Pore-free rubber articles are prepared by dip-molding in a dipping medium that includes a vulcanizing agent, then by immersing the dip former in a heated liquid bath that is chemically inert. A particularly effective liquid bath is molten inorganic salt. In addition, the tensile properties of an article of vulcanized rubber can be improved to an unusually effective degree by immersing the already vulcanized article in a solution of a vulcanizing agent to cause the rubber of the article to absorb or imbibe the vulcanizing agent from the solution, and then immersing the rubber and the imbibed vulcanizing agent in a heated liquid bath to increase the degree of vulcanization.

Patent
   6920643
Priority
Apr 11 2000
Filed
Feb 17 2004
Issued
Jul 26 2005
Expiry
Apr 11 2020

TERM.DISCL.
Assg.orig
Entity
Large
6
48
all paid
1. A dip-molded article of a rubber that is substantially pore-free, formed by a process comprising:
(a) dipping a forming member in a latex comprising
(i) a rubber-forming substance and
(ii) a vulcanizing agent, said forming member having an outer surface with a contour complementary to that of said article;
(b) withdrawing said forming member from said latex in such a manner as to leave a film of said latex over said outer surface;
(c) immersing said forming member with said latex thereon in a chemically inert liquid bath at a temperature and for a period of time sufficient to cause vulcanization of said rubber-forming substance by said vulcanizing agent; and
(d) withdrawing said forming member from said liquid bath and separating said substantially pore-free article of rubber from said forming member.
2. A dip-molded article in accordance with claim 1 in which said liquid bath of step (c) is a member selected from the group consisting of molten inorganic salts, oils, glycols, liquefied metals, and brine solutions.
3. A dip-molded article in accordance with claim 1 in which said liquid bath of step (c) is a member selected from the group consisting of molten inorganic salts, silicone oils, and glycols.
4. A dip-molded article in accordance with claim 1 in which said liquid bath of step (c) is a member selected from the group consisting of molten inorganic salts and mixtures thereof.
5. A dip-molded article in accordance with claim 4 in which said molten inorganic salts are members selected from the group consisting of nitrates, nitrites, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and halides of potassium, sodium, and lithium.
6. A dip-molded article in accordance with claim 1 in which said temperature of step (c) is from about 100° C. to about 350° C.
7. A dip-molded article in accordance with claim 1 in which said vulcanizing agent is a member selected from the group consisting of organic peroxides, sulfur-containing compounds, selenium-containing compounds, and tellurium-containing compounds.
8. A dip-molded article in accordance with claim 1 in which said vulcanizing agent is a member selected from the group consisting of diacyl peroxides, peroxyketals, dialkyl peroxides, mercaptothiazoles, thiuram sulfides, thiuram disulfides, guanidines, zinc dialkyl dithiocarbamates, selenium dialkyl dithiocarbamates, sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, potassium diethyldithiocarbamate, alkyl phenol sulfides, sulfur-containing polymers, and benzothiazyl disulfide.
9. A dip-molded article in accordance with claim 1 in which said vulcanizing agent is an organic peroxide.
10. A dip-molded article in accordance with claim 1 in which said vulcanizing agent is dicumyl peroxide.
11. A dip-molded article in accordance with claim 1 in which said rubber-forming substance of step (a) is not vulcanized prior to step (a).
12. A dip-molded article in accordance with claim 1 in which said rubber-forming substance is partially vulcanized prior to step (a).
13. A dip-molded article in accordance with claim 12 in which said rubber-forming substance is partially vulcanized prior to step (a) by high energy irradiation.

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/357,639, filed Feb. 3, 2003 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,775,848, which is a division of application Ser. No. 09/547,366, filed Apr. 11, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,569,375 B1.

1. Field of the Invention

This invention lies in the field of rubber articles, particularly those formed by dip-molding. In particular, this invention addresses methods of vulcanization of dip-molded rubber articles.

2. Background of the Invention

Natural rubber latex has been extensively used as a material of construction for elastomeric dip-molded medical devices and medical device components. Examples of medical devices and components made from natural rubber latex are surgical gloves, examination gloves, finger cots, catheter balloons, uterine thermal ablation balloons, catheter cuffs, condoms, contraceptive diaphragms, indwelling urinary drainage catheters, and male external urinary drainage catheters. Other examples will be apparent to those skilled in medicine and in the manufacture and use of these and similar medical devices. Dip-molding techniques are also used in making elastomeric devices non-medical uses. These include toy balloons, industrial gloves, household gloves, and other similar devices. These devices, both medical and non-medical, can also be formed from synthetic rubber latex materials rather than natural rubber. In some cases, synthetic materials are preferred, for example where natural rubber is deemed unsuitable for some reason or where the synthetic material offers an advantage.

In latex dip-molding processes, dip formers are dipped in a latex bath, then withdrawn from the bath, dried in hot air, and vulcanized in hot air. In some cases, the latex is pre-vulcanized, i.e., the rubber particles in the latex are partially or fully vulcanized prior to the dipping step. A prevulcanized latex produces a film with improved wet and dry gel strengths, and when further vulcanization is performed after dipping and hot air drying, the tensile properties are improved. An advantage of prevulcanization is a reduction in the process time by lessening or eliminating the time required for the post-dip vulcanization. In some dip-molding processes, a chemical coagulant is included in the latex or on the dip former, and heat-sensitized coagulant dipping methods are applied to produce articles have a greater film thickness. Multiple dips are also used in some processes. Details of these and other methods are well known to those skilled in the art of latex dip molding. Further descriptions of the process and its variations are found in Pendle, Dipping with Natural Latex, published by The Malaysian Rubber Producers' Association (1995).

Vulcanization performed on the latex film after the dip former is removed from the bath serves to form covalent bonds both within the individual rubber particles and between coalesced rubber particles. A problem with vulcanization both at this stage and prior to the dip is that the outer surfaces of the particles have greater exposure to the vulcanizing agents than the particle interiors, resulting in a case-hardening effect and a lack of uniformity in the rubber.

In dip-molding processes for rubber latices, sulfur is the primary vulcanizing agent, although various accelerators, activators, sulfur donors, and boosters are frequently included as well. A description of prevulcanization methods and formulations for both natural and synthetic rubber latices is found in Blackley, D. C., Polymer Latices: Science and Technology, 2d Edition, Vol. 2, Chapter 13 (Chapman and Hall, 1997). Prevulcanization methods performed without sulfur are those utilizing free radical crosslinking, which can be achieved by various means, including high energy irradiation in the presence of a chemical sensitizer. Natural latex prevulcanized in this manner is referred to as “radiation vulcanized natural rubber latex” (RVNRL). Descriptions of such latices and the vulcanization processes used in their preparation are found in Zin, W.M.B.W., “Semi industrial scale RVNRL preparation, products manufacturing and properties,” Radiat. Phys. Chem., 52(1-6), pp. 611-616 (1998).

Rubber films from RVNRL are produced by simply casting the latex into films and then drying the films. No vulcanization is done after the film is cast, and none can be done unless curative agents are subsequently added. Films made by this process have tensile strengths of up to 27.1 megapascals (3930 psi). While this meets the requirements of many dip-molded rubber devices, such as surgical gloves for example, the tensile strength of these films is not as high as that achieved in many sulfur-vulcanized films where a post-vulcanization step (after the dip stage) is included. The RVNRL films are also lower in the value of the 100% tensile modulus than sulfur-vulcanized films. The RVNRL films also suffer from a lack of any means to achieve true particle integration by covalent bonds. This makes it difficult to form a truly integrated, pore-free latex rubber film from RVNRL. A further disadvantage is the need for access to an irradiation facility, which may not be in a location that is convenient to many rubber manufacturers and which adds considerably to the cost of manufacture.

An alternative means of prevulcanization of latex by free radical crosslinking is that which involves the use of organic peroxides and hydroperoxides. Latex that is prevulcanized with these materials is referred to as “peroxide vulcanized natural rubber latex” (PVNRL). Descriptions of such latices and methods for preparing them are found in U.S. Pat. No. 2,868,859, issued Jan. 13, 1959, to G. Stott, entitled “Curing Natural Rubber Latex With a Peroxide.” The process disclosed in this patent involves superheating natural rubber latex in the presence of 2% (based on dry rubber weight) ditertiary butyl peroxide in a pressure vessel at a temperature of 170° C. for fifteen minutes. The latex was then cooled, and the films cast and dried to yield vulcanized rubber films with a tensile strength as high as 251 kg/cm2 (3739 psi). The film was formed simply by drying, with no post-drying vulcanization. Unfortunately, utilization of this process on a commercial scale would require large and expensive heated pressure vessels, and prevulcanization is a necessary part of the process.

Latex prevulcanized with a hydroperoxide rather than an organic peroxide is described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,975,151, issued Mar. 14, 1961, to W. S. Ropp, entitled “Vulcanization of Latex With Organic Hydroperoxide.” In this patent, natural rubber latex is prevulcanized by superheating under pressure at 250° F. (121° C.) for about one hour with cumene hydroperoxide. The resulting cooled latex is cast into a film, then air dried. The product had a maximum tensile strength of 2775 psi. As in the Stott patent, the utilization of this process on a commercial scale would require large scale heated pressure vessels, and the tensile strength is not nearly as good as that of a sulfur-vulcanized latex or of the organic peroxide prevulcanized latex of Stott.

The use of hydrogen peroxide as a prevulcanizing agent with an activating chemical is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,755,232, issued Aug. 28, 1973, to B. K. Rodaway, entitled “Vulcanization of Latex With Organic Hydroperoxide.” The method of this patent is performed at lower temperatures without the use of pressure vessels. The patent cites an example in which a natural rubber latex is prevulcanized by this method, cast into a film and dried, to yield a product with a tensile strength of 124 kg/cm2 (1760 psi). Thus, despite its advantages this process produces latex films of interior strength. The possibility of adding a sulfur curative system to the latex after prevulcanization to permit post-casting vulcanization is suggested, but this would involve the use of sulfur curative chemicals, which peroxide processes are generally intended to avoid. In further examples, curing of polychloroprene and other synthetic latices is performed with hydrogen peroxide and an activator, the products in each case having inferior tensile properties.

Further disclosure of technology forming the background of the present invention is found in U.S. Pat. No. 3,892,697, issued Jul. 1, 1975, to O. W. Burke, entitled “Preparation of Crosslinked Polymer Latex From Aqueous Emulsion of Solvent/Polymer Solution of Precursor Latex Particle Size.” In the process disclosed in this patent, dicumyl peroxide is mixed with a synthetic polyisoprene latex under 6000 psi pressure, and the mixture is subjected to an unspecified elevated temperature for an unstated period of time. There is no disclosure of film formation.

Still further methods forming the background of the invention are those known as “continuous vulcanization in liquid baths” (LCM Vulcanization) which are used on extruded rubber profiles. In LCM Vulcanization, a solid constant profile shape is extruded, then submerged in a hot liquid bath such as molten salt, hot oil, or melted lead, or in a hot fluid medium such as fluidized sand particles. Essentially all molecular oxygen is excluded from the curing environment. The use of the hot liquid bath or fluid medium is to provide very rapid heat transfer rates to thin-wall extruded rubber profiles. Descriptions of various LCM Vulcanization methods are found in Hoffman, Rubber Technology Handbook, pages 394-398 (Hanser Publishers, 1994), and in U.S. Pat. No. 4,981,637, issued Jan. 1, 1991, to M. L. Hyer, entitled “Method of Forming an Improved Wiper Blade.” These references do not disclose application of the process to dipped films.

Latex articles formed by dip molding must be pore-free if the passage of pathogens or other unwanted substances through the article walls is to be prevented. Pore-free walls require good integration and adhesion between the rubber particles of the latex. Many attempts have been made to achieve this, but it remains a difficult goal. Excessive vulcanization for example tends to inhibit particle integration. A simple means of determining the extent of prevulcanization is a test known as the chloroform coagulation test. A description of this test can be found in The Vanderbilt Latex Handbook, 3d Edition, page 110 (R.T. Vanderbilt Company, Inc., Norwalk, Conn., USA).

All patents and publications cited in this specification are incorporated herein by reference.

It has now been discovered that pore-free rubber articles can be prepared by dip-molding processes by including vulcanizing agent(s) in the dipping medium and vulcanizing the wet film by immersing the dip former in a heated liquid bath that is chemically inert. The temperature of the heated bath will be sufficiently high to cause at least a partial melting and/or softening of any coalesced rubber particles in the film while vulcanizing the film, and the time needed to effect vulcanization under these conditions is considerably less than that typically used for vulcanization in hot air. The resulting film is coherent and essentially pore-free.

Another aspect of this invention resides in the discovery that the tensile properties of an article of vulcanized rubber can be improved to an unusually effective degree by immersing the already vulcanized article in a solution of a vulcanizing agent to cause the rubber of the article to absorb or imbibe the vulcanizing agent from the solution, and then immersing the rubber and the imbibed vulcanizing agent in a heated liquid bath that is substantially free of molecular oxygen and chemically inert. After recovery of the article from the bath, the tensile properties are considerably greater than those that the product would have if the same amount and type of vulcanizing agent were included in the original vulcanization.

This invention is useful in the manufacture of articles of all rubber materials, both natural and synthetic. For certain aspects of this invention, notably those that reside in the use of the heated liquid bath for a single-stage vulcanization after dip-molding, the preferred rubber materials are those other than cis-1,4-polyisoprene.

Among the many advantages of this invention is a faster vulcanization rate without the risk of undesirable oxidation of the dipped parts. The invention also offers superior particle integration and thus more coherent latex films by partially melting the particles as they are being crosslinked and heating them more thoroughly, which reduces the tendency of the particles toward case hardening. Prevulcanization, i.e., vulcanization performed on the dipping liquid prior to the dip stage, can be eliminated in many cases, and this offers advantages for latices that are peroxide cure systems or sulfur cure systems where prevulcanization is used in part to reduce the cure times and to reduce the quantity of nitrosamines that may be released during dip molding operations. Alternatively, the postvulcanization of the invention, referring to its occurrence subsequent to the dip stage, can improve the tensile properties of the product without the need for the addition of sulfur-based chemicals. Postvulcanization can also be performed using a different reaction than that used for the prevulcanization. For example, postvulcanization with the use of peroxides can be performed on latices that are prevulcanized by sulfur, by peroxide, or by radiation. In systems that are susceptible to nitrosamine formation, the invention reduces or eliminates the amount of nitrosamines that are formed. When polychloroprene latices, nitrile latices or mixtures of the two are used, postvulcanization by use of organic peroxides can be achieved with very small amounts of the peroxides. With peroxide-based and radiation-based vulcanization systems, the use of the present invention provides products with a 100% tensile modulus that is higher than has been previously obtained with such systems, and yet with no loss of tensile strength. With sulfur-based systems, the high-temperature, oxygen-free environment helps to prevent the degradation that is caused by hydroperoxides that are typically generated during hot air vulcanization. Such degradation is responsible in part for the aging of latex. Use of the invention in non-sulfur-containing systems such as peroxide-based systems results in products with a longer shelf life. Still further, the elimination of the need for hot air curing and its inherent inefficiencies offers considerable savings in energy, since hot media baths are easily insulated. Further energy savings are also available when prevulcanization and maturation are eliminated. The means by which these and other objects and advantages are achieved, as well as particulars of the process and its preferred embodiments, will be evident from the description that follows.

The liquid bath in which the dip former and film are immersed subsequent to the dip stage of the process is a heated liquid that provides rapid heat transfer to the film. Further properties of liquid media that are most desirable and therefore preferred for this purpose are the lack of a tendency to migrate or diffuse into the film on the dip former (unless the medium itself is a desirable constituent of the film), the quality of being stable with respect to the surrounding environment (both the atmospheric environment and the rubber-forming material as well as the various species that may be compounded with the material), and the quality of remaining liquid at the vulcanization temperature. Examples of liquid media that can be used for this purpose are molten inorganic salts, oils, glycols, liquified metals, water, and brine solutions. Preferred among these are molten inorganic salts, silicone oils, and glycols, and the most preferred are molten inorganic salts. Examples of suitable molten inorganic salts are nitrates, nitrites, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and halides of potassium, sodium and lithium, as well as combinations of salts of this group. Salt combinations of this type are commercially available from such suppliers as Heatbath Corporation, Detroit, Mich., USA; and Hubbard-Hall Inc., Inman, S.C., USA. An example of a suitable commercial salt mixture is QUICK CURE 275 of Hubbard-Hall, Inc., the main components of which are potassium nitrate (approximately 50% by weight), sodium nitrite (approximately 30% by weight), and sodium nitrate (less than 10% by weight), with a molten temperature range of about 315° F. to 650° F. (157° C. to 343° C.). Other examples are PARCURE 275 and PARCURE 300 of Heatbath Corporation.

The heated liquid medium bath is preferably used at a temperature that significantly exceeds the temperatures used in hot air vulcanization methods of the prior art, but not so high as to have an adverse effect on the stability of the rubber being vulcanized. When the rubber is natural rubber, for example, it is best not to exceed 450° F. (232° C.), and in the case of styrene butadiene rubber or polychloroprene latex, it is best not to exceed 575° F. (302° C.). A preferred temperature range for the full scope of this invention is about 100° C. to about 350° C. For polychloroprene and styrene-butadiene rubber, a preferred temperature range is about 150° C. to about 300° C., while for natural rubber a preferred temperature range is from about 150° C. to about 235° C. The choice of operating temperature and exposure time will be subject to considerations both of achieving a rapid cure and of maintaining an economic use of energy and other process costs. Other considerations may be present with particular types of rubber and particular curing systems. In organic peroxide curing systems, for example, the preferred temperature and time will be those that result in cleavage of essentially all of the peroxide present. This is generally achieved in six to eight half-lives. In sulfur-based curing systems, the avoidance of reversion and toxicity are often considerations. In all cases, however, the time necessary for full curing is much less than that required in hot air curing processes of the prior art. A presently preferred cure condition is nine minutes at 350° F. (177° C.).

This invention is applicable to a wide range of rubber and rubber substitute compositions, including both latices and organic solutions.

Of the latices, the one most commonly used is natural rubber. Natural rubber can be obtained from several sources, including Hevea brasiliensis, Parthenum argentatum (commonly known as “guayule”), and Ficus elastica rubber trees. Methods for obtaining natural rubber latices from non-Hevea sources are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,580,942, issued Dec. 3, 1996 to Cornish (“Hypoallergenic Natural Rubber Products From Parthenum Argentatum (Gray) and Other Non-Hevea Brasiliensis Species”). Natural rubber latex is available in several grades, including high ammonia latex, low ammonia latex, and others. All such varieties are suitable for use in the present invention. This invention also extends to natural rubber latices that have been processed to reduce the amount of proteins present in the latices. Some of these processes include centrifuging to separate and remove water, and others include double centrifuging, in which an initial centrifuging is followed by the addition of water and a second centrifuging. Still other processes involve the use of enzymes to digest the proteins. Descriptions of enzyme methods are found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,610,212 (“Means for Mechanically Stabilizing Deproteinized Natural Rubber Latex,” Mar. 11, 1997), U.S. Pat. No. 5,569,740 (“Deproteinized Natural Rubber Latex and Its Production Process,” Oct. 29, 1996), and U.S. Pat. No. 5,585,459 (“Process for Producing Raw Rubber,” Dec. 17, 1996), to Tanaka et al. An example of a commercially available deproteinized rubber latex is ALLOTEX, obtainable from Tillotson Healthcare Corporation, Rochester, N.H., USA.

Synthetic rubber latices in general are likewise usable in the practice of this invention. Examples are ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer, styrene isoprene rubber, styrene butadiene rubber, styrene isoprene butadiene rubber, polybutadiene rubber, polychloroprene, nitrite rubber, styrene block copolymers, and butyl rubber. An example of a polychloroprene latex is NEOPRENE 750, available from E.I. DuPont de Nemours, Inc. Wilmington, Del., USA, and an example of a nitrite latex is NITRILE LATEX #O17071, available from Heveatex Corporation, Fall River, Mass., USA. Mixtures of latices can also be used. Some of these mixtures are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,626,052, issued Dec. 7, 1971, to Sisco et al., entitled “Polyisoprene-Neoprene Meteorological Balloons,” where polychloroprene latex is mixed with polyisoprene latex to produce meteorological balloons.

This invention also extends to polymer dispersions that are used in a manner similar to rubber latices. One example is an aqueous dispersion of a polyurethane thermoplastic elastomer. A commercially available dispersion of this type is INTACTA, available from The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Mich., USA. Polymer dispersions such as this lack carbon-carbon double bonds and hence are not susceptible to sulfur-based crosslinking. For these dispersions, embodiments of the present invention that use curing systems other than those that are sulfur-based can be used. Polyurethane products such as medical examination gloves that are formed by the process of this invention exhibit increased resistance to solvents.

In addition to latices and polymer dispersions, the present invention also applies to organic solutions. The organic solvents used in forming these solutions are any solvents that are inert to the rubber, rubber substitute or polymer, and that are readily removable from the dip-molded film by evaporation. The solvent is preferably an aliphatic hydrocarbon, saturated or unsaturated, linear, branched or cyclic, or ethers, esters, alcohols or amines. Typical solvents are aliphatic hydrocarbons containing 5 to 8 carbon atoms, such as pentane, pentene, hexane, heptane, cyclohexane, and cyclopentane, and heterocyclic compounds such as tetrahydrofuran.

A wide variety of vulcanizing agents can be used in the practice of this invention. Useful vulcanizing agents include organic peroxides, sulfur-containing compounds, selenium-containing compounds, and tellurium-containing compounds. Organic peroxides, for example, may be used singly or in combination, and the most common types are dialkyl peroxides, peroxyketals, and dialkyl peroxides. Preferred organic peroxides are the dialkyl peroxides, particularly dicumyl peroxide, available from Hercules Incorporated, Wilmington, Del., USA, as DICUP R. Other useful dialkyl peroxides are 2,5-dimethyl-di-(t-butylperoxy)hexane, di-t-butylperoxide, t-butylcumyl-peroxide, bis(t-butylperoxyisopropyl)benzene, butyl 4,4-bis(t-butylperoxy)valerate, 2,5-bis(t-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethylhexane, 2,5-bis(t-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethyl-3-hexyne, t-butyl 3-isopropenylcumyl peroxide, bis(3-isopropenylcumyl)peroxide, 1,1-bis(t-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane, t-butylperoxybenzoate, and bis(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl)peroxide.

Coagents and other additives are often used in conjunction with the organic peroxides to achieve products having particular properties. Certain coagents also add to the crosslinking efficiency of the peroxides by causing a single peroxide radical to produce more than one carbon-carbon crosslink. Coagents can also be integrated into the polymer network by covalent bonds to enhance certain properties of the polymer, such as elongation and tear strength. Some of these coagents are based on acrylate and methacrylate chemistry. All however are suitable for inclusion in the methods and products of the present invention. Examples of suitable coagents are SARET 516, SARET 517, SARET 521, and SARET 634, available from Sartomer Company, Inc., Exton, Pa., USA. These coagents are multifunctional salts of acrylic and methacrylic acids. Of this group of coagents, SARET 634 (whose primary ingredient is zinc dimethacrylate) and SARET 521 (whose primary ingredients are difunctional acrylate esters) are the most preferred. Trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate another example. A more extensive description of such coagents is found in U.S. Pat. No. 3,751,878, issued Aug. 7, 1973 to Cowperthwaite et al., entitled “Inhibiting Prevulcanization of Rubber With Polyfunctional Methacrylate Monomers as Cross-Linking Coagents with Peroxides,” and U.S. Pat. No. 5,310,811, issued May 10, 1994 to Cottman et al., entitled “Free Radical Cured Rubber Employing Acrylate or Methacrylate Esters of Hydroxybenzene and Hydroxynaphthalene Compounds as Co-Curing Agents.”

Free-radical vulcanizing agents other than peroxides are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,892,697, referenced above.

Sulfur-based vulcanization systems include both small sulfur-containing molecules and sulfur-containing polymers. Examples of sulfur-based vulcanization chemicals are:

When the dip-molded articles of this invention are intended for use in contact with human skin, the preferred compounding ingredients are those that produce films that are biocompatible. Examples of compounding ingredients that serve this purpose for sulfur-vulcanized systems are xanthogen compounds such as diisopropyl xanthogen polysulfide, dibenzyldithiocarbamate, and higher alkyl zinc dithiocarbamates. For peroxide vulcanized systems, the preferred compounding ingredient is dicumyl peroxide.

Reinforcing agents and other additives are also included in some embodiments of the invention. Examples of reinforcing agents are fumed silica, carbon black, and chopped fibers. The use of cut fibers for example to improve the tear strength of medical gloves is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,021,524, issued Feb. 8, 2000, to Wu et al., entitled “Cut Resistant Polymeric Films,” and the use of fumed silica to improve the tear strength of dipped films is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,872,173, issued Feb. 16, 1999, to Anand, entitled “Synthetic Latex Compositions and Articles Produced Therefrom.” Antioxidants and antiozonants may also be included to protect against environmental aging. Pigments and dyes may also be included, as may any of the other additives known to those skilled in the art of the formulation and manufacture of rubber devices.

An illustrative procedure for latex dip molding and curing in accordance with the present invention is as follows:

8. The dip former with the cured latex film is withdrawn from the heated medium bath and cooled either in air or in a stream of water. Water may be used to rinse off any excess solidified heat transfer medium such as solidified salt.

An illustrative procedure for solvent dip molding and curing in accordance with the present invention is as follows:

While the present invention virtually eliminates the need for prevulcanization and maturation of the compounded latex or solution, prevulcanization is useful with latices that would otherwise have an exceptionally low wet or dry gel strength. Prevulcanization can be done by any conventional method. Such methods include, but are not limited to, sulfur prevulcanization, peroxide prevulcanization, and prevulcanization by high energy irradiation, all of which may be performed as they are in the prior art. Good wet gel strength is useful in preventing cracks from forming in the film as the film is being dried. In the case of natural rubber, both wet and dry gel strengths are generally adequate without prevulcanization. The gel strengths of some synthetic latices are lower, however, and prevulcanization may improve the processing, but is not essential. Prevulcanization by high energy irradiation can also serve to reduce the amount of vulcanization chemicals needed and hence the levels of undesirable residual chemicals in the final product.

It is often useful to determine the extent to which a dipped film or article has been vulcanized. A commonly used method is to cut out a circular disk of the cured film and measure the change in diameter upon immersion of the disk in a solvent bath. A detailed explanation of this test and its use with polyisoprene latex is found in U.S. Pat. No. 3,215,649, issued Nov. 2, 1965, to Preiss et al., entitled “Synthetic Latex.” Similar test methods are available for other types of vulcanized polymers, and are well known to those skilled in the art.

After the dip-molded part is vulcanized, further vulcanization can be performed as an optional means of further improving the properties of the product. A preferred method is to imbibe the vulcanized film with a further amount of vulcanizing agent(s), followed by a second heat treatment in a hot liquid bath. The vulcanizing agent may be the same or different than that used in the first stage (immediately following the dip-molding stage). Likewise, the hot liquid bath may be the same or different than that used earlier.

For films vulcanized with dicumyl peroxide, for example, the cured rubber film can be immersed in a solution of dicumyl peroxide in a solvent such as n-pentane, n-hexane, toluene, or ethyl acetate. The peroxide solution significantly swells the film, thereby causing the dicumyl peroxide and solvent to uniformly penetrate the cured film. The film is then withdrawn from the solution and the solvent evaporated, leaving a predictable amount of dicumyl peroxide in the film. The film is then immersed in a hot liquid bath as before for an appropriate period of time, which may be the same period of time used after the initial dip in the latex. The film is then removed and rinsed in water. Other vulcanizing agents or combinations of vulcanizing agents can be substituted to similar effect.

The physical properties of crosslinked articles that are vulcanized in this two-step postvulcanization process are different from, and frequently better than, those of crosslinked articles in which only a single postvulcanization has been performed. This second postvulcanization thus permits a reworking of or an enhancement of the properties of films that have already been vulcanized. This is particularly useful, for example, in the case of right-heart catheter balloons, where the second postvulcanization can achieve significantly higher levels of air inflation and burst pressures. Returning to the dicumyl peroxide example, a typical range of dicumyl peroxide for a high quality right heart catheter is about 1 to about 1.5 phr (parts hundred ratio, or parts per hundred weight of dry rubber). Of this, 0.2 to 0.5 extra phr of dicumyl peroxide can be imbibed with a subsequent heating step to achieve a significant improvement in the air inflation and burst properties.

The following examples are offered for purposes of illustration, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. All patents and publications cited in these examples are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

This comparative example demonstrates the degradation of properties that occurs when latex films are dip molded from organic peroxide-containing latices and then vulcanized in an oxygen-bearing environment.

A 40% solids dicumyl peroxide emulsion was prepared by combining the following ingredients:

Dicumyl peroxide 100 parts by weight
Toluene 35 parts by weight
Oleic acid 5.6 parts by weight
De-ionized water 101 parts by weight
30% Aqueous KOH 2.6 parts by weight

Natural rubber latex at a concentration of 60 weight percent solids was used, supplied by Diversified Compounders, Inc., Los Angeles, Calif., USA. An aqueous coagulant containing approximately 35% calcium nitrate, 0.5% Igepal CO-630 surfactant (Rhone-Poulenc, Cranbury, N.J., USA), and 64.5% deonized water (all by weight) was also used. Clear glass tubes 32 mm in diameter were used as dipping formers.

To 1 kg of the natural latex was added 21 g of the dicumyl peroxide emulsion. The resulting composition was mixed under medium shear for thirty minutes with a laboratory mixer. The mixture was then rolled for thirty minutes on a laboratory roll mill, then degassed for ten minutes at 0.3 atmosphere absolute pressure. This yielded approximately 1 liter of natural rubber latex formulated with 1.4 phr dicumyl peroxide.

The glass formers were dipped in the coagulant solution, allowed to dwell for five seconds, withdrawn, and then, without drying, were dipped in the formulated latex. The formers were allowed to dwell in the latex for a period of five seconds, then slowly withdrawn. The formers were then dried in a hot air oven at 60° C. for sixty minutes. After drying, the formers were placed in a hot air curing oven at 110° C. One former was withdrawn every ten minutes and the latex film examined. Observations at ten-minute intervals over a fifty-minute period were thus made, and the results are listed in Table I.

TABLE I
Comparative Example: Appearance and Physical Properties of Dipped
Films vs. Time Spent in Hot Air Curing Oven at 110° C.
Time (minutes) Observations
10 Clear, non-tacky film; good green
tensile strength
20 Clear, non-tacky film of darker
brown shade; green tensile strength
lower than that at 10 minutes
30 Film very dark in color although
still non-tacky; tensile strength
very low, crumbled on touch
40 Film very dark in color and slightly
tacky; no tensile strength
50 Film very dark in color and tacky
(more than slightly); no tensile
strength

The observations in Table I indicate that the dipped latex films prepared from organic peroxide formulated latices cannot be successfully cured in a hot air oven due to the interaction with the oxygen in the curing environment.

This example illustrates the process of the present invention using the same materials as those of Example 1 but substituting a molten salt bath cure for the hot air cure. A coagulant solution in ethanol was used, containing approximately 20% calcium nitrate, and 0.5% Igepal CO-630, all by weight, the balance denatured ethanol.

To 1 kg of natural rubber latex was added 19.5 g of the dicumyl peroxide emulsion, and the resulting composition was mixed under medium shear for thirty minutes on a laboratory mixer. In addition, fumed silica was added at 2 phr in the form of a 15% (by weight) aqueous dispersion (CABO GUARD T-122) supplied by Cabot Corporation, Boston Mass., USA. After thirty minutes of mixing, the solution was rolled for thirty minutes on a laboratory roll mill, then degassed for ten minutes at 0.3 atmosphere absolute pressure. This yielded approximately 1 liter of natural rubber latex formulated with 1.3 phr dicumyl peroxide.

The glass former was dipped into the coagulant solution, then dried for five minutes at 40° C., then slowly dipped into the formulated latex where the former was allowed to dwell for five seconds. The former was then slowly withdrawn and dried at 60° C. for sixty minutes. Once dried, the former and its adherent film were immersed in a molten salt bath for nine minutes at 350° F. (177° C.). The film was then Removed from the salt bath rinsed stripped and readied for tensile testing. The film appeared translucent-to-clear and slightly amber in color Its was more transparent than many sulfur-vulcanized rubber films.

A standard condom ring tensile specimen was prepared and tested in accordance with ASTM specification D3492. The tensile values obtained are listed in Table II:

TABLE II
Invention Example - Natural Rubber: Tensile Modulus
% Elongation Modulus (psi)
 50  78
100  114
200  178
300  264
400  313
500 1292
600 2954
700 not recorded
At break (ultimate 5659
tensile strength)

The ultimate elongation of the test specimen was 706 percent.

These results show that the tensile strength of this material is outstanding when compared with previously published values for natural rubber latex vulcanized by any known means. Comparison of the results with ASTM standard D3577-98 (“Standard Specification for Rubber Surgical Gloves”) and ASTM standard D3492 (“Standard Specification for Rubber Contraceptives”) indicates that the film produced in this example can meet the necessary tensile strength requirements for both surgical gloves and condoms.

This example illustrates the process of the present invention as applied to polychloroprene, using procedures similar to those of the preceding examples. The polychloroprene was a latex containing 60 weight percent solids, supplied by DuPont-Dow Elastomers, LLC, Wilmington, Del., USA and is sold commercially as NEOPRENE 750.

A dicumyl peroxide emulsion as in Example 1 was added to the latex to attain a formulated latex containing 0.1 phr dicumyl peroxide. Also added to the latex was fumed silica (reinforcing agent), added as a 15 weight percent aqueous dispersion (supplied by Cabot Corporation, Boston, Mass., USA, as CABO GUARD T-22) to achieve a level of 3 phr fumed silica.

The glass former was first dipped into an aqueous coagulant solution, which contained 35% calcium nitrate, 0.5% IGEPAL CO-630 surfactant, both by weight, the balance dionized water, then allowed to dry. The former was then dipped in the compounded latex and allowed to dwell in the latex for five seconds, then slowly withdrawn and dried at 60° C. for sixty minutes. After drying, the former with latex film were immersed in a molten salt bath having the same composition as the baths used in the preceding examples, for nine minutes at 350° F. (177° C.). The former and film were then withdrawn from the salt bath, rinsed, stripped, and readied for tensile testing. The resultant latex film was transparent and amber in color.

Tensile measurements were made in accordance with ASTM specification D3492, using three tensile rings, to yield the tensile values that are listed in Table III.

TABLE III
Invention Example - Polychloroprene: Tensile Modulus
Tensile Tensile Tensile Median
Modulus - Modulus - Modulus - Tensile
Percent Ring 1 Ring 2 Ring 3 Modulus
Elongation (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi)
50 87 78 82 82
100 116 108 110 110
200 150 145 146 146
300 192 189 188 189
400 278 279 271 278
500 519 543 528 528
600 1036 1014 1076 1036
700 2022 1979 2125 2022
At Break 3621 3339 3254 3339
(Ultimate
Tensile
Strength)
Ultimate 787% 764% 763%
Elongation at
Break

These tensile values are more than sufficient to pass the ASTM standard D-3577-98 for synthetic rubber surgical gloves.

This example illustrates the process of the present invention as applied to polyurethane, and specifically, in the modification of thermoplastic polyurethane films after the films have been formed.

Two solvent dip molding solutions were prepared. The first consisted of 15 weight percent thermoplastic polyurethane (MORTHANE PS49, Rohm and Haas Company, Chicago Heights, Ill., USA) and 85 weight percent tetrahydrofuran. A control film (in the form of a condom) was prepared by dipping the form into an organic solution, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,954,309, issued Sep. 4, 1990, to McGlothlin et al., entitled “Method of Forming a Polymeric Casing With Textured Surface.” After drying, the polyurethane condom thus formed was stripped from the former. The second dip molding solution was formed by adding 0.5 phr dicumyl peroxide to the first solution, and a second dip-molded condom was prepared in a manner essentially identical to the first, except that the dipped and dried condom was then immersed for nine minutes in a molten salt bath (identical to those used in the preceding examples) at 350° F. (177° C.).

Portions of both the control condom and the test condom were subjected to a solvent resistance test. According to this test, both films were immersed in tetrahydrofuran. The control film dissolved entirely when immersed in the tetrahydrofuran, while the second, which had been crosslinked by the dicumyl peroxide treatment, did not dissolve but instead swelled significantly. This test illustrates the improvement in properties of dip-molded articles made of polyurethane (as representative of thermoplastic elastomers in general) as a result of the process of the present invention.

This example illustrates the process of the present invention applied to two prevulcanized natural rubber latices, one by sulfur and the other by radiation. The sulfur-prevulcanized latex was 60% solids REVULTEX HLA-21 from Revertex Americas, St. Louis, Mo., USA. The radiation-prevulcanized latex was obtained from Guthrie Latex, Inc. Tucson, Ariz., and simply sold as “RVNRL.” Both latices are noted for their low levels of residual chemicals and hence their low toxicity profiles. Because of the low toxicity profiles, the tensile strengths of these materials are lower than those of many other natural rubber latices. Standard clear-glass condom formers, 32 mm in diameter, as used in all preceding examples were used as dip formers.

Four compounded latices were used, as follows:

One condom was formed from each of these three latices, using the coagulant solution and the dipping and drying procedures of Example 3. All were then dried for sixty minutes at 60° C. The condoms formed from latices that did not contain dicumyl peroxide were further dried for 45 minutes at 150° F. (66° C.) in a hot air oven, powdered, stripped, and set aside. The condoms formed from latices that did contain dicumyl peroxide were further processed by immersion in a molten salt bath of the same description as those used in the preceding examples, for nine minutes at 350° F. (177° C.). All four condoms were rinsed, powdered, and stripped.

Tensile values were obtained for all four condoms, using the standard procedures described in the preceding examples. The results are listed in Table IV.

TABLE IV
Invention Example - Prevulcanized
Natural Rubber: Tensile Moduli
Sulfur- Radiation-
Prevul- Prevul-
canized canized
Sulfur- Radiation- Latex with Latex with
Prevul- Prevul- Peroxide Peroxide
Percent canized canized Post- Post-
Elongation Latex (psi) Latex (psi) Cure (psi) Cure (psi)
50 58 45 63 71
100 78 61 97 104
200 115 85 149 161
300 159 112 204 226
400 302 180 321 371
500 711 437 955 910
600 1546 1012 2498 2222
700 2877 1898 n/a n/a
At Break 3384 2638 4058 4741
(Ultimate
Tensile
Strength)
Ultimate 732% 756% 665% 710%
Elongation at
Break
The notation “n/a” in Table IV denotes “not applicable” since break occurred at or before this elongation, as indicated by the last row.

These results show that the properties of the dip-molded condoms of both methods of prevulcanization, sulfur-based and radiation, are enhanced by postvulcanization in accordance with the present invention.

This example illustrates that aspect of the present invention in which a vulcanized and fully formed dip-molded article is given a secondary postvulcanization by first immersing the article in a solution of a vulcanizing agent to absorb the agent from the solution and then re-curing the article following the absorption. The rubber material used in this example was synthetic polyisoprene rubber, supplied as a 10% solids solution in n-hexane. The polyisoprene was NATSYN 2200, from Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, Akron, Ohio, USA, and was dissolved in the hexane by agitating with a medium-shear laboratory mixer. The resulting solution was split into two batches, and the first was supplemented by the addition of dicumyl peroxide to 1.5 phr while the second was supplemented by the addition of dicumyl peroxide to 2.0 phr. Stainless steel dipping mandrels with outside diameters of 0.091 inch (0.23 cm) were dipped in the solutions, withdrawn, air dried and re-dipped in a sequence that was repeated approximately seven times to build up a single wall balloon thickness of approximately 0.010 inch (0.0254 cm). After thorough drying in a warm air oven to remove essentially all of the solvent, the portions of the dipping formers that were coated with the dried mixture of polyisoprene and dicumyl peroxide were immersed in a hot molten salt bath (the same as that used in the preceding examples) for nine minutes at 350° F. (177° C.). The resulting balloons were rinsed in water, powdered with corn starch, and removed from the dipping formers. Each balloon was then cut into segments approximately 1 cm in length to form right heart catheter balloons.

Six of the balloons formed from the 1.5 phr dicumyl peroxide dipping solution were immersed for thirty minutes in an imbibing solution consisting of dicumyl peroxide dissolved in ethyl acetate, the solution having a sufficient concentration and volume to raise the dicumyl peroxide content of the balloons by 0.5 phr. The balloons were then removed from the solution and thoroughly air-dried in a warm air oven to remove essentially all ethyl acetate. The balloons were then immersed in a molten salt bath (as described in the preceding examples) for nine minutes at 350° F. (177° C.). The balloons were then removed, rinsed in water, dried, and powdered with corn starch.

A representative balloon from each treatment group was mounted on an inflation test fixture, and subjected to an air pressure burst test to determine the pressure needed to rupture the balloon upon inflation. The results are shown in Table V.

TABLE V
Invention Example - Single-Stage vs. Dual-Stage
Postvulcanization Burst Pressures
Number of Post- Dicumyl Peroxide
Vulcanization Level Burst Pressure
Stages (phr) (psig)
one 1.5 13.2
one 2.0 15.4
two 1.5 + 0.5 = 2.0 28

These results demonstrate that an unexpected improvement in physical properties is achieved by a two-stage postvulcanization achieved by the imbibition of a vulcanizing agent by an already-formed dip-molded rubber article, followed by vulcanization in a hot liquid bath, as compared to a single-stage postvulcanization at the same level of vulcanizing agent.

This example demonstrates the improvement offered by the present invention relative to the hot air curing method of the prior art. Natural rubber latex supplemented with a sulfur-based curing system was used in this comparison.

Natural rubber latex (60% solids) was supplemented with a curing system bearing the name OCTACURE 590 (Tiarco Chemical, Dalton, Ga., USA) in an amount which, according to the supplier, results in a compounded latex containing 2 phr zinc oxide, 1.65 phr sulfur, 0.5 phr zinc-2-mercaptobenzothiazole, and 0.75 phr of an unspecified antioxidant. The latex was degassed, and two condoms were prepared from the latex in the manner described in Example 2, involving the use of the coagulant described in that example. One of the condoms while still on the former was then vulcanized in hot air for 45 minutes at 100° C., and then for an additional sixty minutes at 110° C. The second condom, also while still on the former, was dried for 45 minutes at 100° C., then immersed in a molten salt bath of the same description as those used in the preceding examples for nine minutes at 350° F. (177° C.).

Tensile tests were performed on both condoms in the manner described in Example 2. The test results are listed in Table VI.

TABLE VI
Comparison - Hot Air vs. Molten Salt
Bath Postvulcanization Tensile Moduli
Tensile Modulus Tensile Modulus After
Percent After Hot Air Cure Molten Salt Cure
Elongation (psi) (psi)
50 42 61
100 55 86
200 67 124
300 82 166
400 115 223
500 210 389
600 425 822
700 767 1588
800 (n/a 2802
At Break 922 3550
(Ultimate Tensile
Strength)
Ultimate 736% 848%
Elongation
The notation “n/a” in Table VI denotes “not applicable” since break occurred at or before this elongation, as indicated by the last row.

These data demonstrate that the present invention is applicable to natural latex rubber without the need for prevulcanization, and it also shows that the process of the invention produces a product whose tensile properties greatly exceed those of corresponding products prepared by processes of the prior art.

This example demonstrates the application of the process of the invention to a mixture of latices

A mixture was prepared by combining equal parts by weight of Shell IR-307 synthetic polyisoprene latex and NEOPRENE 750 polychloroprene latex. The dicumyl peroxide dispersion described in Example 1 was added to achieve a latex containing 0.7 phr dicumyl peroxide. One condom was produced from this latex, using the method described in Example 2, then immersed in a molten salt bath of the same description as those used in the preceding examples for nine minutes at 350° F. (177° C.), then rinsed and powdered. The condom was opaque and amber in color. Test specimens were prepared taken as in the preceding examples. The results are listed in Table VII.

TABLE VII
Invention Example - Mixed Latices: Tensile Moduli
Tensile Modulus
After Molten Salt
Percent Cure
Elongation (psi)
50 60
100 91
200 139
300 200
400 429
500 1076
600 2254
At Break 2550
(Ultimate
Tensile
Strength)
Ultimate 619%
Elongation

The foregoing is offered primarily for purposes of illustration. It will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that the materials and their proportions, as well as the operating conditions, procedural steps and other parameters of the inventions described herein may be further modified or substituted in various ways without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Schmid, Eric V., McGlothlin, Mark W.

Patent Priority Assignee Title
10214621, Jul 10 2013 TTK Healthcare Limited; TTK HEALTH CARE LIMITED Binary process for manufacture of dipped latex products
7665150, Sep 24 2007 KPR U S , LLC Double-cuffed chemotherapy gloves
8431192, Jul 07 2011 Baker Hughes Incorporated Methods of forming protecting coatings on substrate surfaces
8633268, Jan 04 2008 C R BARD, INC Synthetic polyisoprene foley catheter
8795573, Jun 30 2008 C R BARD, INC Polyurethane/polyisoprene blend catheter
9163156, Jan 17 2012 Honeywell International Inc.; Honeywell International Inc Butyl rubber conversion to dispersion and butyl rubber dipped glove
Patent Priority Assignee Title
1152372,
2173734,
2324735,
2434035,
2686859,
2867849,
2941257,
2975151,
3215649,
3626052,
3751378,
3856561,
3892697,
3919442,
3967014, Oct 12 1973 BIORESEARCH, INC Rubber articles having improved slip coating
4027060, Oct 12 1973 BIORESEARCH, INC Rubber articles having improved slip coatings
4048368, Apr 19 1976 JOHNSTON TEXTILES, INC Laminated substrate for an offset printing blanket
4334043, Sep 12 1979 Luperox GmbH Metallic salt pre-treatment of crosslinkable co-polymers for eliminating tackiness
4808442, Jan 23 1986 Akzo nv Composition suitable for use in polymer cross-linking processes
4981637, Oct 28 1988 JMK INTERNATIONAL, INC Method of forming an improved wiper blade
5021524, Apr 14 1988 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company Initiator for group transfer polymerization
5084514, Nov 14 1990 BANGKOK SYNTHETICS CO , LTD Latex gloves with improved donnability
5228938, Jun 12 1991 The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company; GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY, THE Rubber surface treatment and products derived therefrom
5281570, Jul 22 1991 Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals, Incorporated Thermochromic materials
5310811, Sep 22 1993 The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company Free radical cured rubber employing acrylate or methacrylate esters of hydroxybenzene and hydroxynaphthalene compounds as co-curing agents
5401781, Jan 21 1994 Dow Corning Corporation Process for forming a cured article of consistent shape from an extruded hydrolyzable siloxane composition
5569740, Feb 25 1994 Nitto Denko Corporation; Kao Corporation; Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd. Deproteinized natural rubber latex and its production process
5580942, Nov 04 1993 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, THE, AS REPRESENTED BY THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE Hypoallergenic natural rubber products from parthenum argentatum (gray) and other non-hevea brasiliensis species
5585459, May 13 1993 Kao Corporation; Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd. Process for producing raw rubber
5610212, May 13 1993 Kao Corporation; Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd. Means for mechanically stabilizing deproteinized natural rubber latex
5817365, Apr 22 1991 Production of rubber articles, such as gloves
5872173, Apr 03 1996 Cabot Corporation Synthetic latex compositions and articles produced therefrom
5910533, Aug 04 1997 BANGKOK SYNTHETICS CO , LTD Elastomeric material for rubber articles
6012268, May 10 1995 Veritas Gummiwerke AG Method of producing products from polymer materials having a medicamentous depot effect
6016570, May 11 1998 Medline Industries, Inc Powderfree medical glove
6019922, Sep 30 1998 Ansell Limited Powder-free medical gloves
6021524, Dec 31 1997 AKRON, UNIVERSITY OF, THE Cut resistant polymeric films
6028142, May 21 1996 Hutchinson Cross-linked elastomer capable of thermoplastic transformation, method of manufacture and uses thereof
6031042, Jun 20 1996 NORTH SAFETY PRODUCTS L L C Soft nitrile rubber formulation
6217815, Jun 10 1998 CHURCH & DWIGHT CO , INC Method and apparatus for manufacturing prophylactic devices
6280673, Mar 20 1992 BSN MEDICAL, INC Method for making lubricous gloves
6329444, Oct 14 1998 CITIBANK, N A Dip-molded medical devices from cis-1,4-polyisoprene
6569375, Apr 11 2000 CITIBANK, N A Vulcanization of dip-molded rubber articles with molten media baths
6775848, Apr 11 2000 CITIBANK, N A Vulcanization of dip-molded rubber articles with molten media baths
732360,
20030141633,
20040164456,
DE19746676,
//////////////////
Executed onAssignorAssigneeConveyanceFrameReelDoc
Aug 31 2000MCGLOTHLIN, MARK W Apex Medical Technologies, IncASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS 0468410685 pdf
Aug 31 2000SCHMID, ERIC V Apex Medical Technologies, IncASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS 0468410685 pdf
Feb 17 2004Regent Medical Limited(assignment on the face of the patent)
Aug 18 2005LRC Products LimitedRegent Medical LimitedASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS 0167930376 pdf
Sep 12 2006Regent Medical LimitedApex Medical Technologies, IncASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS 0201960245 pdf
Jun 30 2010Apex Medical Technologies, IncI-Flow CorporationASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS 0249330368 pdf
Jan 24 2011I-Flow CorporationKimberly-Clark Worldwide, IncASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS 0265770329 pdf
Oct 30 2014Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, IncAvent, IncASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS 0347530001 pdf
Feb 27 2015Avent, IncMORGAN STANLEY SENIOR FUNDING, INC SECURITY INTEREST SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS 0353750867 pdf
Apr 30 2018MORGAN STANLEY SENIOR FUNDING, INC Avent, IncRELEASE BY SECURED PARTY SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS 0464760710 pdf
Apr 30 2018Avent, IncO&M HALYARD, INC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS 0463240736 pdf
Apr 30 2018O&M HALYARD, INC BANK OF AMERICA, N A , AS COLLATERAL AGENTNOTICE OF GRANT OF SECURITY INTEREST IN PATENTS0461000646 pdf
Oct 29 2018MORGAN STANLEY SENIOR FUNDING, INC CITIBANK, N A INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY SECURITY INTEREST ASSIGNMENT AGREEMENT0481730137 pdf
Mar 10 2021BANK OF AMERICA, N A OWENS & MINOR DISTRIBUTION, INC RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS 0555830722 pdf
Mar 10 2021BANK OF AMERICA, N A MEDICAL ACTION INDUSTRIES, INC RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS 0555830722 pdf
Mar 10 2021BANK OF AMERICA, N A O&M HALYARD, INC RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS 0555830722 pdf
Jun 24 2022CITIBANK, N A AVANOS MEDICAL SALES, LLCRELEASE BY SECURED PARTY SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS 0605570062 pdf
Jun 24 2022CITIBANK, N A Avent, IncRELEASE BY SECURED PARTY SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS 0605570062 pdf
Date Maintenance Fee Events
Dec 19 2008M1551: Payment of Maintenance Fee, 4th Year, Large Entity.
May 08 2009LTOS: Pat Holder Claims Small Entity Status.
Sep 21 2010STOL: Pat Hldr no Longer Claims Small Ent Stat
Jan 28 2013M1552: Payment of Maintenance Fee, 8th Year, Large Entity.
Dec 28 2016M1553: Payment of Maintenance Fee, 12th Year, Large Entity.


Date Maintenance Schedule
Jul 26 20084 years fee payment window open
Jan 26 20096 months grace period start (w surcharge)
Jul 26 2009patent expiry (for year 4)
Jul 26 20112 years to revive unintentionally abandoned end. (for year 4)
Jul 26 20128 years fee payment window open
Jan 26 20136 months grace period start (w surcharge)
Jul 26 2013patent expiry (for year 8)
Jul 26 20152 years to revive unintentionally abandoned end. (for year 8)
Jul 26 201612 years fee payment window open
Jan 26 20176 months grace period start (w surcharge)
Jul 26 2017patent expiry (for year 12)
Jul 26 20192 years to revive unintentionally abandoned end. (for year 12)