid is selected from the group consisting essentially of hexane, heptane, octane, benzene, toluene, xylene or mixtures thereof.
When the reaction medium is a hydrocarbon one, water is preferably used as the inert liquid.
The C1 to C6 linear or branched aliphatic carboxylic acids and esters useful in the improved process of the present invention have the formula ##STR1## where R1 is hydrogen or C1 to C6 linear or branched alkyl; R2, R3 and R4 are independently the same or different and are hydrogen or C1 to C6 linear or branched alkyl, e.g., methyl or ethyl; aralkyl, e.g., benzyl; C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl; alkyl substituted cycloalkyl, e.g., methylcyclohexyl; C6 to C10 aryl, e.g., phenyl unsubstituted or substituted with one or more, for example, methyl, dimethyl, butyl, especially isobutyl or phenyl substituted with one or more C1 to C4 alkylthio, C1 to C4 alkoxy, cyano or halo, e.g., fluoro or chloro; C1 to C6 linear or branched aryloxy, e.g., phenoxy or phenoxy substituted with, for example, methyl, dimethyl, butyl or isobutyl or phenoxy substituted with C1 to C4 alkylthio, C1 to C4 alkoxy, cyano or halo; C1 to C6 alkylthio, e.g., methylthio; C2 to C8 cycloalkylthio; C6 to C10 arylthio; C6 to C10 arylcarbonyl, e.g., benzoyl; C4 to C8 cycloalkenyl, e.g., cyclohexenyl; trifluoromethyl; halo, e.g., fluoro or chloro; C4 to C5 heteroaryl, e.g., furyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl; or C10 to C14 aryl, e.g., naphthyl or naphthyl substituted with C1 to C4 alkyl, e.g., methyl, C1 to C4 alkoxy, e.g., ethoxy, halo; or biphenyl unsubstituted or substituted with methyl or halo, especially fluoro.
Preferred compounds of formula I are those of the formula ##STR2## where R1, R2 and R3 are as previously defined and R5 and R6 are C1 to C4 linear or branched alkyl, C1 to C4 linear or branched alkoxy or halo.
The improved process is particularly applicable to 2-(4-isobutylphenyl)propionic acid and especially in obtaining a preponderance of the S(+) isomer.
The process is carried out by using a racemic mixture [a mixture of both the (+) and (-) or dextro and levo rotatory forms] or a mixture containing a preponderance of one of the enantiomers of these carboxylic acids. However, it should be understood that in this step, the process itself does not convert one form of the stereoisomers to the other form but only separates such forms. Further, because the separation of isomers gives rise to a soluble product largely containing one enantiomer and an insoluble product largely containing the other enantiomer, a high purity salt is obtained that requires a minimum number of recrystallizations (usually not more than two) to give a product with exceptional high optical purity.
The purified salt obtained from the process of the present invention may be further treated to produce the free aliphatic carboxylic acid thereof by using any conventional means. For example, hydrolysis of the salt an acid and extraction with a suitable solvent produces the purified aliphatic carboxylic acid. Further extraction and recrystallization with a suitable solvent can increase the purity to even greater extent.
The first step in the reaction sequence for the separation of the racemic mixtures used in the present invention is to form a salt solution of the aliphatic carboxylic acid with an organic or inorganic base. Where such organic base is used in this first step, the solvent employed to form the salt solution is preferably an inert liquid. Most preferably, such solvents include the aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents, C4 to C14 hydrocarbons, formamide, acetamide, N,N-dialkyl (C1 to C6), substituted formamides or acetamides, e.g., compounds of the formula R1 C(R2)HC(O)NH2 where R1 and R2 are the same or different and are C1 to C6 linear or branched alkyl, or water. Particularly preferred is hexane, octane or water as such solvent.
The chiral organic nitrogenous base is next added in less than equimolar quantity. It forms a more stable salt with the isomers of the aliphatic carboxylic acid displacing the inorganic or organic base. Further, one of the diastereomeric salts formed from the subsequent displacement of the inorganic or organic base by the chiral organic nitrogenous base is more soluble in the reaction solution (the solution formed when the chiral base is added to the salt solution), the other, of course, precipitates. The solid precipitate is separated from the solution by conventional techniques, i.e., centrifugation, filtration and the like.
The next step in the process is to add the new solvent to extract the unreacted carboxylic acid salt made with the organic or inorganic base. This solvent, referred to as the countersolvent, separates the carboxylic acid chiral base salt from the carboxylic acid organic base salt. If the reaction sequence is conducted in a hydrocarbon solvent, the countersolvent is water, amides, etc. If the reaction sequence is conducted in water, formamide, and the like solvents, the countersolvent is a hydrocarbon solvent.
It should be noted that the process of the present invention achieves the same end result upon change in sequence of addition of the solvents, i.e., the solvent followed by the countersolvent addition, the countersolvent followed by the solvent addition, or the simultaneous addition of solvent and countersolvent perform equally as well.
It should be noted that the process of the present invention is particularly adapted to the economical conversion of mixtures to the diastereomeric S- or (+)- component. (Of course, the R-component may be the least soluble one, in which case the following discussion should be applied in reverse). The method of the present invention essentially provides a solid precipitate enriched in the S-enantiomer suspended in one solvent and a liquid filtrate enriched in the R-enantiomer in another solvent. Liberation of the desired S-enantiomer from the precipitated salt suspended in one solvent is readily accomplished by acidification of the salt with, for example, dilute mineral acid or any other inorganic or organic acid conventionally known to hydrolyze salts of this nature. While this procedure leaves the filtrate as a by-product, it can be further treated with acid or base to convert the R-enriched filtrate to the racemic mixture. This mixture can then be reused in the process of the present invention, using the chiral organic base recovered from the above conversion step. Thus, the process of the present invention lends itself readily to a recycling-type of procedure.
While the above reactions are carried out in a mixture of water and triethylamine, it has been discovered that the aryl-substituted profens (ibuprofen, ketoprofen, etc.) are surprisingly soluble in solvent mixtures of tri C1 to C6 linear or branched aliphatic amines and water (i.e., from 1% amine up to 50% amine). However, when using aryl or aralkyl tertiary amines (such as methylbenzyl amine), such profens display limited or no solubility in mixed water-containing solvent systems. Therefore, these aliphatic amines/water systems can be used to recrystallize these profens.
The invention is illustrated by the following Examples.
To a 3-liter flask equipped with an agitator, thermometer, reflux condenser and an addition funnel were charged 206 grams (1 mole) of racemic ibuprofen, 290 grams of water, and 51 grams (0.5 mole) of triethylamine. The materials in the reactor were heated to 60°C under vigorous agitation. 60.5 grams (0.5 mole) of (S)-methylbenzyl amine were fed to the reactor over two hours. Crystals of ibuprofen (S)-methylbenzyl amine salt precipitated during the course of the reaction. The reactor contents were further agitated for two hours. At the end of the ride, 350 grams of hexane were added to the reactor and agitated for 15 minutes. The reaction mass was then settled and the ibuprofen (S)-methylbenzyl amine salt was suspended in the less dense hexane phase, while the unreacted ibuprofen stayed in solution in the water phase. The aqueous phase was then drained off and the salt in the hexane phase was washed further with water to remove unreacted ibuprofen. The salt was then filtered from hexane and dried to recover 155 grams of ibuprofen (S)-methylbenzyl amine salt [95% yield based on (S)-methylbenzyl amine charged]. The ibuprofen recovered from this salt was enriched in S-enantiomer (76%-S).
Using the method described in Example 1, the salt of ibuprofen (S)-methylbenzyl amine (163 grams, 76% S-enantiomer) was prepared in 350 grams of hexane instead of water. The unreacted ibuprofen remained in solution in triethylamine/hexane mixture, while ibuprofen (S)-methylbenzyl amine salt was suspended in hexane. Then 290 grams of water were added to the reactor and the whole agitated for another 15 minutes. The reaction mass was settled and the ibuprofen (S)-methylbenzyl amine salt still remained insoluble and suspended in the hexane phase while the unreacted ibuprofen was extracted in the aqueous phase. The aqueous phase was then drained and the organic phase was water washed. The salt was filtered, dried and analyzed [155 grams--95% yield based on (S)-methylbenzyl amine]. The ibuprofen recovered from this salt contained 75% (S)-enantiomer.
Using the method described in Example 1, the salt of ibuprofen (S)-methylbenzyl amine was prepared in hexane and water. The unreacted ibuprofen remained in solution in triethylamine/water mixture while ibuprofen (S)-methylbenzyl amine salt was suspended in hexane. The aqueous phase was then drained and the organic phase was water washed. The salt was filtered, dried and analyzed [156 grams--95% yield based on (S)-methylbenzyl amine]. The ibuprofen recovered from this salt contained 76% (S)-enantiomer. The ibuprofen recovered from the aqueous phase contained 73% (R)-enantiomer.
Using the method described in Example 1, the salt of ibuprofen (S)-methylbenzyl amine (163 grams, 76% S-enantiomer) was prepared in 290 grams of dimethyl formamide instead of water. Once again the ibuprofen (S)-methylbenzyl amine salt was suspended in insoluble and less dense hexane phase. The unreacted ibuprofen was solubilized in triethylamine/dimethyl formamide layer and separated via decantation. The salt in hexane phase was water washed to remove remaining free (S)-methylbenzyl amine and ibuprofen. The salt was then filtered, dried and analyzed. 144 grams ibuprofen (S)-methylbenzyl amine salt were recovered which means 88% yield based on (S)-methylbenzyl amine.
Repeating the procedure from Example 4, but substituting formamide for dimethyl formamide, afforded 145 grams of ibuprofen (S)-methylbenzyl amine salt [89% yield on (S)-methylbenzyl amine].
Kadkhodayan, Abbas, Choudhury, Azfar A., Patil, Deepak R.
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