The present invention provides a vaccine composition for enhancing the immune response of a mammal against a selected antigen. The vaccine composition of the invention comprises a combination of the selected antigen and a candida spp. antigen. Selected antigens include, for example, a bacteria, yeast, rickettsia, protozoa, virus, parasite or components thereof. The composition may also contain adjuvants known in the art. A preferred vaccine composition for immunization against the selected antigen cryptosporidium parvum is disclosed. The invention also provides a method for enhancing the immune response of a mammal against a selected antigen utilizing the vaccine compositions of the invention.
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1. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a whole cell candida species antigen and an inactivated cryptosporidium parvum oocyst.
5. A pharmaceutical composition for enhancing the immune response of a mammal against cryptosporidium parvum comprising a cryptosporidium parvum oocyst antigen and a whole cell candida species antigen.
3. The composition according to
4. The composition according to
6. The composition according to
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Cryptosporidium spp. was once thought to be a commensal organism. However, in 1955 the organism was associated with turkey enteritis. Florence G. Crawford, "Human Cryptosporidiosis," CRC Critical Reviews and Microbiol., 16(2) :113-159, 113 (1988). The organism was later found to be a bovine pathogen in 1971 and a human pathogen in 1976. Id. Cryptosporidium spp. is now recognized as an important enteric protozoan pathogen, most commonly identified in cases of acute, self-limiting diarrheal diseases in poultry and mammals. Edward N. Janoff et al., "Cryptosporidium Species, a Protean Protozoan," J. Clin. Microbiol. 25(6):967-975, 970 (June 1987). The specie which causes disease in humans is believed to be C. parvum. Id. at 113.
In cattle, Cryptosporidium is most commonly seen in calves less than three weeks old. "Cryptosporidiosis," in Current Veterinary Therapy: Food Animal Practice, 779, (Jimmy L. Howard ed. 1990). The disease is accompanied by anorexia, dehydration, weight loss, debility and occasionally death. Id.
Although the precise prevalence of Cryptosporidium in humans is unknown, it is recognized worldwide as a common cause of enteritis. Rosemary Soave et al., "Cryptosporidium and Other Protozoa Including Isospora, Sarcocystis, Balantidium coli and Blastocystis," in Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases 235, (Gerald L. Mandel et al., eds., 1990). The organism is commonly found in immunocompetent patients showing clinical symptoms of diarrhea. Janoff at 967. Symptoms in humans include diarrhea, abdominal pain, cramping, vomiting, anorexia, malaise and weight loss and may include death in young children and aged adults. Id. at 971. The pathogenesis of human Cryptosporidium is not completely known. Crawford at 145; Janoff at 970.
The Cryptosporidium organism is also found in immunocompromised individuals. Today, many cases of Cryptosporidium in immunocompromised individuals are in persons suffering from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In one study, the most common pathogen associated with diarrhea in AIDS patients was Cryptosporidium. Barbara E. Laughon et al., "Prevalence of Enteric Pathogens in Homosexual Men With and Without Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome," Gastroenterology 94(4):984-992, 984 (April 1988). Moreover, unlike the symptoms seen in immunocompetent patients, the syndrome in immunocompromised individuals may be of greater severity and may persist for many months causing anorexia, abdominal pain, weight loss, vomiting, diarrhea, malaise, low-grade fever, and even death due to dehydration and cachexia. Janoff at 971. In addition, occasional coughing and progressive pulmonary disease are seen. Id. at 971.
Therefore, as seen in immunocompromised individuals, Cryptosporidium is not necessarily self-limiting. Id. In fact, CDC sources have reported that cumulative case fatality rates through April 1986 were significantly higher in AIDS patients affected by Cryptosporidium. Crawford at 132. Moreover, it is believed that AIDS patients who recover from clinical cryptosporidiosis still harbor low levels of Cryptosporidium oocysts. Id.
In humans, treatment of Cryptosporidium using single and multiple-drug regimens has, at best, met with limited success. Janoff at 972; Crawford at 147; K. W. Angus, "Cryptosporidiosis and AIDS," Bailliere's Clinical Gastroenterology 4(2):425-441, 435 (June 1990). And, while immunoprophylaxis has been suggested, a Cryptosporidium vaccine capable of producing immune stimulation has not been described. Id. at 436-37.
The use of adjuvants to enhance in vitro immune stimulation against various organisms is well known. Adjuvants known in the art include, for example, alum, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate and water-in-oil emulsions. In addition, prior art adjuvants may include components of microorganisms as immuno-stimulants, for example, Freund's-complete-adjuvant is a water-in-oil adjuvant which also contains dead Mycobacteria. Other species of bacteria are also known to enhance the immune response of a human or animal, for example, Nocardia, Bordetella and Corynebacterium parvum.
The use of Candida spp. antigens to stimulate specific immunity to the Candida organism is known in the art. However, the use of Candida antigens as an adjuvant material to enhance the in vitro immune response to antigens other than Candida has not previously been described.
The herein disclosed invention provides a vaccine composition for enhancing the immune response of a mammal against a selected antigen. Specifically, the composition is composed of a selected antigen and a Candida spp. antigen. According to the invention, a selected antigen may be a bacteria, yeast, rickettsia, protozoa, virus, parasite or components thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the selected antigen is Cryptosporidium parvum in combination with a Candida albicans antigen. The composition may additionally contain an adjuvant known in the art.
The invention further provides a method for enhancing the immune response of a mammal against a selected antigen by administering a vaccine composition containing a selected antigen and a Candida spp. antigen. The method provides for administration of a vaccine composition of the invention through oral, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal, intramammary, intravenous or other administration methods known in the art .
The present invention provides a vaccine composition and a method for manufacturing a vaccine composition which enhances a mammal's immune response against a selected antigen. This includes antigens which typically do not stimulate a strong immune response due to poor antigen recognition by a human or animal's immune system. The invention also provides a method for enhancing the immune response of a mammal against a selected antigen by administering the vaccine composition of the invention to a mammal through methods commonly used in the art.
It will be noted that at several places throughout the present Specification, guidance is provided through lists of examples. In each instance, the recited lists serve only as representative groups. It is not meant, however, that the lists are exclusive.
According to the invention, the herein disclosed vaccine composition is prepared by combining a selected antigen and a Candida spp. antigen. Although the inventors do not wish to be limited to a single mechanism, it is believed that when administered to a mammal, a Candida spp. antigen acts to enhance the immune response to a selected antigen which is combined with the Candida spp. antigen. The discovery of the unexpected ability of Candida spp. antigen to enhance a mammal's immune response, including the response against poorly recognized antigens, is significant to the present invention. The immune enhancing affect of a Candida spp. antigen is seen in both the primary and secondary (anamnestic) immune response.
As used herein, the term "antigen" means a substance or entity that is structurally or functionally capable of inducing an immune response in a mammal. This includes antigens which typically produce only a very poor immune response. According to the invention, an "antigen" includes, but is not limited to, inactivated whole microorganisms, attenuated whole microorganisms, whole viral particles, antigenic microorganism/viral components or fragments, chemically or physically modified antigens, recombinant antigens, and other antigens or combinations thereof known and used in the art. The phrase "enhanced immune response" means an increase in either or both of the humoral or cellular immune response of a mammal.
In a preferred embodiment of the vaccine composition, the selected antigen which is combined with the Candida spp. antigen is derived from Cryptosporidium spp. Fundamental to a vaccine composition of the present invention is the unexpected discovery that a Candida spp. antigen combined with a selected antigen enhances the mammalian immune response against the selected antigen in the absence of other adjuvants. However, the invention also provides for combining the selected antigen and a Candida spp. antigen with one or more adjuvants known in the art to further enhance the immune response. Nonetheless, the immune enhancing effect of a Candida spp. is independent of the absence or presence of additional adjuvants.
As used herein, a Candida spp. antigen may be a whole Candida spp. organism in any of its forms (e.g., hyphal form, budding form, etc.), inactivated whole organism, fragments or components isolated from the whole organism or specific Candida spp. antigens produced through genetic engineering methods known in the art. Preferably, the Candida spp. antigen of the invention is prepared by inactivation of a live Candida spp. organism. Methods of inactivation useful according to the invention, include, for example, formaldehyde inactivation, heat treatment, hypochlorite inactivation, irradiation and other methods known in the art. Also, if the vaccine composition is combined with one or more adjuvants known in the art, the inventors recognize that many of the known adjuvants may serve to inactivate the Candida spp. organism without the Candida spp. first being inactivated by the above recited methods.
A selected antigen against which immunity is desired may be prepared by methods commonly used in the art. As used herein, a selected antigen may be a whole organism in any of its life cycle stages, inactivated whole organism, fragments or components isolated from the whole organism, specific antigens genetically engineered through methods known in the art or other antigens as defined earlier in this disclosure. In addition, the selected antigen may be derived from either or both a mature whole organism or sporozoites (oocysts). Preferred selected antigens of the invention include, for example, antigens from bacteria, yeast, protozoa, viruses, rickettsia, and parasites such as helminths. A particularly preferred selected antigen is derived from the protozoan, Cryptosporidium parvum.
The vaccine composition of the invention is prepared by combining the Candida spp. antigen with the selected antigen. When using an inactivated whole cell Candida spp. antigen, the number of cells in a single mammalian dose of vaccine is about 2×103 to 2×1011, preferably 2×106 to 2×109. The amount of a selected antigen to be administered to a mammal in a single dose of the vaccine composition will vary with the selected antigen and can be readily quantitated by one of skill in the art. When the selected antigen is Cryptosporidium spp., a single mammalian dose of a vaccine composition may contain 2×104 to 2×1012 oocysts, preferably 2×105 to 2×109 oocysts.
Although it is not deemed necessary, a vaccine composition of the invention containing a selected antigen and Candida spp. antigen may be further combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers useful according to the invention include physiological saline, ringers, lactated ringers, phosphate buffered saline and other carriers known in the art.
Additionally, a vaccine composition of the invention may include a selected antigen, Candida spp. antigen and one or more adjuvants selected from adjuvants known in the art. When an adjuvant is mixed with the Cryptosporidium and Candida antigen, the adjuvant is mixed with the combined antigens in a volume/volume (v/v) ratio of 3:1 to 1:5, preferably 1:1. Adjuvants known in the art which are suitable for the invention include, but are not limited to, incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA), Freund's complete adjuvant, saponins, Quil A, mineral oil, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate, muramyl dipeptide, block copolymers and synthetic polynucleotides.
The present invention further provides a method for enhancing the immunity of a mammal to a selected antigen by administering a vaccine composition of the invention to a mammal through methods known in the art. Such methods of administration include enteral administration and parenteral such as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal, intramammary and intravenous administration.
The enhanced immunity to selected antigens provided by administering a vaccine composition of the invention was studied using animal models. Mouse inoculation studies using a selected antigen of Cryptosporidium parvum and a Candida albicans antigen, regardless of the presence or absence of additional adjuvants, provided significantly higher C. parvum serum immunoglobulin titers than when C. albicans antigen was omitted. Calf inoculation studies using a C. parvum antigen and a C. albicans antigen, regardless of the presence or absence of the additional adjuvants, also produced a significant increase in C. parvum serum immunoglobulin titers over titers produced in calves inoculated with the C. parvum antigen alone. The enhanced immune response was detectable after a primary or a secondary immunization with a composition of the invention.
The following examples describe preparation of a vaccine composition against the selected antigen C. parvum and the results of immunization studies performed.
EXAMPLE 1
Preparation of Cryptosporidium parvum and Candida albicans vaccine compositions
Cryptosporidium parvum vaccine compositions were prepared with multiple concentrations of C. parvum antigen and multiple concentrations of C. albicans antigen. Vaccine compositions containing C. parvum antigens, C. albicans antigen and various additional adjuvants were also prepared and tested.
Vaccine compositions were prepared to provide 8×106 Cryptosporidium oocysts and 2×107 Candida cells per dose of mouse vaccine and 3×108 Cryptosporidium oocysts and 2×107 Candida cells per dose of calf vaccine.
The vaccine compositions were prepared by combining C. parvum oocysts with C. albicans cells in a ratio of about 1:1 to 1:10, preferably 1:3 to 1:6. The Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and the Candida albicans cells were counted using a hemocytometer (Hausser Scientific, Horsham, Pa.). The Cryptosporidium parvum antigen was prepared using three cycles of freezing and thawing of C. parvum oocysts. The C. albicans antigen was prepared by adding 1% formaldehyde to Candida albicans cells to a final concentration of 0.37%.
The additional adjuvant used in some vaccine compositions were incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) and mineral oil. Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was used as a control. The C. parvum and C. albicans preparations as described above were combined with an adjuvant in a 1:1 v/v ratio. Vaccine compositions containing mineral oil were prepared by simply mixing the mineral oil with the Cryptosproidium and Candida antigen combination. Vaccine compositions containing IFA were emulsions prepared by mixing IFA with the Cryptosporidium and Candida antigen combination followed by sonication with a microprobe at 25 watts for 30 seconds at 100% power. PBS, mineral oil and IFA are commonly available to those skilled in the art.
Some of the various vaccine combinations prepared are shown in Table 1. The table also shows antigen quantities used per immunizing dose.
| TABLE 1 |
| ______________________________________ |
| Antigen Quantities per Immunization |
| Adjuvants |
| ______________________________________ |
| MOUSE VACCINE COMPOSITIONS |
| 1 8 × 106 Crypto |
| PBS Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant |
| 2 8 × 106 Crypto |
| 2 × 107 Candida |
| Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant |
| 3 8 × 106 Crypto |
| PBS Mineral Oil |
| 4 8 × 106 Crypto |
| 2 × 107 Candida |
| PBS |
| 5 8 × 106 Crypto |
| 2 × 107 Candida |
| Mineral Oil |
| CALF VACCINE COMPOSITIONS |
| 1 3 × 108 Crypto |
| 2 × 109 Candida |
| Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant |
| 2 3 × 108 Crypto |
| 2 × 109 Candida |
| PBS |
| 3 3 × 108 Crypto |
| PBS Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant |
| 4 PBS 2 × 109 Candida |
| Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant |
| ______________________________________ |
EXAMPLE 2
Preparation of Mouse Vaccine
To prepare a mouse vaccine composition, 5ml of 8.0×107 /ml Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts were combined with 5.0 ml of 2×108 /ml Candida albicans cells. If an additional adjuvant was used, 1.0 ml of the combined C. parvum and C. albicans antigens were mixed with 1.0 ml of adjuvant.
The 5.0 ml of 8.0×107 /ml C. parvum oocysts were prepared by mixing 0.075 ml C. parvum oocysts with 4.925 ml PBS. The 5.0 ml 2×108 /ml C. albicans cells were prepared by mixing 1 ml of 1×109 /ml C. albicans cells with 4 ml PBS. The final relative concentration of the combined Cryptosporidium and Candida antigens was 4×107 /ml and 1×108 /ml, respectively.
If adjuvant was used, 1.0 ml of the mixed Cryptosporidium and Candida antigen was mixed with 1.0 ml of adjuvant. When mineral oil was used as an adjuvant, the adjuvant was combined with the antigens by simple mixing. When IFA was used, an emulsion was formed using a microprobe as described in Example 1. Therefore, the mouse vaccine composition contained 2×107 /ml C. parvum oocysts and 5×107 /ml C. albicans cells.
EXAMPLE 3
Preparation of Calf Vaccine
To prepare a calf vaccine composition, 50 ml of 6.4×108 /ml Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts were combined with 50 ml of 4×109 /ml Candida albicans cells. If an additional adjuvant was used, 1.0 ml of the combined C. parvum and C. albicans cells was mixed with 1.0 ml of adjuvant.
The 50 ml of 6.4×108 /ml C. parvum oocysts/sporozoites were prepared by mixing 16 ml of 2×109 /ml C. parvum oocysts with 34 ml PBS. The 5.0 ml of 4×109 /ml C. albicans cells was prepared by mixing 40 ml of 5×109 /ml C. albicans cells with 10 ml PBS. The final relative concentrations of the combined C. parvum and C. albicans antigens were 3.2×108 /ml and 2×109 /ml, respectively.
If adjuvant was used, 1.0 ml of the mixed Cryptosporidium and Candida antigen was mixed with 1.0 ml of adjuvant. When mineral oil was used as an adjuvant, the antigens and adjuvant were simply mixed together. When IFA was used, an emulsion was formed using a microprobe as described in Example 1. Therefore, the calf vaccine composition contained 1.6×108 /ml C. parvum oocysts and 1×109 /ml C. albicans cells.
EXAMPLE 4
Mouse immunization studies
Mice were immunized with vaccine compositions prepared as described in Examples 1 and 2. Balb\c mice 6-8 weeks of age were used for the immunization study. Mice were divided into immunization groups with 4 mice in each group. Vaccine was administered subcutaneously by holding each mouse behind the head in a manner to leave the skin behind and below the shoulder blades as loose as possible. A total of 400 μl per mouse was administered using a 22 gauge needle. Hence, each 400 μl dose contained 8×106 /ml C. parvum oocysts and 2×107 /ml C. albicans cells. A total of 3 immunization doses were given at approximately 2-week intervals.
Tail bleeds were performed at approximately 61/2 weeks to obtain serum samples for testing antibody response. The tip (about 1 mm) of the tail was cut off using a sharp razor blade. Approximately 50 μl of blood was collected into 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tubes and allowed to coagulate overnight at 4°C Samples were then spun in a microcentrifuge for 3 minutes at approximately 14,000×g to separate the serum from the clot. ELISA assays were used to determine serum titers of the mice to both C. parvum and C. albicans antigens.
Pooled serum samples were also tested. At about 7 weeks the mice were bled out to collect a larger volume of serum. The mice were first anesthetized with a mixture of tribromoethanol and tert-amyl alcohol and ocular bleeds were performed. The blood was collected into microcentrifuge tubes. Serum was separated in the same manner as the tail bleeds described above. Six serum pools representing the six immunization groups were then made by combining 200 μl of serum from the 4 individual mice of each group. The pooled serum from the 6 immunization groups were titered in ELISA assays to both C. parvum and C. albicans antigens. As shown below, titers from the serum pools were similar to the mathematical averages of the individual serum samples from each immunization group. C. albicans titers over non-immune titers was also assayed on pooled samples and were determined to be unaffected by the presence of C. parvum antigens (i.e., adjuvant effect was one-way).
| TABLE 2 |
| ______________________________________ |
| MICE IMMUNIZATION |
| Cryptosporidium |
| parvum Titers |
| Immunization Group |
| (Titers Over Non-Immune Serum) |
| Cryp- Can- Mouse Number |
| to dida Adjuvant 1 2 3 4 POOL |
| ______________________________________ |
| 1 X -- IFA 800 400 400 400 800 |
| 2 X X IFA 12800 800 25600 1600 12800 |
| 3 X -- Mineral |
| 400 200 200 400 400 |
| Oil |
| 4 X X -- 1600 800 800 800 800 |
| 5 X X Mineral |
| 1600 400 800 3200 1600 |
| Oil |
| ______________________________________ |
EXAMPLE 5
Calf Immunization Studies
Calves were immunized with vaccine compositions prepared as described in Examples 1 and 3.
Four to six month old Holstein steer calves were used for this immunization study. All calves were healthy and, prior to the study, were treated with vitamin E-selenium, vitamin B complex and ivermectin. Calves were individually identified with 2 means of permanent identification and boostered with a killed vaccine preparation against IBR, PI3, BRSV and BVD (Elite 4, Bio-Ceutic Laboratories, St. Joseph, Mo.). All calves were fed free choice hay supplemented with a balanced grain ration containing a coccidiostat (decoquinata).
The calves were randomly assigned to treatment groups of four (4) to five (5) calves per group. The calves were allowed to commingle during the study.
Each vaccine composition was administered intramuscularly. A total of 2 ml of the vaccine composition of Examples 1 and 3 was administered 4 times at 2-week intervals. Hence, each 2 ml dose contained 3.2×108 /ml C. parvum oocysts and 2×109 /ml C. albicans cells.
The injection site of each inoculation was observed at the time of inoculation, at 24 hours post-inoculation and at weekly intervals for the duration of the study. No adverse systemic reactions were noted. Induction of a significant immune response was frequently associated with an unacceptable localized inflammatory response when an additional adjuvant was used.
Venous blood samples were taken at the time of each immunization and up to four weeks after the final injection to obtain serum samples for assessing antibody response. Approximately 20 ml of blood was collected into sterile tubes and allowed to coagulate overnight at 4°C Samples were then spun in a centrifuge for 3 minutes at approximately 14,000×g to separate the serum from the clot. ELISA assays were used to determine serum titers of the calves to both C. parvum and C. albicans antigens.
| TABLE 3 |
| ______________________________________ |
| CALF IMMUNIZATION |
| Cryptosporidium Titers |
| (Calf Titers Over Non-Immune Serum) |
| Immunization Group |
| Calf Number |
| Crypto Candida Other 1 2 3 4 5 Average |
| ______________________________________ |
| 1 X X IFA 64 128 64 64 64 80 |
| 2 X X PBS 16 128 32 128 -- 76 |
| 3 X -- PBS 32 64 32 32 -- 40 |
| ______________________________________ |
The potentiation of the immune response stimulated by a composition of the invention was evident even after primary immunization. Preimmunization titers were calculated relative to a non-immune control pooled serum standard.
| TABLE 4 |
| ______________________________________ |
| Post Primary |
| Calf Number |
| Preimmunization Titer |
| Immunization Titer |
| Increase |
| ______________________________________ |
| VACCINE COMPOSITION USED: CRYPTO + CANDIDA + IFA |
| 101 0.75 8 10.6× |
| 108 0.75 16 21.3× |
| 115 1.5 4 2.7× |
| 122 0.75 8 10.6× |
| 129 0.5 8 16× |
| VACCINE COMPOSITION USED: CRYPTO + IFA |
| 110 2 2 -- |
| 117 0.25 1 4× |
| 124 0.5 1 2× |
| 005 2 4 2× |
| ______________________________________ |
All publications in the specification are indicative of the level of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains and are incorporated herein by reference.
It will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that many changes and modifications can be made in the invention without departing from the spirit or scope of the appended claims.
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