An active photonic crystal device for controlling an optical signal is disclosed. The device includes a planar photonic crystal with a defect waveguide bounded on the top and bottom by an upper cladding region and a lower cladding region. An optical signal propagating in the defect waveguide is confined in the plane of the photonic crystal by the photonic bandgap, and in the direction normal to the photonic crystal by the upper clad region and the lower clad region. The propagation of the optical signal in the defect waveguide is controlled by varying the optical properties at least one of the upper clad region or the lower clad region. The variation of the optical properties of the controllable regions may be achieved using a thermo-optic effect, an electro-optic effect, a stress-optic effect, or a mechano-optic effect, or by moving a material into or out of the controllable region.
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1. An optical device for controlling an optical signal comprising:
a planar photonic crystal structure; a defect waveguide formed in the planar photonic crystal structure for the propagation of the optical signal, the defect waveguide having a top surface and a bottom surface; an upper clad region contiguous with the top surface of the defect waveguide; and a lower clad region contiguous with the bottom surface of the defect waveguide, wherein at least one of the upper clad region or the lower clad region is a controllable region having a controllable optical property sufficient to modify the optical signal.
30. A method for controlling an optical signal comprising the steps of:
providing an optical device having a planar photonic crystal structure having a top surface and a bottom surface, a defect waveguide formed in the planar photonic crystal structure for the propagation of the optical signal, an upper clad region contiguous with the top surface of the defect waveguide, and a bottom lower clad region contiguous with the bottom surface of the defect waveguide; launching the optical signal into the defect waveguide of the optical device; and controlling an optical property of at least one of the upper clad region or the lower clad region so as to effect a change in the propagation of the optical signal in the defect waveguide.
2. The optical device of
3. The optical device of
4. The optical device of
5. The optical device of
a thermo-optic material disposed in the controllable region; and a heater coupled to the thermo-optic material.
6. The optical device of
7. The optical device of
8. The optical device of
an electro-optic material positioned in the controllable region; a first electrode; a second electrode; and a voltage controller coupled to the electrodes, wherein the electrodes are positioned so that when biased at different electrical potentials with the voltage controller, an electric field is created in the controllable region.
9. The optical device of
11. The optical device of
12. The optical device of
13. The optical device of
a stress-optic material positioned in the controllable region; and an actuator coupled to the material, wherein the actuator is able to place a stress on the stress-optic material.
14. The optical device of
a mechano-optic material positioned in the controllable region; and an actuator coupled to the material, wherein the actuator is able to change at least one dimension of the mechano-optic material.
15. The optical device of
16. The optical device of
17. The optical device of
18. The optical device of
a slab of material; and an actuator, wherein the actuator is able to change the position of the material between a position substantially inside of the controllable region and a position substantially outside of the controllable region.
19. The optical device of
20. The optical device of
21. The optical device of
22. The optical device of
23. The optical device of
24. The optical device of
25. The optical device of
26. The optical device of
27. The optical device of
28. The optical device of
29. The optical device of
31. The method of
32. The method of
33. The method of
34. The method of
35. The method of
36. The method of
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This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/225,488, filed Aug. 15, 2000, which is incorporated herein by reference; and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/269,163, filed Feb. 15, 2001, which is incorporated herein by reference.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to an optical waveguide structure for an optical communication system, and particularly to a planar photonic crystal waveguide for implementing a variety of optical functions in an optical communication system.
2. Technical Background
Photonic crystals are periodic optical materials. The characteristic defining a photonic crystal structure is the periodic arrangement of dielectric or metallic elements along one or more axes. Thus, photonic crystals can be one-, two-, and three-dimensional. Most commonly, photonic crystals are formed from a periodic lattice of dielectric material. When the dielectric constants of the materials forming the lattice are different (and the materials absorb minimal light), the effects of scattering and Bragg diffraction at the lattice interfaces control the propagation of optical signals through the structure. These photonic crystals can be designed to prohibit optical signals of certain frequencies from propagating in certain directions within the crystal structure. The range of frequencies for which propagation is prohibited is known as the photonic band gap.
An exemplary two dimensional photonic crystal which is periodic in two directions and homogeneous in a third is shown in FIG. 1. More specifically, the photonic crystal 10 is fabricated from a volume of bulk material 12 having a square lattice of cylindrical air-filled columns 14 extending through the bulk material in the z-axis direction and periodic in the x-axis and y-axis directions. For normal theoretical analysis and modeling, the photonic crystal 10 has conventionally been assumed to be homogeneous and infinite in the z-axis direction. In this exemplary figure, the plane of the two dimensional photonic crystal is the xy plane.
Another exemplary photonic crystal is shown in FIG. 2. The photonic crystal 15 is similar to the photonic crystal 10, but the cylindrical air-filled columns are disposed in a hexagonal array. A third exemplary two-dimensional photonic crystal is shown in FIG. 3. The photonic crystal 16 is also similar to photonic crystal 10, but consists of an array of dielectric columns 18 in an air background.
The propagation of optical signals in these structures is determined by a variety of parameters, including, for example, radius of the columns, pitch (center-to-center spacing of the columns) of the photonic crystal, structural symmetry of the crystal (e.g. square, triangular, hexagonal, rectangular), and refractive indexes, (such as the index of the material of the columns and the index of the bulk material exterior to the columns).
A defect can be introduced into the crystalline structure for altering the propagation characteristics and localizing the allowed modes for an optical signal. For example,
Additionally, the crystal structure can be composed of several photonic crystal regions having different parameters, in which case the defect is located at the border between the two regions. Such a structure is shown in
Since an optical signal propagating in a defect waveguide is prohibited from propagating in the bulk photonic crystal, it must follow the waveguide, regardless of the shape of the defect waveguide. An advantage of such a structure is that waveguides with a very small bend radius on the order of several wavelengths or even less are expected to have a very low bend loss, since an optical signal is prohibited from escaping the defect waveguide and propagating in the surrounding photonic crystal.
In-plane confinement by a photonic crystal defect waveguide can be confined with refractive confinement in the dimension normal to the photonic crystal to provide a defect channel waveguide. This is most commonly achieved by providing a thin slab of a two-dimensional photonic crystal (known as a planar photonic crystal) having a defect waveguide with lower refractive index materials above and below the photonic crystal waveguide. For example,
An example of an alternative structure appears in FIG. 11. In this case, only the higher effective refractive index core layer 81 has the photonic crystal structure; the underclad 82 and the overclad 84 are homogeneous. In this structure, which may be fabricated by bonding a thin slab of material containing the 2D photonic crystal structure to a substrate, the substrate serves as the underclad, and the overclad is air Alternative structures have been envisioned wherein a free-standing planar photonic crystal is clad on both sides by air, or wherein both the underclad and overclad are a dielectric material.
In all three architectures, an optical signal is constrained in the defect waveguide vertically by total internal reflection, and horizontally by the photonic band gap. Passive waveguiding has been predicted by optical simulations and demonstrated in experimental systems in all three architectures. Calculations for a planar photonic crystal waveguide have been described in Kuchinsky et al., "3D localization in a channel waveguide in a photonic crystal with 2D periodicity," Optics Communications 175, p. 147-152 (2000), which is hereby incorporated by reference. The calculation method uses a numerical solution of the full vector Maxwell equations, in which the electromagnetic modes are expanded in a sum of plane waves. This approach is well suited to periodic photonic crystals. When the physical system lacks periodicity, for example as in the z-direction of a bulk photonic crystal or the transverse direction of a defect waveguide, then a supercell is employed in which a periodic array of crystals or waveguides is considered. The artificial repeat distance of this supercell is kept large enough to avoid unwanted calculation artifacts. The supercell method is a standard approach that allows periodic band structure computer codes to salve nonperiodic systems. Solution of the fall vector Maxwell equations required, as the simpler scalar approximation gives incorrect results due to the large dielectric/air index. Propagation through sharp defect waveguide bends has also been predicted and experimentally demonstrated.
Active devices may be based on planar photonic crystal defect channel waveguides. For example, an actively controllable Y junction is shown in FIG. 13. The Y junction has an input waveguide 94, a first output waveguide 95, and a second output waveguide 96. The output waveguides are modified by the presence of controllable lattice sites 98 located in the regions 97 of the output waveguides near the branch point and comprising cylindrical columns formed of a ferrite material to which a variably controllable external electromagnetic field may be applied. The locations of the controllable lattice sites conform to the column and row positions of the surrounding lattice region and in effect form an extension of the lattice. Control of the controllable lattice sites 98 is effected such as to vary the refractive index of the ferrite material, and therefore the propagation characteristics of the defect waveguides. The presence of the controllable lattice sites can in effect be turned on or off in variable number to thereby variably control the effective apertures of the output waveguides 95 and 96. This is represented in
It is also possible to externally control the propagation of an optical signal in a planar photonic crystal defect channel waveguide by varying the refractive index of the bulk material of the planar photonic crystal. The externally applied control may be one of a number of available options including the application of local heating, the injection of electrical current into a semiconductor bulk material, or other suitable optically, electromagnetically or electromechanically induced effects. The photonic crystal lattice is substantially unaffected by this control and continues to serve as a means of confining the optical signal within the waveguide so as to pass through the controlled dielectric region. These types of devices are unattractive in that the photonic crystal must be formed in a thermo-optically, electro-optically, or mechano-optically active material, limiting the choice of device materials and fabrication processes.
Accordingly, photonic crystal waveguide devices which can perform a wide variety of optical transformations and are amenable to a wide variety of materials and manufacturing processes are desired.
One aspect of the present invention relates to a planar photonic crystal defect waveguide device in which an optical signal is confined in the plane of the photonic crystal by the photonic bandgap, and in the direction normal to the photonic crystal by the upper clad region and the lower clad region, wherein the propagation of light in the waveguide is controlled by varying the optical properties of either the upper clad region or the lower clad region or both.
Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method for controlling an optical signal propagating in such a photonic crystal defect channel by changing the optical properties of either the upper clad region and the lower clad region or both.
Another aspect of the present invention relates to an optical device for controlling an optical signal including a planar photonic crystal structure having a defect waveguide, an upper clad region continuous with the top surface of the defect waveguide, and a lower clad region continuous with the bottom surface of the defect waveguide, wherein at least one of the upper clad region or the lower clad region is a controllable region having a controllable optical property sufficient to modify the optical signal.
Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method for controlling an optical signal including providing a device including a planar photonic crystal structure having a defect waveguide, an upper clad region continuous with the top surface of the defect waveguide, and a lower clad region continuous with the bottom surface of the defect waveguide, wherein at least one of the upper clad region or the lower clad region is a controllable region having a controllable optical property sufficient to modify the optical signal; launching the optical signal into the defect waveguide; and controlling the optical property of at least one of the upper clad region or the lower clad region so as to effect a change in the propagation of the optical signal in the defect waveguide.
The device of the present invention results in a number of advantages. Active planar photonic crystal defect waveguide devices may be designed and fabricated with well-defined guiding characteristics in all three dimensions, and may have modes with zero group velocity. The active planar photonic crystal defect waveguides may be fabricated by standard semiconductor manufacturing techniques. The devices of the present invention do not derive their activity from an active photonic crystal waveguide core, and so may be made from photonic crystals of any standard passive waveguide material. The refractive indices of the upper clad region or the lower clad region or both may be varied in many ways, including by a thermo-optic effect, an electro-optic effect, a mechano-optic effect, or by physically introducing a different material into the clad region. The devices of the present invention may affect various optical transformations, including attenuation, modulation, and switching, all with the reduced device size afforded by the efficiency of tight photonic crystal waveguide bends.
Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the detailed description which follows, and in part will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the description or recognized by practicing the invention as described in the written description and claims hereof, as well as the appended drawings.
It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are merely exemplary of the invention, and are intended to provide an overview or framework to understanding the nature and character of the invention as it is claimed.
The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the invention, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate one or more embodiment(s) of the invention, and together with the description serve to explain the principles and operation of the invention.
The various advantages of the present invention will become apparent to one skilled in the art by reading the following specification and appended claims, and by referencing the following drawings in which:
Reference will now be made in detail to the present preferred embodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numerals will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts.
Referring now to
An exemplary planar photonic crystal defect waveguide device is shown in
One technique for positioning and moving the slab 114 is the use of a mechanical actuator, such as, for example, a microelectromechanical (MEMS) actuator. An example of such a device is shown in
An additional embodiment of the invention is shown in
Alternatively, the slab 122 may consist of a material with a substantial electro-optic coefficient, as shown in FIG. 21. Examples of materials with a substantial electro-optic coefficient include lithium niobate, electro-optic polymers, and liquid crystal composites. In the case of an electro-optic material, the means of control would be a pair of electrodes 132 and 134 connected to a voltage source 136 and positioned so as to place an electric field in the upper clad region when the electrodes are biased at different electrical potentials. For example, the electrodes 132 and 134 maybe situated the surface of the electro-optic slab opposite that in contact with the planar photonic crystal slab, with one electrode 132 disposed over a photonic crystal region 136 on one side of the defect waveguide 111, and the other electrode 134 disposed over a photonic crystal region 138 on the other side of the defect waveguide 111. Biasing the electrodes at different electric potentials with a voltage controller 140 coupled to the electrodes 132 and 134 will create an electric field, denoted by the lines 139, in the overclad region. Alternatively, the electrodes may be placed as illustrated in
Alternatively, the slab 122 may consist of a material with a substantial stress-optic coefficient, as shown in FIG. 23. Materials with a substantial stress-optic coefficient have a substantial change in refractive index when they are subject to a stress, and include, for example, inorganic glasses and polymers, and especially main chain liquid crystalline polymers. The slab 122 is coupled to an actuator 154 that serves to place a stress on the slab of material 122. The actuator 154 is coupled to a controller 156. In this case, the slab 122 is preferably not in direct contact with the planar photonic crystal slab to avoid the mechanical transfer of stress to the planar photonic crystal slab 110 itself, but is as close as possible so as to maximize the volume of the upper clad region 106 that is filled with the slab 122. Alternatively, a material with a substantial mechano-optic coefficient may be employed in the slab 122 of this device. A mechano-optic material undergoes a change in refractive index with a change in dimension. This material may be, for example, a material with a glass transition temperature below 10°C C., such as poly(dimethylsiloxane). In both the stress-optic and the mechano-optic case, actuating the material causes a controllable change in effective refractive index of the slab 122, and modifies the propagation of an optical signal in the defect waveguide 111. In both cases, the actuator 154 may be, for example, a piezoelectric actuator.
It will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the pertinent art that modifications and variations may be made to the controllable planar photonic crystal defect waveguides of the disclosed examples without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. For example, in the aforementioned examples, it is the effective refractive index of the material in the upper clad region 106 that is controlled to modify the propagation of an optical signal in the defect waveguide. The effective refractive index of the material in the lower clad region 104 may likewise be controlled to effect a modification of optical signal propagation. For example, the substrate itself may be disposed in the lower clad region and may be made of a material with a substantial electro-optic or thermo-optic coefficient. It may also be desirable to control the refractive indices of both the lower clad region 104 and the upper clad region 106 in order to reduce the interaction length necessary for a desired modification of an optical signal. For example, the photonic crystal slab may be disposed between layers of electro-optic or thermo-optic materials. Alternatively, the planar photonic crystal defect waveguide as fabricated may have air in both the upper clad region 106 and the lower clad region 104, and have movable slabs 114 above the upper clad region 106 and below the lower clad region 104 that may be actuated into the clad regions, changing the effective refractive indices of the regions and effecting a modification of an optical signal in the defect waveguide 111. In all cases, the control of the upper clad region 106 and the lower clad region 104 may be independent or concerted. The control of the effective refractive index of the upper clad region 106, the lower clad region 104, or both, may arise from effects other than those disclosed above. For example, a photorefractive effect may be used to control the effective refractive index of the clad regions and thereby effect a change in the propagation in the defect waveguide 111.
The aforementioned examples have provided a series of planar photonic crystal defect waveguide elements wherein the propagation of an optical signal is controlled by varying the optical properties of the upper clad region 106, the lower clad region 104, or both. As will be understood by the person of ordinary skill in the art, these controllable elements can be combined with other waveguide elements to construct integrated optic devices with a variety of functions. For example, a Mach-Zehnder interferometer device may be constructed with at least one of the arms being contiguous with a controllable region as described in the examples above. An example of such a structure is shown in FIG. 24. In this top view, the boundaries of the photonic crystal defect waveguide are shown by solid lines. A planar photonic crystal defect waveguide structure 160 is provided with an input defect waveguide 161, an optical power splitter 162 at which the input waveguide is separated into a first defect waveguide arm 163 and a second defect waveguide arm 164. An optical power combiner 165 recombines the defect waveguides 163 and 164 into an output defect waveguide 166. While the optical power splitter 162 and combiner 165 are shown here as Y-shaped junctions, the person of skill in the art will recognize that they may also be directional couplers. The second defect waveguide arm 164 is contiguous with a controllable region 167 as disclosed above, which is provided for perturbing the defect mode, thereby varying the optical path length of the second waveguide 164. As is well understood in the art, the difference in optical path length between the waveguides 163 and 164 controls the interference of the optical signals propagating in those waveguides upon recombination, and therefore the intensity of the optical signal in the output waveguide 166.
Another example of an integrated optic device using a controllable photonic crystal waveguide is illustrated in FIG. 25. In this top view, the boundaries of the photonic crystal defect waveguide 111 are shown by solid lines. In this example, a 2×2 switch is made from a pair of defect waveguides 170 and 172 arranged in the well-known directional coupler configuration. In the coupling region, the defect waveguide 170 is contiguous with a controllable region 173, and the defect waveguide 172 is contiguous with a controllable region 174. hi the example of
An exemplary embodiment of a variable optical attenuator is shown in FIG. 26. In this top view, the boundaries of the photonic crystal defect waveguide 111 are shown by solid lines. The variable optical attenuator includes a defect waveguide 176, which is contiguous with a controllable region 177. In this example, the controllable region is contiguous with an area of the bulk planar photonic crystal as well as the defect waveguide. In a rest state (e.g. unactuated MEMS device, no electric field, no heat), the optical signal is prohibited from propagating in the bulk planar photonic crystal, and is thereby confined to the defect waveguide. In an actuated state (e.g. actuated MEMS device, applied electric field, applied heat), the photonic band structure is perturbed, and a fraction of the optical signal is allowed to couple into the bulk photonic crystal, thereby attenuating the optical signal in the defect waveguide. As the person of skill in the art will understand, the attenuation is controlled by the magnitude of the actuation, the photonic crystal structure, and the length of interaction of the defect waveguide 176 and the controllable region 177.
Referring now to
The three photonic crystal zones 182, 183 and 184 define a Y-shaped defect waveguide junction which is used in a 1×2 coupler. As shown, the Y-shaped defect waveguide junction includes an input waveguide section 185, a first or upper output waveguide 186, and a second or lower output waveguide 187. Each section of the waveguide is formed by a defect or channel between the photonic crystal structures 182, 183 and 184.
In this example, the parameters (e.g. geometry, index) of the first photonic crystal zone 182 and the third photonic crystal zone 184 are selected such that an optical signal can always propagate between these zones along the input waveguide section 185. More specifically, this is accomplished by creating a defect band in the frequency vs. wave vector band diagram associated with the structure. An example is that shown in association with FIG. 4. Additionally, some or all of the zones 182, 183 and 184 have parameters that can be switched from a first value to a second value for similarly creating a defect mode that can be alternately switched for the first output waveguide 186 and the second output waveguide 187. As such, when an optical signal is allowed to propagate along the first output waveguide 186, the optical signal is prohibited from propagating along the second output waveguide 187. Conversely, when an optical signal is allowed to propagate along the second output waveguide 187, an optical signal is prohibited from propagating along the first output waveguide 186. As will be appreciated, by changing the defect mode, an optical signal traveling along the input waveguide 185 can be alternately switched between one of the first output waveguide 186 and the second output waveguide 187 for creating a 1×2 optical switching device.
The defect mode may be changed in a variety of ways, such as by changing the defect mode associated with one or more of the defect waveguides 185, 186 and 187. One technique for changing the defect mode is to position a slab 188 of material over the top surface 189 of the planar photonic crystal structure 181. The material of the slab 188 may be any material with a desired effective refractive index, for example doped silica, undoped silica, silicon, a polymeric organic material, a organic/inorganic hybrid material, an inorganic glass, and III-V semiconductor materials such as gallium arsenide. As shown in the rest switch state of
It will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the pertinent art that the devices described in the above examples may be modified to be operative through control of the upper clad region 106, the lower clad region 104, or both clad regions 104 and 106 without departing from the spirit or the scope of this invention. It will likewise be apparent to those of ordinary skill that other devices dependent on modification of the propagation characteristics of a planar photonic crystal defect waveguide by a change in the optical properties of the upper clad region 106, the lower clad region 104, or both may be contemplated without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention.
As described above and understood by the skilled artisan, the function of a planar photonic crystal defect waveguide device is highly dependent on the wavelengths of the optical signal propagating therethrough. This property may be used advantageously in connection with this invention to make devices with wavelength-dependent functionality. For example, the variable optical attenuator of
As previously noted, the optical devices of the present invention may be employed for implementing a variety of optical switching functions in an optical communication system, including optical fiber communications switching modules and equipment, optical computing, optical sensor arrays, antennae arrays, and other applications where optical waveguides, optical fibers, or other guided or partially-guided light signal transmission media are utilized to route light signals for voice, data, and other information-carrying purposes.
The foregoing discussion discloses and describes exemplary embodiments of the present invention. One skilled in the art will readily recognize from such discussion, and from the accompanying drawings and claims, that various changes, modifications and variations can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the following claims.
Cotteverte, Jean-Charles J. C., Renvaze, Christophe F. P., Allan, Douglas C., Kuchinsky, Sergey A.
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