An optical coding protocol includes a first information channel having a first information bit slot and a first control bit slot, and a second information channel having a second information bit slot and a second control bit slot, wherein the first and second information bit slots and the first and second control bit slots all have a same width, wherein the first information bit slot and the first control bit slot are shifted with respect to each other by a first integer number of the slot width, wherein the second information bit slot and the second control bit slot are shifted with respect to each other by a second integer number of the slot width, and wherein the first integer does not equal to the second integer.
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1. An optical coding method for use in a system for decoding, switching, demultiplexing, and routing of optical encoded data signals across multiple decoding, switching, demultiplexing, and routing layers, wherein the system includes at least first, second, and third layers arranged in a sequence, the method comprising:
producing, for each of said first, second, and third layers in the sequence, an encoded data signal including at least one pulse pair of a received optical signal and a copy thereof shifted with respect to each other by a time delay mΔt associated therewith, wherein m is an integer unique to each layer, and
wherein the received optical signal of a next layer in said sequence is the encoded data signal produced at a previous layer in said sequence.
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This application claims the benefit of PCT/US02/09971, filed Mar. 28, 2002, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/356,089, filed Feb. 11, 2002, and of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/819,589 filed Mar. 28, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,603,904.
The invention relates to optical communications and more particularly to the modulation and switching of data on optical channels using physical effects involving the combination of energy in light beams in various ways.
In the field of optical communication, there is a pressing need to improve the capacity of optical networks and the speed of switching at reasonable cost. These are attended by the related problems of efficient retrofit to existing infrastructure, ease of maintenance, reliability, etc. The physical media of optical fibers used in current generation optical networks have a tremendous as yet untapped reserve capacity. The reasons for this involve various bottlenecks, chief among them, the slow speed of switches for optical data. To switch optical data, either the data on an optically-modulated signal must be converted to electrical modulation and switched by electrical switches or slow mechanical switches must be used. Even the latter involves the slow conversion of optical modulation into electrical signals for control of the mechanical switches. To compensate for the slowness of the conversion and switching processes, substantial parallelism must be introduced into the design of switches resulting in high cost. In either case, currently, there is no analog to the network switches used in electrical networks, where switching introduces minimal delay in the propagation of network signals.
In addition to the switching process per se, the process of generating optical signals—the modulation itself—is slow because of the rise and fall times of current optical modulators. As a result, symbols are much longer than need be, thereby limiting the bandwidth to a level substantially below the potential of the optical media.
A technique called Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) and a refinement called, Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) are currently used to increase the capacity of optical media using current modulation technology. WDM or DWDM methods increase the transmission rate by creating parallel information channels, each channel being defined by a different light frequency. Another method, Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) exists in which multiple data sequences are interleaved in time-division fashion on a common medium.
WDM or DWDM methods increase the transmission rate by using parallel information channels. The information in each optical channel is carried by a different light frequency. The light frequencies of the channels are combined together and are inserted into the input of a single optical fiber. The combined light frequencies at the output of the fiber are separated into different parallel channels, one for each specific light frequency. Although DWM and DWDM has the ability increase the capacity of a fiber, the number of channels that may be defined has a practical upper limit because of the limited bandwidth of the fiber (optical properties are attuned to a narrow range of frequencies) and because of the ability of the laser sources to contain their energy in very narrow frequency bands.
In TDM, the bits of several parallel channels at the same light frequency are interleaved in a predetermined periodic order to create a single serial data stream. This method is very effective when using a buffer, which accumulates and compresses the data of several channels into a dense serial data stream of a single channel by reorganizing this data with suitable delays. However the data rate permitted by this method as well as others is still limited by the data rate and duty cycle of the light sources (DFB and DBR lasers) themselves. That is, in direct modulation, the power to the laser is switched on and off. The rate at which this can occur has a physical upper limit due to the relatively long recovery time of the lasers and it produces chromatic dispersions due to broadening of the emitted spectral line of the modulated lasers. This is caused by spontaneous emission, jittering, and shifting of the gain curve of the lasers during the current injection. Where modulation is performed in an indirect manner, the lasers are operated in a Continuous Wave (CW) mode and separate modulators perform the modulation of the beam. The modulators are usually made from interference devices such as Mach-Zender's, directional couplers and active half wave-plates combined with polarizers and analyzers. However, an electro-optical must be activated to modulate the beam; to produce phase shifts and polarization changes. Such changes involve the creation and removal of space charges, which change the density of the charge carriers within these electro-optic materials. The formation rate of the space charges is mainly dependent upon the speed and the magnitude of the applied voltage and can be on the order of sub nanoseconds. The charge removal is usually slower and is mainly dependent upon the relaxation time of these materials (lifetime of charge carriers) and can be relatively long. Accordingly, the width of the pulses and the duty cycle of the modulation are dependent limited by the long off-time of the modulators.
These same rise and fall time limitations impose similar limits on the abilities of switches to direct light along alternative pathways according to routing commands and data. At present, there are two major classes of optical switches. In one class, optical signals are converted to electrical signals, routed conventionally, and optical signals generated anew at the output. As discussed above, the process of conversion is slow and involves many parallel channels making such switches costly as well. This class of switches goes by the identifier OEO, which stands for optical-electrical-optical. A second class of switches goes by the identifier OO, which stands for optical-optical. In these switches, no conversion of optical signals to electrical signals takes place. Instead, the optical energy is routed by means of some sort of light diversion process such as a switchable mirror. In one system, micromechanical actuators or so-called MEMS motors are used to move mirrors in response to electrical routing signals. The speed of such switches is again limited by the need to process electrical signals and the slow response of energy conversion in the MEMS motors. The result is a need for multiple channels to be provided and great expense as well as delay in the speed of the signals along the selectable data routes.
At present, the highest bit rate that can be achieved is about 10G bits per channel, which is limited by the modulation rate of the modulators, the pulse width that they produce, and the switching time of the electronic switches.
As a result of the foregoing limitations of the prior art, there is a need for reliable mechanisms for exploiting the physical potential of fiber optic media in terms of data rate, switching, and cost.
An all-optical system for modulating, switching, multiplexing, demultiplexing, and routing optical data employs control units that direct light energy according to a coincident control signal which is also in the form of light. In an embodiment, a control unit directs a substantial fraction of the energy (and included symbols) in a data signal to a first output when a light control signal is simultaneously present at a control input of the control unit and to a second output when the light signal to the control input is absent. That is, when the control signal and the data signal are coincident at the respective inputs of the control unit, most of the data signal energy is directed to one output and when the control signal is noncoincident with the data signal, most of the data signal energy is directed to another output. According to an embodiment, this “coincidence-gate behavior” is brought about by the interference of the control and data signals. Note that the calling one signal a control signal and the other signal a data signal is, at least in many embodiments, purely an arbitrary choice and is used in the present specification heuristically to facilitate the description of the invention.
In an embodiment, the interference of light in the control and data signals is the result of applying one signal to a first diffraction grating that generates a first interference order diffraction pattern and the other signal to a diffraction pattern adjacent or interleaved with the first such that a different interference order is generated when both signals coincide on both gratings. In an example, the first grating may be a transmission grating with (broken) reflective surfaces between the transmission apertures defining a reflection grating. With such a device, one signal may reflect off of the reflective grating and the other signal may pass through the transmission grating. The reflection and transmission diffraction patterns of either signal produces first order diffracted radiation when only one signal falls on the device at given instant of time. But when both fall on the device at the same time, so that the effective pitch of the diffraction grating includes both the transmission and reflection grating, a lower order diffracted radiation results. In the case of the first order pattern, the lobes have different directions and/or intensities from that of the lower order diffraction pattern. With suitably spatially-located receivers, the energy may be directed in different directions from this type of interference device depending on whether the two signals are coincident or noncoincident. The coincidence gate may thus have a coincidence output to which energy is sent when the both inputs receive energy at the same time and a noncoincidence output to which energy is sent when the inputs receive energy at different times. Note, as should be clear to a person of ordinary skill, for the above interference type of coincidence gate to work properly, the phases of the inputs should be properly aligned to insure the energy from the gratings falls on the respective receivers.
Preferably the first and lower order diffraction patterns are first and zero order diffraction patterns to minimize the number of energy pickups. That is, the effective number of lobes increases with the ratio of the pitch to the wavelength. This makes it necessary to provide more pickups to collect most of the energy in the lobes as the order increases. To achieve this in the case of a grating, the wavelength of the light should be in appropriate ratios to the pitches of the transmission/reflection and combined gratings, as may be determined by relationships well-known in the art. Generally, this will be achieved by choosing a low order grating.
Using such an interference device as described above, by suitable construction of an optical device, incident energy is directed along different paths depending on whether the data and control beams are coincident on the inputs to the interference device or noncoincident. The result is a basic component, mentioned above, called the coincidence gate. This gate may be used to control the path of a data signal. For example, by articulating a single data signal so that it contains pairs of pulses separated by a predefined spacing, and splitting this signal, sending one to one input of the coincidence gate and sending a delayed version to the other input of the coincidence gate, the signal will be transmit a pulse at one output of the coincidence gate when the pulse spacing matches the delay and through another output when the pulse spacing is different from the delay. By sending such a pulse to a number of different coincidence gates, each with a different delay, the articulated signal will only produce a pulse at a selected output in the gate provided with the delay matching the spacing of the pulses in the signal. Thus, the optical signal carries a symbol (the pulse spacing) that selects which coincidence gate-device its energy will be sent through. This effect amounts to a basic switching function. Note that the switching function can be layered by providing each output to another set of different gates each with another different delay. To articulate the signal for successive layers, each pulse pair must be defined by a pulse pair. This signal construction must be repeated, in fractal-fashion, for every switch layer involved because each pulse pair only produces a single pulse at the output. The details of this process are described in the Detailed Description section along with supporting illustrations.
The coincidence device may also be used to create a modulator for signal transmission because of its rapid on-off response. That is, if two broad pulses are applied to the control and data inputs of a coincidence device with different time delays, the width of the pulse emerging from the coincidence output will be determined by the period during which both input pulses fall on the grating at the same time.
The coincidence effect can be used to generate pulses that are very narrow. By combining multiple ones of such pulse-shaving devices feeding into a common optical channel, very dense streams of narrow pulses may be generated thereby increasing the bandwidth of an optical signal. A mirror-image process can then be used to generate data streams with larger pulse spacing along multiple channels at a receiver. Thus, the above description embodies a multiplexer/demultiplexer combination.
The above-described diffraction grating device is only one of a number of alternative interference devices that may be used to create a coincidence device. A very similar type of device formed from waveguides may be used to produce diffraction patterns from control and data inputs with spatially-separated receivers. In addition, Y-junctions, directional couplers, fast-pitch diffraction gratings, beam splitters, for example, may be used as the bases of non-diffraction interference devices to produce a similar coincidence function. Examples of such devices are described in the Detailed Description section below along with supporting illustrations.
Also, in addition to the modulation and self-switching functions described above, the coincidence gate may be used as the basis for a switch controlled by an external control signal. Thus, a data signal from one source can be directed to an appropriate output of a layer of coincidence gates by sending an appropriately-timed control pulse to all of the gates. Alternatively, a single selected coincidence gate can have one of its outputs selected by an external control signal by transmitting a control signal to only the selected coincidence gate.
An additional layer of symbology may be added to an optical signal which may be used for switching purposes in coincidence gates employing the diffraction phenomenon. The propagation directions of the various diffraction orders may be varied by imposing different phase relationships between the data and control signals. By placing receivers in different locations, each set with different outputs, the coincidence gate may be configured to provide selectable outputs depending on the phase relationship between the pulses.
The invention will be described in connection with certain preferred embodiments, with reference to the following illustrative figures so that it may be more fully understood. With reference to the figures, it is stressed that the particulars shown are by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of the preferred embodiments of the present invention only, and are presented in the cause of providing what is believed to be the most useful and readily understood description of the principles and conceptual aspects of the invention. In this regard, no attempt is made to show structural details of the invention in more detail than is necessary for a fundamental understanding of the invention, the description taken with the drawings making apparent to those skilled in the art how the several forms of the invention may be embodied in practice.
The radiation of propagating fronts 14 (in the shape of cylinders) interfere with each other to create constructive and destructive interference. Arrows 16 schematically illustrate the directions along which the constructive interference exist. The directions of arrows 16 are indicated by angles θ, measured in radians, with respect to the axis of symmetry 18 of grating 2. Arrows 16 actually indicate the antinodes along which beam 6 is concentrated, due to grating 2, and thus point to the values of intensity peaks at the various angles θ, on the coordinate relative to the normal 18. The latter is a part of plot 20, which illustrates the spatial distribution of the radiation intensity I of beam 6 versus angle θ. Arrows 16 point to the angle values θ in which the intensity I of beam 6 reaches local maxima 22.
The mathematical relationships between intensity I of beam 6, transmitted by grating 2, and propagation angle θ of this radiation are given by equation (1):
I∝[ sin(n·β·d·sin(θ)/2)/sin(β·d·sin(θ)/2)]2 Eq. (1)
In this equation n is the number of openings 4 and β is the wave vector of beam 6 that is equal to 2·π/λ and λ is the wavelength of beam 6.
The intensity I according to Eq. (1) reaches a local maximum value when:
(β·d·sin(θ)/2))=i·π Eq. (2)
This occurs when I is an integral number, known as the order of the diffraction.
When substituting β for 2·π/λ in Eq. (2), it takes the form:
sin(θ)=i·λ/d Eq. (3)
The mathematical relationships between intensity I of beam 36, reflected by grating 32, and propagation angle θ of this radiation are given by equation (4) below:
I∝[ sin(n·β·d·sin(θ)/2)/sin(β·d·sin(θ)/2)]2 Eq. (4)
In this equation n is the number of stripes 34, d is the spacing between lines 34 and β is the wave vector of beam 36 that is equal to 2·π/λ and λ is the wavelength of beam 36.
The intensity I according to Eq. (4) reaches a maximum value when:
(β·d·sin(θ)/2))=i·π Eq. (5)
This occurs when I is an integral number known as the order of the reflection.
When substituting 2·π/λ for β in Eq. (5) it takes the form:
sin(θ)=i·λ/d Eq. (6)
For both types of the gratings, the diffraction (transmitting—
The angles θi in which the intensity of the radiation that comes from the gratings is maximal are known as the diffraction orders i of the gratings. Accordingly, the angles θi of the transmission and reflecting orders are given by Eq. (7).
sin(θi)=i·λ/d Eq. (7)
This occurs when i is an integral number and can get the values +/−0, 1, 2, . . . .
The incident angle φ of the incoming radiation is measured relative to a normal to the grating. When the incident angle φ, of the radiation that hits diffracting and reflecting gratings is off the normal to the grating, i.e., it differs from an incident angle equal to zero, then Eq. (7) becomes:
sin(θi)+sin(φ)=i·λ/d Eq. (8)
This means that the whole pattern of interference is rotated by an angle φ. For a diffracting grating it means that the zero order of the grating is located on a line along which the incident radiation propagates toward the grating. For a reflecting grating it means that the zero order of the grating is located on a line that is symmetric with respect to the normal of the grating. I.e., it forms an angle that is equal in magnitude on the opposite side of the normal of the grating surface.
Combined grating 100 includes two layers of gratings 106 and 108. Grating layer 106, on surface 102, is made of high-absorption material that is not transparent and has a surface with a very low reflection. For example, grating layer 106 can be made of silver oxide, which is widely used in the field of projection masks for photolithography.
Grating layer 108 is made of a material having a surface with a very high-reflectivity. For example, grating layer 108 can be made of indium oxide in a similar way to that used to fabricate reflectors and mirrors.
Grating layers 106 and 108 can be produced by standard techniques used to produce gratings. For example layer 106 is formed continuously over surface 102 and coated by a photoresist material. The photoresist is exposed with Ultra Violet (UV) radiation by known holographic techniques. (Holography involves the interference of two beams having a predetermined angle between them which produce an interference pattern.) Also exposure can be made through a projection mask.
The photoresist is backed in an oven after its exposure and is dipped (or soaked) in a developer to create openings in the photoresist, above layer 106, in the areas that were exposed. Dipping (or soaking) the photoresist is done in a selective etching acid, such as acetic acid, which does not attack the photo resist and surface 102. This creates, by selective etching, openings 110 in layer 106 through the openings in the photdresist. After removing the photoresist with acetone, layer 106 on surface 102 of block 104 takes the form of grating layer 106 having multiple lines 114 and multiple openings 110.
For example, the following process, known as lift-off, can produce grating layer 108:
1. Cover grating layer 106 with a layer of photoresist.
2. Create centered openings in the photoresist above lines 114 of grating 106, by the exposing and developing techniques described above.
3. Deposit or evaporate a continuous layer 108 on top of the patterned photoresist.
Dip layer 108 in acetone vibrated at an ultrasonic frequency (lift-off technique)
The liftoff technique removes all the areas that were on top of the photoresist material and leaves only lines 116 of reflecting grating-layer 108; these are centered on lines 114 of grating layer 106.
The formation of grating layer 108 centered on top of grating layer 106 completes the fabrication of combined grating 100.
Lines 118, 120, and 122 of block 104 have cuts 124, 126, and 128, respectively. Cuts 124, 126, and 128 indicate that the drawing of
For example, the widths S1, S2, and S3 of openings 110, lines 114, and lines 116 of grating layers 106 and 108, respectively, are of the same order of magnitude as the wavelength λ of the radiation used in optical communications (about 1.3 μm and 1.5 μm). The total thickness W of grating layers 106 and 108 together can be less than 0.1 μm and is negligible with respect to the radiation wavelength λ.
When planar-wave beam 132 is directed toward combined grating 100, part of it passes through openings 110 and is diffracted isotropically with a cylindrical wavefront 133 to create an interference pattern based upon grating layer 106. The other part of beam 132 is absorbed by lines 114 and is lost.
When planar-wave beam 134 is directed toward combined grating 100, part of it passes through openings 110 and is lost. Lines 116 of grating layer 108 reflect the other part of beam 134.
Reflecting lines 116 of grating layer 108 may be deposited or evaporated at a high-rate to create a grainy surface, which produces a diffuse-reflecting surface. The diffuse-reflecting surface of lines 116 reflects beam 134 isotropically as beam 136 having a cylindrical wavefront to create an interference pattern based upon grating layer 108.
When planar-waves 132 and 134 are applied simultaneously, combined grating 100 acts simultaneously as the combination of grating layers 106 and 108. When the beam to be transmitted 132 is in phase with the beam to be reflected 134 and both have equal intensities, the interference pattern of combined grating 100 is like gratings 106 or 108. However in this case grating 100 has half the pitch (double periodicity or double the density in terms of numbers of lines per unit length).
Accordingly, when only beam 132 or 134 is directed toward combined grating 100, then the grating 100 produces an interference pattern that is about the same for both situations corresponding to the interference pattern of gratings 106 or 108, respectively. When both beams 132 and 134 are directed toward combined grating 100, then grating 100 produces an interference pattern that is a combination of the interference patterns corresponding to the interference pattern of gratings 106 and 108. It is equivalent to an interference pattern of a grating having half of the pitch of gratings 106 or 108. The latter is of lower order than either of the former patterns.
One important condition that is preferably maintained is the phase-matching between beam 133 diffracted from openings 110 of grating layer 106 and beam 136 reflected from lines 116 of grating layer 108. This phase-matching preferably should be maintained over and along surface 102. Assuming that beams 132 and 134 have the same wavelength λ, then the phase-matching depends on angles φ0, φ1, and φ2. Angles φ0 and φ1 are the impinging incident angles of beams 132 and 134 on combined grating 100, respectively, and are measured relative to line 138 that is normal to grating 100 and surface 102. Angle φ2 is the angle between line 140 (parallel to line 122) and surface 102 when line 140 is normal to the direction in which beam 134 propagates.
Phase-matching along surface 102 is achieved when the following mathematical condition is fulfilled:
β1·sin(φ1)=β0 sin(φ0) Eq. (9)
Here β1=2π·N1/λ and β0=β1=2π·N0/λ and N1 is the refractive-index of the material of block 104. No is the refractive-index of the air and is equal to 1. When substituting the expression for β in Eq. (9) and reorganizing its form, Eq. (9) takes the form of the optical law known as Snell's law:
N1·sin(φ1)=N0·sin(φ0) Eq. (10)
The mathematical relationships between φ0, φ1, and φ2 are:
φ0=90°−φ2 and φ0=φ2 Eq. (11)
By substituting Eq. (11) in Eq. (10) and reorganizing Eq. (10) we get:
φ2=arctan g(N1/N0)=arctan g(N1). Eq. (12)
For example, if N1=1.5 then φ2=56.3°.
Block 105 may be made of the same material as block 104 and thus may have the same index of refraction. Block 105 may be bonded to block 104 by index-matching glue having the same refractive index as the blocks. Such glue is commonly used in optical components. Such glue does not cause any reflection of the radiation that passes between blocks. The absence of such reflection hides surface 102; therefore it is illustrated by a broken line. Avoiding reflection between blocks allows complete transmission of beam 132 through openings 110. Because of this, the refractive index on both sides of combined grating 100 is the same and is equal to N1.
By substituting index N0 with index N1 in Eqs. (11) & (12) we get:
φ0=φ1=φ2=45°.
Graph 150 illustrates a curve of the intensity I of (shown in relative units) versus the interference angle θ (measured in radians). The interference orders of graph 150 are indicated by their indices (i=0, 1, and −1). The axis of graph 150, along which interference angle θ is measured, is scaled to mach between angles θ0, θ1, and θ−1, at which orders 0, 1, and −1 exist on this axis, and angles θ0, θ1, and θ−1 along which beams 152, 154, and 156 propagate, respectively.
According to Eq. (8) the maximum value that the index of the orders i can get is the value that satisfies the relation: sin(θi)+sin(φ1)=i·λ/d. The maximum absolute value of sin(θi) is 1. The zero order on axis θ of graph 150 was chosen to be at the origin. This means that for the presentation of graph 150, sin(φ1) is chosen to be zero. Thus i·λ/d should be less than 1 for positive values of i and more than (−1) for negative values of i. The fact that graph 150 has only three orders means, according to Eq. (8), that the index i can only have the values of 0 and ±1 which means that the absolute value of index is less than 2 (i<2). Accordingly the pitch spacing d of grating layer 106 must satisfy d<2λ.
Beam 132 impinges on grating 100 on the side with grating layer 106. Part of beam 132 is absorbed by lines 114 and is lost. The other part of beam 132 passes through openings 110 and is diffracted out from grating 100, as beam 133.
Beam 134 impinges on grating 100 on its other side that includes grating layer 108. Part of beam 134 passes through openings 110 and is lost. The other part of beam 134 is reflected isotropically from lines 116 of grating layer 108 of combined grating 100, as beam 136.
Beams 132 and 134 impinge on grating 100 simultaneously. Lines 116 are centered between openings 110 and thus the pitch for both grating layers 106 and 108 is the same. Beam 133, diffracted out from openings 110, and beam 136, reflected from lines 116, interferes to produce an interference pattern. The pitch of combined grating 100 is the space between lines 116 and openings 110 and thus is equal to half of the pitch of grating layer 106 or grating layer 108. The interference pattern of grating 100 has one order (zero order) in which constructive interference exists in the directions of θ0 indicated by beam 152 and corresponds to the interference index i=0.
Graph 150 illustrates a curve of the intensity I of the interfered radiation (shown in relative units) versus the interference angle θ (measured in radians). The interference order of graph 150 is indicated by its index (i=0). The axis of graph 150 along which interference angle θ is measured is scaled to match angle θ0 at which order 0 exists on this axis, and angle θ0 along which beam 152 propagates.
According to Eq. (8) the maximum value that the index of the orders i can have is the value that still maintains sin(θi)+sin(φ1)=i·λ/d. The maximum absolute value that sin(θi) can have is 1. The zero order on axis θ of graph 150 was chosen to be at the origin. This means that for the presentation of graph 150, sin(φ1) is chosen to be zero. Thus i·λ/d should be less than 1 for positives values of i and more than (−1) for negative values of i. The fact that graph 150 has only one order means, according to Eq. (8), that index i can have only the values of 0. This means that the absolute value of index i<1. Accordingly the pitch spacing d of combined grating 100 must satisfy d<λ and it is half of the pitch d of grating layers 106 or 108, as derived above from Eq. (8) as explained in connection with
The above result is in agreement with the pitch relationships between grating layers 106 and 108 and combined grating 100.
While grating layers 106 and 108 have pitch d between openings 110 or between lines 116, respectively, combined grating 100 has pitch d/2 between openings 110 and lines 116. On the other hand the conditions for producing the interference patterns of graph 150 in
Beam 134 is symmetric to beam 132 with respect to grating 100 in terms of phase-matching. Grating layers 106 and 108, on both sides of grating 100, have the same pitch. Accordingly, it is clear that when only beam 134 impinges on grating 100, it will produce an interference pattern similar to that shown in graph 150 of
Graph 150B is related to the situation illustrated by graph 150 of
Graph 150A illustrates the situation of
The fact that each of the three interference orders 0, 1, and −1 appears at different angles θ0, θ1, and θ−1, respectively, allows the separate collection of the radiation of each order. Accordingly orders 0, 1, and −1 of the interference pattern shown in graph 150B can be collected by only three ports P0, P1, and P−1, respectively.
As illustrated in
For the same configuration and for the situation illustrated in graph 150A, the output, at port P0, contains the intensity of order 0 that is the only existing order. Order −1 has zero intensity and thus the difference between the intensities of orders 0 and −1, which appears in port P2, equal the intensity of order 0. In this case, the output at port P1, which equals the intensity of order 1, is equal to zero.
Accordingly, for the configuration of ports P0, P1, P−1, and P2, described above, the output of port P2 is zero for the situation shown in graph 150B. This is related to the case when grating 100 is irradiated only from one side, either by beam 132 or by beam 134. On the other hand, for the situation shown by graph 150A, which is related to the case where combined grating 100 is irradiated simultaneously on both of its sides by beams 132 and 134, port P2 contains the intensity of the only existing order, order 0.
Similarly, for the configuration of ports P0, P1, P−1, and P2, described above, the output of port P1 contains the intensity of order 1 for the situation shown in graph 150B this is related to the case when combined grating 100 is irradiated simultaneously on both of its sides by beams 132 and 134. On the other hand, for the situation shown by graph 150A, related to the case when grating 100 is irradiated only from one side either by beam 132 or by beam 134, port P1 contains the intensity of order 1, which is zero.
Thus we have moved from irradiating grating 100 simultaneously on both of its sides by beams 132 and 134 to irradiating grating 100 only on one of its sides by either beam 132 or beam 134. This move switches the radiation intensity from port P2 to port P3 and vice-versa.
Laser 210 is optically coupled to optical fiber 212 and is controlled by control unit 214. Fiber 212 guides and emits beam 134, produced by laser 210, toward lens 216 that converts beam 134 into parallel beam 134. Beams 132 and 134 have the same wavelength λ and lenses 204 and 216 can be, for example, of the type of Graded Index (GRIN) lens commonly used to expand the beams emitted from optical fibers. Lens 216 direct parallel beam 134 toward reflector 218 that reflect beam 134 toward grating layer 108 of combined grating 100.
Incident angles φ1 and φ0 of parallel beams 132 and 134, respectively, and angle φ2 dictate the orientation of combined grating 100. These angles are adjusted to maintain phase-matching between beam 132, transmitted by grating 100 and beam 134, reflected by grating 100. Attenuator 208 is adjusted to assure that the intensity of beam 132, transmitted by grating 100, is equal to the intensity of beam 134, reflected by grating 100.
Wen control unit 210 turns off laser 210, beam 134 does not exist. In this case only beam 132 impinges on combined grating 100 on the side that includes grating layer 106. The latter has a pitch spacing d that satisfies, for example d<2λ. Grating layer 106 of combined grating 100 acts as a diffraction grating on beam 132 and produces interference pattern 150 of three beams corresponding to interference orders having indices i=0, 1, and −1. In this case the interference pattern 150 produced by beam 132 and grating layer 106 of grating 100 is similar to the interference pattern illustrated by graph 150B of
When control unit 214 turns on laser 210, beams 134 and 132 hit the combined grating 100 on both of its sides, including grating layers 106 and 108. Beam 132 impinges on combined grating 100 on its side that includes grating layer 106 and beam 134 impinges on combined grating 100 on its other side that includes grating layer 108. Reflecting lines 116 of grating layer 108 that reflect beam 143 are centered between openings 110 of grating layer 106, which transmits beam 132. Thus grating layers 106 and 108 have the same pitch d. Thus, combined grating 100 has a pitch d that is half the pitch d of gratings 106 and 108. Accordingly, pitch d of combined grating 100 satisfies the relationship d<λ. Combined grating 100 acts on beams 132 and 134, impinging on both of its sides simultaneously, and produces interference pattern 150 of one beam corresponding to interference order having only the index i=0. In this case interference pattern 150 produced by beams 132, 134 and combined grating 100 is similar to the interference pattern illustrated by the curve of graph 150A of
Each time control unit 214 turns off control beam 134, interference pattern 150 includes three beams (interference orders 0, 1 and −1). In the complementary cases when control unit 214 turns on control beam 134, the interference pattern 150 includes only one beam (interference orders 0) and orders 1 and −1 disappear. In these cases, grating layer 106 and beam 134 produce interference pattern 250, which has three beams (interference orders 0, 1, −1), which change their orientation according to Snell's law while exiting block 104. Interference pattern 250 exists every time that beam 134 is on, even when beam 132 is off.
Ports P0, P1, and P−1 may be the inputs of optical fibers 230, 232, and 234, respectively. Fiber 230, 232, and 234 guide the radiation from their inputs to their outputs (ports P2 and P3), respectively. Accordingly fiber 234 guides the radiation of interference order −1 to its output P3. Instead of optical fibers, the ports may be termini of other types of optical channel mechanism such as a waveguide, light pipe, mirrors, optical network, etc. depending on the downstream processes to be used. In the current device, further processing is provided to direct most of the energy toward a signal at port P2 for a non-interference condition and one at port P3 for a coincidence condition.
Directional coupler 224, whose coupling length 1 is adjusted to produce a 3 dB directional coupler, couples fibers 230 and 232. In coupler 224, half of the intensity in fiber 230 is transferred to fiber 232 with a phase shift of j where j is a complex number equal to (−1)1/2. Similarly, half of the intensity in fiber 232 is transferred to fiber 230 with a phase shift of j that is equivalent to phase shift of π/2 radians.
Phase shifter 220 shifts the phase of the radiation in fiber 232 by π/2 radians prior to the propagation of the radiation into the coupling region of directional coupler 224. Accordingly the radiation transferred from fiber 232 to fiber 230 has a phase shift of π/2+π/2=π radians relative to the radiation that propagates in fiber 230.
The initial radiation intensities of the beams in ports P0 and P1 are the same and equal to I. The intensity of the radiation in fiber 230 after directional coupler 224 is the sum of half of the initial radiation I in fiber 230 and half of the initial radiation I in fiber 232, which has a relative phase difference of π radians. Thus the total radiation intensity in fiber 230 at port P2 is I/2−I/2=0. This means that when control beam 134 is off, the intensity at port P3 is I and the intensity at port P2 is zero.
Alternatively when control beam 134 is on, interference pattern 150 includes only one beam corresponding to interference index i=0. The latter is coupled, by lens 226, into the input of fiber 230 through port P0. Interference orders i=1 and −1 disappear and no radiation is coupled by lens 226, into fibers 232 and 234 through ports P1 and P−1. Thus the intensity at port P3 is zero. Half of the radiation coupled into fiber 230 at port P0 is lost at directional coupler 224 and the remaining half propagates along fiber 230 to port P2. This means that when beam 134 in on, the intensity at port P3 is zero and the intensity at port P2 is half of the initial intensity at port P0. Accordingly, by turning control beam 134 on and off, the intensity of beam 132 can be switched from port P3 to port P2, and vice-versa.
The above description for the switching capability of the system of
Phase shifter 220 can be of the type that applies pressure, by use of a piezoelectric crystal, on optical fiber 232 to change its refractive index and thus to change the phase of the radiation that propagates in fiber 232. Phase shifter 220 can be of the type that thermally changes the refractive index of fiber 232 to change the phase of the radiation that propagates in this fiber.
Alternatively, shifter 220 can be made of semiconductor material fabricated by thin film techniques that change its refractive index due to injection of charge carriers into its guiding media. This change in the refractive index shifts the phase of the radiation propagating in the media of shifter 220. In this case the shifter is a separate device and is not an integral part of fiber 232 and thus should have two ports for coupling fiber 232 into and from device 220. In all the above types of phase shifter 220, applying voltage to shifter 220 through electrode 222 activates shifter 220. Adjustment of the phase shift of shifter 220 is achieved by adjusting the applied voltage on electrode 222.
Phase matching can be obtained by use of a suitable calibration by closed-loop control. A calibration signal my be passed through the inputs of the devices of any of the foregoing embodiments and the phase adjusted by means of device such as a phase shifter 220 to provide the proper phase matching. As should be clear from the foregoing discussion, when the phases of the input signals match, the P2 output, for example, should provide a peak. Due to temperature change, the properties of various optical components may drift, requiring the correction of the phase match. But this correction need only be done at fairly long intervals relative to the rate of data throughput through such devices and therefore does not present a significant obstacle. Suitable control systems for performing calibration are well within the state of the art and can be embodied in many different forms. The subject is therefore not crucial to the inventions disclosed and is therefore not discussed in greater detail herein.
The rest of the optical paths of beams 132 and 134, started from lenses 204 and 216 in system 300, respectively, are similar to the optical paths of beams 132 and 134, beginning from lenses 204 and 216 in system 200, respectively, as illustrated by
Similarly, interference patterns 150 and 250 are produced, by beams 132 and 134, in a similar way, in both systems, system 200 and system 300 as illustrated in
Reflector 218 is arranged to move along arrows 308 to gently adjust the length of the optical path between reflector 218 and combined grating 100 to assure phase-matching between beam 132 passing through grating 100 and beam 134 reflected from grating 100. While reflector 218 moves along arrows 308 it also causes undesired shifting of the beam 134 direction (indicated by arrows 310). To avoid any irradiation change of grating 100 by the movement of beam 134 along arrows 310, a non-reflecting, non-transmitting frame with high absorbency may be formed in the surrounding of grating 100. Frame 312 is narrower than the width of beam 134 and thus when bean 134 moves along arrows 310, the whole area of grating 100 remains irradiated.
Delay-fiber 306 produces a time delay Δt between control beam 134 and carrier beam 132. An explanation of how the amount of delay Δt affects interference patterns 150 and 250 is given below in the explanations for
Delay-fiber 306 produces a time delay Δt between what might be termed a control beam 134 and data beam 132. The amount of delay Δt affects interference patterns 150 and 250 and thus dictates the switching state between port P2 and P3. An explanation of how the amount of delay Δt affects interference patterns 150 and 250 and thus the switching position between ports P2 and P3 is given below in the explanations for
Graphs 356–362 are gathered in several groups classified according to the time delay Δt between information carrier beam 132 and control beam 134. Graph 356–362 of groups 350, 352, and 354 are related to time delays Δt=0, Δt<T, and Δt=T, respectively.
Time-delays Δt between information carrier beam 132 and control beam 134 can be produced, for example, by control unit 214 of laser 210 as shown in system 200 of
For graphs 356–362 of group 350, Δt=0, which means that the pulses of information carrier beam 132, shown in graph 356, and the pulses of control beam 134, shown in graph 358, are in phase without any delay between them. In this case combined grating 100, in optical systems 200 and 300 of
For graphs 356–362 of group 352 Δt<T, which means that the pulses of information carrier beam 132, shown in graph 356, and the pulses of control beam 134, shown in graph 358, have a time-overlap T10 between them. Time overlapping T10=T−Δt. In this case, for the time period equal to T10, combined grating 100 in optical systems 200 and 300 of
For the time periods that differ from overlapping interval T10, there are three situations:
(1) Carrier beam 132 is on and control beam 134 is off. (2) Carrier beam 132 is off and control beam is on. (3) Beams, 132 and 134 are off.
For the first situation, grating 100, of
For the second situation, grating 100 of
For the third situation, it is obvious that when the radiation intensity of both beams 132 and 134 is zero, in that case, the radiation at ports P2 and P3 is also zero as shown by graphs 360 and 362, respectively. For graphs 356–362 of group 354 Δt=T. This means that the pulses of information carrier beam 132, shown in graph 356, and the pulses of control beam 134, shown in graph 358, have a time-overlap of T10 between them equal to zero. Grating 100 is irradiated alternately either by beam 132 on the side that contains grating layer 106 when beam 134 is off or by beam 134 on the side that contains grating layer 108 when beam 132 is off. This case is equivalent to switching alternately between the first situation and the second situation described above for group 352 of graphs 356–362. The switching between the first and the second situations is done immediately. As described above for the first and the second situations, the intensity emitted from port P2 is zero for both of the situations. This is shown by graph 360, and part of the radiation intensities of beam 132 or beam 134 is emitted alternately from port P3 in the first or the second situation, respectively. Accordingly, the radiation intensity emitted from port P2, shown by graph 360, is always zero and the intensity emitted from port P3 is always constant, as shown by graph 362.
As discussed above, optical systems 200 and 300 of
In addition, optical systems 200 and 300 of
Optical systems 200 and 300 of
Interference pattern 250 of
In optical system 400 of
Interference patterns 150 and 250 are produced by beams 132 and 134, in a similar way, in all of the systems, systems 200, 300 and 400 as illustrated in
Reflectors 402 and 216 may be connected at a point 408, and may be oriented at a right angle to each other to form a retro-reflector 410. Reflector 410 is arranged to move, along arrows 404, to adjust gently the length of the optical path between reflector 216 and combined grating 100 to provide phase-matching between beam 132, passing through grating 100, and beam 134 reflected from grating 100. The adjustment may be made automatically or manually. In a functioning system, as discussed above, a calibration process may be periodically followed to insure the phase matching is optimal and consistent. Note that in addition to regular calibration, adjustment may be made based on peak signal detected using normal data throughput so that the system is continuously adjusted. Alternatively, an error condition may invoke a calibration process. The error condition may be determined based on average energy or peak energy of an output (e.g., from P3)
Intensity equalization of the radiation intensities of beam 132, which passes through grating 100, and beam 143, which is reflected from grating 100, may be achieved by adjusting the attenuation factor of attenuator 208.
While retro-reflector 410 moves along arrows 404 it does not cause any undesired lateral shifting of beam 134 as occurs in system 300, in which moving reflector 218 along arrows 308 causes movement of beam 134 along arrows 310.
Large movements of retro-reflector 410 along any desired distance, oriented in the direction of arrows 404, changes the length of the optical path between reflector 410 and grating 100 and thus produces a time delay Δt between control beam 134 and carrier beam 132. An explanation of how the amount of delay Δt affects interference patterns 150 and 250 is given above with reference to
Retro reflector 410 produces a time delay Δt between control beam 134 and carrier beam 132. The length of the delay Δt affects interference patterns 150 and 250 and thus dictates the switching state and therefore whether the output is from port P2 or P3 (or neither). An explanation of how the delay Δt affects interference patterns 150 and 250 and thus the switching between ports P2 and P3 is given above in the description of
When blocks 104 and 105 have the same refractive index and are bonded with index matching glue, the refractive index on both sides of combined grating 100 is the same and equal to N1. Accordingly, by substituting refractive index N0 with refractive index N1 in Eqs. (11) and (12) we get the condition for maintaining phase-matching between beams 132 and 134 all over the planes of grating 500:
φ0=φ1=φ2=45°.
The same holographic and photolithographic techniques that produce combined grating 100 produce also combined grating 500. Grating 500 contains grating layers 502, 106, and 108. Reflecting lines 504 and 116 of grating layers 502 and 108 are centered along lines 114 of grating layer 106.
The above condition for angles φ0, φ1, and φ2 assures that there will be phase-matching between the radiation reflected from grating 500 and the radiation that passes through grating 500. This phase-matching is maintained all over both sides of combined grating 500 that includes grating layers 502 and 108.
Beam 132 passes through openings 110 of grating layer 106 of combined grating 500 and is reflected from mask stripes 504 of grating layer 502 of combined grating 500. Similarly, beam 134 passes through openings 110 of grating layer 106 of combined grating 500 and is reflected from lines 116 of grating layer 108 of combined grating 500.
When only beam 132 is incident, part of it passes through grating layer 106 of combined grating 500 to produce an interference pattern similar to interference pattern 150 of
Grating layers 502, 106, and 108 all have pitch d that satisfies λ<d<2λ. Accordingly, when only one beam 132 or 134 is incident and the other beam (134 or 132, respectively) is not, the resulting interference patterns, such as 150 and 250 shown in
When both beams 132 and 134 are simultaneously incident, the part of the radiation of beam 134 reflected from grating layer 108 and the part of the radiation of beam 132 that passes through grating layer 106 produce an interference pattern, such as interference 150 of
Similarly, when both beams 132 and 134 are incident simultaneously, the part of the radiation of beam 132 reflected from grating layer 502 and the part of the radiation of beam 134 that passes through grating layer 106 produce an interference pattern such as interference 250 of
Combined grating 500 is symmetric with respect to beams 132 and 134 and, unlike combined grating 100, it produces interference patterns such as 150 and 250 of
In
For clarity and without limitation, combined grating 500 is illustrated in a simple version that does not include transparent block 105. The two versions of grating 500 are analogous to the two versions of grating 100 in
As explained, grating 500 of
Optical fibers 610, 612, and 624, with their input ports P10, P11, and P−11 and output ports P12 and P13, are used to collect the radiation of interference pattern 250. These ports are similar to optical fibers 230, 232, and 234 with their input ports P0, P1, and P−1 and output ports P2 and P3 used to collect the radiation of interference pattern 150 of
Similarly, directional coupler 614 and phase-shifter 620 with its electrode 622 are similar to directional coupler 224 and phase-shifter 220 with its electrode 222, as illustrated in
The beams which have the interference orders i=±1 in both interference patterns 150 and 250 are indicated by broken lines to illustrate that these lobes disappear when both beams 132 and 134 incident simultaneously.
Optical fibers 610, 612, and 624 of unit 700, with their input ports P10, P11, and P−11 and output ports P12 and P13, are used to collect the radiation of interference pattern 250. These fibers are similar to optical fibers 230, 232, and 234 of systems 200 and 400, with their input ports P0, P1, and P−1 and output ports P2 and P3. These fibers are used to collect the radiation of interference pattern 150.
Similarly, directional coupler 614 and phase-shifter 620 of unit 700, with its electrode 622, are similar to directional coupler 224 and phase-shifter 220 of systems 200 and 400, with their electrode 222, as illustrated in
Graphs 360 and 362 of
The lobes of interference orders i=±1 in interference pattern 250 are illustrated by broken lines to show that these beams disappear when beams 132 and 134 are simultaneously incident. The resulting lobes are coupled into ports P11, and P−11 by coupling lens 626.
Similarly, control beam 134 is optically coupled into ports P5 at the inputs of radiation guides 806 of bundle 808. The other sides 812, at the outputs of optical fibers 806, are optically coupled to inputs 815 of waveguides 816. Waveguides 816 are one group out of two groups of waveguides that forms interference device 801.
Waveguides 814 and 816 are interleaved such that one waveguide 816 is located in each space between two waveguides 814 and vice-versa. The dimensions of optical fibers 802 and 806 are relatively large; thus the spaces between waveguides 814 and 816 fit the dimensions of fibers 802 and 806. The outputs of fibers 802 and 806 at their ends 810 and 812 are also relatively large. Thus inputs 813 and 815 of waveguides 814 and 816, respectively, are also designed to be large to allow efficient optical coupling between fibers 802 and 806 and inputs 813 and 815 of waveguides 814 and 816, respectively.
Waveguides 814 and 816 at output 823 of device 801 are preferably arranged in a very dense structure to assure that pitch d1 between two following waveguides 814 or 816 satisfies λ<d1<2λ. Also the pitch d2 between the two following waveguides 814 and 816 should satisfy d2<λ.
Note that the configuration of waveguides 814 and 816 changes from large waveguides separated by large spaces, at input 817 of device 801, to small waveguides separated by small spaces at output 823 of device 801. This is achieved by bending waveguides 814 and 816 and changing their size by shaping them in a form of an adiabatic taper.
Device 801 can be made, for example, of silica, fused silica, diffused glass, lithium niobate, liquid crystals, and semiconductors such as silicon, GaAs, AlGaAs, InP, InGaAsP, CdTe and CdZnTe. Device 801 is made of substrate 820, which carries confinement layer 818 to guide the radiation. Layer 818 may have an index of refraction that is higher than the index of refraction of substrate 820. Growing epitaxial layers using techniques of Liquid Phase Epitaxy (LPE), Molecular Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD), and Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) can produce layer 818. Diffusing dopants into substrate 820 can also produce layer 818. For example, diffusion of Ag ions into lithium-niobate substrate 820 can produce layer 818.
The fabrication of radiation waveguides 814 and 816 in layer 818 of device 801 may be accomplished using standard IC industry etching and photolithography techniques.
The radiation of information carrier beam 132 is coupled into ports P4 of fibers 802 of bundle 804 and exits from fibers 802 at their ends 810. This radiation is then coupled into inputs 813 of waveguides 814 at input 817 of device 801. Waveguides 814 carry the radiation of beam 132 to the output of guides 814 at output 823 of device 801. To avoid any delay between the radiation from guides 814 at output 823 of device 801, the total length of all the optical paths between ports P4 and the outputs of guides 814 at output 823 are adjusted to be the same. Alternatively, any differences resulting in phase mismatching may be corrected using adjustable phase correction devices as discussed above and below. Phase-matching between the beams from guides 814 at output 823 can be achieved by strong coupling between guides 814 to produce an effect similar to phase lock. To produce more positive phase match between the beams of guides 814, phase shifters 822 can be produced on top of guides 814 by thin film techniques. The electrodes 824 and 826 can control each of phase shifters 822 separately. Controlling phase shifters 822 is done by applying control voltages to their electrodes 824 and 826, which in turn changes the refractive index of guides 814 and thus causes a phase shift of the radiation that they guide.
Maintaining equal intensity of all the beams that exit from guides 814 at output 823 can be achieved by ensuring equal losses for all the optical paths between ports P4 and the output of guides 814 at output 823. Alternatively, optical amplifiers 828 can be produced, on top of guides 814, by thin-film techniques. Amplifiers 828 are controlled separately through their electrodes 830 and 832 by applying control voltages. Thus the intensities of the beams in guides 814 at output 823 can be controlled to be the same, by adjusting the amplifications of amplifiers 828.
The radiation of control beam 134 is coupled into ports P5 of fibers 806 to be emitted from guides 816 at output 823 of device 801. This is done analogously to the way in which the radiation of information carrier beam 132 is coupled into ports P4 to be emitted from guides 814 at output 823 of device 801. In addition, the same control for the phases, the time delays, and the intensities described above for information carrier beam 132 propagating in guides 814 is applied to control beam 134 propagating in guides 816.
Accordingly when the radiation of information carrier beam 132 is coupled through ports P4 of bundle 804 of fibers 802, it is divided and exits with the same intensity and phase. It does so from multiple guides 814 arranged in every other guide in the combined group of guides 814 and 816 at output 823 of device 801.
Similarly, when the radiation of control beam 134 is coupled through ports P5 of bundle 808 of fibers 806, it is divided and exits. It does so with the same intensity and phase, from multiple guides 816 arranged in every other guide in the combined group of guides 814 and 816 at output 823 of device 801. The phases and the intensities of beams 132 and 134 at the outputs of guides 814 and 816 are equal.
As indicated above, waveguides 814 and 816 at output 823 of device 801 are arranged in a very dense structure to ensure that pitch d1 between two successive waveguides 814 or 816 satisfies λ<d1<2λ. Also the spacing d2 between two following waveguides 814 and 816 should satisfy d2<λ.
The group of waveguides 814 and 816 at output 823 of device 801 is actually a an array of radiation waveguides that act similarly to combined grating 100, illustrated and explained above. Thus device 801 acts as interference device similar to combined gratings 100 and 500. When only information carrier beam 132 or only control beam 134 is on, the combined group of guides at output 823 has a spacing d1 that satisfies λ<d1<2λ.
This means that when only information carrier beam 132 or only control beam 134 is on, device 801 produces interference pattern 150 similar to interference pattern 150B of
Interference pattern 150 of
Alternatively, when beams 132 and 134 are on simultaneously, then interference pattern 150 is of the type 150A, illustrated by
The switching and modulating properties of system 900 are analogous to those in
Time delayer 1012 produces a time delay Δt between beam 132 and 134. Phase shifter 1014 changes the phase of beam 134 to match the phase of beam 132. The delay time Δt, which time delay 1012 produces, depends upon the extra length of its fiber loop. The voltage applied to control electrode 1016 of phase shifter 1014 controls the phase shift of beam 134.
The operational principle of shifter 1014 is similar to that of shifter 220 of
Beam splitter 1104 divides wide information carrier beam 1102 into information carrier beam 132 and control beam 134. Beam 132 is reflected by splitter 1104 and is directed toward bundle 804 of fibers 802 to be coupled into ports P4 of fibers 802. Beam 134 propagates through splitter 1104 toward retro-reflector 1106. Retro-reflector 1106 receives beam 134, from beam splitter 1104, and reflects beam 134 in the opposite direction with a vertical displacement toward reflector 1108. Reflector 1108 receives beam 134, from retro-reflector 1106, and reflects beam 134 toward bundle 808 of fibers 806. It is then coupled into port P5 of fibers 806.
Retro reflector 1106 is arranged to move along arrows 1110 to change the length of the optical path of control beam 134 between splitter 1104 and port P5. Accordingly, the movement of retro-reflector 1106 along arrows 1110 is used to control both the phase and the time delay Δt between beams 132 and 134. While a gentle movement of reflector 1106 along arrows 1110 controls the phase-matching between beams 132 and 134, a large movement of reflector 1106 along arrows 1110 controls the delay time Δt between beams 132 and 134. The above movements of reflector 1106 along arrows 1110 maintain the orientation and the position in which beam 134 hits reflector 1108 and thus do not change the coupling of beam 134 into ports P5.
The optical paths of beams 132 and 134 from ports P4 and P5, respectively, are similar to what is illustrated by system 800 of
Information carrier beam 1210 propagates in core 1214 of fibers 1206 and is coupled by input 1202 of switch 1200 to fibers 202 of system 300 of
Graphs 1230 at the lower part of
The data stream of beam 1210, illustrated by graph 1218, includes two pairs of pulses. In each pair the pulses have a width T and are separated by a time Δt. The pairs of pulses in graph 1218 are separated by a guard interval T2. The intervals T2, Δt, and T satisfy the inequality, T2>Δt >T. The data stream of beam 132 of system 300 is similar to the data stream of beam 1210; thus graph 1218 illustrates the data stream of beam 132 as well.
Graph 1220 illustrates the data stream of beam 134 of system 300. This data stream 134 is delayed by an amount Δt with respect to the data stream of beam 132 shown in graph 1218. Accordingly the first pulse in each pair of pulses of beam 134 has a time overlap with the second pulse in each pair of pulses of beam in the input stream 132.
Graph 1222 illustrates the data stream of beam 1212 at output 1216 of fiber 1208. The pulses of beam 1212 shown in graph 1222 are present only when the pulses of beams 132 and 134, shown in graphs 1218 and 1220, respectively, exist simultaneously.
Accordingly switch 1200 is a self-activated all-optical switch. Information carrier beam 1210 arranged to include information pulses, each of which is followed by activating pulse at a time space Δt. The information pulses, together with their respective (following) activating pulses defines a pair of pulses each of which may represent a symbol (e.g., a bit) and each of which is separated by time T2>Δt>T. Note that each symbol or pulse pair may, encode more than a single bit, for example by means of pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) or may be phase-encoded as well to provide phase-shift keying (PKM) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) symbols.
Optical (T, Δt) emits, from output 1216, the information pulses alone without the activating (control) pulses. This emitting of the information pulses occurs only when the time delay Δt of (T, Δt) (switch 1200) is equal to the time spacing between the information pulses and the activating pulses related to each pair of pairs of pulses in beam 1210.
Graph 1302, shows time-envelope 1312 in which the logical data of different serial information channels can be placed. Time-envelope 1312 does not contain any logical data; it shows only time slots 1314 in which pulses are allowed. Time-envelope 1312 is divided into equal length intervals T3. Each interval T3 contains a guard interval T2 that is equal to or longer than T3/2. Guard interval T2 is a restricted time zone for any type of data and neither information nor control (activating or triggering) pulses are allowed during this period. A time slot T4=T3−T2 is an interval during which data may be encoded. Time period T4 is divided to K time pulse-slots 1314 having width T4/K=Δt. Each pulse-slot 1314 within envelope 1312 may contain a logical pulse having a width Δt.
As described with reference to
Each time slot T4, with its pulse-slots 1314, may be reserved, in TDM fashion, for a TD channel or each time slot may be used for a single channel. For each time slot T4 only two pulses, each pair corresponding to one symbol, is provided in each slot T4. Since guard interval T2 is forbidden for any type of pulses, interval T3 can contain only two pulses as well.
Envelope 1312 of graph 1302 may contain multiple codes of multiple information channels interleaved serially with the time in any desired order.
For example, graph 1304 illustrates serial data stream 1322 including pulse pairs 1316, 1318, and 1320 of three different TD channels. Pulse pairs 1316, 1318, and 1320 each include two pulses separated by times 2Δt, 5Δt, and (k−1) Δt, respectively.
To demultiplex serial data stream 1322 of graph 1304 from a single optical fiber into multiple parallel ports of optical fibers, each must contain only one information channel corresponding to this port. Data stream 1322 may be split into multiple ports. To each port is applied the signal 1322. For example, the signal 1322 may be applied to the inputs of all-optical switch 1200 of
Each of switches 1200 receives at its input 1202 the entire data stream including the codes of all the information channels. Each switch 1200 detects and emits, at its output, pulses only for data in the input data stream code corresponding to the code channel for which the switch is constructed. Thus, in this design, each of output ports 1204 of switches 1200 will emit only the information pulses of one information channel from the serial of channels of graph 1304.
Graph 1304, illustrates data stream 1322. All switches 1200 receive this data stream at their inputs 1202. Thus this graph also illustrates the data stream of beams 132 inside switches 1200, as described above in the explanation of
Graph 1306 illustrates data stream 1322 of graph 1304 with a time delay of 2Δt. As explained above for switch 1200, this graph may illustrate the data stream of control beam 134, inside switch 1200, with the switch having a delay of 2Δt. Thus it is characterized by the vector (T, 2Δt). In this particular case, since the pulses 1316, 1318, and 1320 have a width T equal to Δt, the switches are characterized by: (Δt, 2Δt). Note that strictly-speaking, the descriptor (T, Δt) is not fully a characterization of the switch in that Δt merely constrains the choices of T and T is chosen a priori for use with a given switch. The switch itself is characterized by its internal delay which is indicated fully by Δt.
Arrows 1324 show that only the first pulse of code 1316 in graph 1306 has a complete time overlap with the second pulse of code 1316 in graph 1304. Graphs 1304 and 1306 also illustrate the pulses of beams 132 and 134, respectively. This means that inside this specific switch 1200 there is also a similar time overlap between the pulses of beams 132 and 134. Thus, only the information pulse of code 1316 will appear at output 1204 of switch 1200. Output 1204 is characterized by (Δt, 2Δt). Codes 1318 and 1320 do not produce, in this switch, any time overlap between their pulses in corresponding beams 132 and 134. Thus none of their pulses appears in the output of switch 1200.
Accordingly, in general, switch 1200 has a delay 2Δt characterized by (Δt, 2Δt). Switch 1200 emits only the information pulse from the two-pulse code of the information channel. It does so only when this code includes two pulses that are separated by a time space 2Δt. The pulses of other codes, separated by a time space equal to the integral number of Δt that differs from 2Δt, will not be emitted by switch 1200 and will not appear at its output.
Similar to graph 1306, graph 1308 illustrates data stream 1322 of graph 1304 with a time delay of 5Δt. As explained above for switch 1200, this graph actually also illustrates the data stream of control beam 134, inside switch 1200 when this switch has a delay of 5Δt. Thus it is characterized by (T, 5Δt). In fact since the pulses also have a width T equal to Δt, the switch is characterized by (Δt, 5Δt).
Arrows 1326 show that only the first pulse of code 1318 in graph 1308 has a complete time overlap with the second pulse of code 1318 in graph 1304. Graphs 1304 and 1308 also illustrate the pulses of beams 132 and 134 inside switch 1200, characterized by (Δt, 5Δt), respectively. This means that in this switch there is also a similar time overlap between the pulses of beams 132 and 134. Thus, only the information pulse of code 1318 will appear at output 1204 of switch 1200, characterized by (Δt, 5Δt). Codes 1316 and 1320 do not produce any time overlap between their pulses in corresponding beams 132 and 134. Thus none of their pulses appear in the output of switch 1200 characterized by (Δt, 5Δt).
Accordingly, in general, switch 1200 has a delay 5Δt characterized by (Δt, 5Δt). It detects only the information pulse from the information channel whose code includes the two logical pulses that are separated by time 5Δt. The pulses of other codes that are separated by a time equal to integral number of Δt that differs from 5Δt will not be detected by switch 1200 and will not appear at its output.
Similar to graphs 1306 and 1308, graph 1310 illustrates data stream 1322 of graph 1304 with a time delay of (k−1)Δt. As explained above for switch 1200, characterized by (Δt, 2Δt) and (Δt, 5Δt), this graph actually also illustrates the data stream of control beam 134, inside switch 1200 when this switch has a delay (k−1)Δt. Thus it is characterized by (T, (k−1)Δt). In fact since the pulses also have a width T equal to Δt, the characterization takes the form (Δt, (k−1)Δt).
Arrows 1328 show that only the first pulse of code 1320 in graph 1310 has a complete time overlap with the second pulse of code 1320 in graph 1304. Graphs 1304 and 1310 also illustrate the pulses of beams 132 and 134 inside switch 1200, characterized by (Δt, (k−1)Δt), respectively. This means that in this switch there is also a similar time overlap between the pulses of beams 132 and 134. Thus, only the information pulse of code 1320 will appear at output 1204 of switch 1200, characterized by (Δt, (k−1)Δt). Codes 1316 and 1318 do not produce, in this switch any time overlap between their pulses in corresponding beams 132 and 134. Thus none of their pulses appear in output 1204 of switch 1200 related to (Δt, (k−1)Δt).
Accordingly, in general, switch 1200, has a delay (k−1)Δt characterized by (Δt, (k−1)Δt). It detects the information pulse only from the information channel whose code includes the two pulses that are separated by time (k−1)Δt. The pulses of other codes are separated by a time equal to an integral number Δt that differs from (k−1)Δt. They will not be detected by switch 1200, characterized by (Δt, (k−1)Δt), and will not appear at its output 1204.
Accordingly, each switch 1200, out of all switches 1200 that are fed in parallel by the split information of the coded serial channels, will detect only the information pulses from the code whose two pulses are separated by a time equal to the delay of the switch. Thus switches 1200 convert the serial coded channels propagating in a single optical fiber into parallel channels, each of which propagates in different parallel optical fibers.
While
Guard interval T2 is a forbidden time zone from which the logical pulses are restricted. Guard interval T2 is needed to avoid unwanted time overlap between the pulses of different codes that exist in information carrier beam 132 and control 134 inside switches 1200. In a situation when guard interval T2 does not exist, the time delay between beams 132 and 134 could cause time overlap between the pulses of different codes in beams 132 and 134. Such overlap could cause mixing and crosstalk between the divided different information channels propagating in parallel fibers, which should be isolated from each other.
Interval T3 contains only one pair of pulses and actually only one pulse of this pair represents an information pulse (or, put differently, each pulse pair represents only one symbol). Interval T3 is at least 2k times longer than the width Δt of the symbol. Accordingly, this method of multiplexing may seem at first to be inefficient in terms of information density. In practice, however, according to the invention and as illustrated by
The optical system that actually performs the principle of the symbology, illustrated by the graphs of
Switches 1200 are differ from each other only by their corresponding delay parameter and thus are indicated by their corresponding parameters. The delay parameters of the (k−1) switches 1200 have values that are integral number of Δt and create a series having serial different Δt's that starting with Δt and end with (k−1)Δt. Arrows 1410 represents those of switches 1200 that are not shown in
Information carrier beam 1418, propagating in a single fiber 1408, includes a serial data stream that includes k−1 different information channels interleaved between each other in any desired serial order. Beam 1418 has a time envelope 1312 (
The time lag between the two pulses of each of code is related to a particular information channel. The time lag varies from one channel to another and has a specific value that corresponds uniquely to a respective information channel. The interval between the two pulses of the (k−1) different codes have values that are integral multiples of Δt and define a series starting with Δt and end with (k−1)Δt.
All the codes of the information channels that information carrier beam 1418 carries arrive at inputs 1202 of switches 1200 through fibers 1206 and by beams 1420 into which beam 1418 is divided. Beams 1420 carries all the codes of the information channels that beam 1418 carries. These codes are applied to switches 1200 via their respective inputs 1202.
Each of the switches 1200 detects and transmits to its output 1204 only when the code in the information channel corresponding to its internal delay. I.e., it only transmits pulses for the code corresponding to the particular switch 1200 in which the pulses in each code are separated by a time interval equal to the time delay of the switch 1200. Neither the information pulse nor the activating pulse of the codes of other channels not corresponding to as given switch 1200 produces a pulse at the its output 1204. Accordingly, the information pulses for each code are output only by a respective information channel output 1412.
The information pulse of each code is represented by one of the two pulses that define the code. Each of switches 1200 receives, at its input 1202, various codes of different information channels. From these various codes switch 1200 detects and transmits to its output 1204 only the information pulse of the code that is related to the specific information channel. In this case the time interval between the two pulses of the code is equal to the delay parameter of this specific switch 1200.
For example, (k−1) optical switches 1200 are indicated by their (T, Δt), (T, 2Δt), (T, 3Δt), (T, 4Δt), and (T, (k−1) Δt). These switches will transmit to their outputs 1204 only the information pulses from the (k−1) codes that correspond to that are separated by time intervals equal to Δt, 2Δt, 3Δt, 4Δt, and (k−1)Δt respective thereto.
The information pulses of the different information channel are coupled by different outputs 1204 of switches 1200 into different fibers 1404 and are carried by different beams 1414 that are from respective outputs 1412 of system 1400.
Accordingly, optical system 1400 defines an all-optical Code division Multiplexing (CDM) system. System 1400 receives, in its single input 1402, a series of multiple coded information channels interleaved in any desired order. System 1400 emits, from its multiple outputs 1412, only the information pulses of the different coded information channels. These information pulses are fed into its input 1402, when each of the different information channels exits, by a demultiplexing process, from a different output 1412 without any crosstalk between the channels.
Modulator 1200 receives in its input 1202, through optical fiber 1206, information carrier beam 1210 that is coupled to fiber 1206 into its core 1214. Arrow 1506 indicates that pulse 1502 is related to beam 1210 and has a width T. As explained above, beam 1210 is divided into carrier beam 132 and control beam 134 inside modulator 1200. Carrier beam 132 includes all the information of beam 1210 and thus pulse 1502 also represents beam 132. Control beam 134 is delayed by a time delay Δt, as illustrated by pulse 1504 that is time shifted by Δt, relative to pulse 1502 of beam 132, and has the same width T as pulse 1502.
The time overlap T−Δt between pulses 1502 and 1504 of beams 132 and 134, respectively, produce narrow pulse 1508 at output 1204 of modulator 1200, that has a width T−Δt.
Pulse 1508 at output 1204 of modulator 1200 is coupled into optical fiber 1208 and is emitted, by beam 1212, from fiber 1208 through its output 1216, as is illustrated by arrow 1510.
The delay values Δt of modulator 1200 can be adjusted as desired and thus Δt can be chosen to produce pulse 1508 with an extremely narrow width T−Δt.
Accordingly modulator 1200 receives radiation pulses 1502 that can be produced in a conventional way by conventional radiation sources and modulators. These pulses are converted, by modulator 1200 into ultra narrow pulses 1508. These pulses are much narrower than the pulses produced by any known modulating technique.
Modulators, such as modulator 1200, can be placed in the optical path of parallel information channels to convert their pulses into much narrower pulses. Due to the narrow width of the new pulses in these parallel information channels, they can be interleaved to a serial data stream by standard DTM techniques. This stream will have a much higher information density, so as to produce DTDM. This serial pulse steam of the above mentioned DTDM should be demultiplexed by the fastest standard techniques known today.
In addition to the DTDM, narrow pulses, such as pulse 1508 produced by modulator 1200 or any other modulator according to the invention, can also be used to increase the information density of any other communication method, such as WDM or DWDM.
The all-optical CDM according to the invention should have special codes. These codes should be encoded, by multiplexing, into the serial interleaved data stream of the DTDM to allow the multiplexing by CDM technique of the invention.
System 1520 has multiple inputs 1526 and a single output 1528. Parallel information channels 1522, represented by their information pulses 1524, are fed into inputs 1526 of system 1520. Pulses 1524 are the shortest pulses that can be achieved today. Pulses 1524 are cut by lines 1530 to indicate that, in spite of their narrow width, their length is still much longer than that illustrated.
Inputs 1526 of system 1520 are coupled into nodes 1532. Nodes 1532 that receive radiation pulses 1524 of channels 1522 divide this radiation equally into optical fiber 1534 and optical fibers 1536. The beams from fibers 1534 and 1536 are fed into inputs 1202 of modulators 1200.
Modulators 1200 produce very short pulses 1544 at their outputs 1204. Each of pulses 1544 is accompanied by arrow 1545 that indicates in which fibers pulses 1544 propagate. The width Δt=T−Δt1 of pulses 1544 depends upon width T of pulses 1524 and delay time Δt1 of modulators 1200 ((T, Δt1). Modulators 1200 are arranged in (K−1) pairs, starting with pair 1538 through pair 1540 to pair 1542. Broken arrows 1538 represent the pairs of modulators 1200 that are not shown in
Pulses 1544 at outputs 1204 of modulator pair 1538 are coupled into optical fibers 1546 and 1548, respectively. Pulses 1544 at outputs 1204 of modulator pair 1540 are coupled into optical fibers 1550 and 1552, respectively. Similarly, pulses 1544 at outputs 1204 of modulator pair 1542 are coupled into optical fibers 1554 and 1556, respectively.
Delay fibers 1558, 1560, and 1562 in fibers 1546, 1550, and 1556 produce time delays corresponding to the specific codes of modulator pairs 1538, 1540, and 1542, respectively. For example, delay fibers 1558, 1560, and 1562 produces delays of Δt, 2Δt, and (K−1)Δt, respectively. Index (K−1) represents the number of modulator pairs used when the (K−1)th pair is pair 1542.
Node 1564 receives pulses 1544, having width Δt, from fibers 1546 and 1548. Node 1564 combines these two pulses and emits them, through single fiber 1570, on the other side of node 1564. Pulses 1544 of fibers 1546 and 1548 have a width Δt and are delayed by time interval Δt. Thus when combined into fiber 1570, they produce a specific code pair 1576 corresponding to modulator pair 1538, that includes two pulses that are shifted by Δt.
Node 1566 receives pulses 1544 from fibers 1550 and 1552. Node 1566 combines these two pulses and emits them, through single fiber 1572, on the other side of node 1566. Pulses 1544 of fibers 1550 and 1552 have width Δt and are delayed by interval 2Δt. Thus when they are combined into fiber 1572, they produce specific code pair 1578 corresponding to modulator pair 1540, that includes two pulses that are shifted by 2Δt.
Similarly, node 1568 receives pulses 1544 from fibers 1554 and 1556. Node 1568 combines these two pulses and emits them through single fiber 1574, on the other side of node 1568. Pulses 1544 of fibers 1550 and 1552 have a width Δt and are delayed by time interval (K−1)Δt. Thus when are combined into fiber 1574, they produce a specific code pair 1580, corresponding to modulator pair 1542, that includes two pulses that are shifted by (K−1)Δt.
Specific codes 1576, 1578, and 1580 of modulator pairs 1538, 1540, and 1542 are accompanied by arrows 1582, 1584, and 1586 that indicate fibers 1570, 1572, and 1574 in which they propagate, respectively.
Fibers 1570, 1572, and 1574 include delay fibers 1588, 1590 and 1592, respectively. Delay fibers 1588 to 1592 represent a series of (K−1) delay fibers corresponding to (K−1) modulator pairs 1538 to 1542. The time delays that delay fibers 1588 to 1592 produce are an integral number of time periods T3, shown in
Fibers 1570, 1572, and 1574 are connected to node 1594, which has only a single output 1528 that is also the output of system 1520. The (K−1) specific codes 1576 to 1580 of the (K−1) information channels 1522 that are coupled to (K−1) inputs 1526 of system 1520 propagate in (k−1) fibers 1570 to 1574. These codes enter node 1594 with time differences T3 between them. Node 1594 combines (K−1) codes 1576 to 1580 into a serial data stream that consists of codes 1576 to 1580 that are interleaved in every time period T3. Beam 1596 that exits from output 1528 of system 1520 carries the serial data stream produced by node 1594 that interleaves (k−1) codes 1576–1580 in serial of codes spaced by a time shift T3. Nodes 1564–1568 can be two-to-one couplers and node 1594 can be a many-to-one coupler
Arrow 1598 indicates that the series of pulses that beam 1596 carries is represented by the pulses confined in time-envelope 1312, similar to time envelope 1312, illustrated in
Any of occupation zones 1606 contains only one code out of (k−1) codes 1576–1580. Since occupation zones 1606 may include any of (k−1) codes 1576–1580, their size T4 must be great enough to allow them to contain even the longest code that has a width Δt(K−1)Δt KΔt. Accordingly, the time length of time zone 1606 is T4=KΔt.
Codes 1576–1580 are interleaved in (k−1) code cells 1602, where each code cell 1602 contains only one specific code related to its specific information channel 1522. Codes 1576–1580 are arranged in a series of (k−1) cells. These cells are arranged in a multiplexing or interleaving order that starts with code 1578 and ends with code 1580. Specific codes 1576–1580 are used in all-optical demultiplexing system 1400, illustrated in
System 1400 receives cells 1602 and includes switches 1200 that produce a time shift between their inside beams, carrier beam 132 and control beam 134. The maximum time shift between beams 132 and 134, inside switches 1200 of system 1400, is illustrated by
The total length 1608 of all (k−1) code cells 1602 is T5=(K−1)T3=(K−1) (2K−1)Δt. When T2 is equal to T4=2kΔt, then T5=(K−1) (2k)Δt. The time length T5 is the time that system 1520 of
Accordingly, system 1520 operates at a frequency rate of 1/T5. The width of pulses 1524 in information channels 1522 is much larger than the width of the pulses in codes 1576–1580. Thus there is a significant time saving using the system of 1520 with respect to standard TDM system.
Compression Factor Of DTDM With Respect To Standard TDM-
Compression factor C is defined as the ratio between the average bit rate exists in DTDM as, illustrated by
According to the invention and as illustrated in
R1=(k−1)/T5=(k−1)/[(k−1) (2K)Δt]=1/2KΔt
In a standard TDM the interleaved pulses, such as the pulses of information channels 1522, have width of T. Thus for transmitting (K−1) pulses, the time needed is (K−1)T. Accordingly, the average bit rate R2 is:
R2=(k−1)/(K−1)T=1/T
Compression factor C equal to:
C=R1/R2=T/2KΔt
For example, the width Δt of the pulses in codes 1576–1580 can easily produced to be 1000 times shorter than the width T of standard pulses, as produced and used in present TDMs. Assuming that K the number of information channels interleaved in both methods DTDM and TDM is 50 then:
C=1000Δt/2·50·Δt=10
This means that, by using the DTDM method, the bit rate can easily be increased by a factor of 10.
Achieving compression factor C=10, by the DTDM method with the additional capability of ultra fast all-optical demultiplexing makes the DTDM a very attractive method.
When using DTDM with very short pulses, according to the invention, and interleaving them, by the standard TDM method without encoding codes (as done when using CDM), the compression factor C can be much higher. The need to encode the interleave pulses to be used, in all-optical self-triggering CDM, reduces compression factor C significantly.
For example, when producing, according to the invention, pulses that are 1000 times shorter than available today, by other techniques, and interleaving them by a standard TDM technique, without CDM, then compression factor C is 1000. On the other hand, such a high pulse rate cannot be demultiplexed using known techniques; demultiplexing by the CDM technique of the invention is required.
The all-optical switching capabilities of system 1400 of
Systems 1520 and 1400 are connected by single long-haul fiber 1702 that transmits a serial data stream of radiation pulses. A long haul is a long information carrier designed to carry multiple information channels for transmitting large information volume, at high rate, between junctions of the communication network. System 1520 has multiple parallel inputs 1526 through which it receives pulses 1524 of multiple parallel information channels 1522. Pulses 1524 are cut by lines 1530 to indicate that pulses 1524 are longer than as illustrated. System 1520 produces specific codes corresponding to respective channels 1522; each code consist of a pair of pulses.
As illustrated in
As illustrated in
Referring now to
An input data stream 1340 is applied to an optical splitter 1341 which may be a directional coupler or Y-junction, to send energy in equal intensity to a gate 1352 such as described with reference to
Each of many signals such as signal 1348 can then be applied to an optical summing device, such as a Y-junction or other device (see below for discussion of Y-junctions, directional couplers, etc.) to create a high density time-multiplexed signal. Alternatively, an optical amplifier can be used to amplify the signals either in their original form 1338 or at a later stage after chopping and interleaving. While
The output signal 1348 from the previous figure may be applied to a duplicator circuit 1372. The latter is simply an optical splitter 1365 and a delay device 1367 configured to split the signal 1348 and sum a delayed copy 1366 of the signal with a non-delayed copy 1364. Here the delay is indicated as having a magnitude of Δt3. The output signal 1362 retains the original symbol spacing. As should be clear from the foregoing discussion and particularly that attending
Note that the distance between adjacent pulses ΔtA is illustrated as being very large in this example. As discussed above, the allowed range of spacings between pulses, which corresponds to the number of degrees of freedom of the code, should preferably not violate the minimum guard band rule, unless some other means is employed to filter out unwanted interference, a matter not discussed in the present disclosure. In the present example, the spacing ΔtA is illustrated as relatively large in anticipation of adding multiple layers of encoding, which is discussed next.
Referring now to
Referring now to
The time slots available for encoding the highest layer codes range over an interval 1396. The slots are spaced at least a pulse width apart (and are at least a pulse-width wide). The series of adjacent slots must be defined such that they occupy a time range that is no wider than interval 1396. A corollary is that Δt3 should never be outside this time range 1396.
The time slots available for encoding the penultimate layer codes range over an interval 1394. The slots are spaced apart by at least the interval 1396. The slot widths are at least at least the interval 1396. The series of adjacent slots must be defined such that they occupy a time range that is no wider than interval 1394. A corollary is that Δt2 should never be outside the time range 1394.
The time slots available for encoding the antepenultimate or initial layer codes range over an interval 1392. The slots are spaced apart by at least the interval 1394. The slot widths are at least at least the interval 1396. The series of adjacent slots must be defined such that they occupy a time range that is no wider than interval 1392. A corollary is that Δt1 should never be outside the time range 1394.
A guard interval 1390 must maintain a distance between adjacent initial switch layer slot ranges that is at least as great as interval 1392 to prevent intersymbol interference. The guard zone requirement only exists at the highest layer of encoding. This is because the time delays that correspond to the lower layers is always a fraction of those at higher layers, the presence of the highest level guard interval 1390 guarantees that no overlap will occur between successive symbols in the lower layers.
Refer now to
Signal 1606 is applied to the second layer of switches 1200N–1200R, each with a respective time delay Δtn−Δtr. Switch 1220P, which is within the range of switches 1200N–1200R (a range which also has an arbitrary number of switches within the confines of the encoding range), outputs signal 1607 because it is configured for the matching time interval Δt2. The signal 1607, may be thought of as containing the structure of one half of the signal 1606 and results due to the coincidence effect described for coincidence gates above. The other switches in the layer 1602 output no signal, because their time delays have non-matching values.
Signal 1607 is applied to the third layer of switches 1200V–1200Z, each with a respective time delay Δtv−Δtz. Switch 1220X, which is within the range of switches 1200V–1200Z (a range which also has an arbitrary number of switches within the confines of the encoding range), outputs signal 1608, because it is configured for the matching time interval Δt1. The signal 1608, may be thought of as containing the structure of one half of the signal 1607 (or a single pulse) and results due to the coincidence effect described for coincidence gates above. The other switches in the layer 1603 output no signal, because their time delays have non-matching values.
Note that in
There are several conclusions and ramifications regarding the details of the above embodiments that may be summarized here before discussing some other types of interference devices that may be configured to provide coincidence gate-type functionality similar to that discussed above. One of ordinary skill will observe that among the embodiments and inventions discussed, at least the following are provided:
The foregoing embodiments are by no means the only means by which the inventions discussed above may be implemented. Referring now to
As will be appreciated by persons of skill in the relevant fields, it is possible to create a directional coupler in which light incident on port 1 will result in radiation signals being emitted from ports 3 and 4 which are equal in electric field amplitude with a π/2 phase difference. More specifically, where the signal incident on port 1 has an electric field amplitude of E, the signal emitted from port 3 would have an electric field amplitude of E/√{square root over (2)} and in a certain phase relative to the input signal. The signal emitted from port 4 has the same field amplitude, but its phase is π/2 radians ahead of that of the signal emitted from port 3. The intensity of the signals is given by squaring the electric field amplitude so the port 1 signal has intensity I=E2, and port 3 and 4 signals have intensity I/2=E2/2 or half that of the signal applied to the input port 1.
For convenience, the following notation convention will be adopted. The intensity of light will be specified and where relevant, the phase indicated by multiplication by a symbol J to indicate a π/2 phase difference, by −1 to indicate a π phase difference, and by −J to indicate a −π/2 phase difference. Thus, −J*I/2 means a signal whose intensity is I/2 and whose phase is −π/2 ahead (or π/2 behind) of a reference signal.
A quick review of the signals incident on waveguides 1655, 1660 shows that when a signal is applied at port 2, the mirror-image obtains at the output ports 3 and 4. That is, the signal at port 3 is J*I/2 and that at port 4 is I/2. The more interesting situation occurs when light of equal intensity is incident on ports 1 and 2, but different in phase by −π/2. That is, the signal incident on port 1 is I and that on port 2 is −J*I. The output at port 4 is zero. All of the energy incident on ports 1 and 2 arrives at port 3. In this case, although shown, the phase relationship between the energy at port 3 and that at port 4 is irrelevant since no light is emitted from port 4.
Referring now to
Referring to
The coincidence device 1705 experiences a similar cancellation effect when signals of J*I and I are applied at ports 2 and 6, as may be confirmed by inspection and with the aid of the symbols in
Note that the notation in the drawings does not follow strict convention. For example, the result obtained at port 10 is shown as a mixture of intensity, which a scalar, and phase, which is a vector. The Y-junction 1785 may be configured, as is known in the art, so that its output is half the sum of the intensities of its inputs with phase cancellation given by the interference of their waveforms. This means that where the inputs are opposite in phase, as is the case for inputs at ports 8 and 9, the output signal intensity is the difference of the inputs signal intensities attenuated by 50%. Where the input signals are in phase, the output is the sum of the intensities of the input signals attenuated by 50%.
Note that the coincidence devices 1710, 1705, and 1770 may be manufactured on a single substrate as waveguides. The phase shifters 1740, 1745, and 1780 may be provided by simply heating a portion of the waveguide material to change the refractive index. This could be done with an ohmic heater or the like. Another way of forming the phase shifters is to apply a voltage that creates a depletion region, a device known as a Schottky contact. If the devices are made from optical fibers, a pressure could be applied, for example, by means of a piezo-electric device, to change the index of refraction.
Note also that it should be obvious that some phase change will occur as energy propagates along the waveguides in the forgoing devices. And this has been ignored in the discussion. So, for example, the phase of the signal output at port 4 will not be identical to the phase as the same signal is applied to port 8. Similarly, the phase difference between the signal at port 7 will not be precisely −π/2 radians different from that at port 9. Thus, the discussion has discussed the performance of the devices in a somewhat schematic way, but in a real device a designer would have to account for propagation delays and the effect these have on phase to insure that the desired results provide a coincidence effect such as that shown. In practice, this issue is a design detail that may be ignored for purposes of discussion of the inventions and various embodiments thereof.
Note that the light applied to one pair of ports (either 1,5 or 2,6), may regarded as a single signal input. The signal applied at the port 1,5 input is different, but equal in power to that applied to the port 2,6 input. The latter is an ordered pair with a predefined phase difference that is always the same. When a signal is applied to one input without simultaneous application of a signal at the other, the output signal (port 10) is zero. When respective signals are applied at both inputs, the output is equal to one fourth the power at either input or an eighth of the total power applied to the inputs.
Because the port 2,6 input has a predefined phase difference from the phases of the other input signals, and because of the behavior of the coincidence device 1700, 1705, and 1770 noted above, it is possible to construct coincidence gate with behaviors that are similar to that of embodiments shown in
Referring now to
Note that although delay lines 1800 and 1801 (as well as delay lines and other devices illustrated in embodiments discussed below) are illustrated as elongated channels (E.g., in the present figure they are suggested to be rolls of optical fiber, for example), various techniques may be used to produce the required delay. For example, materials in which light propagates more slowly (e.g., higher index of refraction achieved by doping) may be added so that the path need not be unduly elongated. Even some kind of energy conversion process like optical-electrical-optical could be used if delays are permitted to be relatively long. Such a device would act as a store-and-forward buffer but with current energy conversion technology, it would be usable for only very long delays. However, there some applications would permit this.
Referring to
Thus, it is clear that the behavior of the coincidence gate 1810 is essentially the same as that of gate 1200. However, the total energy loss of the gate 1810 may be substantially higher than that of gate 1200. We assumed in the above discussion that the gate 1200 is based on the embodiments of
Referring now to
Another feature of the disclosed embodiment is that instead of using Y-junctions, star splitter, or a star coupler, a series of 50%/50% directional couplers 1920, 1925, and 1930 (known also as 3 dB couplers) are used in a manner similar to that of the embodiments of
Recall that these are only schematic illustrations and in practice, the structure of the design (including path lengths and materials) may inherently provide the phase shifting. For example, the serpentine delay portion 1905 or other types of delay devices such as delay lines 18001 and 1801 (shown in
Note also that there is another phase rotation introduced by directional coupler 1930 and yet another by directional coupler 1925. The end result is that to achieve the desired interference effect in the coincidence device portion 1930 (i.e., the relative phase angles at the input ports 1, 2, 5, and 6), a phase rotation of −π/2 radians is applied in the lower branch 1916 of directional coupler 1925. The result is that the inputs at ports 1, 2, 5, and 6 produce the constructive interference effect at port 4 so that all the energy applied at ports 1 and 2 emanates at port 4, but the phase angles emitted at port 7 needs to be rotated by −π before being applied to the Y-junction 1945 in order to produce the coincidence-type output at port 10. Note that only the coincidence state is shown in connection with the embodiment of
Note that the use of directional couplers instead of Y-junctions results in a lower energy loss through the entire system. That is, one may be see that the energy loss through the embodiment of
Referring now to
Note that although in the embodiment of
It should be clear from the above that there are a wide variety of ways of generating the coincidence-gate functionality from directional couplers and/or Y-junctions in various combinations.
Referring now to
When incident beams 2010 and 2030 are coincident from their respective directions on the dielectric beam splitter 2025, with the indicated phase relationships, they interfere constructively. The result is a coincidence effect at the output beam 2045 from the reflection direction of incident beam 2010 and the transmitted direction of incident beam 2030. That is, in the reflection direction of incident beam 2010 and the transmitted direction of incident beam 2030, the combined energy output is four times that when either of the incident beams 2010 and 2030 is incident by itself.
The coincidence effect can be used to generate zero and non-zero outputs in noncoincident and coincident states, respectively by providing optical circuits that provide a magnitude slicing function as provided in previous embodiments discussed above. A number of examples are discussed below with regard to
Referring now to
When incident beams 2050 and 2070 are coincident from their respective directions on the metallic beam splitter, with the indicated phase relationships, they interfere constructively and no loss occurs in the metal film (not shown separately). The result is a coincidence effect at the output beam 2085 from the reflection direction of incident beam 2050 and the transmitted direction of incident beam 2070. That is, in the reflection direction of incident beam 2050 and the transmitted direction of incident beam 2070, the combined energy output is four times that when either of the incident beams 2050 and 2070 is incident by itself.
The embodiment of
Referring now to
The same “power combiner” behavior as exhibited by the Y-junction of
Another kind of power combiner that may be used to produce the same effect is a reflecting/transmitting grating with very high pitch relative to the wavelength of light incident thereon. No diffraction, and therefore no interference fringes, are produced because the wavelength of light is substantially greater than the grating spacing. However, inspection of
Referring now to
Referring now to
Note that the phase relationships between the two parts (here and in
Returning to the discussion of the noncoincidence state of
Referring now to
In terms of the relative intensity, the behaviors of the device of
Note that although the above embodiment of
Referring now to
The power combiner 2420 includes a mirror pair 2410, a lens 2405, and a receiving port 2425 of an optic fiber. The signal 2351′ is attenuated by the insertion process, but is proportional to the initial signal and is shown at port 7 with an intensity of I/2 and a phase that is π ahead (or behind) that at port 4, as symbolized by the multiplier −J. The port 4 signal is as in the previous embodiments. An attenuator/amplifier 2415 is included to indicate that the circuitry needs to ensure the output of the Y-junction 2370 is zero.
Referring now to
Referring now to
Referring now to
Referring now to
Principles of some of the foregoing embodiments may be extended to other embodiments easily in view of the following abstraction. In many of the foregoing embodiments, each of two signals is combined, in a first process, to produce a first output of a first power level and in a second process to produce a second output of a second power level. The first and second processes are such that the same signals individually are combined in the first and second processes to produce, respectively, a third output at third power level and a fourth output at the same third power level. The third and fourth outputs are caused to interfere in a third process such that they cancel. The first and second outputs are also caused, by the same third process to cancel, but the third process of cancellation is such that, because the first output is at a higher power level than the second, residual energy remains after the cancellation process. Thus, when both signals are processed to produce first and second outputs, a non-zero output is obtained. When either signal is processed alone, no output is obtained.
Referring to
Referring to
While the above description contains many details, these should not be considered as limitations on the scope of the invention, but as examples of the presently preferred embodiments thereof. Many other ramifications and variations are possible within the teachings to the invention.
For example the all-optical switches, modulators, encoding and decoding systems, interleaving and multiplexing systems, and demultiplexing systems have been described for use in communication networks. However they can be used in other optical systems as well, such as systems used for optical computing. They also can be used as optical components, devices, and systems in Ethernet systems. Although the invention been described using the examples of DTDM and self-triggered CDM it can be used for producing very narrow pulses to perform standard techniques, such as TDM, ATM and packets routing.
Although the some systems have been described as modulators they also can be operated as switches. While some all-optical encoding and multiplexing systems have been described using sub-units operating as modulators, the situation can be reversed, i.e., the operation of these same sub-units can be change to serve as switches in decoding and demultiplexing systems. Though some switches and modulators have been described with one output they can include multiple outputs. While the modulators and the switches have been described as containing gratings or phase arrays, they can also include another interference devices that are capable of changing their pitch according to the illumination conditions. Although the gratings and the phase arrays have been described as having one ore three interference orders, they are not limited to these numbers of interference orders. While some of the switches and the modulators are illustrated without optical amplifiers they can be integrated with optical amplifiers, such as a Europium Doped Optical Fiber Amplifier (EDOFA).
Thus the scope of the invention should be determined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents, and not by the examples given.
It will be evident to those skilled in the art that the invention is not limited to the details of the foregoing illustrative embodiments, and that the present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential attributes thereof. The present embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein.
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