The invention concerns a cationic catalyst system comprising an initiator (I), a catalyst (K) and a cocatalyst (CoK). The cocatalyst (CoK) is an agent releasing the active polymerizing center of its counter anion generated by the reaction between the catalyst (K) and the initiator (I). Said cocatalyst is characterized by the existence of a double bond electron-depleted by an electroattractive group. It is selected, for example, from the group consisting of the following complexing agents including o-chloranyl (3,4,5,6-tetrachloro-1,2-benzoquinone), p-chloranyl (2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone), nitrobenzene, trinitrobenzene, or tetracyanoethylene.

Patent
   7105615
Priority
Nov 05 2002
Filed
Nov 03 2003
Issued
Sep 12 2006
Expiry
Nov 03 2023
Assg.orig
Entity
Large
0
5
EXPIRED
1. A cationic catalysis system comprising an initiator (I), a catalyst (K) and a cocatalyst (CoK), wherein the cocatalyst (CoK) is an agent which releases the polymerization active center from its counterion generated by the reaction between the catalyst (K) and the initiator (I).
9. A process for the cationic polymerization of C3 to C10 monomers involving a catalytic system comprising an initiator (I), a catalyst (K) and a cocatalyst (CoK), wherein the cocatalyst (CoK) is an agent which releases the polymerization active center from its counterion generated by the reaction between the catalyst (K) and the initiator (I).
2. The catalytic system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the
cocatalyst (CoK) is a molecule having at least one double bond depleted in electrons by an electron-withdrawing group.
3. The catalytic system as claimed in claim 2, wherein the cocatalyst (CoK) is selected from the group of complexing agents consisting of o-chloranil (3,4,5,6-tetrachioro-1,2-benzoquinone), p-chloranil (2,3,5 6-tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone), nitrobenzene, trinitrobenzene, tetracyanoethylene, difluoronitrobenzene, pentafluorobenzene, hexafluorobenzene and octafluorotoluene.
4. The catalytic system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the catalyst (K) comprises an element (M) selected from the group consisting of Groups IB, IIB and A, IIIB and IIIA, IVB and IVA, VB and VA, and VIIIB of the Periodic Table of the Elements.
5. The catalytic system as claimed in claim 4, wherein the element (M) is selected from the group consisting of the chemical elements B, Ti, Sn, Al, Hf Zn, Be, Sb, Ga, In, Zr, V, As and Bi.
6. The catalytic system as claimed in claim 4, wherein the catalyst (K) is a Lewis acid of general formula RnMX3−nfor M an element belonging to Group IIIA, of general formula MX4 for M an element belonging to Groups VA, IVA and IVB, and of general formula MX5 for M an element belonging to Group VB, with:
R a monovalent radical taken from the group consisting of trifluoromethylsulfonate, hydrocarbon groups with 1 to 12 carbon atoms of alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkylaryl or cycloalkyl type, and alkoxys;
X a halogen atom taken from the group F, Cl, Br and I;
n an integer from 0 to 3.
7. The catalytic system as claimed in claim 4, wherein the catalyst is selected from the group consisting of TiCl4, ZrCl4, SnCl4, VCl4, SbF5, AlCl3, AlBr3, BF3, BCl3, FeCl3, EtAlCl2, Et1.5AlCl1.5, Et2AlCl, AlMe3 and AlEt3.
8. The catalytic system as claimed in claim 4, wherein the initiator (I) can be a monofunctional molecule (I1), a difunctional molecule (I2), a molecule substituted by one or more halogen atoms (I3) or a Brøsted acid (I4).
10. The process as claimed in claim 9, wherein the monomers are selected from the group consisting of dimethylketene, isobutylene, but-1-ene, 4-methylpent-1 ene, oct-1-ene, 2-methylbut-1-ene, 3-methylbut-1-ene, 2-methylbut-2-ene, styrene, styrenes substituted by alkyl radicals, α-methylstyrene, p-methylstyrene, halosubstituted styrenes, p-chlorostyrene, propylene, isopentene, vinyl monomers, vinyl ethers, diolefins or cyclodiolefins with conjugated dienes, 1,3-butadiene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, hexadiene, myrcene, 6, 6-dimethylfulvene, piperylene, isoprene, cyclopentadiene, cyclohexadiene, vinylnorbornene, and β-pinene.

This application claims benefit, under U.S.C. §119 or §365 of French Application Number 02/13828, filed Nov. 5, 2002; and PCT/FR2003/003266 filed Nov. 3, 2003.

A subject matter of the invention is a process for the synthesis of a polymer, polydimethylketene (abbreviated to PDMK in the continuation of the text), from dimethylketene (abbreviated to DMK in the continuation of the text) as comonomer. The synthesis of this polymer is carried out by a cationic catalytic polymerization process involving an initiator, a catalyst and a cocatalyst. Another subject matter of the invention is a polymer obtained by said process.

The presence of two adjacent carbon-carbon and carbon-oxygen double bonds confers a very high reactivity on dimethylketene. It is advantageous to selectively direct the opening of one or other of the double bonds in order to promote uniform polymerization of the monomer units (A), resulting in polymers with β-ketone structures (PolyA), or uniform polymerization of the monomer units (B), resulting in polymers with structures of vinyl polyacetal type (PolyB), indeed even in the alternating addition of the (A) and (B) units, resulting in a vinyl polyester (PolyAB).

##STR00001##

The first polymerization of DMK was described by H. Staudinger in 1925. He carried out the polymerization at a temperature of −80° C. to 0° C. in the presence of trimethylamine as catalyst. The product obtained was described as an amorphous and noncrystallizable cyclic trimeric compound comprising 3 units of monomer (A) and 2 units of monomer (B).

Patent GB-893 308 discloses the synthesis of a crystalline polymer resulting from the polymerization of (A) and (B) units at a temperature of between −80° C. and −20° C. with aluminum-based catalysts (AlCl2(C2H5), AlCl(C2H5)2, Al(C6H5)Cl2, Al(OC3H7)Br2, AlBr3, AlCl8.O(C2H5)2 or AlEt3), a beryllium-based catalyst (Be(C2H5)2) or a zinc-based catalyst (Zn(C4H9)2).

Patent GB-987 370 relates to an improvement to the preceding patent. It provides a process for the synthesis of PDMK comprising more than 93% by weight of β-ketone unit by carrying out the synthesis in a solvent having a high dielectric constant and in the presence of AlBr3 or of AlCl2Et. The solvents used are nitrobenzene, toluene, dichloromethane, 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane and 1,1-dichloroethylene.

The state of the art in the field of the cationic polymerization of dimethylketene (DMK) does not report the use, on the one hand, of an initiator (I) or of a cocatalyst (CoK). The catalyst generally employed is a Lewis acid suspended alone in a solvent or a solvent mixture. In a few cases, the Lewis acid is dissolved in a polar solvent or a mixture of solvents, at least one of which is polar.

However, while these processes using only a Lewis acid as catalyst make it possible to obtain a β-ketone polymer with a high selectivity, the synthetic yields are too low to envisage an industrial operation (yield <65%). This is because, in such systems, two forms of initiation are superimposed:

The Applicant Company has now found that, depending on the operating conditions for the polymerization of DMK, it is possible to selectively direct the polymerization toward the formation of a polymer of β-ketone structure with very good yields, >65%, and in the presence of conventional inexpensive solvents which do not exhibit the degrees of dangerousness of the solvents mentioned above. Furthermore, for better effectiveness and better reproducibility, the Applicant Company has adopted a position in cationic catalysis requiring a catalyst which is soluble in the solvent used. It has also disposed of the problems of formation of peroxides, in order to make possible safe production of PDMK, and problems of transfer reactions which interfere with the results and bring about the formation of chains of low molecular mass. These various parameters make possible large-scale synthesis of PDMK.

A subject matter of the invention is a cationic catalysis system comprising an initiator (I), a catalyst (K) and a cocatalyst (CoK).

According to one embodiment, the catalytic system is characterized in that the cocatalyst (CoK) is an agent which releases the polymerization active center from its counteranion generated by the reaction between the catalyst (K) and the initiator (I).

According to one embodiment, the catalytic system is characterized in that the cocatalyst (CoK) is a molecule having at least one double bond depleted in electrons by an electron-withdrawing group. Mention may be made, for example, of the following molecules: o-chloranil (3,4,5,6-tetrachloro-1,2-benzoquinone), p-chloranil (2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone), nitrobenzene, trinitrobenzene, difluoronitrobenzene, tetracyanoethylene, pentafluorobenzene, hexafluorobenzene or octafluorotoluene.

According to one embodiment, the catalytic system is characterized in that the catalyst (K) comprises an element (M) belonging to Groups IB, IIB and A, IIIB and IIIA, IVB and IVA, VB and VA, and VIIIB of the Periodic Table of the Elements.

According to one embodiment, the catalytic system is characterized in that the element (M) is taken from the group consisting of the chemical elements B, Ti, Sn, Al, Hf, Zn, Be, Sb, Ga, In, Zr, V, As and Bi.

According to one embodiment, the catalytic system is characterized in that the catalyst (K) is a Lewis acid of general formula RnMX3−n for M an element belonging to Group IIIA, of general formula MX4 for M an element belonging to Groups VA, IVA and IVB, and of general formula MX5 for M an element belonging to Group VB, with:

According to one embodiment, the catalytic system is characterized in that the catalyst is taken from the group consisting of TiCl4, ZrCl4, SnCl4, VCl4, SbF5, AlCl3, AlBr3, BF3, BCl3, FeCl3, EtAlCl2, Et1.5AlCl1.5, Et2AlCl, AlMe3 and AlEt3.

According to one embodiment, the catalytic system is characterized in that the initiator (I) can be a monofunctional molecule (I1), a difunctional molecule (I2), a molecule substituted by one or more halogen atoms (I3) or a Brønsted acid (I4).

Another subject matter of the invention is a process for the catalytic polymerization of C3 to C10 monomers involving a catalytic system as described above.

According to one embodiment, the process is characterized in that the monomers are taken from the group consisting of dimethylketene, isobutylene, but-1-ene, 4-methylpent-1-ene, oct-1-ene, 2-methylbut-1-ene, 3-methylbut-1-ene, 2-methylbut-2-ene, styrene, styrenes substituted by alkyl radicals, such as α-methylstyrene or p-methylstyrene, halosubstituted styrenes, such as p-chlorostyrene, propylene, isopentene, vinyl monomers in general and vinyl ethers in particular, diolefins or cyclodiolefins with conjugated dienes, such as 1,3-butadiene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, hexadiene, myrcene, 6,6-dimethylfulvene, piperylene, isoprene, cyclopentadiene, cyclohexadiene or vinylnorbornene, and β-pinene.

In addition, the invention relates to the polymer capable of being obtained by the process described above and also relates to the use of the catalytic system defined above.

The advantages of the invention are as follows:

FIG. 1 represents the phase of initiation of the cationic polymerization with AlBr3 as catalyst (K), tert-butyl chloride as initiator (I) and o-chloranil as cocatalyst (CoK).

The invention will now be described in more detail.

The cationic catalysis system according to the invention involves an initiator (I), a catalyst (K) and a cocatalyst (CoK).

Our cationic catalysis system is not limited to the polymerization of DMK. Other monomers can also be polymerized with this system, such as isobutylene, but-1-ene, 4-methylpent-1-ene, oct-1-ene, 2-methylbut-1-ene, 3-methylbut-1-ene, 2-methylbut-2-ene, styrene, styrenes substituted by alkyl radicals, such as α-methylstyrene or p-methylstyrene, halosubstituted styrenes, such as p-chlorostyrene, propylene, isopentene, vinyl monomers in general and vinyl ethers in particular, diolefins or cyclodiolefins with conjugated dienes, such as 1,3-butadiene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, hexadiene, myrcene, 6,6-dimethylfulvene, piperylene, isoprene, cyclopentadiene, cyclohexadiene or vinylnorbornene, and β-pinene.

The solvent in which the polymerization takes place also has an important role. It must not only promote the separation of the charges but must also solvate the growing chains, in order to slow down precipitation, while not interfering with the approach of the monomer by the formation of a solvent cage. While polar solvents promote the dissociation of the ion pairs by their high dielectric constant and thus increase the proportion of free reactive ions, they also preferentially solvate the active centers and thus limit the conversions by interfering with the approach of the monomer. Generally, it is not necessary for there to be obstacles to the solvation of the active centers by the DMK. In a nonpolar or moderately polar solvent, the DMK will preferentially solvate the growing chains but the transfer reactions will be promoted by the solvent; the use of a complexing agent then makes it possible to limit these reactions in order to obtain high molar masses.

The polymerization can thus take place in a solvent of saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or alicyclic and substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon type. The reaction can also take place in a mixture of solvents of this type. Mention may be made, as examples, of hydrocarbons, such as hexanes, heptanes, toluene, methylcyclohexane, ethylcyclohexane or propylcyclohexane, alkyl chlorides (primary and secondary halogenated alkyl), such as methylene chloride, ethyl chloride, propyl chloride, butyl chloride, pentyl chloride or hexyl chloride, chlorobenzene, dichloromethane, chloroform and the same compounds with one or more atoms (according to the circumstances) of bromine instead of the atom or atoms of chlorine, or nonaromatic nitrated hydrocarbons, such as nitromethane, nitroethane and nitropropane. However, nontoxic and nonpolluting solvents will generally be preferred.

As regards the initiator (I), it is chosen from conventional initiators forming part of Friedel-Crafts systems for the cationic polymerization of olefins. It can be:

##STR00002##

##STR00003##

##STR00004##

Mention may be made, as examples of initiators (I), of cumyl esters of hydrocarbon acids, such as 2-acetyloxy-2-phenylpropane, alkyl cumyl ethers, such as 2-methoxy-2-phenylpropane or 1,4-di(2-methoxy-2-propyl)benzene, cumyl halides, particularly the chlorinated derivatives, such as 2-chloro-2-phenylpropane, (1-chloro-1-methylethyl)benzene, 1,4-di(2-chloro-2-propyl)benzene or 1,3,5-tri(2-chloro-2-propyl)benzene, aliphatic halides, particularly chlorinated derivatives, such as 2-chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane (TMPCl), 2-bromo-2,4,4-trimethylpentane (TMPBr) or 2,6-dichloro-2,4,4,6-tetramethylheptane, hydroxyaliphatics or hydroxycumyls, such as 1,4-di(2-hydroxy-2-propyl)benzene or 2,6-dihydroxy-2,4,4,6-tetramethylheptane, 1-chloroadamantane, 1-chlorobornane, 5-(tert-butyl)-1,3-di(1-chloro-1-methylethyl)benzene and other similar compounds.

As regards the catalyst (K), this is a Lewis acid, preferably a strong Lewis acid (such as, for example: AlCl3, AlBr3, EtAlCl2, BF3, BCl3, SbF5 or SiCl4), in order to favor the ketone structure, of general chemical formula RnMX3−n, MX4 or MXy depending on the nature of the element M, with:

Mention may be made, as examples, of TiCl4, ZrCl4, SnCl4, VCl4, SbF5, AlCl3, AlBr3, BF3, BCl3, FeCl3, EtAlCl2 (abbreviation EADC), Et1.5AlCl1.5 (abbreviation EASC) and Et2AlCl (abbreviation DEAC), AlMe3 and AlEt3. The Lewis acids can also be supported on clays, zeolites, silica or silica/alumina, this making possible the recovery of the supported catalyst at the end of the reaction and thus the recycling thereof.

The Lewis acids which are particularly preferred for our cationic polymerization system are AlCl3, AlBr3, EADC, EASC, DEAC, BF3 and TiCl4.

As regards the cocatalyst (CoK), this is an agent which releases the polymerization active center from the counteranion generated by the reaction between the catalyst (K) and the initiator (I). The polymerization active center is thus rendered more accessible by virtue of the action of the CoK. The cocatalyst is in particular a complexing agent which serves to complex the counteranion generated by the reaction between the catalyst and the initiator, having the effect of releasing the polymerization active center. Mention may be made, as examples, of o-chloranil (3,4,5,6-tetrachloro-1,2-benzoquinone), p-chloranil (2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone), nitrobenzene, trinitrobenzene or tetracyanoethylene.

It would not be departing from the invention if use were made of a transfer agent and/or a chain-length limiting agent well known to a person skilled in the art in the field of cationic catalysis, in addition to the protagonists of the catalysis which are mentioned above.

In order to carry out the polymerization of DMK to polydimethylketene (PDMK), the polymerization reactor is cooled to the polymerization temperature shown in the following Table 1. The gaseous DMK is purified (by absorption/desorption) with a neutral washing solvent, such as, for example, an n-alkane or an aromatic compound, and is subsequently absorbed into the polymerization solvent. The mixture of K, I and CoK is subsequently either prepared in situ in the polymerization solvent before or after the absorption of the DMK into the polymerization solvent or is prepared in ex situ solution and is then added to the polymerization reactor before or after the absorption of the DMK into the polymerization solvent. It is important to take care that the temperature of the reaction does not increase during the reaction as any increase in temperature promotes the formation of the ester functional group at the expense of the formation of the ketone functional group. The ideal temperature range for obtaining good chemoselectivity (formation of monomer (A) and thus of ketone functional group) is −30 to −50° C. Nevertheless, the polymerization can also be carried out at ambient temperature with very good results but, in this case, it is preferable to reduce the concentration of monomer. The polymerization reaction according to the invention makes it possible to obtain a chemoselectivity ≧95 mol %.

At the end of the reaction, the unreacted DMK is neutralized with ethanol and then the contents of the reactor are filtered. The PDMK is recovered, washed and then dried at 100° C. under vacuum for 1 hour. The polymer is white and predominantly possesses a β-ketone structure (measurements carried out by FTIR). The cationic catalysis polymerization process according to the invention can be carried out continuously, with reuse of the solvent and of the unreacted monomer.

The following results (see table 1) are obtained according to the operating conditions shown. Examples 1, 2, 3 and 4 were carried out according to the invention, in contrast to comparative examples 1 and 2.

It is found that the amounts of catalysts are high for Comp. 1 and 2:17 and 100 times more moles of DMK than of K are necessary for Comp. 1 and 2 respectively, whereas 1687 and 210 times more moles of DMK than of K are necessary for Ex. 1 and 2 respectively. Furthermore, the polymerization times are longer (180 min for Comp. 2, 120 min for Ex. 1 and 2 and 60 min for Ex. 4).

The process according to the invention makes it possible to have better effectiveness of the catalyst and makes it possible to synthesize markedly larger amounts of PDMK, in contrast to the operating conditions of Comp. 1 and 2.

As regards Ex. 3, the weight-average molar mass (Mw) is 300 000 g/mol and the number-average molar mass (Mn) is 125 000 g/mol, as polystyrene equivalent, giving a polydispersity index (PI=Mw/Mn) of 2.4. The polymerization according to the invention thus makes it possible to obtain greater homogeneity in the length of the chains, in contrast to the polymerization according to the prior art.

As regards Comp. 2, Mw=525 000 g/mol and Mn=57 000 g/mol, as polystyrene equivalent, giving PI=9.4.

As regards the selectivity of the polymerization, the proportion of the ester and ketone units in the polymer is measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (abbreviation FTIR). The proportions of the two units are evaluated by the ratio of the Optical Density of the band at 1740 cm−1 (band characteristic of the ester functional groups), abbreviation OD1, to the Optical Density of the band at 1388 cm−1 (band characteristic of the ketone functional groups), abbreviation OD2. This measurement makes it possible to compare the batches with one another but is not a direct measurement of the proportion of each unit. By way of indication, an ester unit is not detected in the spectrum obtained by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance in a PDMK with an ester/ketone ratio of 0.2 (resolution limit, less than 5%). After washing, for examples Ex. 1, Ex. 2 and Ex. 3, the OD1/OD2 ratios are less than 0.19 and, for Comp. 2, the OD1/OD2 ratio is 0.2. After washing, for example Ex. 4, where initiation was carried out at low temperature but where propagation took place at ambient temperature, the OD1/OD2 ratio is 0.3. The influence of the temperature is therefore important in order to control the chemoselectivity. By operating at low temperature and with controlled operating conditions, it is possible to obtain PDMK exhibiting no ester band in its FTIR spectrum after washing.

In a counterexample, the conditions employed were the same as those described in example 4 but without addition of o-chloranil in the formulation of the catalyst. In this case, the polymerization yield significantly decreases (16%) with a longer polymerization time (100 minutes). This experiment thus makes it possible to confirm the role of activator of the complexing agent.

By way of example, the handling described in example 4 was tested with 2-iodo-2-methylpropane and leads to very similar results.

TABLE 1
Ex. 1 Ex. 2 Ex. 3 Ex. 4 Comp. 1 Comp. 2
Initiator (I) Isobutyryl chloride Isobutyryl chloride tert-Butyl chloride tert-Butyl chloride
mol 0.0057 0.0041 0.0064 0.0047
Catalyst (K) AlBr3 AlCl3 AlCl3 AlCl3 AlBr3 AlBr3
mol 0.0114 0.0082 0.0064 0.0047 0.0020 0.0020
Cocatalyst (CoK) o-Chloranil o-Chloranil o-Chloranil o-Chloranil
mol 0.0057 0.00412 0.0064 0.0047
DMK (mol) 1.900 1.750 1.500 0.910 0.068 0.220
Solvent CH2Cl2 CH2Cl2 CH2Cl2 CH2Cl2 BzNO*/CCl4 BzNO*/CCl4
ml 190 190 190 10/10 16.5/19
DMK/(K) 167 210 234 410 17 100
(K)/(I) 2 2 1 1
Reaction −35 −45 −35 −35 to 25 −45 −30
temperature (° C.)
Polymerization time 120 120 90 60 45 180
(min)
Yield (%) 65 70 80 80 50 55
K effectiveness 4780 6600 12 890 8880 596 3860
g of PDMK/mol of K
I effectiveness 9540 13 200 12 890 8880
g of PDMK/mol of I
*BzNO = nitrobenzene

Le, Guillaume, Linemann, Reinhard

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Aug 01 2005LE, GUILLAUMEArkemaASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS 0165710742 pdf
Jun 06 2006ArkemaArkema FranceCHANGE OF NAME SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS 0178460717 pdf
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