Tetra-aza macrocycles and metal complexes thereof

Abstract

1,4,7,10-Tetrazacyclododecanes carrying a side chain terminating in a group capable of reacting with an antibody, and their complexes with a di- or tripositive metal having a coordination number of 6 or more can be used to prepare imaging agents. Typical metals are indium, copper, lead, bismuth, yttrium, terbium, gadolinium, and scandium. The compounds can be reacted with a monoclonal or polyclonal antibody or antibody fragment to target the metal to a specific type of tissue.

Description

This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/372,348, filed Jun. 9, 1989, now abandoned which is a 371 of PCT/GB88/00671 filed Aug. 12, 1988.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to functionalised tetra-aza macrocycles, to metal complexes thereof, to conjugate compounds containing the functionalised tetra-aza macrocycles and metal complexes thereof and to their use in diagnosis and therapy.

BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION

The attachment of metal ions to proteins, peptides and other, smaller molecules is a fast expanding technology, which has numerous proven and potential applications in research, in industry and, particularly, in medicine.

In recent years, much of the impetus behind the development of this technology has been the ability to link metal ions to antibodies, especially monoclonal antibodies. Such metal labelled antibodies have found a widespread use, especially in medicine, where they have been employed, for example, to target the metal ion to a specific tissue type, both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, metal labelled antibodies have applications in locating specific tissue types (e.g. employing computer-aided tomographic techniques where the metal ion is in some way detectable) and in the treatment of cell disorders (e.g treating mammalian tumours where the metal ion is a cytotoxic radionuclide).

Conventionally, attachment of the metal ion to a protein such as an antibody has been achieved by complexation by an acyclic chelate such as a substituted diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid [Gansow O. A. et al, Inorg. Chem., (1986), 25, 2772] or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid [Meares, C. F. et al, Acc. Chem. Res., (1984), 17, 202] covalently linked to the antibody. Such acyclic complexes however tend to be unstable in vivo either as a result of acid-catalysed decomplexation or competitive chelate binding by Ca²⁺ or Zn²⁺ in serum, or as a result of competition from transferrin [Moerlein, S. M. et al, Int. J. Nuc. Med. Biol., (1981) 8, 277]. The lack of stability can result in uncomplexed metal atoms in the body which have a cytotoxic effect on healthy tissue (e.g. bone marrow) or which markedly reduce the signal-to-noise ratio of an imaging technique.

A possible alternative to the use of acyclic chelates in the labelling of antibodies is the use of macrocyclic ligands, which has been suggested in broad terms [Gansow O. A. et al. Am. Chem. Soc. Symp. Ser., (1984), 241, 215; UK Patent Specification Publication No. 2122641; and Moi M. K. et al, Anal. Biochem., (1985), 148, 249-253].

We have now found a new class of functionalised tetra-aza macrocyles, members of which are able to form more kinetically inert complexes with metal ions than are chelating agents conventionally in use for the attachment of metal ions to proteins and other molecules. The macrocycles of the invention are particularly useful for attachment to proteins, especially antibodies, to provide conjugate compounds capable of binding metals to give complexes which are advantageously stable in vivo.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Thus, according to one aspect of the present invention we provide a compound of general formula (1):

wherein

m and n, which may be the same or different, is each zero or an integer 1, 2, or 3;

d is zero or an integer 1, 2 or 3;

q is zero or an integer from 1 to 6 inclusive;

R, R¹, R² and R³, which may be the same or different, is each a hydrogen atom or an alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, --CO₂H, --SO₃H, --PO₃H₂ or aryl group;

L is a covalent bond or a linker group;

Z is a hydrogen atom or a reactive functional group, with the proviso that when L is a covalent bond Z is a reactive functional group;

and metal complexes and/or salts thereof.

In the compounds of formula (1), alkyl groups represented by R, R¹, R² and R³ may be for example C_1-6alkyl groups such as methyl or ethyl groups. Alkoxyalkyl groups represented by R, R¹, R² or R³ may be for example C_1-3alkoxyC_1-3alkyl groups e.g. methoxymethyl. When R, R¹, R² or R³ is an aryl group it may be for example a substituted phenyl group, such as a group of formula

(where R⁴ is a hydrogen atom or a C_1-6alkyl, e.g. methyl, C_1-3alkoxy_1-3alkyl, e.g. methoxymethyl, or C_6-12aryl, e.g. phenyl group).

In general, compounds of formula (1) in which R, R¹, R² and R³ are the same are preferred. Compounds of this type in which q is an integer from 1 to 6 inclusive, particularly an integer 1, and R¹, R² and R³ are --SO₃H, --PO₃H₂

or, in particular, --CO₂H, are especially preferred.

In the compounds of formula (1), it will be appreciated that the nature of the group L when it is a linker group may be varied widely without substantially affecting the usefulness of compounds of formula (1) and the metal complexes thereof. Thus L may be any suitable organic radical and may be for example an optionally substituted aliphatic hydrocarbyl chain, optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms selected from --O-- or --S-- or by one or more --N(R⁵)-- (where R⁵ is a hydrogen atom or a C_1-6alkyl group), --CON(R⁵)--, --N(R⁵)CO--, cycloalkylene, aromatic, or heteroaromatic groups.

In the above definition, and in the same context whenever it appears below, the term "interrupted by" as applied to cycloaliphatic or aromatic groups is to be understood to also mean that these particular groups may additionally be present linked to the terminal carbon atom of the hydrocarbyl chain represented by L, at the opposite end of the chain to the carbon atom attached to the macrocycle.

Thus, for example, L may be an optionally substituted straight or branched C_1-20alkylene, C_2-20alkenylene, or C_2-20alkynylene chain, optionally interrupted by one or more --O-- or --S-- atoms or C_5-8cycloalkylene (e.g. cyclopentylene or cyclohexylene), C_6-12aromatic (e.g phenylene or substituted phenylene), C_5-10heteroaromatic (e.g furanyl, pyridyl), --N(R⁵)--, --CON(R⁵)-- or --N(R)⁵CO-- groups.

Examples of substituents which may be present on the chain L include halogen atoms, e.g. fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine atoms or groups selected from C_1-6alkoxy (e.g methoxy or ethoxy), hydroxy, nitro, --N(R⁶)(R⁷), [where R⁶ is a hydrogen atoms or a C_1-6alkyl group and R⁷ is a C_1-6alkyl group; e.g. --NHCH₃ or --N(CH₃)₂], or substituted amido, e.g. a group of formula --(CH₂)_nCON(R⁸)(R⁹) [where n is zero or an integer 1 to 4 inclusive, R⁸ is a hydrogen atom or a C_1-6alkyl group, e.g. methyl and R⁹ is an optionally substituted C_1-6alkyl group].

Substituted alkyl groups represented by R⁹ include for example C_1-6alkyl groups substituted by one or more halogen atoms, or nitro, amino or hydroxy groups.

In general, in compounds of formula (1) the linker group is preferably an optionally substituted C_1-10alkylene, (especially C_1-6alkylene such as methylene, ethylene, propylene butylene, pentylene or hexylene) C_2-10alkenylene or C_2-10alkynylene chain optionally interrupted by one or more --O-- or --S-- atoms or cyclohexylene, phenylene, substituted phenylene, --NH--, --N(CH₃)--, --CONH--, --CON(CH₃)-- --NHCO-- or --N(CH₃)CO-- groups.

Particular examples of linker groups represented by L include, for example, --(CH₂)_d-- (where d is an integer 1 to 4 inclusive),

--(CH₂)_dNHCO(CH₂)_e-- (where e is an integer 1 to 4 inclusive) and --(CH₂)_dNHCO(CH₂)_eOCH₂--.

The reactive functional group represented by Z in compounds of formula (1) may be any group capable of reacting with a thiol, amino, carboxyl, hydroxyl, aldehyde, aromatic or heteroaromatic group. Aromatic groups include, for example, phenolic groups. Heteroaromatic groups include for example imidazolyl groups.

Thus, Z may be, for example,

(i) a halogen atom (as for example a chlorine, bromine or iodine atom),

(ii) a group selected from --SH, --NH₂, hydrazino (--NHNH₂) or a derivative thereof, (for example --N(CH₃)NH₂, --NHCONHNH₂, --NHCSNHNH₂, or phenyl hydrazino),

(iii) --NCO, --NCS, --COR¹⁰ in which R¹⁰ is a halogen atom (as for example a chlorine or bromine atom), N₃, C_1-6alkoxy, (as for example methoxy), C_6-12aryloxy (as for example nitrophenyloxy or dinitrophenyloxy), imidyloxy (as for example succinimidyloxy) or imidazolyloxy,

(iv) imido, (as for example maleimido), or

(v) a vinyl group of the formula --Het¹--C(R¹²)═CH₂ in which

Het¹ and R¹², which may be the same or different, are each a nitrogen containing heterocyclic group, (as for example a pyridyl group) or

Het¹ is a nitrogen containing heterocyclic group and R¹² is a hydrogen atom

as for example a vinyl pyridyl group of formula:

(where R¹¹ is a C_1-4alkyl e.g. methyl, group).

Metal complexes of the compounds of formula (1) include complexes wherein the metal is di- or tripositive and has a coordination number 6 or greater, especially 8. Examples of such metals include indium (In), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), bismuth (Bi), yttrium (Y), terbium (Tb), gadolinium (Gd) and Scandium (Sc). Y, Pb, Tb, Gd, and Sc are preferred, particularly Y, Gd and Pb. In general the metal is preferably a radioactive isotope. Yttrium, especially ⁹⁰Y, is particularly preferred.

In general, optimum binding of the metal to the compounds of formula (1) may be achieved by selection of the ring size and where appropriate by adjusting the potential coordination number by choice of the group (CH₂)_qR, --(CH₂)_qR¹, --(CH₂)_qR², and/or --(CH₂)_qR³ Thus a particularly important class of compounds of formula (1) is that wherein d is an integer 1. Especially useful compounds are those wherein d is an integer 1, m is an integer 1 or 2 and n is an integer 1 or 2. In general, compounds of formula (1) in which --(CH₂)_qR, --(CH₂)_qR¹, --(CH₂)_qR² and --(CH₂)_qR³ is each --CH₂CO₂H are particularly useful.

Salts of the compounds of formula (1) include salts with bases, e.g. sodium or potassium salts, or acid addition salts such as hydrobromides or hydrochlorides. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are particularly preferred.

A particularly useful group of compounds of the invention has the formula (1) wherein R, R¹, R², R³, m, n, d ,and q are as defined for formula (1) and the groups --L and Z together represent a group

--(CH₂)_r--X--Y in which (1)

r is zero or an integer from 1 to 6 inclusive,

X is:

--NH--,

in which R⁴ is as previously defined and s is zero or an integer from 1 to 4 inclusively,

--(CH₂)_sNHNH--, or

--(OCH₂CH₂)_tNH-- in which t is an integer from 1 to 6 inclusively, and

Y is a group --COZ¹ or --CO(R)Z¹ in which

R is a spacer group, and

Z¹ is a group --(CH₂)_tHal in which Hal is a halogen atom;

where R¹² is hydrogen or a nitrogen containing aromatic heterocyclic group, as for example a pyridyl group, or

--(CH₂)_rNCS; (2)

and the metal complexes and/or salts thereof.

In compounds of this type, the spacer group R may be for example an alkylene, e.g. ethylene, alkoxyalkylene, e.g. methoxymethylene, aryl, e.g. phenylene, aralkylene, e.g. phenalkylene such as phenethylene, or cycloalkylalkylene, e.g. cyclohexylmethylene group.

A further particularly useful group of compounds according to the invention has the formula (1) wherein R, R¹, R², R³, m, n, d and q are as defined for formula (1) and the groups L and Z together represent a group --(CH₂)_rXH (where r and X are as defined above) and the metal complexes and/or salts thereof.

An important group of compounds according to the invention has the formula (1a):

wherein R, R¹, R², R³, L and Z are as defined for formula (1) and metal complexes ad/or salts thereof.

Compounds of this type in which R, R¹, R² and R³ is each --CO₂H are particularly preferred.

Compounds of formula (1a) in which L is a linker group [particularly those specifically identified for compounds of formula (1)] are especially useful.

Z in compounds of formula (1a) is preferably a reactive functional group, particularly those specifically identified for compounds of formula (1), especially a group of formula --Het¹--CR¹²═CH or a dione of formula

Yttrium complexes of the compounds of formula (1a) are particularly useful.

Yttrium complexes of the compounds of formula (1a) are particularly useful.

The compounds of formula (1) and the metal complexes and/or salts thereof have a diagnostic use as imaging agents in vitro and in vivo. The compounds of formula (1) and the metal complexes and/or salts thereof are also cytotoxic agents and may be used in the treatment of abnormal cell disorders, for example in the treatment of tumours.

For application of the compounds of formula (1) as imaging or cytotoxic agents, it is generally preferable to couple the compounds to other molecules such as proteins, especially antibodies, peptides or carbohydrates to form conjugate compounds, and the compounds of formula (1) are particularly well adapted for use in this respect.

Thus, according to a further aspect of the invention, we provide a conjugate compound which comprises a compound of formula (1), or a metal complex and/or salt thereof, coupled to a protein, peptide or carbohydrate.

The compound of formula (1) may be coupled through any thiol, amino, carboxyl, hydroxyl, aldehyde, aromatic or heteroaromatic group present in the protein, peptide or carbohydrate.

In a preferred aspect of the invention, we provide a conjugate compound which comprises a compound of formula (1) or a metal complex and/or salt thereof, coupled to an antibody.

It is to be understood that conjugate compound according to the invention may contain more than one molecule of a compound of formula (1) coupled to any one protein, peptide or carbohydrate molecule.

In a particular aspect, the invention provides a conjugate compound of formula

wherein m, n, d, q, R, R¹, R², R³, and L are as defined for formula (1);

Z¹ is the residue of a reactive functional group;

w is zero or an integer 1;

z is an integer 1 or more;

Ab is an antibody; and metal complexes and/or salts thereof.

In the compounds of formula (2), the residue of a reactive functional group represented by Z¹ may in general be the residue of a reactive functional group Z as defined for formula (1).

In particular, Z¹ may be for example --S--, --NH--, --NHN═, N(CH₃)N═, --NHCONHN═, --NHCSNHN═, --N(Ph)N═ in which Ph is phenyl, --NC(O)--, --NC(S)--, --CO--,

--Het¹--C(R¹²)CH₂-- or

The antibody Ab in the conjugates of formula (2) may be a complete antibody molecule or a fragment thereof, or an analogue or either of these, provided that the antibody comprises of a specific binding region. Thus the antibody may be polyclonal, or, preferably, monoclonal, or a fragment thereof for example a Fab' or F(ab)₂' fragment. If desired the antibody may be a recombinant antibody, (i.e. an antibody which has been produced using recombinant DNA techniques). The antibody may be a chimaeric antibody comprising linked antibody fragments, each from a different source (see for example International Patent Specification No. WO 86/01533).

The antibody may be specific for any number of antigenic determinants, but is preferably specific for one antigenic determinant. Particular determinants include tumour cell-associated antigens, particularly mammalian tumour cell antigens for example oncofetal antigens such as carcinoembryonic antigen or alphafetoprotein.

A particular useful antibody is that known as B72.3 [Colcher, D. et al Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA (1981), 78, 3199].

The antibody Ab will in general be coupled to the remainder of the conjugate of formula (2) (i.e. the macrocycle and linker) through any appropriate reactive atom or group, for example a nitrogen or, especially, sulphur atom, present in the antibody. It will be appreciated that any one antibody molecule may contain more than one reactive group capable of coupling with the macrocycle and linker. Thus, for example, z in the conjugates of formula (2) may be an integer 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or more depending on the number of macrocycles linked to any particular antibody molecule or fragment or analogue thereof.

Yttrium complexes of conjugates of formula (2) are particularly useful.

It is to be understood that the definitions and preferences expressed for m, n, d, q, R, R¹, R², R³ and L in compounds of formula (1), and for classes of compounds of formula (1) are also applicable to conjugates of formula (2).

Particularly useful conjugate compounds according to the invention are those comprising a compound of formula (1a), or a metal complex and/or salt thereof, coupled to an antibody. The indium complexes of these conjugates are especially important.

The compounds of formulae (1) and (2) may be formulated for use in accordance with conventional practice, and thus according to a further aspect of the invention we provide a composition comprising a compound of formula (1) or a compound of formula (2) or a metal complex and/or salt thereof, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.

Particularly suitable compositions according to the invention are those adapted for parenteral administration, especially intravenous administration. Suitable formulations of this type include solutions of the compounds of formulae (1) or (2) in isotonic saline.

The quantities of compounds of formulae (1) or (2) used in formulations according to the invention will vary according to the intended use (i.e. imaging or therapy) and other variables such as the intended cell target, but may be easily determined in accordance with conventional practice for reagents of this type.

Compounds of the invention may be prepared by the following processes wherein the groups and symbols R, R¹, R², R³, m, n, d, q, L, Z, Ab and z are as defined for formulae (1) and (2) except where stated otherwise. Where a metal complex is desired as a final product, the complexation with a metal atom may be carried out as a final step in the production process, as described below for the complexation of compounds of formulae (1), or alternatively it may be desirable to complex the metal at an earlier stage in the process, providing of course that the requisite macrocycle structure is present. In the following processes, it may be desirable to use starting materials in which the group Z is in a protected state, or which contain a precursor of the group, as discussed below.

Thus, according to a further aspect of the invention a compound of formula (1) or a metal complex thereof may be prepared by reaction of a corresponding compound of formula (3)

or a metal complex thereof, with a reagent R¹(CH₂)_qD (where D is a displaceable group). Displaceable groups represented by D include for example halogen atoms, for example a bromine, chlorine or iodine atom.

The reaction may be performed in a solvent such as water or an organic solvent such as a nitrile e.g. acetonitrile or an alcohol e.g. isopropanol or an amide e.g. dimethylformamide in the presence of a base, e.g. an inorganic base such as an alkali metal carbonate or hydroxide, e.g. sodium, potassium or caesium carbonate, or sodium, potassium or lithium hydroxide, at a high temperature e.g. the reflux temperature.

In this reaction, the group Z may need to be in a protected state. Conventional protecting groups may be used, depending on the nature of Z, and may be removed using standard procedures, once the desired reaction has been effected. Similarly, when the reagent R¹(CH₂)_qD contains an acid group this may also need to be protected, for example as an ester e.g. a methyl ester. The acid may be re-generated after the desired reaction is complete, for example by hydrolysis using an acid such as sulphuric acid.

It will be appreciated that where it is desired to prepare a compound of formula (1) in which R, R¹, R² and R³ are not the same this may be achieved by first selectively N-protecting the compound of formula (3) or a precursor using an appropriate amine protecting group(s), for example a p-toluenesulphonyl group as described below, in accordance with conventional practice. Reaction of the N-protected compound (3) with R¹(CH₂)_qD followed by deprotection and further reaction as necessary with other reagents R¹(CH₂)_qD then yields the desired compound in which R, R¹, R² and R³ are not the same.

Where metal complexes of compounds of formulae (1) or (2) are required (or any other suitable macrocyclic intermediate described herein) these may be prepared by treating the compound with a metal salt (for example a metal halide) in an appropriate solvent for example an aqueous or non aqueous solvent, (e.g. acetonitrile, acetone, propylene carbonate, dimethylformamide or dimethylsulphoxide) at any suitable temperature from 0°C C. to 100°C C. such as 10°C to 80°C C. e.g. around 60°C C.

In another process, a compound of formula (1) or a metal complex thereof wherein R, R¹, R² and R³ is each --(CH₂)_qPO₃H₂ (where q is an integer 1 to 6) may be prepared by reaction of a compound of formula (3) or a metal complex thereof with phosphorous acid and an aldehyde R^bCHO (where R^b is a hydrogen atom or a C_1-5alkyl group) in the presence of an acid, such as hydrochloric acid at an elevated temperature, e.g. 100°C-130°C C.

Compounds of formula (1) may also be prepared by interconversion from other compounds of formula (1). Thus one functional group Z may be exchanged for another and, if desired a linker group L changed to another by appropriate manipulative reactions. For example, a compound of formula (1) where --L--Z is a group --L¹--NHCO--L²--Z (where --L¹--NHCO--L² represents the group L) may be prepared by reaction of a corresponding compound wherein --L--Z represents --L¹--NH₂ with a reagent R^bO--L²--Z (where R^b is for example an imide, such as succinimide, or a substituted phenyl group such as a p-nitrophenyl group) in the presence of a tertiary amine, such as diisopropylethylamine, in a solvent such as dimethylformamide.

Reagents of formula R^bO--L²--Z are either known compounds or may be obtained form known starting materials using methods analogous to those used for the preparation of the known compounds.

A conjugate compound of formula (2) or a metal complex thereof may be prepared by reaction of a corresponding compound of formula (1) or a metal complex thereof with an antibody Ab (as previously defined).

The reaction may be performed in a suitable solvent, for example an aqueous solvent such as a phosphate buffer, at an appropriate temperature, for example at 0°C-30°C C., especially 0°C-10°C C. e.g. 4°C C.

The antibody Ab may be obtained using procedures well known in the art. If desired, before the coupling reaction, the antibody may first be treated to yield appropriate groups for reaction with the compound of formula (1). Thus for example the antibody may be subjected to oxidation, for example periodate oxidation to yield aldehyde groups, or, in particular, may be treated with a reagent [e.g. Traut's reagent (2-iminothiolane)] using standard procedures to generate free sulphydryl groups in the molecule.

Salts of compounds of formulae (1) or (2) and their metal complexes may be prepared by conventional means, for example by reaction with an appropriate base or acid in a suitable aqueous solvent.

Intermediates of formula (3) may be prepared by deprotection of a compound of formula (4)

(where R¹³ is a protecting group such as a p-toluenesulphonyl group. The deprotection will depend on the nature of the protecting group R¹³. Thus, for example, when R¹³ is a p-toluenesulphonyl group removal of this may be achieved by treatment of the compound of formula (4) with an acid, for example HBr-acetic acid, in the presence of phenol at a high temperature, or by reaction with lithium in liquid ammonia in the presence of an alcohol such as ethanol.

Intermediates of formula (4) may be prepared by treating a compound of formula (5)

R¹³NH(CH₂)_nCH₂N(R¹³)CH₂CH(L--Z)N(R¹³)CH₂(CH₂)_mNHR¹³

with a compound R¹³OCH₂(CH₂)_dOR¹³ in the presence of a base such as sodium ethoxide in a solvent such as dimethylformamide.

Intermediates of formula (5) may be prepared by reaction of compounds of formula (6)

R¹³NH(CH₂)_nCH₂NHCH₂CH(L--Z)NHCH₂(CH₂)_mNHR¹³ (6)

with a protecting agent, for example p-toluenesulphonyl chloride in a base such as pyridine.

Intermediates of formula (6) in which m and n are the same may be prepared by reaction of a diamine of formula (7):

H₂NCH(L--Z)CH₂NH₂ (7)

with a reagent R¹³NH(CH₂)_mCOHal (where Hal is a halogen atom) in the presence of a base such as triethylamine, followed by reduction using for example borane in a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran at a high temperature e.g. the reflux temperature, followed by treatment with an acid such as hydrochloric acid.

Where it is desired to prepare an intermediate of formula (9) in which m and n are not the same a protected amine H₂NCH(L--Z)CH₂NHR¹³ may be used in the above reaction. Removal of the protecting group after the reaction followed by repeated alkylation with a different compound R¹³NH(CH₂)_nCOHal then yields the required intermediate.

Diamines of formula (7) may be prepared from an appropriately substituted amino acid of formula (8):

H₂NCH(L--Z)CO₂R¹¹ (8)

by reaction with ammonia in a solvent such as methanol, followed by reduction using for example lithium aluminium hydride.

The substituted amino acids of formula (8) are either known compounds or may be prepared using methods analogous to those used for the preparation of the known compounds.

In an alternative process, intermediates of formula (5) may be prepared by reaction of a compound of formula (9)

R¹³HNCH(L--Z)CH₂N(R¹³)CH₂(CH₂)_nNHR¹³ (9)

with a compound R¹³OCH₂(CH₂)_dN(R¹³)(CH₂)_mCH₂OR¹³ in the presence of a base such as caesium carbonate in a solvent such as dimethylformamide.

Intermediates of formula (9) may be prepared by reduction of compounds of formula (10)

H₂NCH(L--Z)CONHCH₂(CH₂)_nNHR¹³ (10)

using for example borane as described above, followed by reaction to introduce the protecting group R¹³, for example with p-toluenesulphonyl chloride in a solvent such as dichloromethane in the presence of a base such as triethylamine at e.g. reflux.

Intermediates of formula (10) may be prepared by reaction of an appropriately substituted amino acid of formula (8) (where R¹¹ is a methyl or ethyl group) with a diamine H₂NCH₂(CH₂)_nNH₂ at a high temperature, e.g. the reflux temperature.

The invention is illustrated by the following Examples.

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS

Intermediate 1

2,6-Diamino-1-hexanoic acid, ethylenediamine ester

2,6-Diamino-1-hexanoic acid, methyl ester, dihydrochloride (10.283 g) was added (as solid) in small batches over a 50 minute period to ethylenediamine (100 ml) at 90°C C., with stirring. The temperature of the reaction mixture was then raised to 140°C C. for 6 hrs, after which the ethylenediamine was removed by vacuum distillation to yield a brown residual oil which was taken up in 4M NaOH (25 ml) and dried in vacuo. Methanol (30 ml) was added, the solution was filtered, the methanol removed (Buchi) and the residue dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (100 ml), then filtered, and the filtrate rotovated down to give the title compound as a clear brown oil (8.827 g). i.r (thin film) 3300/3280 3060 2930 2860 1650 1570 1470 1320 cm^-1.

Intermediate 2

1,5,9-Triamino-3-aza-nonane, tetrahydrochloride

Intermediate 1 (3.754 g) and borane-tetrahydrofuran (130 mmol, 130 ml) was refluxed for 21 hours. After removal of volatiles, the aminoborane was washed with methanol (2×100 ml) and hydrolysed with 6M HCl (150 ml, 110°C C.) for 3 hours. The resulting solution was evaporated, methanol (20 ml) added and further evaporated to yield the title compound (6.279 g) as a white hygroscopic solid.

Intermediate 3

1,5-Diamino-(9-N-benzamidy)1-3-aza-nonane

Intermediate 2 (6.16 g) and potassium hydroxide (4.4 g) was dissolved in water (50 ml) and, with stirring, copper carbonate (2.603 g) was added. Continued stirring over 30 minutes at 50°C C. yielded an intense blue solution which was cooled to 0°C C. and benzoyl chloride 2.5 ml added in 0.25 ml portions over 90 minutes keeping the pH greater than 9 with periodic addition of KOH pellets. The solution was then allowed to stir at room temperature for 1 hour, then filtered and the filtrate treated with H₂S over 30 minutes. The solution was filtered once again to give a greeny-yellow filtrate which on addition of KOH to pH14 went a dark green, with a small amount of green precipitate. This was filtered off, the filtrate reduced in volume to 40 ml and exhaustively extracted (13×) with CH₂Cl₂, dried (K₂CO₃), and evaporated to yield the title compound as a pale yellow oil (2.152 g). ¹H-NMR (250 MHz), δ(CDCl₃): 1.57 (m, 16H, CH₂, NH, NH₂) 2.37 (dd, 1H, CH), 2.67 (m 3H, CH₂N), 2.79 (m, 3H, CH₂N).

Intermediate 4

1,5-Ditosylamino-3-tosyl-(9-N-benzamidyl)-3-aza-nonane

Intermediate 3 (1.978 g) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (50 ml) was added dropwise to a solution of tosyl chloride (5.087 g), in dry CH₂Cl₂ (50 ml) and the mixture was then allowed to stir for 2½ hours at room temperature. The solution was then washed with water (20 ml) dried (K₂CO₃), filtered and evaporated to an oily brown residue which was redissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (10 ml). After a few minutes a white solid precipitated which was collected by filtration and washed with CH₂Cl₂ to give the title compound (1.701 g).

TLC (silica; 5% methanol in CH₂Cl₂) Rf 0.44 m/e [desorption chemical ionisation (methanol)] 741 (M⁺+1), 740 (M⁺).

Intermediate 5

2-(4-N-Benzamidyl)butyl-N,N',N",N'"-tetratosyl-1,4,7,10-tetrazacyclododecane

Intermediate 4 (1.116 g) was dissolved in anhydrous dimethylformamide (100 ml) and caesium carbonate (1.032 g) added under dry nitrogen. A solution of TsO(CH₂)₂N(Ts)(CH₂)₂OTs(0.855 g; where Ts represents tosyl), in anhydrous dimethylformamide (40 ml) was slowly added, with stirring, over 3 hours. Stirring was continued at room temperature for 20 hours. The dimethylformamide was removed under reduced pressure and the residue dissolved in chloroform (200 ml), washed with water (3×30 ml) and dried (K₂CO₃) to yield the title compound. m/e [desorption chemical ionisation (iso-but)]: 964 (M⁺+1), 963 (M⁺).

Intermediate 6

2-(4-N-Benzamidyl)butyl-1,4,7,10-tetrazacyclododecane

To Intermediate 5 (0.499 g) in a flask under nitrogen was added ethanol (2 ml), and liquid ammonia (100 ml) then allowed to condense in the flask. Lithium metal (0.18 g) was added and an intense blue colour developed which discharged within 20 minutes. After evaporation of NH₃ (3 hours) water (20 ml) was added and the solution evaporated to dryness, taken up in 6 MHCl (20 ml) washed with ether (3×20 ml), evaporated to dryness and redissolved in 6M KOH (20 ml) and extracted with dichloromethane (5×20 ml). The extract was dried (K₂CO₃) and evaporated to yield the title compound (0.115 g). m/e [desorption chemical ionisation (methanol)]: 348 (M⁺+1).

EXAMPLE 1

2-[4-(6-Ethenylpyrid-2-ylmethoxyacetamido)butyl]-1,4-7,10-tetrazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid

(a) 2-(4-N-Benzamidylbutyl)-1,4,7,10-tetrazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid)

(a) Intermediate 6 (75 mg) was dissolved in dry dimethylformamide (3 ml) and K₂CO₃ (146 mg) added, followed by methylbromoacetate (160 mg). The mixture was heated to 90°C C. for 6 hours under nitrogen, further K₂CO₃ (30 mg) and methylbromoacetate (32.3 mg) were added and the heating continued at 90°C C. for a further 12 hours under nitrogen. The mixture was filtered and water (3 ml) added followed by lithium hydroxide monohydrate (50 mg). The reaction was monitored by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RPHPLC-conditions given below) and two new products were formed (T=10.7 and 11.5 minutes). More lithium hydroxide monohydrate (50 mg) was added and the reaction went to completion, the predominant product by RPHPLC eluting at 10.7 minutes. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo to give a brown oil which was purified on DEAE Sepharose using a gradient elution of 25 mM ammonium acetate (pH=5.6)/10% CH₃CN up to 1.0M ammonium acetate (pH5.6)/10% CH₃CN. The appropriate fractions were pooled and concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound (47 mg) of Part (a) as a white solid. m/e (Fab, glycerol) 580 (M+H⁺).

RPHPLC CONDITIONS:

	Column:	Sperisorb SODS2 (25 cm × 0.4 mm)
	Flow Rate:	1.4 ml/minute
	Solvents:	A = 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid/H2O
		B = 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid/CH3CN
		λ = 254 nm
TIME (T: minutes)	% A	% B
0	95	5
20	5	95
20.1	95	5

(b) 2-(4-Aminobutyl)-1,4,7,10-tetrazadodecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid

The compound of Part (a) [37 mg] was dissolved in 6M HCl (10 ml) and heated to 140°C C. for 16 hours under nitrogen. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and coevaporated with dry dimethylformamide (3×10 ml) to yield the title compound of Part (b) which was used in the following reaction without further purification.

(c) 2-[4-(6-Ethenylpyrid-2-ylmethoxyacetamido)butyl]-1,4-7,10-tetrazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid

The amine prepared in Part (b) was dissolved in dry dimethylformamide (10 ml) and diisopropylethylamine (10 mg) was added followed by the p-nitrophenyl ester of 2-vinyl-6-methoxyacetic acid pyridine (24 mg). The reaction was monitored using ion exchange chromatography (A×100--conditions given below) and a new product was observed at T=13.3 minutes. Extra addition of the nitrophenyl ester/diisopropylethylamine did not give any increase in product and the reaction mixture was ninhydrin negative. The mixture was then concentrated in vacuo and water added followed by CH₂Cl₂. The aqueous layer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×20 ml) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was chromatographed on DEAE Sepharose eluting with 25 mM up to 500 mM ammonium acetate/CH₃CN (9:1) pH5.6. The product fractions were pooled and concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound (20 mg) as a white solid. m/e (FAB, glycerol) 651 (M⁺+1).

A×100 (Synchropak-25 cm×0.4 mm) ion exchange chromatography:

A=H₂O; B=1M ammonium acetate, pH5.6: C=CH₃CN.

Flow Rate=1.4 ml/minute; λ=254 nm.

	TIME (T; minutes)	% A	% B	% C
	0	70	10	20
	20	10	80	20
	20.1	70	10	20

Title Compound elutes at 13.3 minutes.

Claims

1. A compound 1,4,7,10-tetrazacyclododecane of the formula:

wherein

r has a value of from 0 to 6;

X is

--NH--

--(CH₂)_sNHNH--, or

--(OCH₂CH₂)_t--NH--

in which s has a value of from 0 to 4 and t has a value of from 1 to 6; and

Y¹ is capable of reacting with an antibody and is selected from the group consisting of --COZ¹, or --CO(R)Z¹ in which Z¹ is maleimido,

Hal is a halogen atom;

R is alkylene, phenylene, phenethylene, or cyclohexylmethylene;

R¹¹ is alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and

t' has a value of from 1 to 6.

2. A compound according to claim 1 wherein Z¹ is maleimido, 6-vinylpyridin-2-yl, or 6-[1-(pyrid-2-yl)ethenyl]pyridin-2-yl.

3. A compound consisting of:

1,4,7,10-tetrazacyclododecane of the formula:

4. A conjugate comprising 1,4,7,10-tetrazacyclododecane of the formula:

wherein

L is an aliphatic hydrocarbon chain interrupted at a point other than that of attachment to the depicted 1,4,7,10-tetrazacyclododecane ring by one or more members selected from the group consisting of --O--, --S--, --N(R⁵)--, --CON(R⁵)--, --N(R⁵)CO--, a cycloalkylene ring, and a pyridine ring, in which R⁵ is hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms;

Z' is the residue of a group capable of reacting with a site on an antibody, and

Ab is a monoclonal or polyclonal antibody or antibody fragment.

5. A composition comprising a compound according to claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

6. A composition comprising a conjugate according to claim 4 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.