The invention relates to plasticizer-containing polyvinylbutyrals that are characterized by containing as the plasticizer at least one dibenzoate of alkylene and polyalkylene glycols. The invention further relates to a method for producing said compounds, and to their use in molding compounds of all types, especially for producing films that can for example be used as an intermediate layer in laminated safety glasses.
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1. A plasticized polyvinyl butyral, which comprises,
at least one dibenzoate of alkylene glycol, polyalkylene glycol,
in a mixture with
at least one additional plasticizer selected from the group consisting of
diesters of
aliphatic diols
(poly)alkylene glycols or
(poly)alkylene polyols
with aliphatic carboxylic acids, and
diesters of
aliphatic or aromatic (C2–C18) dicarboxylic acids
with aliphatic (C4–C12) alcohols.
2. The polyvinyl butyral as claimed in
3. The polyvinyl butyral as claimed in
4. The polyvinyl butyral as claimed in
5. The polyvinyl butyral as claimed in
6. The polyvinyl butyral as claimed in
7. A process for preparing polyvinyl butyral as claimed in any of
8. A process for preparing a molding composition, comprising the use of polyvinyl butyral as claimed in any of
9. A process for producing a film, comprising the use of polyvinyl butyral as claimed in any of
11. A method of producing laminated safety glass, comprising using a film comprising a polyvinyl butyral as claimed in any one of
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This application is a National Stage application of co-pending PCT application PCT/EP01/15302 filed Dec. 22, 2001, which claims the benefit of DE patent application Ser. No. 10100681.0 filed Jan. 9, 2001. These applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
The present invention relates to plasticized polyvinyl butyrals, to a process for their preparation, and also to their use in any desired molding compositions, in particular for producing films, an example of the use of which is an intermediate layer in laminated safety glass.
The use of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) for producing films for laminated safety glass (LSG) is known. There is also a known need to plasticize the polyvinyl butyral, the glass transition temperature of which is much too high without addition of suitable plasticizers. Specifically and firstly, it is impossible to use the known extrusion methods to process unplasticized PVB to give films, and secondly the required penetration resistance of the films cannot be achieved without addition of plasticizers.
Certain requirements have to be complied with by plasticizers suitable for producing PVB films. Important properties are, inter alia, very good compatibility with PVB, high transparency (colorless, free from haze), a high boiling point, and a low moisture content, and also a high level of hydrophobic properties.
Known plasticizers for PVB are the esters of aliphatic mono- and dicarboxylic acids with mono- or polyhydric alcohols or with oligoalkylene glycol ethers, and also various phthalates, for examples those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,137,954. However, it is preferable to use the diesters of di-, tri- or tetraethylene glycols with aliphatic monocarboxylic acids, or else dialkyl adipates.
Particular preference is given to the use of polyethylene glycol di-2-ethylhexanoate as plasticizer, due to good compatibility with PVB and low price, and its use is disclosed in DE-A-24 53 780 and WO 97/24230, for example. However, triethylene glycol di-2-ethylhexanoate has the disadvantage as plasticizer of having good compatibility only with polyvinyl butyral whose polyvinyl alcohol content (PVA content is below 19.5% by weight.
DE-A-28 20 780 discloses dibenzoates of di- and trialkylene glycols, known from U.S. Pat. No. 2,956,978, for example, as a possible constituent of a specific phosphoric-ester-containing plasticizer mixture for PVB.
It was therefore an object of the present invention to provide plasticizers which can plasticize PVB and have very good compatibility with PVB, and also in particular with relatively hydrophilic polyvinyl butyrals having relatively high polyvinyl alcohol contents. The plasticizers should moreover as far as possible be less expensive than the known plasticizers for PVB.
Surprisingly, it has been found that dibenzoates of alkylene and/or polyalkylene glycols, in particular of di-, tri-, and/or tetraalkylene glycols, achieve the abovementioned object and are markedly better than the compounds normally used for plasticizing PVB in meeting the demands made of them as plasticizers for plasticizing PVB.
The present invention therefore provides plasticized polyvinyl butyrals which comprise, as plasticizer, at least one dibenzoate of alkylene and/or polyalkylene glycols.
Preferred plasticizers are dibenzoates of di-, tri-, or tetraalkylene glycols, and particular preference is given to the dibenzoates of the dialkylene glycols, and here in particular dipropylene glycol dibenzoate.
As a result of their preparation, the dibenzoate plasticizers may also comprise the corresponding monobenzoates. They may moreover also comprise the benzoic esters of the corresponding monoalkylene glycols.
The plasticizers used according to the invention have considerably better compatibility with the polyvinyl butyral. Compared with the prior art, the increased compatibility is seen in minimization of the undesired phenomena of exudation.
This result is surprising, since the plasticizers present in the polyvinyl butyrals of the invention are comparable with the known alkylene glycol diesters known for PVB film production, including triethylene glycol di-2-ethylhexanoate, in their chemical structure and in the ratio of hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecular fractions—known as the HLB value (hydrophilic/lipophilic balance).
The very good compatibility with polyvinyl butyral is moreover not restricted to the narrow range disclosed in WO 97/24230 of PVA content of from 19.5 to 17.0% by weight in the polyvinyl butyral, but also encompasses acetals which are markedly more hydrophilic.
For example, the polyvinyl alcohol contents of the polyvinyl butyrals used as starting materials are preferably from 10 to 25% by weight, particularly preferably from 16 to 23% by weight.
There is absolutely no restriction on the molar mass of polyvinyl butyrals used. However, preference is given to polyvinyl butyrals with a molar mass of at least 50 000 g/mol.
The polyvinyl acetate contents of the polyvinyl butyrals used as starting materials are preferably from 0 to 20% by weight.
The plasticized polyvinyl butyrals of the invention preferably comprise from 5 to 90 parts by weight, particularly preferably from 15 to 85 parts by weight, in particular from 25 to 80 parts by weight, of plasticizer, based on 100 parts by weight of polyvinyl butyral.
The plasticizers present in the plasticized polyvinyl butyrals of the invention also have a marked price advantage over known plasticizers, e.g. triethylene glycol di-2-ethylhexanoate. This advantage results from using benzoic acid in their preparation, this acid being considerably less expensive than relatively long-chain aliphatic carboxylic acids.
Another advantage of the plasticized polyvinyl butyrals of the invention is that the good compatibility of the plasticizers permits the use of higher proportions of plasticizer in the PVB, permitting glass transition temperatures to be set lower.
The plasticized polyvinyl butyrals of the invention may comprise other plasticizers, besides the dibenzoate plasticizers of the invention, which in their turn may be composed of a mixture. Other plasticizers which may be used here are any of the plasticizing compounds known to the skilled worker, in particular esters of mono- or polybasic acids, of mono- or polyhydric alcohols, or of alkylene or polyalkylene glycols.
Examples of preferred other plasticizers are diesters of aliphatic diols, or else of (poly)alkylene glycols or of (poly)alkylene polyols with aliphatic carboxylic acids, preferably diesters of polyalkylene glycols, in particular diesters of di-, tri-, or tetraethylene glycol with aliphatic (C6–C10) carboxylic acids, and also diesters of aliphatic or aromatic (C2–C18) dicarboxylic acids with aliphatic (C4–C12) alcohols, for example phthalates, preferably dihexyl adipate, and also mixtures of the esters mentioned.
The proportion of the additional plasticizers, based on the total amount of plasticizer, is generally in the range from 0 to 99% by weight, preferably in the range from 0 to 80% by weight, and particularly preferably in the range from 0 to 50% by weight.
The plasticized polyvinyl butyrals of the invention may moreover also comprise conventional additives, such as release agents, stabilizers, dyes, and/or pigments.
The present application also provides a process for preparing the plasticized polyvinyl butyrals of the invention, which comprises mixing and homogenzing the at least one dibenzoate plasticizer, and also, where appropriate, additional other plasticizers, and the polyvinyl butyral. This mixing and homogenizing may take place in either one step of a process or in two adjacent steps of a process. The mixture here may, where appropriate, also comprise other additives, e.g. release agents, stabilizers, dyes, and/or pigments.
This mixing and homogenizing may take place in any of the apparatuses known to the skilled worker and suitable for these purposes. Examples of suitable apparatuses are mixers, kneaders, and extruders, where these may also be capable of operation at an elevated temperature and/or at superatmospheric pressure.
The plasticized polyvinyl butyrals of the invention are used for preparing any desired molding composition, but in particular for producing films.
The present application therefore also provides a molding composition comprising the plasticized polyvinyl butyrals of the invention.
However, the present application in particular also provides a film comprising the plasticized polyvinyl butyrals of the invention.
Processes for preparing polyvinyl butyral films are known to the skilled worker. For example, the plasticized polyvinyl butyrals of the invention may be processed directly to give a film by extrusion, for example using a slot die, or by casting. The films of the invention may comprise other conventional additives, e.g. antioxidants, UV stabilizers, dyes, pigments, and also release agents.
Compared with the prior art, the films of the invention minimize undesirable exudation phenomena. Alongside the relatively low price, this property is highly advantageous for the main application sector of the films, the production of laminated safety glass.
The present invention therefore also provides the use of the films of the invention for producing laminated safety glass.
Examples are used below to describe the invention in more detail, but do not in any way restrict the same.
Test Methods:
Tensile Stress at Break
Prior to measurement of tensile stress at break, the films are conditioned for 24 hours at 23° C. and relative humidity of 50%. The tensile stress at break is measured using a machine for testing tensile and compressed strength (manufacturer: Cadis GbR, model: BRP 201) to DIN 53455.
Melt Index (MFR 190)
Prior to measurement of the melt index, the films are conditioned for 24 hours at 23° C. and relative humidity of 50%. The films are measured using a melt index test device (manufacturer: Göttfert, model: MP-D) at 190° C. with a load of 2.16 kg using a 2 mm die to ISO 1133.
Pummel
The test specimens for the pummel test are produced as follows: the films are conditioned at 23° C./50% relative humidity for 24 hours. They are laminated to 2 mm floatglass with F/Sn orientation of film to glass surface. The glass is washed with demineralized water prior to coating. The laminated panes of glass are produced by compressing the composites in a prelamination oven using calender rolls at temperatures of from 40° C. to 100° C. and then compressing the composites in an autoclave at a pressure of 12 bar and at a temperature of 140° C. for 30 minutes.
Test specimens of dimensions 10×30 cm are cut from the resultant laminated safety glass in order to carry out the pummel test. The test specimens are held at −18° C. for 4 hours and then placed on a support tilted at 45°, and impacted with an automatic hammer until the glass has been pulverized. The orientation of the impacts is as shown in
Shear Test
The test specimens for the shear test are produced as follows: the films are conditioned at 23° C./30% relative humidity for 24 hours. They are laminated to 2 mm floatglass with F/Sn orientation of film to glass surface. The glass is washed with demineralized water prior to coating. The laminated panes of glass are produced by compressing the composites in a prelamination oven using calender rolls at temperatures of from 40° C. to 100° C. and then compressing the composites in an autoclave at a pressure of 12 bar and at a temperature if 140° C. for 30 minutes.
10 test specimens of dimensions 25.4×25.4 mm are cut from each resultant laminated safety glass in order to carry out the shear test. Prior to measurement, the test specimens are held at 23° C./50% relative humidity for 4 hours. The test specimens are clamped at an angle of 45° into a specimen holder as in
Polyvinyl Alcohol Content of PVB
PVB is acetylated with an excess of acetic anhydride in pyridine. After the reaction, the excess acetic anhydride is hydrolyzed with water, and the resultant acetic acid is titrated potentiometrically with sodium hydroxide solution. The PVOH content is calculated from the consumption of sodium hydroxide solution.
Polyvinyl Acetate Content of PVB
PVB is dissolved in a benzyl alcohol/ethanol mixture. The acetyl groups are saponified with an excess of alcoholic potassium hydroxide. The excess potassium hydroxide solution is back-titrated with hydrochloric acid. The polyvinyl acetate content is calculated from the consumption of hydrochloric acid.
Haze, Yellowness Index
The test specimens for the optical measurements are produced as follows: the films are laid between 2 plates of 2 mm floatglass (format: 10×30 cm). The glass is washed with demineralized water prior to coating. Panes of laminated safety glass are produced by pressing the composites in a hydraulic press at a pressure of 17 bar and at a temperature of 150° C. for 1 minute.
The optical values for the glass composites are measured by means of a color measurement device (manufacturer: Hunter Associates, model: Lab Scan 5100). The values for the glass are measured prior to production of the composite and subtracted from the value measured for the composite, giving the values measured for the films. The values for the films are standardized to a film thickness of 0.76 mm.
Plasticizer Compatibility
Plasticized PVB films are pressed and polished at 170° C. to a thickness of 0.76 mm in a hydraulic press. The films from the polishing press are used to stamp out test specimens in 1.5 cm×10 cm format, and these are stored in a desiccator at 23° C. over saturated aqueous copper sulfate solution.
Plasticizer compatibility is assessed after 28 days. If there is incompatibility, the plasticizer exudes and forms a liquid film or droplet on the film surface.
Molar Mass Mw
The molar masses of the polyvinyl butyrals used are determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) in glacial acetic acid, using RI detectors. The detectors are calibrated with PVB calibration standards whose absolute values are determined by static light scattering.
Mixing and Extrusion
Polyvinyl butyrals with various residual PVOH contents are mixed with various plasticizers prior to extrusion. The mixing takes place in laboratory mixers (manufacturer: Papenmeier, model TGHKV20/KGU63; Brabender, model 826801). A UV stabilizer, (e.g. Tinuvin® P, manufacturer: Ciba Specialty Chemicals) where appropriate, and also a certain amount of release agent, where appropriate, are dissolved or emulsified in the plasticizer prior to preparation of the mixtures. The PVB/plasticizer mixtures are used to extrude flat films with a thickness of 0.8 mm. The extrusion processes in Examples 1 to 3, 6 and 7, and also in Comparative Examples 1a–e, 2a–e and 3a–e, take place in a single-screw extruder (manufacturer: Haake) equipped with slot die, at a melt temperature of 150° C.
The extrusion processes in Examples 4 and 5 and also in Comparative Examples 4 and 5, take place in a twin-screw extruder with corotating screws (manufacturer: Leistritz) equipped with melt pump and slot die, at a melt temperature of 200° C.
290 g of PVB (polyvinyl alcohol content=22.0% by weight, polyvinyl acetate content=0.2% by weight, Mw=104 300 g/mol) and 210 g of dipropylene glycol dibenzoate (=DPGDB) are used.
As Example 1. Instead of DPGDB, 210 g of triethylene glycol bis-2-ethylbutanoate (=3G6) are used.
As Example 1. Instead of DPGDB, 210 g of triethylene glycol bis-n-heptanoate (=3G7) are used.
As Example 1. Instead of DPGDB, 210 g of triethylene glycol bis-2-ethylhexanoate (=3G8) are used.
As Example 1. Instead of DPGDB, 210 g of tetraethylene glycol bis-n-heptanoate (=4G7) are used.
As Example 1. Instead of DPGDB, 210 g of dihexyl adipate (=DHA) are used.
255 g of PVB (polyvinyl alcohol content=20.6% by weight, polyvinyl acetate content=1.1% by weight, Mw=107 000 g/mol) and 245 g of DPGDB are used.
As Example 2. Instead of DPGDB, 245 g of 3G6 are used.
As Example 2. Instead of DPGDB, 245 g of 3G7 are used.
As Example 2. Instead of DPGDB, 245 g of 3G8 are used.
As Example 2. Instead of DPGDB, 245 g of 4G7 are used.
As Example 2. Instead of DPGDB, 245 g of DHA are used.
240 g of PVB (polyvinyl alcohol content 18.9% by weight, polyvinyl acetate content=1.1% by weight, Mw=108 000 g/mol) and 260 g of DPGDB are used.
As Example 3. Instead of DPGDB, 260 g of 3G6 are used.
As Example 3. Instead of DPGDB, 260 of g 3G7 are used.
As Example 3. Instead of DPGDB, 260 g of 3G8 are used.
As Example 3. Instead of DPGDB, 260 g of 4G7 are used.
As Example 3. Instead of DPGDB, 260 g of DHA are used.
Examples 1 to 3 and also Comparative Examples 1a–e, 2a–e, 3a–e, confirm the excellent compatibility of dipropylene glycol dibenzoate as plasticizer (cf. Tables 1 to 3).
2100 g of PVB (polyvinyl alcohol content=20.6% by weight, polyvinyl acetate content=1.1% by weight, Mw=107 000 g/mol), 900 g of DPGDB, and 4.5 g of Tinuvin® P are used.
2220 g of PVB (polyvinyl alcohol content=20.6% by weight, polyvinyl acetate content=1.1% by weight, Mw=107 000 g/mol), 780 g of 3G7, and 4.5 g of Tinuvin® P are used.
2100 g of PVB (polyvinyl alcohol content=20.6% by weight, polyvinyl acetate content=1.1% by weight, Mw=107 000 g/mol), 780 g of DPGDB, and 4.5 g of Tinuvin® P, and 6 g of a 25% strength aqueous solution of potassium acetate as release agent are used.
2247 g of PVB (polyvinyl alcohol content=20.6% by weight, polyvinyl acetate content=1.1% by weight, Mw=107 000 g/mol), 753 g of DHA, and 4.5 g of Tinuvin® P, and 6 g of a 25% strength aqueous solution of potassium acetate as release agent are used.
TABLE 1
Comparative
Comparative
Comparative
Comparative
Comparative
Example
Example 1
Example 1a
Example 1b
Example 1c
Example 1d
Example 1e
Polyvinyl alcohol
22
22
22
22
22
22
content PVB [%]
Polyvinyl acetate
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
content PVB [%]
Plasticizer type
DPGDB
3G6
3G7
3G8
4G7
DHA
Plasticizer content
42
42
42
42
42
42
[% initial weight]
Plastizer compatibility
Compatible
incompatible
incompatible
incompatible
incompatible
incompatible
TABLE 2
Comparative
Comparative
Comparative
Comparative
Comparative
Example
Example 2
Example 2a
Example 2b
Example 2c
Example 2d
Example 2e
Polyvinyl alcohol
20.6
20.6
20.6
20.6
20.6
20.6
content PVB [%]
Polyvinylacetate
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
content PVB [%]
Plasticizer type
DPGDB
3G6
3G7
3G8
4G7
DHA
Plasticizer content
49
49
49
49
49
49
[% initial weight]
Plastizer compatibility
Compatible
incompatible
incompatible
incompatible
incompatible
incompatible
TABLE 3
Comparative
Comparative
Comparative
Comparative
Comparative
Example
Example 3
Example 3a
Example 3b
Example 3c
Example 3d
Example 3e
Polyvinyl alcohol
18.9
18.9
18.9
18.9
18.9
18.9
content PVB [%]
Polyvinyl acetate
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
content PVB [%]
Plasticizer type
DPGDB
3G6
3G7
3G8
4G7
DHA
Plasticizer content
52
52
52
52
52
52
[% initial weight]
Plastizer compatibility
Compatible
incompatible
incompatible
incompatible
incompatible
incompatible
Examples 4 and 5 and Comparative Examples 4 and 5 confirm that in order to achieve comparable rheological properties of the film (seen from the MFR 190 values) more plasticizer is needed when using DPGDB than when using standard plasticizers. Surprisingly, despite higher plasticizer content when using DPGDB, the result is higher mechanical strengths of the films, and also higher adhesion values than with standard plasticizers (cf. Table 4).
TABLE 4
Com-
Com-
parative
parative
Example
Example 4
Example 4
Example 5
Example 5
Plasticizer type
DPGDB
3G7
DPGDB
DHA
Plasticizer content [%
30
26
30
25.1
initial weight]
Potassium acetate content
0.05
0.05
[%]
Tinuvin P content [%]
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
Longitudinal tensile
31.43
28.28
30.93
28.82
stress at break [N/mm2]
MFR 190 [g/10 min]
2.33
2.28
2.23
2.31
Shear test F/Sn [N/mm2]
28.29
16.94
22.58
13.05
Haze
0.03
0.05
0.09
0.02
Yellowness Index
0.66
0.84
0.98
0.82
350 g of PVB (polyvinyl alcohol content=20.5% by weight, polyvinyl acetate content=1.1% by weight, Mw=104 000 g/mol), 100 g of DHA und 50 g of DPGDB are used.
350 g of PVB (polyvinyl alcohol content=20.5% by weight, polyvinyl acetate content=1.1% by weight, Mw=104 000 g/mol), 100 g of 3G7 und 50 g of DPGDB are used.
Examples 6 and 7 confirm that mixtures of DPGDB with other plasticizers are also suitable for producing PVB films for laminated safety glass (cf. Table 5).
TABLE 5
Example
Example 6
Example 7
Polyvinyl alcohol content PVB [%]
20.5
20.5
Polyvinylacetate content PVB [%]
1.1
1.1
Plasticizer (WM)
Mixture DHA/
Mixture 3G7/
DPGDB
DPGDB
(ratio 2:1)
(ratio 2:1)
Plasticizer content [% initial
30
30
weight]
Plasticizer compatibility
Compatible
compatible
MFR 190 [g/10 min]
3.55
3.1
Pummel F
8
8.5
Haze
0.06
0.07
Yellowness Index
0.3
0.39
Papenfuhs, Bernd, Steuer, Martin
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