A communication satellite system (100) is established using one or more satellite constellations (110, 120). The two or more satellite groups (110, 120) are connected via long range crosslinks (145) which provide a communication path between the long range satellites (150, 170) in the two satellite groups (110, 120). Each satellite group (110, 120) comprises long range satellites (150, 170) and short range satellites (160, 180) which are interconnected using short range crosslinks (155, 175). A single antenna on each satellite provides both crosslinks. The long range crosslink (145) is established using the antenna's main beam and the short range crosslinks (155, 175) are established using the antenna's sidelobes.
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2. A method of operating a transmitter of a first long range satellite In a first satellite group that is configured to establish a long range link with a second satellite group and also configured to establish a short range link with a first short range satellite in the first satellite group, comprising the steps of:
processing data into long range data and short range data, said long range data comprising first location data for a second long range satellite of the second satellite group and said short range data comprising second location data for said first short range satellite; modulating said long range data and said short range data onto a single carrier signal such that the transmitter provides the long range link with the second satellite group and the short range link with the first short range satellite; and transmitting said single carrier signal.
1. A method of operating a receiver of a satellite in a first satellite group having a first long range satellite that is configured to establish a long range link with a second satellite group and a short range satellite that is configured to establish a short range link with the first long range satellite, comprising the steps of:
receiving a signal with the receiver; amplifying said signal; down converting said signal into an intermediate frequency signal; amplifying said intermediate frequency signal; performing a quadrature phase shift key demodulation on said intermediate frequency signal to obtain short range data and long range data, said long range data comprising first location data for a second long range satellite of the second satellite group and said short range data comprising second location data for said short range satellite; sending said short range data and said long range data to a processor system of the receiver; processing said long range data in said processor system; and processing said short range data in said processor system.
3. The method of operating a transmitter as claimed in
reading header information in data packets contained in said data; determining if said data packets need to be sent on a long range crosslink to one of the satellites in said second satellite group; when said data packets are to be transmitted on said long range crosslink, identifying said data packets as said long range data; and when said data packets are not to be transmitted on said long range crosslink, identifying said data packets as said short rang data.
4. The method of operating a transmitter as claimed in
using a quadrature phase shift keyed modulator; providing said short range data as one modulation input signal to said quadrature phase shift keyed modulator; and providing said long range data as a second modulation input signal to said quadrature phase shift keyed modulator.
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This is a division of application Ser. No. 08/758,335, filed Dec. 3, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,128,286.
The present invention pertains to communication systems and, more particularly, to apparatus and methods for transmitting and receiving signals between satellites in communication systems.
International regulations govern the placement and station keeping for geosynchronous satellites. These regulations require the ground path of a geosynchronous satellite to intersect the equator only within a tolerance window, or "orbital slot", which is allocated to the satellite. Typically, each orbital slot is centered over a single longitude and is defined about the central position by ±0.05 degrees to ±0.1 degrees of longitude. Orbital slots currently are centered at every two degrees of longitude (e.g., 180 slots exist around the earth). This separation helps to ensure that signals emitted from satellites located in adjacent orbital slots will not significantly interfere with each other.
The finite availability of orbital slots encourages satellite designers to design geosynchronous satellites having the largest possible data-carrying capacity. The capacity of a geosynchronous satellite is typically proportional to the size of the satellite and is limited by the state of current technology. Large, prior art geosynchronous satellites are expensive to build and place in orbit. Because of the expense, it is not typically feasible to frequently replace geosynchronous satellites which have too little traffic-carrying capacity due to inadequate size and/or outdated technology.
In some prior art systems, multiple geostationary satellites are placed within a single orbital slot in order to increase the traffic carrying capacity of the system within that slot. This is referred to as co-positioning or co-location. In other prior art systems, multiple geostationary satellites are placed in different orbital slots and interconnected using links between the satellites.
In designing better satellite communications systems, the designers must be primarily concerned about maintaining the link. In some cases, the link is between a satellite and a user, and in other cases, the links are between different satellites. This means that a link analysis must be performed. The radio frequency (RF) carrier-to-noise power ratio (C/N) at the receiving end depends on power delivered to the antenna, antenna gains, propagation losses, and effective noise temperatures of the receiving system.
The link equation can be written as
where EIRP=Effective Isotropically Radiated Power;
L=[(4*II*R)/(λ)]2 where R is the range from the transmitter to the receiver and λ is the RF wavelength;
G/T=figure of merit;
k=Boltzmann's constant; and
B=noise bandwidth of the receiver.
In the above equation, L is the ratio of the spreading area to the effective area of an isotropic antenna, and G/T is the ratio of the gain of the receiver's antenna to the noise temperature of the receiver's antenna.
Every communication system has a link budget associated with it. The link budget is a necessary prerequisite for the establishment of any communication channel whether that channel is a terrestrial based channel, a terrestrial to space channel or a space-based channel.
The link budget is used to determine if the link will "close". A primary concern is whether the required carrier-to-noise power ratio (C/N) can be achieved.
In prior art systems, designers have viewed antennas as devices for a single function. This leads to satellite payloads which are heavier and more complex than they need to be.
What are needed are a method and apparatus which overcome these limitations and allow smaller and less costly satellites to be constructed.
A more complete understanding of the present invention can be derived by referring to the detailed description and claims when considered in connection with the figures, wherein like reference numbers refer to similar items throughout the figures, and:
The present invention overcomes the aforementioned limitations of the prior art by using an improved transceiver design which uses various techniques to combine a long range signal and a short range signal into a single signal. This allows a single transceiver and antenna to transmit and receive both the long range signal and the short range signal. Prior art systems used separate and distinct transceivers for the long range signals and the short range signals.
The method and apparatus of the present invention are directed toward a satellite constellation that requires very long range inter-satellite links (ISLs) and very short range ISLs. For example, a global geosynchronous communication system can be envisioned in which two or more satellites are placed in a single orbital slot and then crosslinked to other satellites in different orbital slots separated by a significant orbital arc. An alternate embodiment of the present invention could use geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO) satellites and low earth orbit (LEO) satellites in a (GEO/LEO) hybrid system where ISLs are needed between satellites of the same constellation as well as between satellites of the different constellations. The method and apparatus of the present invention are designed to reduce the size, weight, power, and complexity of the transceiver hardware and antennas needed to support these multi-ISL systems.
In a satellite constellation that requires very long range ISLs and very short range ISLs, it is necessary to provide ISLs with very different link requirements. Long range ISLs require very high EIRP and G/T to ensure adequate communications performance. Long range links also require very accurate antenna beam pointing. Short range ISLs do not require especially high performance in any of these areas. Typically, two different ISL designs are used to serve these functions. The method and apparatus of the present invention remove much of the hardware and the antenna required for the short range ISL, by taking advantage of the presence of sidelobes on the long range ISL antenna.
The method and apparatus of the present invention involve combining the short range ISL into the long range ISL transceiver and radiating it and receiving it through the sidelobes of the long range ISL antenna. The short range ISL can use the long range ISL antenna because the long range ISL requires very high EIRP and G/T. Because of these requirements, a high gain antenna is used. For example, in the geostationary constellation design, a 60 gigahertz (GHz) long range ISL antenna has a gain of 58 decibels with respect to an omni value (dBi) in order to close the link at a range of 78000 kilometers (km). The short range ISL only requires a maximum range of 150 km, and usually the short range ISL requires much less. This provides a minimum of a 54 decibel (dB) range advantage between the long range and short range links. Thus, the short range ISL achieves the same link quality with 54 dB less EIRP and G/T than the long range ISL needs.
Unless the most stringent beam shaping techniques are applied to the long range antenna, forward hemisphere sidelobe suppression does not exceed 30 dB. In addition, the absolute sidelobe gain generally is never below -10 dBi at any angle except in very narrow nulls. In an alternate embodiment, the short range ISL could be designed for an antenna gain of 25 dBi or more which would result in a very stable configuration in which the sidelobe angle could be controlled. In other alternate embodiments, different gain values could be used.
For example, a gain value of -10 dBi could be used. In a preferred embodiment, a short range antenna gain of 0 dB is adequate. This value is available over a large range of angles. In a preferred embodiment, the satellite constellation is designed to ensure that the satellites in the same slot do not fall into a sidelobe null of the long range antenna.
To overcome the problems of establishing a second distinct receiver and transmitter when sending short range data, the long range services are utilized. Using the long range services provides the convenience of not having to establish an independent or dedicated short range receiver and transmitter from source to destination to send short range data. Historically, long range data and short range data could not be mixed on the same channel. The method and apparatus of the present invention make this possible.
Two different satellite types are identified in first group 110. A single long range satellite 150 is shown along with three short range satellites 160. The present invention does not require a single long range satellite or a specific number of short range satellites. Long range satellite 150 is the satellite in the first grouping which can be used to establish a long range link to the second satellite group. Short range satellites 160 in the first group are those satellites which can be used to establish short range links with a long range satellite within the group to which it belongs. Long range satellite 170 is the satellite in the second grouping which can be used to establish a long range link to the first satellite group. Short range satellites 180 in the second group are those satellites which can be used to establish short range links with a long range satellite within the second group. Those skilled in the art will recognize that many satellite groups 110, 120, any number of long range satellites 150, 170, any number of short range satellites 160, 180, any number of long range crosslinks 145 and any number of short range crosslinks 155, 175 are possible.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, crosslink 145, crosslink 155, and crosslink 175 utilize RF frequencies which accommodate substantially line-of-sight communication. Crosslink 145, crosslink 155, and crosslink 175 encompass a limited portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be divided into numerous channels. Crosslink 145, crosslink 155, and crosslink 175 can encompass Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and/or Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and/or Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) communications or combinations thereof.
Crosslink 145 is shown as a bi-directional link. Crosslink 155 and crosslink 175 are shown as unidirectional links. Those skilled in the art will recognize that any of the crosslinks can be either unidirectional or bi-directional.
In a preferred embodiment, a satellite system 100 requires at least one long range inter-satellite link (ISL) and at least one short range ISL. At least one long range ISL is provided via long range crosslink 145 from a first satellite group 110 to a second satellite group 120. The long range crosslink 145 is provided by an RF signal means or a laser signal means. At least one short range ISL is provided via short range crosslinks 155, 175. Short range crosslinks 155 are shown between long range satellite 150 and short range satellites 160 in a first satellite group 110. Short range crosslinks 175 are shown between long range satellite 170 and short range satellites 180 in a second satellite group 110. Those skilled in the art will recognize that short range crosslink 155 could have characteristics similar to short range crosslink 175.
In a preferred embodiment, a satellite in a satellite system 100 can use a crosslink device for transmitting a first set of signals via long range crosslinks 145 to a first number of satellites which are located far from the satellite while using the same crosslink device for transmitting a second set of signals via short range crosslinks 155, 175 to a second number of satellites which are located near to the satellite. In this case, the first set of signals and the second set of signals are combined into a single transmitted signal. The crosslink device on the satellite can also be used for receiving a third set of signals from a third number of satellites via long range crosslinks 145. In addition, the crosslink device can be used to receive a fourth set of signals from a fourth number of satellites via short range crosslinks 155, 175.
Antenna assembly 210 can be an RF communication device or a laser communication device. In a preferred embodiment, antenna assembly 210 is used to communicate with other satellites which can be located in the same group or located in a different group. It should be understood that while each receiver 200 is illustrated in
Antenna assembly 210 is coupled to duplexor 212 which is used to combine the transmit and receive functions. Duplexor 212 is coupled to a filter 214. Filter 214 is used to bandlimit the received signal. Filter 214 is coupled to amplifier 216. Amplifier 216 provides the necessary amplification of the received signals. Amplifier 216 is coupled to down converter 218. Down converter 218 uses a first local oscillator (LO) to down convert the received signals so that demodulation can take place. Down converter 218 is coupled to frequency source 220 and to IF filter 222. Frequency source 220 provides the necessary radio frequency (RF) signals to perform frequency down conversion, frequency up conversion, modulation, and demodulation.
IF filter 222 limits the bandwidth of the signals received from the down converter and passes the filtered signals to QPSK demodulator 224. IF filter 222 is coupled to QPSK demodulator 224. QPSK demodulator 224 recovers QPSK data from the filtered signals. QPSK demodulator 224 is used to separate the short range data from the long range data. In
While
Short range data source 302 receives short range data from data processor 230 (FIG. 2). Short range data source 302 is shown coupled to the "I" port of QPSK modulator 310. Long range data source 304 receives long range data from data processor 230 (FIG. 2). Long range data source 304 is shown coupled to the "Q" port of QPSK modulator 310. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the present invention does not require the short range data to enter the "I" port nor does the long range data have to enter the "Q" port.
QPSK modulator 310 is coupled to frequency source 320. QPSK modulator 310 obtains a first LO signal from frequency source 320. QPSK modulator 310 is also coupled to up converter 312. QPSK modulator 310 provides a modulated signal to up converter 312. Up converter 312 is also coupled to frequency source 320. Frequency source 320 provides up converter 312 with a signal (2nd LO) to use in the up-conversion process. Up converter 312 is also coupled to filter 314. Filter 314 is used to bandlimit the signals from up converter 312. Filter 314 bandlimits the signals into a frequency range that is suitable for transmitting. Filter 314 is coupled to power amplifier 316. Power amplifier 316 provides the necessary amplification of the transmitted signals. Power amplifier 316 is coupled to duplexor 212 (FIG. 2). Duplexor 212 channels the transmitted signals to antenna assembly 210 (
While
For clarity, the antenna radiation pattern diagram of
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the extent of the main beam describes a distance which is shown in
In step 508, a query is performed to determine if the received data contains long range data. For example, long range data can comprise location data for a particular long range satellite and new long range data which is data to be transmitted to that particular long range satellite. In this case, determining can include reading header information contained in data packets in the long range data. If the received data contains long range data, then step 512 is performed in which the long range data contained in the received data is processed. For example, processing can include storing, buffering, and re-ordering data packets.
When query task 508 determines that there is no long range data contained in the received data, then step 510 is performed to process long range maintenance data. As an example, this long range maintenance data could contain status information, synchronization information, or timing information. Long range maintenance data is transmitted as new long range data.
After new long range data is obtained from step 510 or from step 512, another query task 514 determines if the received data contains short range data. Short range data comprises location data for a particular short range satellite and new short range data which is data to be transmitted to that particular short range satellite. If the received data contains short range data, then step 518 is performed in which the short range data contained in the received data is processed. When query task 514 determines that there is no short range data contained in the signal, then step 516 is performed to process short range maintenance data. As an example, this short range maintenance data could contain status information, synchronization information, or timing information. Short range maintenance data is transmitted as new short range data.
After new short range data is obtained from step 516 or step 518, both the new long range data and the new short range data are combined on a single signal in step 520. In step 522, the single signal containing both the new long range and new short range data is transmitted. Procedure 500 ends in step 530.
When the comparing step does not show a difference, step 610 is performed in which the new long range data is extracted from the long range data. New long range data contains data packets to be transmitted via a long range crosslink to a particular long range satellite. In step 612, the location of the first satellite is determined. In this step, the satellite determines its own position. For example, the first satellite determines the first satellite's location.
In step 614, another query is performed, this time comparing the location for the first satellite with a stored value of a last reported location for the first satellite. When the comparing step shows a difference, procedure 600 branches to step 616 in which the location for the first satellite is stored as a new value of the last reported location for the first satellite. When the comparing step does not show a difference, procedure 600 continues with step 618.
In step 618, another query is performed, this time determining if the distance between the two satellites has changed. The distance between the two satellites is determined using the difference between the location for the first satellite and the location for this particular long range satellite. The difference is compared to a predetermined threshold. When the comparing step shows a difference, procedure 600 branches to step 620 in which new long range beam power characteristics are calculated. In step 620, a new transmitting power for the long range crosslink to the particular long range satellite is calculated. Also in step 620, a new value for the omni power radius is calculated. The omni power radius defines the extent for omni power region 450 (FIG. 4). Omni power region 450 (
In step 624, another query is performed, this time determining if the direction for the main beam of the crosslink device has changed. When the comparing step shows a difference which is greater than a predetermined value, procedure 600 branches to step 626 in which a new main beam direction is calculated based on the location for the first satellite and the location for the long range satellite. In step 628, the new main beam direction is stored, if the new main beam direction was calculated. Procedure 600 ends in step 630.
When the comparing step does not show a difference, step 710 is performed in which new short range data is extracted from the short range data. The new short range data contains data packets to be transmitted via a short range crosslink to the short range satellite. In step 712, the location of the first satellite is determined. In this step, the satellite determines its own position.
In step 714, another query is performed, this time comparing the location for the first satellite with a stored value of a last reported location for the first satellite. When the comparing step shows a difference, procedure 700 branches to step 716 in which the location for the first satellite is stored as a new value of the last reported location for the first satellite. When the comparing step does not show a difference, procedure 700 continues with step 718.
In step 718, another query is performed, determining this time if the distance between the two satellites has changed. The distance between the two satellites is determined using the difference between the location for the first satellite and the location for the short range satellite. The difference is compared to a predetermined threshold. When the comparing step shows a difference, procedure 700 branches to step 720 in which a new required omni power radius is calculated. The new required omni power radius is calculated based on the power required for the short range crosslink to the short range satellite. As stated above, the omni power radius defines the extent for the antenna sidelobes in which short range link closure is guaranteed. In step 722, the new required omni power radius is stored when a new value is calculated.
In step 724, another query is performed, this time determining if there is sufficient power in the omni power region to maintain the short range crosslink. When query step 724 is false, procedure 700 branches to step 726. In step 726, the failure is reported for the short range link. When query step 724 is true, procedure 700 branches to step 730 and ends.
There are a number of alternate embodiments which provide a number of choices for combining the short range data with the long range data on to a single signal so that the same transceiver can be used for both links. In a preferred embodiment, the single signal is the long range carrier signal which is transmitted as the main beam signal.
In a preferred embodiment, the combining technique used is a quadrature modulation technique in which the long range data is sent on the I channel and short range data is sent on the Q channel. This embodiment allows the long range data and the short range data to share a single high power saturated amplifier. In a preferred embodiment, a QPSK demodulator is used in the receiver to separate the short range data from the long range data. In a preferred embodiment, the same QPSK demodulator is used for each of the ISLs. This means that the receivers are the same in the satellites receiving the long range data as the receivers in the satellites receiving the short range data. In alternate embodiments, different receivers could be used for the long range data and the short range data. This design requires that satellites in different slots use different transmit frequencies sufficiently separated so that practical filters can extract the two signals.
In another alternate embodiment of the present invention, a different combining choice could be used in which a subcarrier is used to carry the short range ISL data. In this alternate embodiment, the subcarrier is first modulated by both the long range data and the short range data, and then it is modulated onto the long range carrier. Another related embodiment could implement this approach using two subcarriers, one for each ISL, and then up-converting the sum of these two subcarriers onto a final carrier. This embodiment allows nearly all of the transmitter hardware and some of the receiver hardware to be shared between the links. Like the quadrature modulation approach used in a preferred embodiment, the subcarrier approach used in these alternate embodiments requires distinct ISL transmitter frequencies for satellites in different slots. In the alternate embodiments which use the subcarrier approach, two different demodulators are required, but these demodulators could be simpler than the demodulator used in the quadrature modulator approach. It is also easier for the receiver to tell which signal is the long range and which is the short range using this alternate embodiment. Embodiments which use the subcarrier technique may require more high power amplifier (HPA) linearity than an embodiment which uses the quadrature modulation approach.
Another alternate embodiment is provided in which a pure two carrier frequency domain modulation (FDM) approach is used for combining the two ISL signals. This is a variation on the subcarrier approach. This alternate embodiment requires still better HPA linearity and requires about the same receiver complexity.
Alternate embodiments are also provided, in which code division multiple access (CDMA) modulation techniques can be used for combining the two ISLs onto a single carrier. For example, the short range and long range links could use different code patterns or different codes. Using different codes for the short range link and the long range link could simplify the design for the transmitter but could make the design of the receiver more complex. A CDMA design could avoid the need for different frequencies in different slots. Practically, the isolation requirements between the transmitter and receiver would probably still dictate the use of different frequencies in different slots.
Alternate embodiments are also provided, in which time division multiple access (TDMA) multiplexing techniques could be used for the long and short range ISLs. In these embodiments, the long range data and the short range data can occupy different time slots in a TDMA waveform. These alternate embodiments are particularly attractive for a packet system because signals are only sent when data is available. If the system has dynamic unbalanced data rate requirements between the two links, TDMA can automatically allocate power and bandwidth resources on a demand basis. In these TDMA embodiments, the receiver could use the packet header to decide whether a packet is a long range or a short range signal. In this way, the receiver could decide whether or not it should process the packet. Alternate embodiments employing this TDMA scheme could have certain disadvantages such as higher data rates and potentially more data delay than the other approaches. These alternate embodiments could also require the use of two frequencies unless a coordination protocol is applied between satellites in different slots.
In a preferred embodiment, the separation between the long range and short range satellites is such that even if a short range satellite were to get into the main beam, the short range satellite would not attenuate the signal enough to cause the link to be broken. In addition, short range satellites and long range satellites contain protection devices which limit the amount of RF energy that is allowed to pass to the more sensitive parts of the system such as the low noise amplifier (LNA). It this way, a satellite which passes into the main beam is protected from the higher than expected levels of RF energy.
In a preferred embodiment, satellite communications system 100 has current knowledge of the satellites orbital paths for the satellites of both constellations. Satellite communication system 100 predicts when interference can occur and takes suitable measures to avoid the interference before the interference occurs, such as switching to a different satellite. This is the better approach, because interference may be avoided without affecting the system user.
The odds of interference occurring between satellites of different constellations can be calculated, because the positions of the satellites of each constellation at any time can be calculated, using known techniques.
The present invention has been described above with reference to a preferred embodiment and many alternate embodiments. Any one of the combining approaches detailed in a preferred embodiment or the alternate embodiments is workable. The best embodiment to use for a particular application will depend on a number of system factors.
The present invention has been described above with reference to a preferred embodiment. However, those skilled in the art will recognize that changes and modifications can be made in this embodiment without departing from the scope of the present invention. For example, while various embodiments have been described in terms of using a specific number of satellites and a specific antenna pattern, other descriptions or methods can also be employed. In addition, the present invention need not be restricted to use only in connection with a satellite-based communication system. Those skilled in the art may easily adapt the teaching of the present invention to any satellite based or land-based communication system which transmits signals from transmitters to receivers located at different distances from the transmitters. Accordingly, these and other changes and modifications which are obvious to those skilled in the art are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.
Olds, Keith Andrew, Leopold, Raymond Joseph, Bertiger, Bary Robert
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