The state of combustion oscillation in the combustor of a turbine of a power plant is monitored from a remote monitoring center. To monitor the combustion oscillation state, combustion oscillation data on the combustor is separated into two types of data: the first data obtained on a real-time basis, and the second data including representative values within a predetermined period of time obtained from the first data. In the normal state, a low-speed communications mode is used to send the second data, which is monitored at the monitoring center. If an abnormal state is predicted as a result of monitoring the second data, the high-speed communications mode is used to send the first data, and more detailed combustion oscillation data is monitored at the monitoring center. When a critical state is predicted, an instruction is sent to the local site to switch the operation mode over to the low load operation mode.
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8. A method for monitoring at a remote monitoring center a turbine driven by a supply of high temperature combustion gas generated by combustion in a combustor, the method comprising:
first receiving and monitoring a second data containing representative values within a predetermined period of time in a first communications mode at a plant in which the turbine is installed, wherein the second data is generated based on a first data concerning an operational state of the turbine obtained on a real-time basis in a normal state; and second receiving and monitoring first data from the plant in a second communications mode at a speed which is higher than a speed of the first communications mode in the event of an abnormal state in which the second data is close to a value representing a predetermined critical state, wherein an instruction is sent to the plant to reduce turbine operation power when a symptom is detected of the predetermined critical state from the monitored first data.
13. A monitoring center for remote-controlling a plant including a turbine which is driven by a supply of high temperature combustion gas generated by combustion in a combustor, comprising:
first communications means for receiving a second data including representative values within a predetermined period of time from the plant in a first communications mode, wherein the second data is generated based on a first data on combustion oscillation of the combustion gas in the combustor obtained on a real-time basis in a normal state; and second communications means for receiving the first data from the plant in a second communications mode at a speed which is higher than a speed of the first communications mode in the event of an abnormal state in which the second data is close to a value representing a predetermined critical state, wherein an instruction is sent to the plant to reduce turbine operation power when a symptom is detected of the predetermined critical state from the first data.
1. A method for monitoring at a remote monitoring center a turbine driven by a supply of high temperature combustion gas generated by combustion in a combustor, the method comprising:
first receiving and monitoring a second data including representative values within a predetermined period of time in a first communications mode at a plant in which the turbine is installed, wherein the second data is generated based on a first data concerning a combustion oscillation of the combustion gas in the combustor obtained on a real-time basis in a normal state; and second receiving and monitoring the first data from the plant in a second communications mode at a speed which is higher than a speed of the first communications mode in the event of an abnormal state in which the second data is close to a value representing a predetermined critical state, wherein an instruction is sent to the plant to reduce turbine operation power when a symptom is detected of the predetermined critical state from the monitored first data.
9. A remote-controllable plant comprising a turbine which is driven by a supply of high temperature combustion gas generated by combustion in a combustor, the plant further comprising:
means for detecting first data on combustion oscillation of the combustion gas in the combustor on a real-time basis in a normal state; means for generating second data including representative values within a predetermined period of time based on the first data; first communications means for transmitting the second data in a first communications mode from the plant in which the turbine is installed; and second communications means for transmitting and receiving the first data from the plant in a second communications mode at a speed which is higher than a speed of the first communications mode in the event of an abnormal state when the second data is close to a value representing a predetermined critical state, wherein an instruction is sent to the plant to reduce turbine operation power when a symptom is detected of the predetermined critical state from the first data.
7. A turbine monitoring system comprising a plant in which a turbine is driven by a supply of high temperature combustion gas generated by combustion in a combustor, and a turbine monitoring center which is connected via a communications line to the plant and located in a place remote from the plant,
wherein the monitoring center comprises: first means for receiving and displaying a second data comprising representative values within a predetermined period of time from the plant in a first communications mode, wherein the second data is generated based on a first data concerning combustion oscillations of the combustion gas in the combustor obtained on a real-time basis in a normal state, and second means for receiving the first data from the plant in a second communications mode at a speed which is higher than a speed of the first communications mode in the event of an abnormal state in which the second data is close to a value representing a predetermined critical state, and wherein an instruction is sent to the plant to reduce turbine operation power when a symptom is detected of the predetermined critical state from the first data.
2. The method according to
3. The method according to
4. The method according to
5. The method according to
6. The method according to
checking whether a first combination data containing a combination of the first data and turbine operation parameter values is similar to a second combination data leading to the critical state in a plant; and issuing a predetermined notice if the first and second combination data are similar.
10. A plant according to
11. A plant according to
12. A plant according to
14. A monitoring center according to
15. A monitoring center according to
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The present invention relates to a remote monitoring method for a gas turbine installed in a power plant or the like, and particularly to a remote monitoring method and its system capable of preventing the turbine components from being damaged by resonance with combustion oscillations in a turbine.
In a gas turbine operating at a power plant or the like, compressed air from the compressor and gaseous fuel are fed to a combustor and the turbine is driven by combustion gas of a high temperature resulting from combustion in the combustor. Moving vanes are installed around the rotary shaft of the turbine for the compressor and turbine. The moving vanes for the turbine are driven by high temperature combustion gas supplied from the combustor. In the combustor, a fuel nozzle for feeding main fuel and a pilot nozzle for feeding pilot fuel are installed inside a combustor sleeve. Fuel and air discharged from the compressor are mixed and burnt, and combustion gas is fed into the turbine from the tail sleeve of the combustor. In recent years, a gas turbine is designed with consideration given to environmental issues, and efforts have been made to cut down the amount of NOx emission. Especially in the pilot nozzle, for which pre-mixing with air is not performed, diluted fuel gas is used. Use of this diluted fuel gas raises a problem of making combustion in the combustor unstable, pulsating the flow of combustion gas and increasing oscillations associated with the combustion. Similarly, in order to save energy, it is also necessary to raise operating temperature so as to increase efficiency. This requires more fuel to be burnt and makes combustion in the combustor unstable.
Combustion oscillation can be controlled to some extent, for example, by adjusting the air-fuel ratio (A/F ratio), the pilot ratio and the angle of opening of a bypass valve. During initial operations after the gas turbine is installed, it is possible to make adjustment so as to reduce combustion oscillations. As described above, however, in recent designs of gas turbines that are characterized by a reduced amount of NOx emission, higher operating temperatures and improved efficiency, combustion oscillation will restart as the equipment deteriorates after extended operations. In the worst case, parts may be damaged due to resonance with natural frequencies of bolts, nuts and other component parts of the combustor and turbine.
To solve the problems in such a plant as a power plant equipped with a gas turbine, a proposal has been put forward to monitor gas turbine operation parameters via a communications line at a remote monitoring center and to supervise operational conditions. It is possible to consider that the state of the aforementioned combustion oscillation is monitored from the remote monitoring center to ensure that combustion oscillations will not exceed a predetermined level. In order to monitor the state of combustion oscillations at the monitoring center, however, it is necessary to send and monitor a large amount of oscillation data via the communications line with a higher frequency than characteristic frequency of turbine operation.
To send such a large amount of combustion oscillation data, however, only a communications method wherein a telephone line such as ISDN is connected by line switching method can be utilized among the currently used data communications methods. But such a high-speed communications method involves a high communications cost. Thus, a very high cost is required to supervise a gas turbine in the plant built in an overseas country from the domestic monitoring center, and its feasibility is considered very low. As a result, maintenance of a gas turbine characterized by high temperature, high efficiency and low NOx rate has to be provided by a supervisor stationed in the local plant.
In this case, a special skill based on a comparatively long experience is required in order to monitor the state of combustion oscillations and evaluate whether parts will be damaged in advance. It is not easy to find out a skilled engineer to meet such requirements. In practice, it is difficult to have a skilled engineer stationed at a local site, and so an engineer will have to be dispatched after the power plant has been tripped due to damaged parts.
One of the objects of the present invention is to provide a remote monitoring method and system for monitoring the state of combustion oscillations in a turbine combustor from a remote monitoring center. Another object of the present invention is to provide a remote monitoring method and system for preventing parts from being damaged by resonance with turbine combustion oscillation. A further object of the present invention is to provide a remote monitoring method for monitoring from a remote monitoring center a predetermined state which causes the turbine to trip.
To achieve the above objects, the first aspect of the present invention is characterized by monitoring at a remote monitoring center the state of combustion oscillation in the turbine combustor in, for example, a power plant where the turbine is installed. To monitor the state of combustion oscillation, the present invention uses a combination of a low-speed communications mode utilizing the Internet and a high-speed communications mode based on a line switching method such as ISDN. The Internet provides a comparatively low-cost communications means, but it is not suited for a high precision transmission of a large amount of data because of its low speed. The ISDN-based line switching method allows a communications line to be established between the plant and monitoring center to perform data communications. It ensures a high-speed and high-precision transmission of a large amount of data with high degree of security, but the communications cost is not low. According to the present invention, data on combustion oscillation in combustor is separated into two types: first data obtained on a real-time basis and second data consisting of representative values within a predetermined period of time obtained from the first data. During normal operation, the second data is transmitted in a low-speed communications mode of the Internet or the like and monitored at a monitoring center. If any abnormal condition is predicted as a result of monitoring the second data, the first data is transmitted in a high-speed communications mode of ISDN or the like, and combustion oscillation data is monitored in greater details at the monitoring center. If a critical problem is predicted, an instruction is sent to the local site to switch the operation mode over to a low-load operation mode, whenever required.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, data on combustion oscillation in combustor is separated into two types: frequency spectrum data (the first data) of oscillation level obtained by Fourier transformation from the oscillation waveform subjected to real-time sampling, and peak value data (the second data) of resonance frequency bands obtained therefrom within a predetermined period of time. During normal operation, the Internet is used to send the peak value data, and when abnormal conditions are found characterized by severe combustion oscillation, ISDN is utilized to send frequency spectrum data. This allows the remote monitoring center to predict the abnormal state of the turbine by monitoring peak value data during normal operation. When a symptom for abnormal conditions is observed, frequency spectrum data received via ISDN is monitored by the center. Immediately before combustion oscillations increase to the extent of damaging turbine component parts, the center issues an instruction to the local site to switch the operation mode over to the low-load operation mode, thereby preventing the turbine parts from being damaged and the plant from tripping.
To achieve the above object, the second aspect of the present invention is characterized in that, in the aforementioned first aspect, a symptom detection computer for detecting the symptom of a critical state is installed in the plant and this computer checks whether a combination of the peak value data and turbine operation parameter values is similar to the past reference data which was obtained when a symptom of the critical state was detected. If a symptom is detected, an alarm is issued to the plant.
Even if the peak value data based on which the symptom for critical state is detected is different, more accurate symptom detection in conformity to the operation state can be performed by checking if a combination of the peak value data and operation parameter values is close to the reference data.
The following describes the embodiments of the present invention with reference to drawings; however, it should not be understood that the present invention is limited only to those embodiments described below.
As described above, to meet the requirements for low NOx emission, fuel gas for the pilot nozzle must be diluted. This results in unstable combustion and causes combustion gas to pulsate in the combustor. Thus, combustion oscillations result from pressure fluctuations. Furthermore, in order to meet the requirements for higher efficiency and to increase the output ratio for a predetermined amount of fuel, the amount of main fuel tends to increase, further increasing combustion oscillations occurring due to the requirement of lower NOx emission. Combustion oscillations include oscillations in a frequency region covering the natural frequencies of combustor parts. If the oscillation level in the frequency region of their natural frequencies exceeds a predetermined value, these parts will be damaged. Before such a combustion oscillation level is reached, it is preferred to provide control in such a way that the operation mode is switched over to a low load operation mode.
Accordingly, a gas turbine meeting the requirements for lower NOx emission and higher efficiency is required to monitor this combustion oscillation at all times and to provide control in such a way that the critical state will never be reached.
A gas turbine may be subjected to shaft oscillations as a result of high-speed rotation of the rotor. Such shaft oscillations must also be monitored and controlled at all times to ensure that the critical value will not be exceeded.
However, in order to monitor predetermined data concerning combustion and shaft oscillations and predict a critical state before it is reached, an engineer is required to have a professional skill backed up by a long-term experience. Such a qualified engineer must be stationed in a plant provided with a gas turbine designed for lower NOx emission and higher efficiency. Due to a limited number of such skilled engineers, however, installation and spread of such a gas turbine designed for lower NOx and higher efficiency have still hurdles to overcome.
In the plant 20 there are installed a combustion oscillation analysis apparatus 28 for obtaining a sensor value S28 from the pressure sensor installed in the combustor of the gas turbine 21 and for analyzing combustion oscillations, and a combustion oscillation monitor screen 30 for displaying combustion oscillation data for the combustion oscillation monitor. The plant also contains a shaft oscillation analysis apparatus 32 for analyzing shaft oscillation by acquiring shaft oscillation value S32 associated with the rotation of the rotor. The plant further includes a data management apparatus 34 for managing the operation parameters obtained by the turbine operation control apparatus 26 and oscillation data obtained by the shaft oscillation analysis apparatus 32 in the combustion oscillation analysis apparatus 28, as well as a data file 36. As will be described later, a symptom detection apparatus 38 is an apparatus for detecting a symptom of the critical state in combustion oscillations automatically based on combustion oscillation data obtained by the combustion oscillation analysis apparatus 28.
The combustion oscillation analysis apparatus 28 acquires on a real time basis the sensor value S28 sent from a pressure sensor mounted on the combustor of the gas turbine 21. This sensor value is subjected to analog-to-digital conversion after a filter has removed noise. Combustion oscillation data for every two seconds, for example, is subjected to Fourier transformation to obtain a frequency spectrum on the oscillation level. Furthermore, concerning the oscillation level for the natural frequencies of the combustor and its surrounding component parts obtained from frequency spectrum, peak value data within a predetermined period of time is also obtained. The frequency spectrum of the combustion oscillations and peak value data are displayed on the combustion oscillation monitor screen 30.
This example in
As described above, operation parameters are the data used for gas turbine operation control. The frequency spectrum indicates real-time combustion oscillation data. The peak value shows the combustion oscillation data represented within a predetermined period of time. These pieces of data are displayed simultaneously on a large-screen display device and are monitored by an operator 48.
Accordingly, if an operator 48 in the plant has an advanced level of technical skill, the state of combustion oscillation can be monitored by watching this monitor screen while turbine operations are controlled. For example, when a new plant is constructed, a skilled engineer watches this monitor screen and can adjust values settings for operation control in such a way that the combustion oscillation level will be the lowest. In order to watch this monitor screen and to predict the possibility of combustion oscillations reaching the critical state even after commencement of plant operation, however, it is necessary to station an engineer who is sufficiently skilled in the related art.
Turning back to
With considerations given to the properties of the two types of communication modes, turbine operation parameters as well as peak value data taken out of combustion oscillation data are sent full-time to the monitoring center 50 via the Internet 16. Accordingly, the plant 20 is provided with an Internet server 40, a file 42 for storing the combustion oscillation data (peak value data) and operation parameter values, and a relaying apparatus (router) 44. Furthermore, the monitoring center 50 is provided with a server 54 as a similar Internet server for storing received data, and a relaying apparatus (router) 52. To put it more specifically, the server 54 on the side of the monitoring center 50 accesses the server 40 in a remote plant to receive operation parameters and combustion oscillation data (peak value data).
The operation parameter values and combustion oscillation data (peak value data) obtained full time by the Internet are displayed on a normal monitor screen display apparatus 58 in the monitoring center. An example of this display screen is shown in FIG. 7. According to the example of
The monitoring center 50 receives the above-mentioned data from multiple remote plants 20 via the Internet and displays the screen of
When a prediction is made that combustion oscillations will reach a predetermined critical state, an instruction is sent to an operator at a local plant to reduce gas turbine power by telephone or facsimile through a telephone line 19, for example. When combustion oscillations have come back to the normal state, the reception of real-time frequency spectrum is stopped through ISDN 18, with the result that only the data concerning peak values is received through the Internet 16.
As can be seen, the peak value data concerning combustion oscillations which is comparatively small in amount is received at the monitoring center 50 via the internet, which is characterized by a lower speed, in the normal state for lower communications costs, and a skilled engineer 64 monitors operation. Furthermore, when a symptom of abnormal conditions is detected, the frequency spectrum of combustion oscillations, which is comparatively large in amount, is received via ISDN 18 capable of higher-speed transmission for a large amount of data, in spite of its higher communication costs, and the skilled engineer 64 monitors operation in detail.
Sensor pressure value S28 converted into digital data is processed inside the combustion oscillation analysis apparatus 28 and formed into frequency spectrum data and peak value data. The resulting data is displayed on the combustion oscillation monitor screen 30. At the same time, the central control apparatus 24 analyzes combustion oscillation data.
Comparison is made between the alarm set value (threshold value Vth) for each band and calculated peak value (S106). If the peak value exceeds the alarm set value, an alarm notice is issued to the plant and monitoring center (S110). An alarm notice for the monitoring center can be sent by Internet-based communications.
In the normal state, access to the ISDN line is not made from the monitoring center. The combustion oscillation analysis apparatus 28 in the plant allows the frequency spectrum and peak value to be displayed on the combustion oscillation monitor screen 30 (S114), as shown in FIG. 6. The central control apparatus 24, for example, maintains the peak value for each band for a period of one minute (S116), and allows it to be stored in the file apparatus 42 of the Internet server 40. The operation parameter values obtained by the turbine operation control apparatus 26 are also stored in the file apparatus 42. In response to the requirements for acquisition of the data from the server 54 of the monitoring center 50, the Internet server 40 sends the peak value stored in the file apparatus 42 and operation parameter values to the server 54 in the monitoring center 50 via the Internet 16.
Data transmission by the Internet can be carried out in various ways. The peak value data for each band is changed once in every minute in the above example, so one transmission in every minute is sufficient. Alternatively, peak value data for multiple combustors can be sent at multiple times within one-minute cycle. The mode of transmission is determined in conformity to the optimization of the system.
Turning back to
Turning back to
At the monitoring center 50, the skilled engineer 64 monitors the frequency spectrum of combustion oscillation on a real-time base. Upon detection of a symptom leading to the critical state, the skilled engineer 64 makes contact with the operator 48 in the plant 20 via, for example, a telephone or a facsimile machine 62, and gives an instruction to perform operations which reduces the load of the gas turbine. This prevents the gas turbine 21 in the plant from tripping due to component parts of the combustor being damaged by combustion oscillations.
In the second embodiment, the monitoring center receives operation parameters and the peak value data of combustion oscillation via the Internet 16 during normal operation. When a symptom of an abnormal state has been detected or more detailed monitoring is required for any other reasons, the frequency spectrum data of combustion oscillation is received on a real-time basis via an ISDN line. In the second embodiment, furthermore, the symptom detection apparatus 38 checks whether or not a combination of the peak value data concerning combustion oscillations and operation parameter values shows a predetermined correlation with a combination data when combustion oscillations have reached an abnormal or critical state. When such a correlation is detected, alarm is issued to urge the operation mode to be switched over to the low load operation, or to give an instruction to automatically switch the turbine operation control apparatus 26 over to the low load operation mode. The aforementioned alarm notice and instruction 10 for switching the operation mode over to the low load operation are also reported to the monitoring center 50 via the Internet 16 or ISDN line 18 (if connected).
The symptom detection apparatus 38 stores the data consisting of a combination between the peak value data and operation parameter when the combustion oscillation in the combustor previously reached the abnormal state or critical state. Calculation is made of the correlation between this stored data and the combination data between the input peak value and operation parameter (S134). If the calculated correlation is largeer than the alarm value, namely, if it is found out to be similar or approximate to the combination data of previous abnormal state and critical state (S136), then an alarm is indicated, and an instruction is sent to the operator 48 in the plant to switch the operation mode over to the low load operation mode (S138 and S140). Alternatively, the symptom detection apparatus 38 can send an instruction automatically to the turbine operation control apparatus 26 to switch the operation mode over to the low load operation mode.
In the second embodiment, in addition to the monitoring of combustion oscillations, the monitoring center checks, using a computer, whether or not a combination data between the current peak value data and combustion parameter values are similar or close to the data obtained during previous abnormal events. Thus, the second embodiment reduces the probability of tripping caused by combustion oscillations more conspicuously than the first embodiment.
In the aforementioned examples, the gas turbine has been described. The above description is also applicable to a turbine based on fuel other than gas. Furthermore, combustion oscillations are monitored at the monitoring center in the above description. Similarly, it is also possible to provide remote monitoring with reduced communications costs by transmitting real-time data on the oscillation of, for example, the turbine rotor shaft via an ISDN line and representative data within a predetermined period of time via the Internet.
As described above, the scope of the present invention for which protection is sought should be understood as including the invention as described in the appended claims as well as any equivalents thereto, without the present invention being restricted to the above-mentioned embodiments.
The present invention provides effective monitoring of the state of combustion oscillations in a turbine at a plant from a remote monitoring center at reduced communication costs. Hence, it prevents combustion oscillations from reaching a critical state which may result in tripping even when the turbine is designed for reduced NOx emission.
Tanaka, Katsunori, Nomura, Masumi, Ikegami, Yasuhiko, Sakagami, Tsutomu, Okamoto, Shigeo, Sagawa, Isao, Shimizu, Yujiro
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