An image processing system processes light conveying visual pattern information represented by individual light rays. The system includes an optical assembly having an input surface and an output surface. The input and output surfaces define a plurality of input and output positions, respectively, for the light rays to enter and exit, respectively, the assembly. The assembly includes a light-shifting apparatus operable so that a respective one of the light rays entering a respective one of the input positions is selectively shiftable by the apparatus in a first direction and, subsequently, in a second direction angled with respect to the first direction from a preceding one to another of the output positions. The assembly is further operable so that following each shifting operation, a respective one of the light rays transmitted by the assembly from an arbitrarily selected one of the output positions is solely derived from the light received from a single one of the input positions.
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60. An image processing system for processing light conveying visual pattern information and represented by individual light rays, said system comprising:
(a) an optical assembly having an input surface and an output surface, said input and output surfaces defining a plurality of input and output positions, respectively, for said light rays to enter and exit, respectively, said assembly, said assembly including a light-shifting apparatus operable so that a respective one of said light rays entering a respective one of said input positions is selectively shiftable by said apparatus onto an image sensor having a capture rate between four of said output positions;
(b) a mode-controlling device to alternately operate said optical assembly in a first and second mode such that the rate at which said apparatus shifts a respective one of said light rays between respective ones of said output positions is increased and decreased for operation in said first mode and second mode, respectively, wherein said optical assembly is operable in a manner such that aliasing components of said light are reduced; and
(d) a mode controlling device having a timer operably connected with said light-shifting apparatus, said mode controlling device selectively switchable between a first state and a second state, said first state causing each of said respective one of said light rays to shift between all four of said output positions during each cycle of said capture rate of said image sensor so as to reduce said aliasing components in two directions, and said second state causing each of said respective ones of said light rays to shift from at most one of said output positions during each cycle of said capture rate of said image sensor.
48. An image processing system for processing light conveying visual pattern information and represented by individual light rays, said system comprising:
(a) an image sensor having a capture rate and including an array of photoreceptors spaced apart from each other at lower spatial density than said visual pattern information such that said pattern information, in the absence of processing by said system, includes aliasing components;
(b) an optical assembly having an input surface and an output surface, said input and output surfaces defining a plurality of input and output positions, respectively, for said light rays to enter and exit, respectively, said assembly, said assembly including a light-shifting apparatus operable so that a respective one of said light rays entering a respective one of said input positions is selectively shiftable by said apparatus between four of said output positions, said assembly being arranged so that said light transmitted from said output positions is projected onto said sensor;
(c) a mode-controlling device to alternately operate said optical assembly in a first and second mode such that said aliasing components are alternately removed and retained by said assembly in said first and second mode, respectively; and
(d) a mode controlling device having a timer operably connected with said light-shifting apparatus, said mode controlling device selectively switchable between a first state and a second state, said first state causing each of said respective one of said light rays to shift between all four of said output positions during each cycle of said capture rate of said image sensor so as to reduce said aliasing components in two directions, and said second state causing each of said respective ones of said light rays to shift from at most one of said output positions during each cycle of said capture rate of said image sensor.
1. An image processing system for processing light conveying visual pattern information and represented by individual light rays, said system comprising:
(a) an optical assembly having an input surface and an output surface, said input and output surfaces defining a plurality of input and output positions, respectively, for said light rays to enter and exit, respectively, said assembly;
(b) said assembly including a light-shifting apparatus operable so that a respective one of said light rays entering a respective one of said input positions is selectively shiftable by said apparatus in a first direction and, subsequently, in a second direction angled with respect to said first direction from a preceding one to another of said output positions so as to define on an image sensor four output positions for each respective light ray entering said respective one of said input positions, said image sensor having a capture rate;
(c) said assembly further being operable so that following each shifting operation, a respective one of said light rays transmitted by said assembly from an arbitrarily selected one of said output positions is solely derived from said light received from a single one of said input positions wherein said optical assembly is operable in a manner such that aliasing components of said light are reduced; and
(d) a mode controlling device having a timer operably connected with said light-shifting apparatus, said mode controlling device selectively switchable between a first state and a second state, said first state causing each of said respective one of said light rays to shift between all four of said output positions during each cycle of said capture rate of said image sensor so as to reduce said aliasing components in two directions, and said second state causing each of said respective ones of said light rays to shift from at most one of said output positions during each cycle of said capture rate of said image sensor.
37. An image processing system for processing light conveying visual pattern information and represented by individual light rays, said system comprising:
(a) an optical assembly having an input surface and an output surface, said input and output surfaces defining a plurality of input and output positions, respectively, for said light rays to enter and exit, respectively, said assembly;
(b) said assembly including a light-shifting apparatus operable so that a respective one of said light rays entering a respective one of said input positions is selectively shiftable by said apparatus in a first direction from one to another of said output positions and, subsequently, in a second direction nonaligned with said first direction from a preceding one to another of said output positions so as to define on an image sensor four output positions for each respective light ray entering said respective one of said input positions, said image sensor having a capture rate;
(c) said assembly further being operable so that the portion of said pattern information conveyed in each one of said light rays transmitted by said assembly is, following each shifting operation, preserved free of combination with the portion of said pattern information conveyed by any other ones of said light rays, wherein said optical assembly is operable in a manner such that aliasing components of said light are reduced; and
(d) a mode controlling device having a timer operably connected with said light-shifting apparatus, said mode controlling device selectively switchable between a first state and a second state, said first state causing each of said respective one of said light rays to shift between all four of said output positions during each cycle of said capture rate of said image sensor so as to reduce said aliasing components in two directions, and said second state causing each of said respective ones of said light rays to shift from at most one of said output positions during each cycle of said capture rate of said image sensor.
13. An image processing system for processing light conveying visual pattern information and represented by individual light rays, said system comprising:
(a) an optical assembly having an input surface and an output surface, said input and output surfaces defining a plurality of input and output positions, respectively, for said light rays to enter and exit, respectively, said assembly;
(b) said assembly including opposing first and second light-shifting devices, each device being operable so that a respective one of said light rays incident thereon is reversibly shiftable by said device in a corresponding direction, said devices being independently controllable and relatively configured so that said directions are out of alignment with each other so as to enable a respective one of said input rays entering a respective one of said input positions to be shifted consecutively on an image sensor having a capture rate to a first one, second one, third one, and fourth one of said output positions in a manner defining a two-dimensional pattern;
(c) each device being configured so that if a respective one of said rays is shifted by said device, then each one of said light rays transmitted by said device is correspondingly shifted together with said respective one of said rays in the same direction by the same amount, wherein said optical assembly is operable in a manner such that aliasing components of said light are reduced; and
(d) a mode controlling device having a timer operably connected with said light-shifting apparatus, said mode controlling device selectively switchable between a first state and a second state, said first state causing each of said respective one of said light rays to shift between all four of said output positions during each cycle of said capture rate of said image sensor so as to reduce said aliasing components in two directions, and said second state causing each of said respective ones of said light rays to shift from at most one of said output positions during each cycle of said capture rate of said image sensor.
25. An image processing system for processing light conveying visual pattern information and represented by individual light rays, said system comprising:
(a) an optical assembly having an input surface and an output surface, said input and output surfaces defining a plurality of continuous input and output positions, respectively, for said light rays to enter and exit, respectively, said assembly;
(b) said assembly including a first and second light-shifting device having a first and second light-rotating unit, respectively, each unit being operable so that a respective one of said light rays transmitted thereby is selectively rotatable between a pair of plane polarized states, said devices being serially configured so as to enable a respective one of said light rays entering a respective one of said input positions to be consecutively shifted on an image sensor having a capture rate between a first one, second one, third one, and fourth one of said output positions in correspondence with the four discrete combinations of said states selectable via light-rotating units,
(c) assembly further being operable so following each shifting operation, each one of said light rays transmitted by said assembly is restricted in travel within said assembly to a corresponding one of a series of internal paths extending in substantially parallel relationship to each other, wherein said optical assembly is operable in a manner such that aliasing components of said light are reduced; and
(d) a mode controlling device having a timer operably connected with said light-shifting apparatus, said mode controlling device selectively switchable between a first state and a second state, said first state causing each of said respective one of said light rays to shift between all four of said output positions during each cycle of said capture rate of said image sensor so as to reduce said aliasing components in two directions, and said second state causing each of said respective ones of said light rays to shift from at most one of said output positions during each cycle of said capture rate of said image sensor.
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The present invention relates to an image processing system that may be employed in association with an optical detection and acquisition system, such as a camera, in order to improve the quality of images acquired by the detection and acquisition system.
In the design of optical detection and acquisition systems, a significant problem has been the susceptibility of such systems to aliasing distortions or undersampling artifacts. This effect occurs when a detection system acquires an image having a visual pattern containing high spatial frequency components as, compared to the spatial sampling density of the photoreceptor array employed in the detection system. Thus, if a camera having a solid state array of photosensors is directed at a pattern of alternating dark and light fine stripes, a familiar moire pattern having wavy or flickering lines can distort the resolved image.
It is well known that aliasing distortion can be eliminated by removing spatial frequency components in the image spectrum that exceed half of the spatial sampling rate. For this purpose, low pass “blur” filters based on birefringent materials have been developed that split the light being received at any one input so that the light received by any one photoreceptor represents an average of the light received at two or more adjacent inputs. Typical constructions of passive filters of this type are shown in Greivenkamp, Jr., U.S. Pat. No. 4,575,193, Sato et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,626,897, and Weldy et. al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,663,661. In Asaida, U.S. Pat. No. 4,761,682, a cascaded design is shown wherein three serially arranged crystal plates (birefringent crystals) are used to project a pattern on the photosensor of eight separate rays for each single input ray. A substantial difficulty with such designs, however, is that the blur filter significantly limits the capacity of the detection system to produce sharp images, i.e., anti-aliasing and retaining sharpness are competing goals.
In order to achieve one or both goals of preventing aliasing distortion and enhancing sharpness, dynamically controllable image processors have been developed. Nohda et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,369,266, disclose solid-state image pickup devices for imaging an object using a CCD image sensor. The device, as shown in
Nohda et al. disclose in
Other references that disclose image processors for shifting an input beam between a pair of linearly spaced output positions are disclosed by Hasegawa et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,882,619; Nishioka et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,091,795; and Tatsumi, U.S. Pat. No. 5,764,287. In particular, Hawegawa et al. show an electronically switchable liquid crystal and prism assembly for shifting the input beam for interpixel resolution enhancement.
Niskioka et al., in particular, disclose in
Tatsumi in particular discloses in a first embodiment yet another image processor for shifting one input beam between a pair of output positions in order to achieve interpixel sampling for enhanced sharpness. The incident light beam is passed through a polarizer and then through an electronically controllable liquid crystal element that transmits a plane polarized beam having one or another rotation state. The light then proceeds to a birefringent crystal where the light beam is directed to one or another of the output positions depending on its state. In a second embodiment, Tatsumi discloses a phase plate and second birefringent crystal that are added to the assembly of the first embodiment to obtain a pair of simultaneous output beams thereby providing the blurring effect. Each output beam is linearly shiftable, in a single direction as before, using the electronically controllable liquid crystal element so as to provide interpixel sampling thereby achieving enhanced sharpness compatibly with the blurring anti-aliasing effect of the simultaneous beams. Unfortunately, this dual birefringent crystal device only enhances sharpness along a single dimension. Moreover, the simultaneous beams limit the capacity of the device for sharply resolving finely detailed images.
Another patent that is directed toward compatibly achieving simultaneous sharpness enhancement and aliasing reduction is Okada et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,834,761. Okada et al. accomplish sharpness enhancement by mechanically tilting a double refraction plate to produce a shifting beam. At the same time a pair of double refracting cells following the refraction plate are mechanically rotatable relative to each other to split the shifted beam into simultaneous output beams to accomplish the blurring effect for aliasing reduction. The moving parts decrease reliability, require excessive space to operate, are cumbersome, are bulky, tend to get out of alignment, and are not reliable. Moreover, the simultaneous beams limit the capacity of the device for sharply resolving finely detailed images.
Referring again to Niskioka et al., a two stage image processor is described, (see generally
What is desired, therefore, is an image processing system that is suitable to remove undesirable alias distortion and/or perform resolution enhancement.
In accordance with the present invention, in a first aspect, an image processing system processes light conveying visual pattern information and represented by a continuum of individual light rays. The system includes an optical assembly having an input surface and an output surface. The input and output surfaces define a plurality of input and output positions, respectively, for the light rays to enter and exit, respectively, the assembly. The assembly includes a light-shifting apparatus operable so that a respective one of the light rays entering a respective one of said input positions is selectively shiftable by the apparatus in a first direction and, subsequently, in a second direction angled with respect to said first direction from a preceding one to another of the output positions. The assembly is further operable so that following each shifting operation, a respective one of the light rays transmitted by the assembly from an arbitrarily selected one of the output positions is solely derived from the light received from a single one of the input positions.
In a second aspect, the image processing system includes opposing first and second light-shifting devices, each device being operable so that a respective one of the light rays incident thereon is reversibly shiftable by the device in a corresponding direction. The devices are independently controllable and relatively configured so that the directions are out of alignment with each other so as to enable a respective one of the input rays entering a respective one of the input positions to be shifted consecutively to a first one, second one, third one, and fourth one of the output positions in a manner defining a two-dimensional pattern. Each device is configured so that if a respective one of the rays is shifted by the device, then each one of the light rays transmitted by the device is correspondingly shifted together with the respective one of the rays in the same direction by the same amount.
In a third aspect, the assembly includes a first and second light-shifting device having a first and second light-rotating unit (such as polarization), respectively, each unit being operable so that a respective one of the light rays transmitted thereby is selectively rotatable between a pair of plane polarized states. The devices are serially configured so as to enable a respective one of the light rays entering a respective one of the input positions to be consecutively shifted between a first one, second one, third one, and fourth one of the output positions in correspondence with the four discrete combinations of the states selectable via the light-rotating units. The assembly further is operable so that following each shifting operation, each one of the light rays transmitted by the assembly is restricted in travel within the assembly to a corresponding one of a series of internal paths extending in substantially parallel relationship to each other.
In a fourth aspect, the assembly includes an optical assembly having an input surface and an output surface where the input and output surfaces define a plurality of input and output positions, respectively, for the light rays to enter and exit, respectively, the assembly. The assembly includes a light-shifting apparatus operable so that a respective one of the light rays entering a respective one of the input positions is selectively shiftable by the apparatus in a first direction from one to another of the output positions and, subsequently, in a second direction nonaligned with the first direction from a preceding one to another of the output positions. The assembly further is operable so that the portion of the pattern information conveyed in each one of the light rays transmitted by the assembly is, following each shifting operation, preserved free of combination with the portion of the pattern information conveyed by any other ones of the light rays.
In a fifth aspect, the image sensor includes an array of photoreceptors spaced apart from each other at lower spatial density than the visual pattern information such that the pattern information, in the absence of processing by the system, includes aliasing components. The optical assembly has an input surface and an output surface where the input and output surfaces define a plurality of input and output positions, respectively, for the light rays to enter and exit, respectively, the assembly. The assembly includes a light-shifting apparatus operable so that a respective one of the light rays entering a respective one of the input positions is selectively shiftable by the apparatus between a pair of the output positions. The assembly is arranged so that the light transmitted from the output positions is projected onto the sensor. A mode-controlling device alternately operates the optical assembly in a first and second mode such that the aliasing components are alternately removed and retained by the assembly in the first and second mode, respectively.
In a sixth aspect, the optical assembly has an input surface and an output surface where the input and output surfaces defining a plurality of input and output positions, respectively, for the light rays to enter and exit, respectively, the assembly. The assembly includes a light-shifting apparatus operable so that a respective one of the light rays entering a respective one of the input positions is selectively shiftable by the apparatus between a pair of the output positions. A mode-controlling device alternately operates the optical assembly in a first and second mode such that the rate at which the apparatus shifts a respective one of the light rays between respective ones of the output positions is increased and decreased for operation in the first mode and second mode, respectively.
The foregoing and other objectives, features, and advantages of the invention will be more readily understood upon consideration of the following detailed description of the invention, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
The light shifting apparatus 36, in the preferred embodiment, includes a first and second light shifting device 42, 44 in a cascaded arrangement. The first and second light shifting device 42, 44 include a first and second light rotating unit 46, 48, respectively, and a first and second light-shifting unit 50, 52, respectively. A linear polarizing device 54 preferably precedes the light shifting apparatus 36 to provide polarized light thereto. The linear polarizing device 54 may be any type of polarizing device, such as for example, an absorptive type (e.g. iodine or dye type) or reflective type (e.g. Dual Brightness Enhancement Film available from 3M) to provide linear polarization and substantially lossless optical transmission.
The light-rotating units 46, 48 are preferably independently controllable by the mode-controlling device 34. The light rotating units operate so that a plane polarized light ray incident thereon is selectably rotatable between a pair of plane polarized states. In the preferred embodiment the first and second light rotating units 46, 48 are preferably fast switching (e.g. a switching rate on the order of 100 us or less) and are electronically controllable liquid crystal devices. Such devices may include, for example, twisted nematic, super twisted nematic, vertical alignment nematic, horizontal aligned nematic, electronically controlled birefringence, anti-ferro electric, PI-cell, and deformed helix ferroelectric. The light shifting units 50, 52 spatially shift the light based on the light's plane polarized state. In the preferred embodiment the light shifting units 50, 52 are birefringent crystals of doubly refracting material, such as sodium, calcium, salt, or more commonly available calcite. A typical image sensor 38 may have on the order of 350,000 photoreceptors or picture elements (pixels) 40 in a 3 by 4 aspect ratio.
While the embodiments shown herein typically illustrate single or multiple light rays, it is to be understood that normally the incident light rays are actually a continuous image that is shifted relative to the sensor. Also, dots represent out of the plane polarization and line segments represent polarization parallel to the plane.
Referring to the preferred embodiment depicted in
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Referring to
It will be readily apparent that the transition from output position 104 to output position 101 in direction 82 by amount 84 in
Preferably, the distances 72, 76, 78 and 84 over which each input ray shifts are less than the minimum distance between adjacent ones of the photoreceptors 40a–40d so as to enable the image processing system 20 to be used for interpixel sampling of the input image. In effect, the consecutive shifting operations permit the photoreceptors to capture successive snapshots of the input image to multiple fractionally displaced positions which is useful for enhanced resolution. In addition, the shifts may be done in a controlled and predetermined manner with the directions and distances of the shifts known.
Referring to
It may be further observed in the preferred embodiment that following each shifting operation a one-to-one correspondence exists between the output rays 33a–33d exiting the assembly and the input rays 32a–32d entering the assembly. To clarify this further, it will be noted that a respective one of the light rays (e.g. 33a) transmitted by the optical assembly 22 from an arbitrarily selected one of the output positions is solely derived from the light (e.g. 32a) received from a single one of the input positions. Thus, following each shifting operation, the portion of the pattern information conveyed in each one of the light rays transmitted by the assembly is preserved free of combination with the portion of the pattern information conveyed by any other ones of the light rays. Hence, double or “ghost” image components may be avoided and information otherwise lost through superposition of rays from different parts of the information is retained.
Referring to
Referring to
A significant advantage of the present invention is that the image processing system may be alternately operated in a first and second mode, wherein the first mode simulates a blurring effect thereby removing distorting aliasing components from the light image, and wherein the second mode provides interpixel sampling of the visual image for enhanced resolution. The blurring effect is typically accomplished by switching the image location relative to the sensor at a rate faster than the period of the sensor sampling. It may be initially noted that photoreceptors 40a–40d shown in
Referring to
In the second mode, the timer 94 is set to drive the optical assembly 22 so that respective ones of the light rays are shifted between respective ones of the output positions at a shift rate preferably less than or equal to the capture rate of the photoreceptors. In this mode, surprisingly, the aliasing components in each projected image are retained by the optical assembly 22 thereby providing multiple aliased images. The multiple images may be reconstructed via interpixel sampling, as described above, to create a sharper image. This mode of operation recognizes that the aliasing components represent additional information usable for enhancing image sharpness by post-processing of the image sensor using multi-frame resolution enhancement software.
In a typical operating environment, the image processing system 20 can be employed in a video camera having a relatively inexpensive low density CCD, whereupon the first mode of operation can be used to quickly process, in a non-computationally expensive manner, dynamically changing video images free of aliasing distortion. Alternatively, the image processing can be switched to a second mode to where it is desired to use the video camera with a low density CCD for sharply resolving still images. This alternation between modes of operation ensures that both the information enhancing sharpening function and the information reducing blurring function will operate without affecting each other.
In addition, it is readily apparent that the transitions from one state to another may be performed in any order. Further, the number of output states may be selected, as desired, depending on the number of stages. Although the preferred embodiment shows that the respective output positions 101–104 form a two-dimensional pattern defining a square, the pattern may be shaped alternatively as a rhombus or other desired shape by changing the relative orientation of the respective optic axes of the birefringent crystals. It is to be noted that the multiple modes of operation may simply include different numbers of states used for “blurring.” Additionally, the order of the liquid crystal and birefringent elements may be reversed, although this is not an optimal configuration because it requires inefficient use of extra elements, notably, a polarizer after each light shifting device.
The terms and expressions which have been employed in the foregoing specification are used therein as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention, in the use of such terms and expressions, of excluding equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, it being recognized that the scope of the invention is defined and limited only by the claims which follow.
Sampsell, Jeffrey B., Messing, Dean, Huang, Austin L., Daly, Scott
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Apr 11 2000 | SAMPSELL, JEFFREY B | Sharp Laboratories of America, Inc | ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS | 010817 | /0767 | |
Apr 11 2000 | MESSING, DEAN | Sharp Laboratories of America, Inc | ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS | 010817 | /0767 | |
Apr 11 2000 | DALY, SCOTT | Sharp Laboratories of America, Inc | ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS | 010817 | /0767 | |
Apr 11 2000 | HUANG, AUSTIN L | Sharp Laboratories of America, Inc | ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS | 010817 | /0767 | |
Jul 07 2000 | HUANG, AUSTIN L | Sharp Laboratories of America, Inc | ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS | 011003 | /0223 | |
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Jul 12 2000 | MESSING, DEAN | Sharp Laboratories of America, Inc | ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS | 011003 | /0223 | |
Jul 12 2000 | SAMPSELL, JEFFREY B | Sharp Laboratories of America, Inc | ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS | 011003 | /0223 | |
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Nov 29 2006 | Sharp Laboratories of America, Inc | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS | 018563 | /0094 |
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