A delivery system comprising an endoluminal device, an outer sheath that radially surrounds the endoluminal device, a pusher positioned at one end of the endoluminal device, and a linkage between the pusher and the outer sheath that coordinates movement of the outer sheath in a first direction with simultaneous movement of the pusher in a second direction opposite the first direction. This delivery system is particularly useful for endoluminal devices that foreshorten, and may comprise the outer sheath moving a first distance (d1) and the pusher moving a second distance (d2), where d2/d1 is approximately equal to the foreshortening ratio. The delivery system of this invention enables a foreshortening device, such as a vena cava filter, or stent, graft, or combination thereof, to be deployed with its end in a precise deployment location without foreshortening causing the end to move from the deployment location as the stent expands.
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38. A delivery system for an endoluminal device, the delivery system comprising:
an endoluminal device having a compressed configuration;
an outer sheath that radially surrounds the endoluminal device in the compressed configuration;
a pusher positioned at one end of the endoluminal device;
a linkage in communication with both the pusher and the outer sheath that coordinates movement of the outer sheath in a first direction with simultaneous movement of the pusher in a second direction opposite the first direction; and
an actuatable clutch mechanism coupled to the linkage that reversibly disengages the linkage from the pusher or the outer sheath, or both.
1. A delivery system for an endoluminal device, the delivery system comprising:
an endoluminal device having a compressed configuration;
an outer sheath that radially surrounds the endoluminal device in the compressed configuration;
a pusher positioned at one end of the endoluminal device;
a linkage, comprising a first pinion and a second pinion coaxially coupled to the first pinion, in communication with both the pusher and the outer sheath that coordinates movement of the outer sheath in a first direction with simultaneous movement of the pusher in a second direction opposite the first direction; and
an actuatable clutch mechanism for preventing the simultaneous movement of the outer sheath and the pusher when engaged.
21. A manipulator for a delivery system for an endoluminal device, the delivery system comprising an outer sheath that radially surrounds the endoluminal device in a compressed configuration and a pusher positioned at one end of the endoluminal device, the manipulator comprising a first interface for connecting the manipulator in communication with the outer sheath, a second interface for connecting the manipulator in communication with the pusher, a linkage, comprising a first pinion and a second pinion coaxially coupled to the first pinion, coupled to the first and second interface for coordinating movement of the outer sheath in a first direction with simultaneous movement of the pusher in a second direction opposite the first direction, and comprising an actuatable clutch mechanism for preventing simultaneous movement of the outer sheath and the pusher when engaged.
27. A delivery system adapted to deliver an endoluminal device from a proximal location outside a lumen to a distal location inside the lumen, the delivery system comprising:
the endoluminal device in a compressed configuration, the endoluminal device having a compressed length (LC ), an expanded length (LE), and a foreshortening ratio
greater than 0;
a proximally retractable outer sheath that radially surrounds the endoluminal device;
a distally advanceable pusher positioned at a proximal end of the endoluminal device;
a rack and pinion system in communication with both the pusher and the outer sheath that coordinates retraction of the outer sheath a first distance of retraction (d1) with simultaneous advancement of the pusher a second distance of advancement (d2) of the pusher, the rack and pinion system comprising a first rack attached to the outer sheath, a second rack attached to the pusher, and a pair of coaxial, rotationally-interlocked pinions supported between the first rack and the second rack, the pair of coaxial, rotationally-interlocked pinions comprising a first pinion having a first diameter (D1) adapted to interface with the first rack and a second pinion (D2) having a second, relatively smaller diameter adapted to interface with the second rack, wherein the gear ratio
is approximately equal to the foreshortening ratio; and
an actuatable clutch mechanism for preventing simultaneous movement of the outer sheath and the pusher when engaged.
2. The delivery system of
greater than 0.
3. The delivery system of
4. The delivery system of
is approximately equal to the foreshortening ratio.
6. The delivery system of
7. The delivery system of
8. The delivery system of
9. The delivery system of
10. The delivery system of
12. The delivery system of
13. The delivery system of
14. The stent delivery system of
15. The delivery system of
16. The delivery system of
17. The delivery system of
18. The delivery system of
19. The delivery system of
20. The delivery system of
24. The manipulator of
26. The manipulator of
29. The delivery system of
30. The delivery system of
31. The delivery system of
32. The delivery system of
33. The delivery system of
34. The delivery system of
35. The delivery system of
36. The delivery system of
37. The delivery system of
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This invention relates generally to delivery systems for endoluminal devices, and, more specifically, to delivery systems for endoluminal devices that undergo a decrease in length when being expanded from a radially compressed configuration.
Endoluminal devices comprise the general category of devices, such as stents, grafts, combinations thereof commonly referred to as stent-grafts or endoluminal prostheses, vena cava filters, and the like, that may be implanted in a body lumen. Endoluminal devices may be implanted by so-called “minimally invasive techniques” in which the prosthesis, restrained in a radially compressed configuration by a sheath or catheter, is delivered by a deployment system or “introducer” to the site where it is required. The introducer may enter the body through the patient's skin, or by a “cut down” technique in which the entry lumen, such as a blood vessel, is exposed by minor surgical means. When the introducer has been threaded into the body lumen to the prosthesis deployment location, the introducer is manipulated to cause the endoluminal device to be ejected from the surrounding sheath or catheter in which it is restrained (or alternatively the surrounding sheath or catheter is retracted from the endoluminal device), whereupon the endoluminal device expands to a predetermined diameter at the deployment location, and the introducer is withdrawn.
As referred to herein, “distal” refers to the direction further away from the insertion point and “proximal” refers to the direction closer to the insertion point. Endoluminal devices, such as stents and vena cava filters, may expand by spring elasticity, balloon expansion, or by the self-expansion of a thermally or stress-induced return of a memory material to a pre-conditioned expanded configuration.
Various types of endoluminal device architectures, are known in the art, including many designs comprising a filament or number of filaments, such as a wire or wires, wound or braided into a particular configuration. Included among these configurations are braided stents, such as is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,655,771 to Hans I. Wallsten and incorporated herein by reference; the '771 Wallsten patent is only one example of many variations of braided architecture known in the art and thus is not intended as a limitation of the invention described herein later. Braided endoluminal devices tend to be very flexible, having the ability to be placed in tortuous anatomy and still maintain patency. The flexibility of braided stents make them particularly well-suited for treating aneurysms in the aorta, where often the lumen of the vessel becomes contorted and irregular both before and after placement of the stent.
Many braided endoluminal devices experience “foreshortening” when deployed in a body lumen. Referring now to
can be used as a measure of the relative change in length. Braided endoluminal devices typically have a relatively large foreshortening ratio as compared to non-braided endoluminal devices. The foreshortening ratio is a function of compressed diameter, deployed diameter, and the braid angle. If these variables are known, the endoluminal device has a predictable foreshortening ratio.
Foreshortening may affect the deployment accuracy of endoluminal devices. Describing delivery system 20 now in more detail, the delivery system comprises a handle 22, a tip 24, an inner member 26 attached to the tip and the handle, a pusher 27 positioned proximally of stent 10, and an outer sheath 28 slidable relative to the inner member and pusher. Inner member 26 may have one or more protrusions 25 thereon for engaging the stent during deployment, such as are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,607,551 to Sullivan et al., incorporated herein by reference. Stent 10 may be a braided stent having a wound end 11, such as is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,585,758 to Chouinard et al. and incorporated herein by reference. Delivery system 20 is maneuvered into the body lumen (not shown) so that the distal end 12 of stent 10 is aligned with a desired deployment location 29 in the lumen, as shown in
To deploy the stent, outer sheath 28 is retracted in the direction of arrow A as shown in
It is therefore desirable to minimize the impact of foreshortening of braided endoluminal devices during deployment so that such endoluminal devices can be more accurately deployed.
One aspect of the invention comprises a delivery system for an endoluminal device, such as a vena cava filter, or stent, graft, or combination thereof. The delivery system comprises an endoluminal device having a compressed configuration, an outer sheath that radially surrounds the endoluminal device in its compressed configuration, a pusher positioned at one end of the endoluminal device, and a linkage between the pusher and the outer sheath that coordinates movement of the outer sheath in a first direction with simultaneous movement of the pusher in a second direction opposite the first direction. This delivery system is particularly useful for endoluminal devices having a compressed length (LC), an expanded length (LE), and a foreshortening ratio
greater than 0. In such an embodiment, the linkage preferably coordinates a first distance of proximal retraction (d1) of the outer sheath with a second distance (d2) of distal advancement of the pusher, so that the second distance divided by the first distance
is approximately equal to the foreshortening ratio. The linkage may provide mechanical advantage that enables a user to manipulate the linkage using less force than is required to simultaneously move the outer sheath in the first direction and the pusher in the second direction.
In one aspect of the invention, the linkage may comprise a rack and pinion system. The rack and pinion system comprises a first rack in communication with the outer sheath, a second rack in linear communication with the pusher, and a pair of rotationally-interlocked pinions supported between the first rack and the second rack. The pair of rotationally-interlocked pinions comprise a first pinion having a first diameter adapted to interface with the first rack and a second pinion having a second, relatively smaller diameter adapted to interface with the second rack. A member, such as a dial with a larger diameter than the first pinion, may be rotationally interlocked to the pinions for rotating the pinions to cause the outer sheath and the pusher to simultaneously move. The system may comprise a casing disposed about the linkage, and a bearing in the casing for supporting a shaft on which the pinions are mounted.
In another aspect of the invention, the linkage comprises a screw shaft having a first threaded flight having a first pitch and a second threaded flight having a second pitch. A first traveler is engaged by the first threaded flight and in linear communication with the outer sheath. A second traveler is engaged by the second threaded flight and in linear communication with the pusher. The linkage further comprises means for turning the screw shaft. Where the first threaded flight has a first pitch (P1) corresponding to a number of turns per unit length and a second threaded flight having a second corresponding pitch (P2), the ratio of the first pitch to the second pitch (P1/P2) is approximately equal to the foreshortening ratio.
In some embodiments of the invention, the delivery system may further comprise a clutch mechanism for preventing simultaneous movement of the outer sheath and the pusher when engaged, including, optionally, indicia for indicating to a user of the delivery system when to engage or disengage the clutch mechanism. Other embodiments may comprise a lag mechanism for preventing simultaneous movement of the outer sheath and the pusher over a predetermined travel distance of the outer sheath.
Another aspect of the invention comprises a manipulator for a delivery system comprising an outer sheath that radially surrounds a compressed endoluminal device and a pusher positioned at one end of the endoluminal device. The manipulator comprises a first interface for connecting the manipulator in communication with the outer sheath, a second interface for connecting the manipulator in communication with the pusher, a linkage coupled to the first and second interface for coordinating movement of the outer sheath in a first direction with simultaneous movement of the pusher in a second direction opposite the first direction, and means for actuating the linkage. The manipulator may be detachable from the delivery system and reusable, in which case the manipulator comprises a material of construction, such as but not limited to stainless steel, adapted to withstand prolonged exposure to high temperatures effective to sterilize the manipulator without being damaged.
Still another aspect of the invention comprises a method for endoluminal deployment of an endoluminal device. The method comprises first introducing a delivery system from a first location outside a lumen to a second location inside the lumen. The delivery system comprises an endoluminal device in a compressed configuration, an outer sheath that radially surrounds the endoluminal device in the compressed configuration, a pusher positioned at a first end of the endoluminal device, and a linkage in communication with the pusher and the outer sheath for coordinating simultaneous movement of the outer sheath and the pusher. The second location is a location at which a second end of the endoluminal device is axially aligned with a desired target location on the lumen. The method next comprises deploying the endoluminal device so that the second end is implanted in the desired target location. This is effected by manipulating the linkage to move the outer sheath in a first direction while simultaneously moving the pusher in a second direction opposite the first direction.
Where the first location outside the lumen is a proximal location, the second location is a distal location, the first direction is a proximal direction and the second direction is a distal direction, the step of deploying the endoluminal device may comprise proximally retracting a handle in communication with the outer sheath or distally advancing a slide in communication with the pusher. Where the linkage comprises a rack and pinion system, the step of deploying the endoluminal device may comprise manipulating a member that is rotationally interlocked with the pinion. Where the stent delivery system comprises a first component comprising the outer sheath and the pusher and a second, detachable component comprising the linkage, the method may comprise attaching the first component to the second component before introducing the delivery system into the lumen. Similarly, the method may comprise the steps of detaching the second component from the first component after deployment of the endoluminal device and then sterilizing the second component so that it can be reused.
In an embodiment wherein the endoluminal device has a foreshortening ratio greater than zero in the first portion and the foreshortening ratio equal to zero in a second portion and the system further comprises a clutch mechanism for preventing simultaneous movement of the outer sheath and the pusher when engaged, the method comprises deploying the first portion of the endoluminal device with the clutch engaged so that there is not simultaneous movement of the outer sheath and the pusher, and deploying the second portion of the endoluminal device with the clutch released so that there is simultaneous movement of the outer sheath and the pusher. In an embodiment wherein the endoluminal device has a foreshortening ratio greater than zero in a first portion and a foreshortening ratio equal to zero in a second portion and the system comprises a lag mechanism for preventing simultaneous movement of the outer sheath and the pusher over a predetermined travel distance of the outer sheath, the method comprises deploying the first portion of the endoluminal device without simultaneous movement of the outer sheath and the pusher and deploying the second portion of the endoluminal device with simultaneous movement of the outer sheath and the pusher.
It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary, but are not restrictive, of the invention.
The invention is best understood from the following detailed description when read in connection with the accompanying drawing. It is emphasized that, according to common practice, the various features of the drawing are not to scale. On the contrary, the dimensions of the various features are arbitrarily expanded or reduced for clarity. Included in the drawing are the following figures:
The invention will next be illustrated with reference to the figures wherein similar numbers indicate the same elements in all figures. Such figures are intended to be illustrative rather than limiting and are included herewith to facilitate the explanation of the apparatus of the present invention.
Referring now to
As shown in
The term “linkage” is used herein to denote any mechanism that links together the motion of outer sheath 28 and pusher 27. Thus, although a rack and pinion system is shown herein, other types of linkages may be provided within the scope of this invention, including but not limited to those discussed specifically herein below.
By “in linear communication with” it is meant that the each rack 34 and 36 moves linearly in concert with the sheath 28 or the pusher 27, respectively, such that movement of the respective rack in one linear direction will move the sheath or pusher in the same linear direction. Although rack 34 is shown with a direct connection to sheath 28 at interface 40 and rack 36 is shown with a direct connection to pusher 27 at interface 42 in
By “rotationally interlocked” it is meant that pinions 38 and 39 are connected in such a way that they rotate the same degree of revolution in the same direction simultaneously. For example, as shown in
The simultaneous retraction of outer sheath 28 and advancement of pusher 27 may be accomplished by any of a number of methods and structures, some examples of which are shown in
Accordingly, a dial or crank may be rotationally interlocked to the pinions as shown in
Referring now to
For any type of linkage used in the present invention, a preferred embodiment is for the linkage to coordinate a first distance (d1) of proximal retraction of the outer sheath to a second distance (d2) of distal advancement of the pusher. As shown in
is equal to the foreshortening ratio.
For the rack and pinion system shown in
The linkages of the present invention may comprise a separable component from the component comprising the outer sheath and pusher, or an inseparable component. As such, the linkage component may be described as a “manipulator” for a delivery system because it is used to manipulate the delivery system during deployment. The manipulator may comprise other components in addition to the linkage, but at a minimum, referring to the embodiment shown in
Where the manipulator is detachable from the rest of the delivery system, it may also be reusable. In such embodiments, it is desirable for the manipulator to comprise a material of construction adapted to withstand exposure to a predetermined temperature for a endoluminal device, however, a toothless portion of the rack may be most advantageous. The toothless portion 602 may be at the proximal end of the rack, a distal end of the rack, or in the middle of the rack, and the rack may have more than one toothless portion. The structural features of the lag system are preferably tailored to match the features of the endoluminal device to be deployed.
One advantage of a lag system over a clutch system, is that the rack can be designed so that the practitioner merely pulls proximally on rack 634, without having to be concerned about timing the engagement and release of the clutch. For clutch systems, however, the rack may be provided with indicia visible to the practitioner at the proximal end to indicate when to pull in the clutch and when to release. For example, in the clutch system, as rack 34 is retracted, a portion proximally protruding from the proximal end of the casing may comprise one color to indicate engaging the clutch and another color to indicate releasing the clutch. Thus, as the rack is retracted, the color of the rack emerging from the casing may indicate to the practitioner whether to engage or release the clutch. Similarly, dial 48 as shown in
Although illustrated and described herein with reference to certain specific embodiments, the present invention is nevertheless not intended to be limited to the details shown. Rather, various modifications may be made in the details within the scope and range of equivalents of the claims and without departing from the spirit of the invention. predetermined amount of time effective to sterilize the manipulator without the manipulator being damaged. For example, hospitals may heat items to be sterilized in an autoclave set to an effective temperature for an effective amount of time known to sterilize the items. The combination of time and temperature is well-known in the art, as are materials of construction suitable for items that undergo such sterilization procedures. Stainless steel is a typical material used, but the invention is not limited to any particular material, and therefore any suitable material known in the art may be used.
Manipulators not intended for reuse may comprise materials less expensive than stainless steel, as are known in the art, including materials such as plastics that can readily be incinerated in hospital incinerators. Although non-reusable manipulators may still be detachable if desired, for example for shipping or packaging considerations, manipulators that are integral to the rest of the stent delivery system may offer an advantageous reduction in assembly time and correspondingly reduced potential for assembly errors or failures at the interfaces.
The delivery system of the present invention lends provides a unique method for delivery of an endoluminal device. The method comprises the steps of first introducing the delivery system into a body lumen and aligning the first end of the endoluminal device to be deployed, which in
Although the method may be useful for the implantation of any endoluminal device, the method is particularly useful for an endoluminal device having a foreshortening ratio greater than 0. In such case, the method implants end 12 of the endoluminal device precisely at the desired target location 29, unlike methods of the prior art where the foreshortening of the endoluminal device causes the distal end to be implanted proximally of the desired target location. As discussed herein, the preferred method coordinating a first distance of proximal retraction (d1) of outer sheath 28 with a second distance (d2) of distal advancement of pusher 27 wherein the second distance divided by the first distance
is approximately equal to the foreshortening ratio of the endoluminal device. It should be appreciated that although the illustrations and accompanying text herein refer to a stent, the introducer of the present invention may be used for deploying any type of endoluminal device, including but not limited to stents, grafts, prostheses, vena cava filters, and the like.
Where the component comprising the linkage is detachable from at least the outer sheath and the pusher, the method further comprises attaching the first component to the sheath and pusher component prior to introducing the stent delivery system into the lumen. Wherein the linkage component is reusable, the method further comprises the steps of detaching the second component from the first component after deployment of the stent and then sterilizing the linkage component.
Some stent or filter embodiments may comprise a combination of foreshortening and non-foreshortening sections. Thus, for example, deployment of one longitudinal section of the stent may benefit from the linkage between pusher and outer sheath as discussed above, whereas deployment of an adjacent longitudinal section may not benefit from such a linkage, and may actually suffer from use of such system. Thus, for this and other reasons, it may be desirable to provide a clutch mechanism that prevents engagement of the linkage when actuated. In other cases, the system may have structure features tailored to prevent advancement of the pusher simultaneously with retraction of the outer sheath at certain points during deployment. Exemplary such systems are described below, but the invention is not limited to any particular embodiment of these functionalities.
Referring now to
Casing 502 is also shown with support brackets 512 for slidably supporting the racks. By “slidably supporting” it is meant that the brackets do not interfere with the distal and proximal sliding of the racks. It should be understood that even embodiments without a clutch mechanism may have a casing that supports the pinion shaft and that has brackets to support the travel of the racks. Such a casing may be a complete enclosure as shown in
Weldon, James, Yampolsky, Ilya
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