A method and associated apparatus for in-process automated analysis employing a modified form of isotope dilution mass spectrometry is disclosed. It involves elemental and speciation threshold measurement that is optimized for quality assurance at and is capable of functioning at and near quantitative instrumental detection limits. The system is automated and may be employed in an unattended operation for identification and quantification of elemental or specie contaminants. In a preferred aspect of the method, a sample is subjected to equilibration with at least one spiked enriched stable isotope element or specie after which it is subjected to ionization in an atmospheric ion generator and processed by a mass spectrometer with the output of the mass spectrometer being processed by a microprocessor which through a controller coordinates operation of sample and spike delivery and equilibration as well as the operation of the atmospheric ion generator and mass spectrometer. The method may in the alternative be employed qualitatively.
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25. Apparatus for automated isotope dilution mass spectrometry comprising
sample receiving apparatus, spike introduction apparatus for introducing at least one spiked enriched stable isotope element or specie into said sample for permitting equilibration therebetween, an atmospheric pressure ionizer for receiving said equilibrated sample and spiked elements or species and ionizing the same, a mass spectrometer for receiving and processing said ions by isotope ratio determination, and a microprocessor for receiving information about said determination from said mass spectrometer.
1. A method of automated isotope dilution mass spectrometry comprising
providing a sample to be analyzed, spiking at least one enriched stable isotope of an element or specie related to said sample, introducing said spiked enriched stable isotope elements or species into said sample and permitting equilibrium to occur therebetween, subjecting said equilibrated spikes and sample to atmospheric pressure ionization to create ions therefrom, introducing said ions into a mass spectrometer for isotopic ratio determination, and delivering information from said determination to a microprocessor.
26. Apparatus for automated isotope dilution mass spectrometry comprising sample receiving apparatus,
spike introduction apparatus for introducing at least one spiked enriched stable isotope element or specie into said sample for permitting equilibration therebetween, an atmospheric pressure ionizer for receiving said equilibrated sample and spiked elements or species and ionizing the same, a mass spectrometer for receiving and processing said ions by isotope ratio determination, a microprocessor for receiving information about said determination from said mass spectrometer, a sample analyzer for analyzing said sample and delivering sample analysis information to said microprocessor.
24. A method of automated isotope dilution mass spectrometry comprising
providing a sample to be analyzed, spiking at least one enriched stable isotope of an element or specie related to said sample, introducing said spiked enriched stable isotope elements or species into said sample and permitting equilibrium to occur therebetween, subjecting said equilibrated spikes and sample to atmospheric pressure ionization to create ions therefrom, introducing said ions into a mass spectrometer for isotopic ratio determination, and delivering information from said determination to a microprocessor, and in effecting said equilibrium equilibrating at least one said spiked enriched stable isotopic specie or element dynamically with a specie or element contained within sample.
2. The method of automated isotope dilution mass spectrometry of
employing a liquid sample as said sample.
3. The method of automated isotope dilution mass spectrometry of
employing an aqueous solution as said sample.
4. The method of automated isotope dilution mass spectrometry of
effecting said spiking on multiple enriched stable isotopic elements.
5. The method of automated isotope dilution mass spectrometry of
effecting said spiking on multiple enriched stable isotopic species.
6. The method of automated isotope dilution mass spectrometry of
employing said process to detect levels of one or more contaminants in a sample.
7. The method of automated isotope dilution mass spectrometry of
detecting said contaminants at near instrument detection limits.
8. The method of automated isotope dilution mass spectrometry of
detecting said contaminants at ultra-trace levels.
9. The method of automated isotope dilution mass spectrometry of
after said equilibration but before said ionization, preconcentrating said elements or species.
10. The method of automated isotope dilution mass spectrometry of
effecting said preconcentration through liquid chromatography.
11. The method of automated isotope dilution mass spectrometry of
separating at least one specie of interest by said preconcentration.
12. The method of automated isotope dilution mass spectrometry of
employing said method in qualitative analysis of said elements or species.
13. The method of automated isotope dilution mass spectrometry of
employing said element in quantitative analysis of said elements or species.
14. The method of automated isotope dilution mass spectrometry of claim including
employing information received by said microprocessor to control operation of portions of said method.
15. The method of automated isotope dilution mass spectrometry of
obtaining said sample from a system being monitored, and delivering a portion of the information received by said microprocessor to said system from which the sample was obtained.
16. The method of automated isotope dilution mass spectrometry of
employing said method to monitor concentration of contaminants in a plurality of wet baths employed in clean rooms in semiconductor manufacture.
17. The method of automated isotope dilution mass spectrometry of
employing said method sequentially on a plurality of said wet baths.
18. The method of automated isotope dilution mass spectrometry of
employing said method simultaneously on a plurality of said wet baths.
19. The method of automated isotope dilution mass spectrometry of
employing a gaseous specimen as said sample.
20. The method of automated isotope dilution mass spectrometry of
employing electrospray ionization as said atmospheric pressure ionization.
21. The method of automated isotope dilution mass spectrometry of
effecting said ionization at 2 to 30 volts.
22. The method of automated isotope dilution mass spectrometry of
effecting said ionization at 200 to 1,000 volts.
23. The method of automated isotope dilution mass spectrometry of
employing said method to determine which said bath was the origin of said species or elements.
27. The automated isotope dilution mass spectrometry apparatus of
a controller for receiving information processed by said microprocessor and providing feedback to other portions of said apparatus.
28. The automated isotope dilution mass spectrometry apparatus of
a controller for receiving information processed by said microprocessor and providing feedback to other portions of said apparatus, and sample modification apparatus for altering characteristics of said sample responsive to signals from said controller prior to the sample entering said atmospheric pressure ionizer.
29. The automated isotope dilution mass spectrometry apparatus of
said controller coordinating operation of said sample receiving apparatus, said spike introduction apparatus, said sample modification apparatus, said atmospheric ion generator and said mass spectrometer.
30. The automated isotope dilution mass spectrometry apparatus of
solution handling apparatus interposed between said sample modification apparatus and said atmospheric ion generator, and at least one chromatograph operatively associated with said solution handling unit for preconcentrating said equilibrated sample and spiked enriched stable isotope elements or species prior to delivery to said atmospheric ion generator.
31. The automated isotope dilution mass spectrometry apparatus of
said chromatograph including at least one chromatograph selected from the group consisting of a liquid chromatograph and a gas chromatograph.
32. The automated isotope dilution mass spectrometry apparatus of
said sample receiving apparatus having a first outlet conduit in communication with said spike introduction apparatus which in turn has an outlet conduit in communication with said chemical modification apparatus and a second conduit in communication with said chemical modification apparatus whereby a sample may be admixed with said spiked enriched stable isotope elements or species in effecting quantitative analysis and may be introduced directly into said chemical modification apparatus without admixture with said spiked elements or species for effecting qualitative analysis.
33. The automated isotope dilution mass spectrometry apparatus of
said atmospheric ion generator being an electrospray ionizer.
34. The automated isotope dilution mass spectrometry apparatus of
said atmospheric ion generator being structured to operate at a first voltage when effecting ionization of multiple enriched stable isotopic elements and a lower second voltage when ionizing multiple enriched stable isotope species.
35. The automated isotope dilution mass spectrometry apparatus of
said first voltage being 200 to 1,000 volts and said second voltage being 2 to 30 volts.
36. The automated isotope dilution mass spectrometry apparatus of
a system interface for receiving information from said microprocessor and providing feedback to the system being monitored.
37. The automated isotope dilution mass spectrometry apparatus of
said system interface having a warning capability if the concentration of a monitored contaminant approaches a tolerable upper limit thereof and an alarm capability if the concentration of said contaminant reaches or exceeds the tolerable upper limit.
38. The automated isotope dilution mass spectrometry apparatus of
said atmospheric ion generator being atmospheric pressure chemical ionizer.
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This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/264,748, filed Jan. 29, 2001.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a method and apparatus for in-process, automated analysis using a modified form of Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry (IDMS). More specifically, the method is an elemental and speciation threshold measurement method that is optimized for quality assurance at and near instrumental detection limits. The threshold measurement method is automated and may be employed for unattended operation of an In-process, Atmospheric Pressure Interface, Mass Spectrometer (IP-API-MS). The IP-API-MS apparatus is designed for identification and quantification of elemental contaminants or compounds and species in fluids.
2. Description of the Prior Art
It has been known to employ mass spectrometry instrumentation in measuring parts per billion (ppb) is frequently used as the technique of choice in measuring ppb and sub-ppb levels of elements or compounds in aqueous and other solutions as well as in gases. Mass spectrometers are typically operated and regularly calibrated by experienced technicians. In many cases, however, unattended operation of the mass spectrometer is desired. These cases may include remote operation, around the clock monitoring, or operation either in hostile environments, or where human interaction must be minimized. One such case is that of contamination monitoring and control in the wet process baths, such as, for example, the semiconductor industry which requires a clean room environment where minimal human interaction is desired. Installation of real time, in-situ, sensors into clean room process is a major defect reduction challenge in the industry. International Technology Roadmap for semiconductors 1999 Edition: Defect Reduction, Sematech, Austin Tex., (pg. 270) (1999).
In order to accomplish unattended operation, the method should automatically monitor elemental concentrations at their threshold level, accurately and without the need to compensate for the inevitable systematic errors associated with instrument drift. Quantitation of elemental concentrations may then be obtained without the need for traditional calibration once the threshold level has been exceeded. Traditional calibration techniques use calibration standards to generate a calibration curve which relates instrument response to concentration of standards. The calibration curve is used in order to determine the concentration of unknown sample. A typical calibration curve is illustrated in
Viscosity differences between the sample and standard matrices may also cause unequal instrument responses associated with changing sample introduction rates which are inevitable in real world situations. Matrix effects altering solution viscosity or ionization efficiency can result in calibration changes such as shown in
IDMS is based upon the addition of an enriched isotope standard to a sample to be analyzed. See, generally, U.S. Pat. No. 5,414,259 the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference. After equilibration of the sample and standard, the natural isotopic ratio of the sample will have been altered by the enriched standard and the new isotopic ratio is measured by a mass spectrometer. If the concentration of an enriched isotopic standard is known, as well as the enriched isotopic ratio, then the measured ratio of altered natural elemental isotopes provides the elemental concentration of the sample. This method has only a very few well-defined possibilities for error. Each of these possibilities can be calibrated and eliminated, leaving the uncertainty in ratio determination of the two isotopes as the final error for the measurement. This uncertainty is based on the mass spectrometer's ability to make this isotopic ratio measurement. If the enriched isotope standard of known concentration is introduced, in a precisely controlled fashion, to the sample on-line, all normal interferences are eliminated for each element or species being measured. As only the altered isotope ratio is needed to obtain the concentration of the sample, the physical and chemical differences of flow rate and ionization efficiencies are essentially eliminated. Therefore, IDMS is an ultimate correction technique for both long-term and short-term instrument drift, as well as countering non-spectroscopic interference. This procedure, in general, provides accurate detection for the instrument and process necessary for quality control in ultra-trace analysis. In addition, traditional IDMS has been employed primarily with both Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometers (ICP-MS) and Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometers (TIMS). Both ICP-MS and TIMS instrumentation are not deemed suitable for operation in an unattended mode. Fassett, J. D., Paulsen, P. J. Isotope-dilution mass spectrometry for accurate elemental analysis, Anal. Chem. (1989) 61 643A-649A; Rottmann, L., Heumann, K. G., Development of an on-line Isotope Dilution Technique with HPLC/ICP-MS for the accurate determination of elemental species. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., (1994) 350 221-227; Rottmann, L., Heumann, K. G., Determination of Heavy Metal Interactions with Dissolved Organic Materials in Natural Aquatic Systems by Coupling High-Performance Liquid Chromatography System with an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer. Anal. Chem., (1994) 66, 3709-3715; Heumann, K. G., Rottmann, L., Vogl, J., Elemental Speciation with Liquid Chromatography-Inductively Coupled Plasma Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry. J. Anal. Atom. Spectro. (1994) 9 1351-1355; Horn, M., Heumann, K. G., Comparison of Heavy Metal Analysis in Hydrofluoric Acid used in Microelectronic Industry by ICP-MS and Thermal Ionization Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., (1994) 350 286-292.
A method of using on-line IDMS as an internal standard with an ICP-MS instrument has been suggested with an enriched isotopic standard being continuously introduced into the sample stream and mixed (allowed to equilibrate) prior to introduction into an ICP-MS instrument. Rottmann, L., Heumann, K. G., Development of an on-line Isotope Dilution Technique with HPLC/ICP-MS for the accurate determination of elemental species. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., (1994) 350 221-227; Rottmann, L., Heumann, K. G., Determination of Heavy Metal Interactions with Dissolved Organic Materials in Natural Aquatic Systems by Coupling High-Performance Liquid Chromatography System with an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer. Anal. Chem., (1994) 66, 3709-3715; Heumann, K. G., Rottmann, L., Vogl, J., Elemental Speciation with Liquid Chromatography-Inductively Coupled Plasma Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry. J. Anal. Atom. Spectro. (1994) 9 1351-1355. An on-line HPLC/ICP-IDMS method for elemental speciation was tested. In the case published, heavy metals in humic complexes found in natural waters were measured using a High Resolution ICP-MS with either an iron, copper, or a molybdenum enriched spike introduced as the IDMS calibration standard. Selection of which element standard was contingent upon the element to be analyzed in the sample. Rottmann, L., Heumann, K. G., Development of an on-line Isotope Dilution Technique with HPLC/ICP-MS for the accurate determination of elemental species. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., (1994) 350 221-227; Rottmann, L., Heumann, K. G., Determination of Heavy Metal Interactions with Dissolved Organic Materials in Natural Aquatic Systems by Coupling High-Performance Liquid Chromatography System with an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer. Anal. Chem., (1994) 66, 3709-3715; Heumann, K. G., Rottmann, L., Vogl, J., Elemental Speciation with Liquid Chromatography-Inductively Coupled Plasma Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry. J. Anal. Atom. Spectro. (1994) 9 1351-1355. It was stated that "quantitative chromatographic separation of the species to be analyzed" is one of the preconditions for this method and "quantitative separation is essential before the spiking step takes place (for a species-unspecific spike)." It was also stated that "(for a species-unspecific spike), equilibration between the separated species and spike must be guaranteed . . . by high temperature of the argon plasma (in ICP-MS)." Rottmann, L., Heumann, K. G., Development of an on-line Isotope Dilution Technique with HPLC/ICP-MS for the accurate determination of elemental species. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., (1994) 350 221-227. HPLC separation and ICP-MS measurement are two essential parts of their method.
Semiconductor manufacturers rely on the purity of chemicals to create sub-micron devices from silicon wafers. Impure chemicals tend to result in devices that will not work. It is, therefore, important to know whether a wet chemical is, in fact, pure, or adequately pure. Current methods of determining purity tend to be expensive, slow, off-line chemical analyzers. This problem becomes enhanced with continued device shrinkage as in the move to 300-mm wafers and copper interconnects. Captive and contract analytical laboratories tend to produce chemical assays and time frames ranging from 24 to 72 hours. One of the consequences of this lack of timely information is the failure to know when to dispose of these expensive chemicals.
It has been suggested to employ in-line ICP-MS in a method of monitoring concentration of metals in silicon wafer cleaning baths. See Using ICP-MS for in-line monitoring of metallics in silicon wafer cleaning baths <http://www.micromagazine.com/archive/99/02/shive.html> (February1999)
Isotope dilution Mass Spectrometry for ultra-trace analysis has been previously known. Fassett, J. D. and Kingston, H. M., Determination of Nanogram Quantities of Vanadium in Biological Material by Isotope Dilution Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry With Ion Counting Detection, Anal. Chem., (1985) 57 2474-2478. In this publication ultra-trace analysis uses IDMS in the traditional way with isotopically enriched spikes in batch spiked standards. These isotopes are spiked into low concentration samples and blanks and any species information is removed using the batch sample method. Complete transformation of all species is traditionally a prerequisite to most IDMS protocols to prevent multiple species existing in the sample simultaneously. In addition, this transformation prevents the spiked isotopes and the sample isotopes from existing in different species form. As a result, elemental species determinations and evaluations providing both are not possible and are in fact prevented by the traditional IDMS technique.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,012,052 discloses a patent by Hayes describes a method for isotope monitoring for gas that is an on-line continuous combustion from organic components to assist in the determination of the origin of objects based on the C-12 and C-14 ratios. This method requires a combination of gas chromatograph and flame ionization detector (FID), and palladium separator and oxygen charged combustion reactor prior to mass spectrometry. The method requires the use of the combustion chamber, and a palladium separator prior to the mass spectrometer. The goal of this method and instrument is comparison with an isotopic standard to establish isotopic ratios for carbon for origin identification of gases specifically using C-12 and C-14. There is no attempt to perform trace analysis of transition or other metals and quantification is not based on isotope dilution measurements. This method will not work for metals.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,572,024 discloses method and apparatus for quieting the introduction into a mass spectrometer from inductively coupled plasma (ICP) devise by manipulating skimmer cone diameters and pressure. The invention is an improvement of ratio precision measurements over well known ICP-MS and MIP-MS (microwave induced plasma) technology. It describes modifications to a mass spectrometer inlet that enables more precise measurement of isotopes. It requires a plasma device and also reduces the sensitivity of the mass spectrometer.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,872,357 discloses a series of calibrant compositions for organic compounds that enable calibration across a broad mass spectral range for electrospray mass spectrometry, as well a method of using these organic calibrant compositions to calibrate a mass spectrometer. The invention provides a class of new organically based calibrant compositions and limits its application to the usage of these calibrant compositions.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,032,513 discloses a hollow electrode for the improvement of ionization in an atmospheric-pressure ionization source and substitute a more easily ionized carrier gas for the sample gas stream. The disclosure is specific for gas analysis and requires the substitution of the gas stream and the use of a hollow electrode prior to a mass spectrometric measurement. This technology is not applicable in the isotopically based measurements that are the focus of the present invention.
IDMS using Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) introduction to an ICP-MS has been known. Viezian, Miklos; Alexandra Lasztity, Zioaru Wang and Ramon M. Barnes, On-Line Isotope Dilution and Sample Dilution by Flow Injection and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, J. Anal. Atom. Spectro., (1990) 5 125-133. This technique uses FIA to mix the isotopically enriched spike and the sample prior to introduction to the ICP-MS. The spike and sample are injected simultaneously to form a zone within a neutral carrier liquid prior to introduction to the ICP-MS. The volume of a fixed sample loop controls the amounts of spike and sample. Physical mixing of the two solutions occurs between the confluence point and the nebulizer. As in traditional IDMS methods species information is unavailable, as the enriched spike is species-unspecific. In addition, the technique suggested on-line dilution using an inert reagent; a technique that is easily accomplished using FIA.
An automated calibrant apparatus was disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,703,360. It introduces a standard reference solution automatically into a mass spectrometer ESI or Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization (APCI) to calibrate or tune the mass spectrometer. In this patent a switching valve is used to introduce the standard as desired to the ESI or APCI. As the standard reference solution and the sample solution are from different sources matrix effects are not eliminated.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,703,360 discloses that one or two traditional standard reference solutions can be used to tune the mass spectrometer with respect to the mass axis, and to assess the functionality of the instrument and to re-calibration the instrument. This technique of introducing two sequential calibration standards will not eliminate the short or long-term drift that can be a problem in unattended operation of a mass spectrometers. See U.S. Pat. No. 5,703,360.
Atmosphere pressure ionization (API) techniques includes electrospray (ES) ionization and atmosphere pressure chemical ionization (APCI). This technique has been widely used to characterize bio-molecules such as peptides, proteins, nucleic acids and carbohydrates. Cole, R. B. Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Fundamentals Instrumentation & Applications; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: New York, 1997. It is also used to qualitatively determine the presence of inorganic, organometallic and complexed metal ions, but quantifying that information has remained a significant challenge. High background due to chemical noise and signal suppression (matrix effects) appear to be the uppermost limiting factors for the quantification of most analytes. Stewart, I. I., Electrospray Mass Spectrometry: a Tool for Elemental Speciation, Spectrochim. Acta. Part-B. (1999) 54B 1649-1695. Collision-induced dissociation (CID) generates energetic collisions and can simplify mass spectra, reduce the background and increase the sensitivity. However, stable operation is limited to a narrow range of solution conductivities and can cause inherent non-linearity signal response during the quantification.
Speciated Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry (SIDMS) has been developed to assess the quantification of species and also their transformations. See U.S. Pat. No. 5,414,259. In SIDMS a predetermined species is specifically isotopically labeled and introduced to accomplish these measurements. The species of interest is previously known and specifically evaluated.
In summary, a method and associated apparatus have been developed to accomplish unattended operation of an apparatus that will automatically and accurately monitor elemental concentration threshold levels, identify, and quantify elemental contaminants or compounds and species in fluids.
The present invention employs modifications of traditional IDMS methods that enhance and improve measurement at and near the detection limit of mass spectrometers. These modifications provided for quality assurance of both ultra trace elemental and speciated measurements.
The method and apparatus of this invention is preferably to be used with an IP-API-MS instrument instead of an ICP-MS. Neither HPLC nor ICP-MS is an essential instrumentation in the IP-API-MS apparatus. In the present method, no chromatographic separation is required. The equilibrium between spike and sample species is achieved by dynamical pretreatment, which may be complex, oxidation, or other, of both sample and spike to transform them to the same species before pre-concentration and determination.
In the present invention the labeled species (frequently multiple species simultaneously) are being created in solution and are not previously determined in composition and structure until evaluated for structural information. Quantification is of the elemental ion and speciation information first established in-process through dynamic equilibrium established with a non-complexing salt of an enriched stable isotope in real time and in-process. The methods provide dynamic labeling and duality of mass spectrometer. Additionally, simultaneous species may be evaluated without separation in one embodiment and sequentially in another. The dynamics and sequences are very different from known methods.
Unlike traditional IDMS this method enhances and improves measurement at and near the detection limit of mass spectrometers. An apparatus has been developed to use the method for In-process measurement, using an Atmospheric Pressure Interface coupled to a Mass Spectrometer (IP-API-MS). The IP-API-MS apparatus is designed for identification and quantification of elemental contaminants or compounds and species in fluids without reliance upon the high temperature argon plasma for equilibrium or requiring a HPLC separation step prior to measurement.
This invention provides a method and apparatus for a fluid (liquid and gas) handling in-process, mass spectrometer (IP-MS) that uses optimized stable isotopic ratios for in-process automated and unattended operation. Both qualitative and quantitative analysis of ultra-trace elements and species information is available. The method uses a mass spectrometer interface that is an Atmospheric Pressure Ionization (API) system that permits species information and quantitative elemental evaluation. The fluid handling system mixes the separated isotopes in a non-ligand form or a highly exchangeable ligand form. The stable enriched isotopes may be optimized for ratio measurement at and near the apparatus detection limit permitting efficient threshold monitoring and quantitative evaluation.
In one embodiment of the invention, the method and apparatus enables the IP-MS to be operated in an unattended manner that is a substantial departure from attended operation protocol where operator calibration and analysis are typically performed. Direct comparison against a calibration curve is unnecessary through the use of ratio measurements. This is a departure from traditional instrument operation where concentrations of elements are made in comparison and where instrument drift requires frequent re-calibration required for quantitation. The ratio is optimized for accuracy and quality assurance at and near the detection limits of the measurement.
In another embodiment of the invention, the method and apparatus enables the IP-MS to enhance the quantitative evaluation of the concentrations at or near detection limits by optimizing the enriched isotope ratio used to spike the sample. This method permits an optimum isotopic ratio at and near the limit of detection that definitively establishes the threshold of detection and the uncertainty of the measurement. The optimization of the ratio for detection limit and near detection limit are achieved by mixing both natural and multiple enriched isotopes in selected quantities of the same element. This improves traditional IDMS methods wherein this measurement is uncertain over a very wide range.
In yet another embodiment of the invention, the method and apparatus quantifies elements without speciation information by mixing known enriched isotopes of elements in a semi-continuous process with the in-process sample stream from the chemical solutions being evaluated. The ionization voltage is purposefully set atypically high enough to eliminate species information directly at the source of the mass spectrometer to optimize the elemental quantitation.
In a further aspect of the invention, the method and apparatus mixes non-ligand bound or weakly ligand optimized enriched isotopes allowing for species transformations of the enriched isotopes into the dominant species set by the chemistry of the reagent streams being interrogated. These species are then directly evaluated using very low voltage and softer ionization conditions preserving the species information of the sample solutions using the same apparatus automatically controlled in alternate methods.
In an additional aspect of the invention, the method and apparatus uses additional solution manipulation after introduction of the stable optimized isotopes to alter the chemical species to permit optimum ionization for maximum sensitivity and detection limits. Other solution manipulations may be performed to change the matrix of the fluid to permit optimum ionization for maximum sensitivity and detection limits.
In yet another aspect of the invention, the method and apparatus mixes the optimized stable isotopes with the sample and the resulting solution is separated or pre-concentrated by element and/or species for sequential evaluation, optimization and maximum sensitivity.
In one preferred embodiment of the invention, the method of automated isotope dilution mass spectrometry includes providing a sample to be analyzed, spiking multiple enriched stable iostopes of elements or species related to the sample and effecting equilibration therebetween. The equilibrated spikes and sample are then subjected to atmospheric pressure ionization with the ions subsequently being introduced into a mass spectrometer for isotopic ratio determination and delivery of the information from the determination to a microprocessor which in turn through a controller effects control of operation of the methods. Information is also delivered from the microprocessor to the system being monitored.
In a particular use, wherein contaminant levels may be monitored at the ultra-trace level in baths employed in the semiconductor industry, in the cleaning of wafers an early warning or alarm may be sounded responsive to a contamination level approaching an upper tolerable limit in the case of warning or reaching or exceeding the same in the case of an alarm.
Corresponding apparatus is provided.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for in-process automated analysis employing a modified form of Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide such a system which is adapted for automatic and unattended operation.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide such a method and apparatus for qualitative and quantitative identification of elemental contaminants or compounds and species in fluids.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide such a system which is adapted to be employed in line and to provide a reliable sensitive system not requiring highly skilled personnel for the operation of the same.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide such a system for unattended operation wherein operator calibration and analysis and direct comparison against a calibration curve is not required.
It is a further object of the present invention to employ isotopic ratio determinations that tend to minimize or eliminate instrument stability parameters as sources of error in quantitative measurement.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide such a system which may be operated in one mode to quantified analysis of a species or element and, in another mode, to provide solely relative analysis of the same.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a fully automated, comprehensive, analytical chemistry tool that in rapid and accurate fashion will determine whether a wet bath is contaminated and thereby minimize expensive, reduced yields due to such contamination.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide such a system which is usable in clean rooms having silicon wafer baths and to extend the lives of expensive reagents used in such baths.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide such a system which can provide reliable assays in an automated fashion a number of times per hour.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide such a system which is adapted to accurately and rapidly detect ultra-trace quantities of a specie within a fluid employing isotopic ratio determinations.
These and other objects of the invention will be more fully understood from the following description of the invention with reference to the drawings appended hereto.
The term "specie" as employed herein shall refer to elemental species, ionic species, molecular species, complex species such as organometallic species and any other species which may be adapted for qualitative and quantitative analysis using the present invention.
The term "spike" as employed herein shall refer to an enriched isotope of a specie and/or an element.
As used herein, the term "ratio" shall refer to an isotopic ratio of a specie and/or an element.
The term "fluid" as employed herein in respect of a mass stream containing either "specie or element" or "spike" or both in the form of, but not limited to, liquid or gas.
The term "threshold" as employed herein in respect of a level of a "specie or element" above which the "specie or element" can be determined quantitatively using present invention.
The term "quantitative detection limit of an instrument" means the lowest level of concentration of a particular element or specie which an instrument can detect quantitatively.
In this invention the isotopically enriched standard spikes added to the sample are allowed to come to species equilibrium with the isotopes in the sample prior to measurement and quantitative and species information then becomes available in the same solution. Adjustment of the enrichment mix to optimize the ratio for mathematical evaluation at the threshold detection level is not employed in traditional methods as quantitative information rather than threshold detection is the goal.
The method and apparatus are usable in in-process automated ultra-trace element, contaminant, and species analysis. This invention provides for a method and apparatus for a fluid handling in-process/mass spectrometer (IP-MS) analytical apparatus that uses optimized stable isotopic ratios for in-process automated and unattended operation. Both qualitative and quantitative analysis of ultra-trace elements and species information is available through the method and in this apparatus. The method uses a mass spectrometer interface that is an Atmospheric Pressure Ionization (API) system that allows both quantitative elemental measurement and species evaluation. The fluid handling system introduces the separated and optimized isotopes in a highly exchangeable ligand form that is dynamically transformed to the species occurring in the fluids being tested. The stable enriched isotopes are optimized for ratio measurement enabling efficient monitoring at and near the threshold of detection.
The present invention in one embodiment employs dynamic mixing of the standard enriched spike into the sample in order to eliminate undesired matrix effects.
Mass spectrometers are instruments that are not generally operated in an unattended manner for extended time periods, such as several days to a week at a time. Inherent variations in these instruments arise from changes that occur in stability in the calibration and operational conditions that substantially alter the quantitative capability. Changes in reagents and samples also affect mass flow and physical conditions of the instrument and change with time. All of these situations are normally dealt with through the manual and independent calibration and re-calibration of both the mass spectrometer and fluid handling systems. In the present invention, the method and apparatus enable the IP-MS to be operated in an unattended manner that is a substantial departure from attended operation protocol where operator calibration and analysis are typically performed. Direct comparison against a calibration curve is eliminated through the use of ratio measurements. These physical and time dependent alterations are removed through the reliance on isotopic ratios that remove the instrument stability parameters as sources of error in quantitative measurement.
Using the in-process Isotope Dilution methods of the present invention can significantly overcome the problems of signal suppression and non-linear signal response, therefore making quantification of inorganic elements and unattended operation feasible.
Referring now in greater detail to
Elemental Species are controlled by the chemistry of the solutions and by the processes in the specific chemistry operations that are in process. For example in the semiconductor industry where the cleaning and etching baths that are described in table 1 are present species established in these pure solutions by dominant anion complex formations such as aqueous hydrates, fluoride, chloride, arunonia, and hydroxide. The stability of these ligand complex ions and molecules will be maintained if no other ligand with a higher formation constant Kf is introduced. As a result, the metal ions in the high purity solutions of 1%-10% HF aqueous solution by volume will be dominated by the fluoride ion ligand complex. In solutions of HCl:H2O2:H2O (1:1:6 by volume) the dominant ligand will be the chloride ligand. For example iron(III) has progressively more stable fluoride formation constant of Kf1, Kf2, and a Kf3 of 2×105, 2×109 and 4×1012, respectively, (with a combined Kf of for all three of 4×1026) and chromium(III) Kf1 2×104, Kf2 6×108, and Kf3 of 2×1010 (the combined Cr(III) for a [CrF]complex is 3×1022) is. In the HCl solution Cu(I) has a Kf2 of approximately 3×105 and for iron(III) a Kf1, Kf2, Kf3 and Kf4 of 30, 134, 98 and 1.0, respectively. The other solutions also have differential ligand formation constants for hydroxide, ammonia, water, hydrogen peroxide and sulfate. If the iron is present as a fluoride complex or as a chloride complex or as a hydroxide this will change the fundamental chemistry of the interactions in the baths as the reactions are equilibrium that will be controlled by the solution ligands and the reaction products. By adding the isotopic spikes for iron, for example, in a plus three oxidation state, species in a very weak ligand, such as a nitrate, the ligand of the spike will be dynamically transformed into the species that is dominant in the solution and subsequently will equilibrate dynamically on-line or in-process with the elemental species contaminant in the cleaning bath or chemical process. If a chemical reaction occurs in a process, for example, in wafer cleaning, a reaction with the silica matrix and masking reagents may occur and it may create a different species, Fe(II) or Fe(III) or Fe-organometalic or a stable ligand species it may also be present in solution and a different ligand species will be evident in the speciated mass spectral examination. This is an additional informational adjustment over previous methods that extends the chemical information beyond elemental species contamination and adds the dimension of chemical specificity to the in-process chemistry. In addition, if a contaminant originates in a solution such as the HF bath and then is measured in the sulfate bath or water bath it will very likely retain its ligand of origin permitting the identification of the contamination source. This data is an addition to the complex information that will be obtained employing this method.
In another embodiment a strong chelating or complexing reagent will be added to both the sample and the spike and the quantitative measurement will be made as the complex. This chemical transformation of the species controls the chemistry of the solution and enhances the measurement and enables control of chemistry parameters that may otherwise be detrimental to the detection of the analytes of interest.
As shown in
As the present system is adapted to provide unattended, automated determination of specie identification, qualitatively and quantitatively, or elemental identification, qualitatively and quantitatively, three methods may be employed within the present system.
If it is desired to determine, qualitatively, the presence of a specie, the sample from sample introduction is introduced into the chemical modification step 12, wherein information provided from sample analysis 6 to microprocessor 10 will have entered data collection and analysis 14, which, in turn, distributes the information 16 which is passed onto controller 20, which, in turn, provides an output signal along lead 24 to chemical modification 12 to provide whatever adjustment in the chemistry, such as pH or reagent content, or physical properties, such as temperature, to the sample prior to the next stage of sample processing. The sample, as modified, is then delivered to the solution-handling unit which if the objective is qualitative, evaluation of the sample will deliver the same to atmospheric pressure ionization unit 32 which, in a preferred form, is an electrospray ionizer. This unit serves to ionize the components of the solution including the elements and species and, if desired, de-solvates the sample. The output of this unit is delivered to mass spectrometer 36, which may preferably be a time of flight mass spectrometer, or quadrapole mass spectrometer. The information from the mass spectrometer is delivered to the microprocessor 10 into the data collection and analysis unit 14, which, in turn, delivers it for information distribution to unit 16. Information which is to be employed in controlling operation of the instrument will be fed back to a sample introduction 2, spike introduction 38, chemical modification 12, solution handling 26, atmospheric pressure ionization 32, and mass spectrometer 36 for appropriate action. Further, to the extent to which the information may involve a departure from a desired concentration of contaminants, if an early warning is to be provided or an alert or shutdown ordered, the information is also delivered to the system interface 40 which controls the operation of the physical system which is being monitored by the instrument. This information may also be provided to operational personnel who would be provided with not only the warning and alert information, but also data regarding the then current readings, long-term trends, and other information of interest, including optimization information. Considering another mode of operation of the method, if it is desired to obtain quantitative determinations of an element, the sample introduction 2 delivers a sample to the spike introduction location, wherein enriched separated isotopes are mixed in dilute or a weakly complexing mode where they are mixed with the sample and subjected to equilibration. The equilibrated sample is then passed through chemical modification 12 and solution handling 26 from which it goes to liquid chromatograph 48 and then to atmospheric pressure ionization 32, after which, it is subjected to speciation processing 50 from which it passes to mass spectrometer 36 with the output of the mass spectrometer being processed in microprocessor 10 and, as appropriate, passed on to controller 12 and/or system interface 40. For the elemental mode, the voltage ranges from about 200 to 1,000 volts and preferably about 350-400 volts and for the specie mode from about 2-30 volts. In this approach, an enriched isotope is provided in the spike introduction 38 for each specie or element of contaminant sought to be monitored. If the sample were a gas sample, it would pass from solution handling 26 to gas chromatograph 56 and follow the process.
Where quantitative element determination is to be made, the output of atmospheric pressure ionization 32 is delivered to processing by elemental mode 60 from which the process sample enters the mass spectrometer.
Referring to
Ordinarily, a mass spectrometer will drift and become unstable with time, as demonstrated in the two examples provided here in
Consistent improvement in both precision and accuracy in multiple mass spectrometers with a variety of ionization interfaces demonstrate the general applicability of the invention to enable the mass spectrometer system to function for extended periods of time and to reduce the error caused by instrument drift and conventional calibrations.
It is clear that IDMS analysis is at least an order magnitude more accurate and precise than conventional calibration over a period of 60 minutes.
| TABLE 1 | ||||
| Table 1 shows typical silicon wafer cleaning solutions and reagents | ||||
| employed in the semiconductor industry.* | ||||
| Typical | ||||
| Chemical | Formu- | Purpose of | ||
| Solution Name | Composition | lations | Cleaning | |
| 1. | Ultra-Pure Water | H2O Ultra- | 100% | Primary Dilution |
| "UPW" | Pure | Reagent | ||
| 2. | SC-1, RCA-1 | NH4OH:H2O2; | 1:1:5, | Organic Removal |
| "Huang 1" | H2O | 75°C C. | MetaI Ion | |
| Complexing | ||||
| 3. | SC-2, RCA-2, | HCl:H2O2:H2O | 1:1:6, | Alkali Ion Removal |
| "Huang 2" | 80°C C. | Metal Hydroxides | ||
| Dissolution, | ||||
| Residual Trace | ||||
| Metal Removal | ||||
| 3. | SC-2, RCA-2, | HCl:H2O2:H2O | 1:1:6, | Alkali Ion Removal |
| "Huang 2" | 80°C C. | Metal Hydroxides | ||
| Dissolution, | ||||
| Residual Trace | ||||
| Metal Removal | ||||
| 4. | Mixture of | H2SO4:H2O2 | 2:1, | Organic Removal |
| Sulfuric | 90°C C. | |||
| Peroxide, SPM | ||||
| "Piranha" | ||||
| 5. | Diluted HF | HF:H2O | 1:10-100, | Native Oxide |
| 25°C C. | Removal | |||
The method and apparatus goals are to provide close to real-time analytical chemical metrology of contaminant concentrations in these solutions. Generally, the contaminants of primary interest may include at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, W, Na, P, B, As, Sb, and Zn, but it is desirable to measure any additional elements present at significant concentrations. The concentration range that must be assessed is mid-ppb to low-ppt and continually will drop as the instrument detection limits are gradually reduced. Thus the character of the measurement will remain the same and will require the optimization of ultra trace measurements progressing but using the same fundamental theoretical considerations. The technology is a critical quality control assessment tool for uses such as in wet process baths in the semiconductor industry as in chip manufacturing activities. As circuitry on wafers continues to shrink, these contaminants will have even greater impact on the viability of the final products.
The use of the methods of the present invention at or near the detection limits of the mass spectrometer involves modification of the ratio measurement. When elemental and species components are at concentrations in the fluids well above the detection limits of the mass spectrometer, the use of commercially available isotopes is possible. When these measurements are required at the threshold of detection of the instrument, uncertainties can make the analysis more difficult. In these cases, enhancing the certainty of the detection limit measurement is desirable. The isotopic ratio can be altered in the spiking fluids to optimize the ratio measurement at these levels. An example of how these specially prepared spikes enhance these measurements follows. An optimum ratio at and near the limit of detection is more difficult than measurements at nominally normal or high concentrations. Establishing a ratio that definitively establishes the threshold of detection and enables the uncertainty of the measurement to be known and optimized for the IP/MS is a unique optimization at the detection limit threshold. The optimization of the ratio for detection limit and near detection limit is achieved by using matched quantities of spike optimized for the threshold level and /or mixing both natural and multiple enriched isotopes in separated quantities of the same element. This technique is not present in traditional IDMS methods where this measurement is uncertain over a wide range.
The measurement of elemental contamination at or near the quantitative detection limit of this instrument will progress as the instrument detection limit recedes in future instruments. Because of the needs of many industries, such as the semiconductor industry, for example, the level of elemental contamination will continue to decrease. As the instrumental measurement sensitivity also decreases the need to measure and make accurate measurements at the detection limit of the mass spectrometer will remain in relatively similar relationships. These concepts are durable detection limit threshold measurement optimizations that will progress with detection limit of the instrument and retain their useful attributes as both the need, and capability recede simultaneously.
In order to provide additional insight into the system of the present invention, computer model studies were undertaken with the results being shown in
There is a window of optimum spike concentration from 0.05 ppb to 0.2 ppb (third through sixth column) which enables a preferred quantitative measurement of the 0.05 ppb Ni in the sample with improved precision as compared with the traditional calibration method (first column from the left). The trend demonstrates an optimum spiking ratio range that can be established experimentally and/or theoretically. This optimum range may preferably be used in quantification employing the method.
In
In
Two types of information are available using different modes of operation of the IP-MS instrument. Quantification of the element in the fluid and species-specific information about the form of the element are important. The chemistry that is occurring in the process is described by both of these parameters. As both are desirable and must be used to describe the total chemistry of the process, both have been integrated into the method and apparatus.
To obtain quantitative information about the element and for the purpose of determining the isotopic ratio, the species information within the fluid can be eliminated. This is accomplished by changing the instrument operational parameters to collision-induced disassociation (CID) mode. The CID can serve to simplify mass spectra, thereby reducing background and increasing sensitivity. For example, purposefully set the ionization voltage high enough to eliminate species information directly at the source of the mass spectrometer. Voltages of about 200 to 1000 volts on the sampling cone and on various components of the sampling system are used to eliminate the molecular information and to obtain relatively isolated elemental signals.
In
The molecular species may be evaluated to determine elemental and molecular species occurring in solution. These evaluations are made on unaltered fluid streams and on isotopically labeled fluids. To make these measurements with the IP-MS, the API is operated in a non-species destructive manner, i.e. the instrument is operated under soft ionization conditions such as low cone voltage, slower cone gas flow, and mild de-solvation temperature. Elements that occur in complex ligand or molecularly bound forms are revealed in this operational mode. These complexes that indicate the chemistry occurring in the process are extremely valuable informational components used for qualitative evaluation, and to identify conditional trends and process alternatives.
To quantify these species and evaluate the chemistry, isotopically labeled species are created dynamically. The method and apparatus create the species occurring in the sample from the optimally prepared spike reagent solutions. These spike reagents (enriched isotope solutions) are optimized ratio-separated stable isotopes in a solution of non-complexing or non-ligand forming or weak ligand forming counter ions. Nitrates are good examples of very weak ligand forming counter ions. Nitrate ligand formation constants (Kf) are generally and uniformly several orders of magnitude smaller than fluoride complexes, and several orders weaker than chloride and sulfate ligands. When solutions of enriched isotopic spike are mixed with the sample reagent solutions (for example, listed in Table 1), the spike or isotope ion will conform to the solution species in the reagent solution. The contaminant concentration (in this example, but deliberate concentrations in other fluids) is very small in comparison to these relatively abundant solution components and will cause the formation of these species that are occurring in solution. The creation of spiked species and isotopic labeling is accomplished dynamically for the processing fluids of silicon wafer materials, for example. Mixing of the spike solutions with these fluids establishes the same species that are naturally occurring in these solutions and provides the ability to determine their concentrations in a similar manner using isotopic ratio measurements.
The combination of both the quantitative and qualitative measurements information available from the same instrument operated in different conditions is desirable and necessary for full understanding and evaluation of fluids described in these examples and in other examples. Both are capable from a single instrument as described.
The alteration of the fluid sample is also necessary for the optimization of both quantitative and qualitative measurement of some process fluids. This fluid processing may be accomplished in several ways. For example, the sample may be directly combined with a neutralizing agent for the adjustment of pH. Consider solutions from table 1, NH4OH (a base) and acids HF, HCl and H2SO4 may require neutralization or they may be combined to neutralize each other. Combining these samples with other solutions that have acid-base neutralization capabilities is part of fluid handling. Direct neutralization of an acid with a base, or base with an acid, is also part of the fluid handling system. In this latter case, a reagent, rather than another sample, becomes the neutralizing solution.
Other components of fluid handling are the collection and accumulation of metal ions on chelating, ion-exchange, and normal and reversed phase chromatography columns integrated into the fluid and sampling handling portions of the overall system. These manipulations may be undertaken to optimize the qualitative and quantitative measurement and evaluation of the solution.
Other components of the fluid handling system incorporate automated derivatisation and chemical enhancement of the signal through the addition of modifying agents such as ligands, chelators, surfactants, solvents, and/or other reagents that amplify the ionization and/or the signal in the mass spectrometer.
The fluid handling instrument component incorporates mixing, chemical modification, metering, dilution, pre-concentration, and other aspects of fluid handling used in qualitative and quantitative manipulation of the fluid sample stream.
Appropriate software, which may be developed by those skilled in the art, will be employed in controlling operation of the method and apparatus and processing data obtained therefrom.
While for convenience of illustration emphasis has been placed herein on examples directed toward monitoring of contaminants in wet baths employed in clean rooms in the semiconductor industry, it will be appreciated that the invention is not so limited and, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art, numerous other applications, including in such uses as environmental, pharmaceutical, biotechnology, food processing, chemical manufacture, and production of reagents and standards, both preparation and certification will become apparent to those skilled in the art.
It will be appreciated, therefore, that the present invention provides a method and related apparatus for fully automated comprehensive analytical chemistry tools which can monitor on-line in-process solutions in an accurate and rapid manner for contaminants and thereby enhance the efficiency of manufacture.
Whereas particular embodiments have been described herein for purposes of illustration it will be evident to those skilled in the art that numerous variations of the details may be made without departing from the invention as defined in the appended claims.
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