A communication jack having crosstalk compensation features for overall crosstalk interference reduction is disclosed. In one embodiment, the jack is configured to receive a plug to form a communication connection, and comprises jack contacts disposed in the jack, with each contact having at least a first surface and a second surface. Upon the plug being received by the jack, the plug contacts interface with the first surface of the jack contacts. The jack further includes a first capacitive coupling connected between two pairs of jack contacts to compensate for near end crosstalk, with the first capacitive coupling being connected to the pairs of jack contacts along the second surface adjacent to where the plug contacts interface with the jack contacts. A far end crosstalk compensation scheme is also set forth.
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16. A crosstalk compensation apparatus for a communication connector consisting of a jack and a plug, comprising a printed circuit that is mechanically and electrically connected to jack contacts at flexible members that extend from the printed circuit, each of said flexible members being attached on the opposite side of and adjacent to an electrical interface between a jack contact and a corresponding contact of an installed plug, wherein the jack contacts consist of metal cantilever beams.
22. A communication jack configured to receive a plug to form a communication connection, comprising:
a plurality of jack contacts which consist of metal cantilever beams disposed in the jack, wherein, upon the plug being received by the jack, a plurality of plug contacts interface with a first surface of the plurality of jack contacts at a plug/jack interface;
electrical conductors which are mechanically and electrically connected to a second surface of the jack contacts on the opposite side of and adjacent to the plug/jack interface; and
crosstalk compensation components connected to the electrical conductors.
1. A communication jack configured to receive a plug to form a communication connection, comprising:
a plurality of jack contacts, which consist of metal cantilever beams, disposed in the jack, wherein each contact has at least a first surface and a second surface, wherein, upon the plug being received by the jack, a plurality of plug contacts interface with the first surface of the plurality of jack contacts; and
a first capacitive coupling connected between two pairs of the plurality of jack contacts to compensate for near end crosstalk, wherein the first capacitive coupling is connected to the pairs of jack contacts along the second surface adjacent to where the plug contacts interface with the jack contacts.
2. The communication jack of
3. The communication jack of
4. The communication jack of
5. The communication jack of
6. The communication jack of
7. The communication jack of
8. The communication jack of
9. The communication jack of
10. The communication jack of
11. The communication jack of
12. The communication jack of
13. The communication jack of
14. The communication jack of
15. The communication jack of
17. The crosstalk compensation apparatus of
18. The crosstalk compensation apparatus of
19. The crosstalk compensation apparatus of
20. The crosstalk compensation apparatus of
21. The crosstalk compensation apparatus of
23. The communication jack of
24. The communication jack of
25. The communication jack of
26. The communication jack of
27. The communication jack of
28. The communication jack of
29. The communication jack of
30. The communication jack of
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This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/544,050, filed on Feb. 12, 2004; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/558,019, filed on Mar. 31, 2004; and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/559,867, filed on Apr. 6, 2004; the entireties of which are hereby incorporated by reference. In addition, this application is related in subject matter to copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/014,097, filed Dec. 15. 2004; and copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/078,816, filed Mar. 11, 2005.
The present invention relates to electrical connectors, and more particularly, to modular communication connectors that utilize compensation techniques to reduce net crosstalk generated by the combination of a plug and a jack of a connector assembly.
Computer networks, including local area networks (LAN) and wide area networks (WAN), are becoming increasingly prevalent as the number of computers and network devices in the workplace grows. These computer networks utilize data communication cables and electrical connectors to transmit information between various components attached to the network. The electrical connectors are typically configured to include a plug that is connectable to a jack mounted in the wall, or integrated into a panel or other telecommunication equipment. The jack typically includes a housing that holds an array of closely spaced parallel contacts for contacting corresponding conductors of the plug. The contacts of a jack are often mounted onto a printed circuit board. An RJ45 plug and jack connector assembly is one well known standard connector assembly having closely spaced contacts.
Over the past several years, advances in computer networking technology have facilitated a corresponding increase in the rate at which data can be transmitted through a network. Conventional connectors have been used to transmit low-frequency data signals without any significant crosstalk problems. However, when such connectors are used to transmit high-frequency data signals, crosstalk generated within the connector increases dramatically. This crosstalk is primarily due to the capacitive and inductive couplings between the closely spaced parallel conductors within the jack and/or the plug.
A wide variety of improvements have been made in the design of electrical connectors to reduce crosstalk occurring within the connector. One example is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,305,950, which is commonly assigned to Panduit Corporation. This type of connector uses a particular conductor configuration in conjunction with a multi-layered printed circuit board containing capacitors to achieve a reduction in the crosstalk effect. However, due to the high level of crosstalk occurring in the plug for this connector at very high-frequency signal rates, the tuning effect achievable by the capacitors can still be difficult to accomplish. As such, further improvements in the design of connectors are still needed to address such problems and provide improved crosstalk performance.
Before explaining the present embodiments in detail, it should be understood that the invention is not limited in its application or use to the details of construction and arrangement of parts illustrated in the accompanying drawings and description. It will be recognized that the illustrative embodiments of the invention may be implemented or incorporated in other embodiments, variations and modifications, and may be practiced or carried out in various ways. Furthermore, unless otherwise indicated, the terms and expressions employed herein have been chosen for the purpose of describing the illustrative embodiments of the present invention for the convenience of the reader and are not for the purpose of limitation.
Referring now to the drawings, and more particularly to
Crosstalk is primarily generated in the connector assembly due to the closely spaced parallel conductors within the plug 102 and the jack 104. In general, cross-talk is a measure of undesirable signal coupling from one circuit pair to another. Several different measures of cross-talk have been developed to address concerns arising in communication connector assemblies. Near end crosstalk (NEXT) is a measurement of crosstalk traveling in the opposite direction as a disturbing signal in a different circuit pair. NEXT is calculated according to the following equation: NEXT=Signal Voltage due to (Capacitive Coupling (C)+Inductive Coupling (L)). Far end crosstalk (FEXT) is a measurement of crosstalk traveling in the same direction as a disturbing signal in a different circuit pair. FEXT is calculated according to the following equation: FEXT=Signal Voltage due to (Capacitive Coupling (C)−Inductive Coupling (L)). A further description of the principles of crosstalk within a connector is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,997,358 (the “358 patent”), which is hereby incorporated by reference.
There is distributed inductive and capacitive coupling between all signal current carrying conductors in a plug/jack combination from the cable connection to the plug to the cable connection to the jack. In addition, there is capacitive coupling between any conductive materials which are remote from the above conductors and which are connected electrically to the above conductors and between the conductive materials and the above conductors.
The major couplings which illustrate how a preferred embodiment functions are illustrated schematically in
The plug is primarily distributed inductive and capacitive coupling.
The NEXT compensation zone is remote capacitive coupling.
The jack contacts are primarily distributed inductive and capacitive coupling.
The NEXT crosstalk zone is remote capacitive coupling.
The FEXT crosstalk zone is a combination of distributed inductive and capacitive coupling and a remote capacitive coupling.
The distinction between distributed couplings and remote couplings is important because of their different effects on NEXT and FEXT.
NEXT is the reflected signal from any coupling back to the cable connection to the plug. The phase angle of each element of NEXT is dependent on the distance from said cable connection to and from said element.
FEXT is the signal from any coupling that travels to the cable connection to the jack. Thus, all such signals from distributed couplings are in phase regardless of their location. The phase angle of the signal from each remote coupling is, however, dependent on the distance to and from the remote coupling to the current carrying conductors.
In the illustrated embodiment, conductors 3,6 form one wire pair and conductors 4,5 form another wire pair. It will be recognized that different wire pair combinations and other wire pairs can be utilized without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
The compensation scheme of the connector assembly 100 includes a NEXT compensation scheme and a FEXT compensation scheme. The NEXT compensation scheme preferably includes a NEXT compensation zone and a NEXT crosstalk zone. The NEXT compensation scheme reduces the NEXT of the plug and the jack to effectively zero at a selected null frequency.
As shown in
The magnitude of the capacitive coupling (C2) is preferably greater than the magnitude of the couplings of the plug (Cp+Lp), but with opposite polarity. In this embodiment, the magnitude of the capacitive coupling (C2) is approximately twice the magnitude of the offending couplings of the jack 104. The magnitude of the resultant NEXT is dependent on the magnitude of the phase angle between the coupling of the plug and the capacitive coupling (C2). The larger the phase angle, the larger the resultant NEXT. It is therefore desirable to minimize this phase angle. This phase angle is proportional to the distance between the effective center of the crosstalk coupling of the plug and the effective center of the NEXT compensation zone.
As shown in
Referring again to
The NEXT crosstalk coupling (C3) has the same polarity as the coupling of the plug 102, but has the opposite polarity of the capacitance compensation coupling (C2). The NEXT crosstalk zone is located at a particular phase angle at the null frequency from the NEXT compensation zone. In the preferred embodiment, since the phase angle between the coupling of the plug and the capacitive coupling (C2) of the NEXT compensation zone is relatively small, the phase angle between the capacitive coupling (C2) of the NEXT compensation zone and the capacitive coupling (C3) of the NEXT crosstalk zone is relatively small. In order to attain a relatively small phase angle between these capacitive couplings, the length of that portion of the jack contacts between the NEXT compensation zone and the NEXT crosstalk zone is relatively small. A preferred embodiment disclosed herein minimizes this length, separates them with air as much as feasible, and still provides adequate force between the jack contacts and the contacts of an installed plug.
As shown in
The NEXT crosstalk zone capacitors could alternatively be connected to the jack contacts between the plug/jack contact interface and the cable connection to the jack. As shown in
As further described below, the FEXT crosstalk zone includes a crosstalk coupling (CC) and compensation couplings (LFCZ and CL). The location of the effective center of the compensation couplings (LFCZ and CL) and the effective center of the crosstalk coupling (CC) of the FEXT crosstalk zone are preferably equidistant and equal in phase angle displacement from the electrical interface of the plug and jack. The NEXT components generated by capacitive coupling in the FEXT crosstalk zone are generated by CC and CL and the net of these couplings is CFCZ which is equal to CC−CL. The inductive compensation coupling in the FEXT crosstalk zone (LFCZ) is preferably equal in magnitude and of opposite polarity to the crosstalk component (CFCZ). As a result, since NEXT coupling is equal to C+L, the two components (LFCZ) and (CFCZ) will cancel each other out, and therefore, the FEXT crosstalk zone has little or no effect on NEXT.
Referring to
In this jack design, the jack contacts have couplings C and L which both create crosstalk and which are also negative (−).
As previously stated, NEXT is equal to the signal voltage due to couplings C+L and FEXT is equal to the signal voltage due to couplings C−L.
Therefore, the net effect of the couplings due to the plug and the jack contacts is greatly reduced in their effect on FEXT compared to their effect on NEXT. Since the combined effects of the various couplings are extremely successful in minimizing NEXT, the same couplings result in an excessive FEXT.
However, although the net effect of the FEXT crosstalk zone is zero on NEXT, it has a beneficial effect of reducing FEXT.
In the example of the embodiment taught herein, the net capacitive coupling of the FEXT crosstalk zone is CFCZ and it is crosstalk and has a negative (−) sign.
The inductive coupling of the FEXT crosstalk zone is LFCZ and it is compensation and has a positive sign (+).
The couplings that affect NEXT=CFCZ+LFCZ=−0.944 pF+0.948 pF*=0
The couplings that affect FEXT=CFCZ−LFCZ=−0.946 pF−0.946 pF*=1.892 pF
The magnitude of the net effect of the FEXT crosstalk zone on FEXT has been derived to be approximately equal to the loss of the net effect of the plug and jack contacts on FEXT compared to their effect on NEXT.
In the creation of FEXT, the phase angle displacement between the various elements is equal to two times the distance (in Phase Angle Displacement) from the signal path to the elements. In this embodiment, these phase angles are relatively small, and therefore the FEXT is relatively small.
The inductive coupling portion of the FEXT crosstalk zone, LFCZ is created by adjacent current carrying conductors on the PCB. It is not a design objective, but these conductors produce a minimal amount of capacitive coupling in addition to the inductive coupling. Both of these couplings have a polarity which is opposite to that of the couplings in the plug and which has been designated as positive. The designation of this capacitive coupling is CL.
The main capacitive coupling portion of the FEXT crosstalk zone is created by capacitor plates which are an integral part of the PCB and which are connected by conductors to the current carrying conductors in the above described inductive coupling portion. The connecting conductors are connected at a selected location and are of a selected length to insure the phase angle displacement from the plug/jack contact interface is equal for LFCZ and CFCZ. The polarity of this capacitive coupling is negative, the same as the couplings in the plug.
The designation of this capacitive coupling is CC.
The magnitude of CC is such that CC−CL=CFCZ=Equivalent to magnitude of LFCZ in pF.
Referring to
Again, referring to
Referring to
The FEXT crosstalk zone can be implemented in the printed circuit board of the jack by connecting selected magnitudes of capacitance between circuit paths and by creating mutual inductance between adjacent circuit paths. The inductive couplings of the FEXT crosstalk zone are generated in the printed circuit board by positioning circuit paths 3 and 5 in close proximity to each other for a selected distance, and positioning circuit paths 4 and 6 in close proximity to each other for a selected distance. As shown in
The NEXT generated by the FEXT crosstalk zone is self-canceling as described above. The effects of couplings on FEXT are determined by distributed couplings and by remote couplings in the same manner regardless of their positioning along signal paths. Therefore, the FEXT crosstalk zone can be positioned at any suitable distance from the NEXT compensation zone, without degrading NEXT or FEXT performance.
The plug is a specification plug which must be used and it contains inductive and capacitive coupling.
The contacts are designed to be short in length and mechanically sound. The result is that they contain inductive and capacitive crosstalk coupling. Longer and more complicated contacts could be designed to have minimal inductive coupling or inductive compensation coupling however such complications would not enhance the superior results of this invention.
The NEXT compensation zone design provides the minimum phase angle change from the interface of the plug/jack contacts to the effective center of the NEXT compensation zone. The NEXT compensation zone coupling is all capacitive because simple alternate designs with inductive coupling would increase the phase angle change. The NEXT compensation zone design allows minimum NEXT to be achieved and it is one of the most important elements of this invention.
The NEXT crosstalk zone provides only capacitive coupling. This is the optimum design because it provides the required balance to minimize NEXT and it has no detrimental affect on FEXT.
The results of the above design are:
It provides minimum NEXT; and
It provides relatively large FEXT.
This combination of results creates a problem, however the addition of the FEXT crosstalk zone solves this problem because it has no effect on NEXT and has a very beneficial effect on FEXT.
The FEXT crosstalk zone is also one of the most important elements of this invention and in combination with the unique compensation zone, the synergy results in a very important technical achievement.
The parameters of the FEXT crosstalk zone design provided herein results in a relatively small FEXT; however, it is contemplated that the FEXT could be reduced further by changing design parameters.
One example is to increase CL which could be achieved by locating conductor 3 above 5 instead of adjacent to it and by locating conductor 6 above 4 instead of adjacent to it. With CL increased, CC would necessarily be increased. Since the phase angle of CC is more nearly 180° from the NEXT compensation zone C2 than CC, FEXT would be reduced.
Another example is to increase the length of conductors 3,5 and 4,6 in combination with separating them to keep LFCZ the same. Since CC must be in the center of the FEXT crosstalk zone, the distance from the current paths to the remote CC would necessarily be increased and this would change its phase angle which could be made optimum.
In one embodiment, the parameters of the components of the compensation scheme implemented by the connector assembly are provided as follows:
Plug:
Cp+Lp=Equivalent to −1.472 pF
Cp−Lp=Equivalent to −0.111 pF
Jack Contacts:
C1+L1=Equivalent to −0.791 pF
C1−L1=Equivalent to −0.071 pF
NEXT compensation zone:
NEXT crosstalk zone:
C3=−1.472 pF
FEXT crosstalk zone:
CFCZ=−0.944 pF
−LFCZ=+1.741 nH=Equivalent to +0.944 pF
CC=−1.138 pF
−CL=+0.194 pF
As will be recognized by those skilled in the art, the values of the components of the compensation scheme may be varied in magnitude about their initially determined values for purposes of fine tuning. Although the embodiment has been applied to pairs 3,6 and 4,5 of a connector assembly, it will be recognized that the principles described herein can be applied to other pair combinations of an electrical connector, such as a jack.
Referring now to
As shown in
The contact carrier 206 of the jack 200 includes a printed circuit board (PCB) 210 and a plurality of contacts 220. The contacts 220 each have a first end portion 222 fixedly attached to the printed circuit board 210 and a second free end portion 224. Each contact 220 also has a contact portion 226 extending between its first and second end portions 222, 224. When a plug is inserted into the opening 204 of the housing 202, the contact portions 226 of the connector 200 make electrical contact with the contacts of the plug.
As described above, the plug introduces offending NEXT onto the jack conductors at the electrical interface of the contacts 220 and the plug. As part of the compensation for the offending NEXT of the plug, the jack 200 introduces a capacitive compensation coupling (C2) at said electrical interface. As shown in
In the illustrated embodiment, the capacitors 230 and 232 are connected across contacts 220 associated with wire pair 1 (wires 3 and 5) and wire pair 2 (wires 4 and 6). The capacitors 230 and 232 are installed by electrically connecting flexible printed circuit capacitive plates to the respective contacts 220. It will be recognized that the capacitors can be implemented by any suitable capacitive element. Since the capacitance compensation component (C2) is connected at said plug/jack contact interface and since the distance from said plug/jack contact interface to the effective center of the capacitors is minimized, the phase angle between the offending NEXT of the plug and the NEXT compensation coupling (C2) is minimized.
Referring now to
Following the teachings of the '358 patent, the jack 200 introduces a crosstalk or reverse compensation coupling (C3) at specific locations on the circuit paths of the connector 200 at the NEXT crosstalk zone. The capacitance compensation component C3 of the NEXT crosstalk zone of the jack 200 is introduced by capacitors 280 and 282 as shown in
The capacitors 280 and 282 are connected across front terminals 3, 4 and terminals 5, 6, respectively, of the printed circuit board 210 of the jack 200 and are preferably formed by parallel conductive plates. It will be recognized that the capacitors 280 and 282 can be discrete components, such as a capacitor, or any other suitable capacitive element. For example, the capacitors can be formed on the same or different layers of the circuit board and the shape or type of the capacitors can be varied.
The printed circuit board 210 of the jack 200 implements a FEXT crosstalk scheme or zone to reduce or cancel the FEXT of the plug/jack combination.
The FEXT compensation scheme introduces a crosstalk capacitive coupling (CC) and inductive and capacitive compensation couplings (LFCZ and CL) onto the circuit paths of the printed circuit board 210. The capacitance compensation coupling CC of the FEXT crosstalk zone is introduced by capacitors 290 and 292, and the compensation couplings (LFCZ and CL) are created by positioning the current carrying circuit paths in close proximity to each other. It is to be noted that the thickness or the cross-sectional dimension of the traces as well as the distance or spacing between the conductors or traces can also be adjusted to achieve the required couplings.
As shown in
The locations of the effective center of the compensation couplings (LFCZ and CL) and the effective center of the capacitance crosstalk coupling (CC) of the crosstalk zone are preferably equidistant and equal in phase angle displacement from the electrical interface of the plug and jack.
It should be noted that the generation of the inductive compensation coupling (LFCZ) introduces a capacitive coupling (CL) having the same polarity as the inductive coupling (LFCZ). However, the magnitude of the compensation coupling (CC) is designed to cancel the CL coupling out as well as the inductive coupling (LFCZ) in the generation of NEXT. CFCZ=CC−CL. As a result, the compensation couplings (LFCZ and CL) are preferably equal in magnitude and of opposite polarity to the crosstalk component (CC). Therefore, the two components (LFCZ) and (CFCZ) will cancel each out in the generation of NEXT.
The IDCs have been designed so their effect on NEXT and FEXT is minimal. Their effect has been ignored.
The layout illustrated in
For reverse NEXT (i.e. NEXT observed when the driven signal is received through the IDCs from a cable connection to the end of the jack opposite the plug), the effective center of the compensation couplings (LFCZ and CL) and the effective center of the capacitance crosstalk coupling (CC) of the crosstalk zone will not be equidistant from the electrical interface of the plug and jack. This is due to the physical asymmetries in the trace layout of
Like the PCB 210 of
While
Referring now to
The method and apparatus of the present invention provide a compensation technique to cancel or reduce the NEXT and FEXT produced by the electrical connector. In particular, the compensation scheme introduces compensation and crosstalk couplings into the electrical paths of the electrical connector to reduce or cancel the net crosstalk generated by the plug/jack combination.
In the illustrated embodiment, the capacitors 230 and 232 are connected across contacts 220 associated with wire pair 1 (wires 3 and 5) and wire pair 2 (wires 4 and 6). The capacitors 230 and 232 are installed by electrically connecting flexible printed circuit capacitive plates to the respective contacts 220. It will be recognized that the capacitors can be implemented by any suitable capacitive element. Since the capacitance compensation component (C2) is connected at said interface and since the distance from said interface to the effective center of the capacitors is minimized, the phase angle between the offending NEXT of the plug and the NEXT compensation coupling (C2) is minimized.
The cross-sectional view of
Turning now to
Another embodiment of a jack contact capacitor is shown in
According to one embodiment, the jack contact capacitors 444a and 444b are formed with flexible printed circuits 448, as shown in
The overlap of capacitive plates within a flexible circuit capacitor 476 is shown in
Turning now to
Flexible circuit boards according to some embodiments of the present invention may be attached to jack contacts using more than one method of attachment.
Turning now to
While the particular preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that changes and modifications may be made without departing from the teachings of our invention. The matter set forth in the foregoing description and accompanying drawings is offered by way of illustration only and not as a limitation. The actual scope of the invention is intended to be defined in the following claims when viewed in their proper perspective based on the prior art.
Caveney, Jack E., Bolouri-Saransar, Masud
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