The present invention provides methods to manipulate differentiation of a neuroblastoma cell line (IMR-32) such that predominant Nav expression is either Nav1.3 in IMR-32 cells exposed to retinoic acid or Nav1.7 in cells grown under non-differentiating conditions. The cells of the present invention are useful for the discovery of new compounds that modulate the function of either Nav1.3 and/or Nav1.7.
|
1. A method for identifying a compound that increases Nav1.7 ion channel activity comprising contacting IMR-32 cells expressing the Nav1.7 ion channel with a compound in the presence of a Nav1.7 ion channel antagonist and measuring an increase in sodium ion influx in the IMR-32 cells.
2. The method of
3. The method of
|
Voltage-gated sodium (Na) channels (Nav) are complex integral membrane proteins that open by depolarization, allowing the influx of Na+ions which, in turn, mediate the fast depolarization phase of an action potential in many excitable cells, e.g., neurons, neuroendocrine cells, and cardiac and skeletal myocytes. The nine known alpha pore-forming Nav subunits that have been functionally expressed are classified into two major pharmacological groups: Nav that are either i) sensitive or ii) insensitive to tetrodotoxin (TTX), a lethal toxin isolated from puffer fish (Fugu. sp). TTX-sensitive (TTX-S) channels are blocked by low nM concentrations of TTX while TTX-resistant (TTX-R) channels are blocked by μM concentrations of TTX. Members of the TTX-S class include SCN1a (Nav1.1), SCN2a (Nav 1.2), SCN3a (Nav1.3), SCN4a (Nav1.4), SCN8a (Nav1.6), and SCN9a (Nav1.7). Members of the TTX-R class include SCN5a (Nav1.5), SCN10a (Nav1.8), SCN12a (Nav1.9) (Clare et al. (2000); Goldin et al. (2000)). SCN6a/SCN7a has not been functionally expressed; however, it is predicted to be TTX-sensitive since it contains an aromatic amino acid (Y) in the pore region of domain I known to be required for TTX blockade (Akopian et al. (1997)). Nav alpha subunits are very large and share features with calcium channels and the prototype Kv potassium channels first described in Drosophila (Fozzard and Hanck (1996)). It is believed that channels in this large super-family are formed by the association of four similar domains, each with six putative transmembrane segments (S1–6) and a pore (P) domain. In the case of the classical Na and Ca channels, these four domains are combined in a single gene: Domains I–IV (Plummer and Meisler (1999)). Nav alpha subunits form complexes with one or two beta subunits, probably through covalent interactions (Isom (2000); Isom (2001)). A variety of toxins have been shown to bind to other sites on Nav channels, including site-2 toxins that bind to site-2 and lead to persistent activation (e.g. veratridine and batrachotoxin). Local anesthetics interact with amino acids in the S6 transmembrane region of domain IV, which, by analogy to the crystallized K channel KcsA (Doyle et al. (1998)), are thought to line the pore (Clare et al. (2000)).
From a therapeutic perspective, pharmacological and kinetic differences of Nav isoforms provide a basis for developing tissue-specific therapeutic agents. For example, some local anesthetic agents (e.g. lidocaine) have a greater efficacy in the heart than in the nervous system, while guanidinium and μ-CTX toxins discriminate between heart, skeletal and nerve Na channels (Fozzard and Hanck, (1996)). Other antagonists have been found to block Na channel activity in a use-dependent manner by binding to specific channel conformations presented in closed, activated or inactivated states. These use-dependent blockers target aberrantly hyperactive channels in certain human diseases and thus, can be utilized to assist rational therapeutic development. However, these are rare examples of Nav subtype-specific antagonists. Fortunately, molecular identification and pharmacological characterization of channels underlying endogenous Na currents in cells may enable the association of specific Nav subtypes to specific diseases. Aberrant Nav expression has been identified as a contributing factor to human disease and debilitation including epilepsy, long QT syndrome, and paralysis. Recent investigation has implicated aberrant Nav expression as contributing to neuropathic pain (reviewed by Clare et al., 2000). For example, examination of injured DRG neurons reveals enhanced expression of certain Nav channels including the TTX-sensitive Nav alpha subunit SCN3a. Following nerve injury, neurons of the Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG) become spontaneously active, activate at lower thermal and mechanical stimuli intensities and fire repetitively to supra-threshold stimuli (Gurtu and Smith (1988)). The elevated spontaneous activity in injured DRG can be blocked by local anesthetics (Chabal et al. (1989); Tanelian and MacIver (1991); Devor et al. (1992); Sotgiu et al. (1992); and Matzner and Devor (1994)), a class of compounds known to target Nav, as well as TTX (Amir et al. (1999)). In addition, it has been observed that peripheral axotomy of sensory neurons leads to an increase in a TTX-S sodium current with a SCN3a-like kinetics, having a significantly faster recovery from inactivation (τ˜15 msec) compared to TTX-S sodium currents in control rat neurons (τ˜60 msec) (Cummins and Waxman (1997)). Noteworthy, in some skeletal muscle Nav channelopathies, including paramyotonia congenita, an increased rate of Nav recovery from inactivation appears to contribute to the hyperexcitability of skeletal muscle by reducing the refractory period (Chahine et al. (1996)).
Delayed hyperexcitability that develops following peripheral nerve injury (thought to underlie some types of “neuropathic pain”) correlates with novel Nav expression including up-regulation of the TTX-sensitive alpha subunit Nav1.3 (SCN3a) in both unmyelinated and myelinated sensory neurons (Waxman (1999)). Numerous studies have demonstrated that peripheral nerve injury increases Nav1.3 expression in rat DRG neurons (Waxman et al. (1994); Black et al. (1999); Dib-Hajj et al. (1999)). For example, intrathecal application of GDNF reversed the upregulation of Nav1.3 after spinal nerve ligation (method: Kim and Chung, 1992) and attenuated aberrant ectopic activity and neuropathic pain behavior (Boucher et al. (2000)). Relatedly, in cultured dissociated small nociceptive DRG neurons, addition of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) results in down-regulation of SCN3a mRNA (Black et al. (1997)). SCN3a is believed to contribute to neuronal hyperexcitability as a result of its ability to rapidly “reprime” (recovery from inactivation) during the re-polarization phase of the action potential. For example, in small rat DRG neurons, increased expression of Nav1.3 after peripheral axotomy correlated with a switch from a TTX-S current with slow recovery from inactivation to a TTX-S current with a four-fold more rapid recovery (rapid re-priming), resulting in increased frequency of repetitive firing (Cummins and Waxman (1997)). Physiological properties (e.g. development of and recovery from inactivation) of the up-regulated Na channel in axotomized DRG are nearly identical to SCN3a when compared to SCN3a transiently expressed in certain cell types (Cummins et al. (2001)). Black and colleagues showed increased SCN3a immunoreactivity in adult rat small DRG neurons after axotomy of peripheral sciatic nerve processes but not dorsal rhizotomy (Black et al. (1999)). Furthermore, expression of a rapidly-re-priming Na current was restricted to peripherally, not centrally, axotomized small DRG neurons (Black et al. (1999)). Similarly, Chaplan and colleagues demonstrated by quantitative PCR up-regulation of Nav1.3 mRNA in lumbar sensory spinal ganglia isolated from diabetic rats and rats treated with the chemotoxic agent vincristine (Chaplan, Calcutt and Higuera, Journal of Pain (2001) 2(2):S1:21). Aberrant SCN3a expression following peripheral nerve injury also occurs in humans. Coward and colleagues demonstrated SCN3a (Nav1.3) immunoreactivity in a subset of peripheral nerve fibers from patients that had experienced peripheral or central nerve injury. Consistent with data obtained in rat neuropathic pain models, no detectable increase in soma labeling was observed after central avulsion (axotomy) in humans (Coward et al. (2001)). Whether SCN3a is up-regulated in human DRG neurons after peripheral axotomy requires further investigation.
When compared, the kinetic and pharmacologic properties of human (Chen et al. (2000)) and rat (Cummins et al. (2001)) recombinant SCN3a channels are similar. For example, the recovery from inactivation time constant is ˜20 msec when membrane potential is held at −90 mV for both human and rat receptors (compare FIGS. 4 and 5 of Chen et al. (2000) with FIG. 4 of Cummins et al. (2001)). The voltage dependence of activation and inactivation are similar as well (midpoints of activation were −23 and −25 mV for human and rat, respectively; half steady state inactivation potentials were −69 and −65 mV, respectively). The similarity of rat and human SCN3a functional properties supports the hypothesis that increased expression of SCN3a in injured human DRG will likely contribute to enhanced firing frequencies similar to those observed in injured rat DRG neurons. The beta subunit(s) associated with the up-regulated SCN3a channel in injured DRG neurons are unknown. At least two Na channel beta subunits (β1 and β3) are known to be expressed in DRG neurons (Oh et al. (1995); Coward et al. (2001); Shah et al. (2001)), and it has been reported that in the CCI model of neuropathic pain there is 20% up-regulation of β3 in small diameter DRG neurons (Shah et al. (2001)). Co-expression of β1, β2, β1+β2, or β3 with Nav1.3 revealed that Nav1.3 voltage dependence of activation was shifted +7 mV in the presence of only β3. Furthermore, β3 shifted the voltage dependence of inactivation to the right by +7 mV, and β1+β2 (but neither alone) shifted it by +5 mV (Cummins et al. (2001)). To date, β2 has not been detected in cultured rat DRG neurons (Black et al. (1996)). Examined collectively, the aforementioned study data provide strong evidence that over-expression of Nav 1.3 in injured DRG neurons contributes to the genesis and maintenance of neuropathic pain in animals, including humans.
Interestingly, PN1 (also known as SCN9a, hNE (NeuroEndocrine channel) and Nav1.7) is another TTX-sensitive Nav alpha subunit preferentially-expressed in rat and human injured DRG neurons, trigeminal ganglion neurons and sympathetic neurons (Toledo Aral et al. (1997)). PN1 has been reported to be up-regulated in small diameter sensory neurons up to three months following CFA-induced inflammation of peripheral receptive fields [England et al., Peripheral Nerve Society Abstract (1999)]. In SNS null mice, a 50% up-regulation of PN1 mRNA was suggested to compensate for the hypoalgesia caused by the absence of SNS in carrageenan-induced inflammation [Akopain et al., Nat. Neurosci, (1999) 2:541]. Examination of injured human DRGs reveals that regulation of PN1 is similar to that of TTX-R channels (Coward et al. (2001)). Furthermore, RT-PCR data suggest a positive correlation between up-regulation of Nav1.7 (and Nav1.3) and the metastatic potential of prostate tumor cell lines (Diss et al. (2001)). Therefore, inhibitors of Nav1.7 and Nav1.3 may have therapeutic potential in curbing metastasis in certain cancers including prostate cancer.
Unfortunately, conventional therapy for treating neuropathic pain in humans due to ectopic (spontaneous) Nav activity, including administration of analgesics, anticonvulsants and anti-arrhythmics, has proven sporadically effective with demonstrable side-effects as a consequence of non-specific, low-potency interactions at Nav targets. This fact, coupled with a growing population of neuropathic pain sufferers, reveals the importance and immediate need for Nav subtype-specific antagonists. Historically, however, it has been the difficulty in constructing cell lines that stably express Nav subtypes that has slowed target-driven therapeutic design (Clare et al. (2000)).
Sodium channel alpha subunit expression was regulated in IMR-32 cells by retinoic acid (RA). Quantitative PCR examination of IMR-32 cells exposed to RA revealed up-regulation of endogenously expressed Nav1.3 mRNA and down-regulation of other TTX-sensitive (TTX-S) Nav, including Nav1.7 (
The present invention provides methods to identify compounds that modulate the function of endogenously expressed ion channels, including, but not limited to, Nav1.3 and Nav1.7. The present invention provides IMR-32 cells differentiated by 9-cis RA predominantly expressing Nav1.3 and thus, are ideally suited to identify compounds that modulate Nav1.3 function.
Accordingly, we approached this challenge by first determining whether Nav1.3 and Nav1.7 function could be effectively studied in a stable cell line. Specifically, we examined Nav1.3 and Nav1.7 function in the human neuroblastoma cell line, IMR-32, under different growth conditions. The IMR-32 neuroblastoma cell line (ATCC #CCL-127) was established by W. W. Nichols, J. Lee and S. Dwight in April, 1967 from an abdominal mass occurring in a 13-month-old Caucasian male (Tumilowicz et al., “Definition of a Continuous Human Cell Line Derived from Neuroblastoma”, Cancer Res. (1970) 30:2110–2118). The tumor was diagnosed as a neuroblastoma with rare areas of organoid differentiation and the cell line contains two cell types: a small neuroblast-like cell (predominant) and a large hyaline fibroblast. Initially, DNA microarray analysis was used to identify IMR-32 as a cell line that potentially expressed Nav1.3 and Nav1.7. Through the use of quantitative PCR, electrophysiological recordings and Nav1.3 and Nav1.7 specific antibodies, we demonstrated that IMR-32 cells do, in fact, express endogenous TTX-sensitive inward currents and predominantly Nav1.3 mRNA when cultured in the presence of RA (1 μM) or predominantly Nav1.7 mRNA when cultured without RA (1 μM). Nav1.3 and Nav1.7 were detected in Western blot analysis indicating the translation into protein in this line under different culture conditions. Thus, both RA-differentiated and undifferentiated IMR-32 cells are ideal for use in vitro assays designed to investigate human Nav1.3 and Nav1.7 function. As such, this allows a target driven approach to be taken with regard to Nav1.3 and Nav1.7 drug discovery.
Candidate compounds identified using the methods of the present invention are also useful for treating diseases and conditions mediated by Nav1.3 and Nav1.7 including, but not limited to, neuropathic pain, chronic pain, anxiety, seizure, epilepsy (up-regulation in epileptic hippocampus tissue (Whitaker et al. (2001)), ischemia, migraine, bipolar disorder, deafness, schizo-affective disorder, Alzheimer's disease, stroke, Parkinson's disease, tinnitus, depression and substance abuse, asthma and chronic stress, prostate cancer and other cancerous tissues expressing high levels of Nav1.3 and Nav1.7. Compounds are administered to a subject in need thereof as an active ingredient in a suitable pharmaceutical composition.
The compounds of the present invention may be any type of organic or inorganic substances, including, but not limited to, proteins, peptides, antibodies, small organic molecules and inorganic molecules.
Pharmaceutically useful compositions comprising modulators of Nav1.3 and/or Nav1.7 activity, may be formulated according to known methods such as by the admixture of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Examples of such carriers and methods of formulation may be found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. To form a pharmaceutically acceptable composition suitable for effective administration, such compositions will contain an effective amount of the protein, DNA, RNA, or modulator compound.
The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be prepared according to conventional pharmaceutical techniques. A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier may be used in the compositions of the present invention. A wide variety of pharmaceutical compositions are suitable for use in the present invention. It is readily apparent to those skilled in the art that different compositions may be used depending on the route of administration including, but not limited to, intravenous (both bolus and infusion), oral, nasal, pulmonary, transdermal, topical with or without occlusion, intraperitoneal, intracranially, epidurally, directly into CSF, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intrathecal, ocular, or parenteral, all well known to those of ordinary skill in the pharmaceutical arts. In preparing the compositions in oral dosage form, one or more of the usual pharmaceutical carriers may be employed, such as water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents, preservatives, coloring agents, syrup and the like in the case of oral liquid preparations (for example, suspensions, elixirs and solutions), or carriers such as starches, sugars, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents and the like in the case of oral solid preparations (for example, powders, capsules and tablets).
Alternatively, the compounds may be administered parenterally via injection of a formulation consisting of the active ingredient dissolved in an inert liquid carrier. Acceptable liquid carriers include vegetable oils such as peanut oil, cotton seed oil, sesame oil, and the like, as well as organic solvents such as solketal, glycerol formal, and the like. As an alternative, aqueous parenteral formulations may also be used. For example, acceptable aqueous solvents include water, Ringer's solution and an isotonic aqueous saline solution. Further, a sterile, non-volatile oil can usually be employed as solvent or suspending agent in the aqueous formulation. The formulations are prepared by dissolving or suspending the active ingredient in the liquid carrier such that the final formulation contains from 0.005 to 10% by weight of the active ingredient. Other additives including a preservative, an isotonizer, a solubilizer, a stabilizer and a pain-soothing agent may adequately be employed.
The compounds may be administered ocularly via application of a formulation consisting of the active ingredient dissolved in an inert aqueous liquid carrier. Such aqueous liquid formulations are useful, for example, in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Acceptable aqueous solvents include water, Ringer's solution, and an isotonic aqueous saline solution. The formulations are prepared by dissolving or suspending the active ingredient in the liquid carrier such that the final formulation contains from 0.005 to 10% by weight of the active ingredient. Other additives including a preservative, an isotonizer, a solubilizer, a stabilizer and a pain-soothing agent may adequately be employed.
The compounds of the present invention may also be administered in the form of liposome delivery systems, such as small unilamellar vesicles, large unilamellar vesicles and multilamellar vesicles. Liposome delivery systems, are well known in the art, and may be formed from a variety of phospholipids, such as cholesterol, stearylamine or phosphatidylcholines.
As used herein, a “therapeutically effective amount” of the instant pharmaceutical composition, or compound therein, means an amount that is effective in treating a disease or condition medicated at least in part by Nav1.3 and/or Nav1.7, neuropathic pain, chronic pain, anxiety, seizure, epilepsy, ischemia, migraine, bipolar disorder, deafness, schizo-affective disorder, Alzheimer's disease, stroke, Parkinson's disease, tinnitus, depression and substance abuse, prostate cancer, asthma, and chronic stress. The instant pharmaceutical composition will generally contain a per dosage unit (e.g., tablet, capsule, powder, injection, teaspoonful and the like) from about 0.001 to about 100 mg/kg. In one embodiment, the instant pharmaceutical composition contains a per dosage unit of from about 0.01 to about 50 mg/kg of compound, but preferably from about 0.05 to about 20 mg/kg. Methods are known in the art for determining therapeutically effective doses for the instant pharmaceutical composition. The effective dose for administering the pharmaceutical composition to a human, for example, can be determined mathematically from the results of animal studies. Furthermore, compounds of the present invention can be administered in intranasal form via topical use of suitable intranasal vehicles, or via transdermal routes, using those forms of transdermal skin patches well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. To be administered in the form of a transdermal delivery system, the dosage administration will, of course, be continuous rather than intermittent throughout the dosage regimen.
Oral Dosage Forms
Because of their ease of administration, tablets and capsules represent an advantageous oral dosage unit form, wherein solid pharmaceutical carriers are employed. If desired, tablets may be sugar-coated or enteric-coated by standard techniques. For liquid forms, the active drug component can be combined in suitably flavored suspending or dispersing agents such as the synthetic and natural gums, for example, tragacanth, acacia, methyl-cellulose and the like. Other dispersing agents that may be employed include glycerin and the like.
The present invention is also directed to methods for screening test compounds that are suspected of being able to modulate the expression of DNA or RNA encoding Nav1.3 and/or Nav1.7 as well as the function of the Nav1.3 and/or Nav1.7 ion channels in vitro or in vivo. Compounds that modulate these activities may include but are not limited to DNA, RNA, peptides, proteins, or non-proteinaceous organic or inorganic molecules. Compounds may modulate by increasing or attenuating the expression of DNA or RNA encoding Nav1.3 and/or Nav1.7, or the function of the Nav1.3 and/or Nav1.7 ion channels. Compounds that modulate the expression of DNA or RNA encoding Nav1.3 and/or Nav1.7 or the function of Nav1.3 and/or Nav1.7 protein may be detected by a variety of assays utilizing cells or fractions and components thereof, prepared according to the methods disclosed in present specification or standard methods well known to those skilled in the art. The assay may be a simple “yes/no” assay to determine whether there is a change in expression, ligand binding, or function of the target molecule. The assay may be made quantitative by comparing the expression, ligand binding or function of the target molecule in the presence of a test sample with the levels of expression, ligand binding, or function of the target molecule in a standard or control sample. Modulators identified in this process are useful as therapeutic agents, research tools, and diagnostic agents. Such modulators can include agonists, antagonists, and inverse agonists of the Nav1.3 and/or Nav1.7 ion channels.
It is to be understood that this invention is not limited to the particular methodologies, protocols, constructs, formulae and reagents described and as such may vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.
It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a gene” is a reference to one or more genes and includes equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood to one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods, devices, and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the invention, the preferred methods, devices and materials are now described.
All publications and patents mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference for the purpose of describing and disclosing, for example, the constructs and methodologies that are described in the publications, which might be used in connection with the presently described invention. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the inventor is not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior invention.
The following Examples are provided for the purpose of illustrating the present invention, without, however, limiting the present invention to the specific disclosure contained in the following Examples.
Cell Culture
IMR-32 cells (American Tissue Culture Collection #CCL-127, Manassas, Va.), stored at −140° C. in freezing media (90% fetal bovine serum, 10% DMSO), were rapidly-thawed at 37° C., washed in normal IMR-32 medium (Eagle's minimum essential media containing Hanks balanced salts, 1.5 gram/liter sodium bicarbonate, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 0.1 mM non-essential amino acids, 2 mM L-glutamine, 10% fetal bovine serum) to remove the DMSO and centrifuged at 1000 rpm for two minutes at 4° C. to pellet the cells. The cell pellet was re-suspended in fresh IMR-32 medium, plated in a 150 cm2 tissue culture flask and incubated at 37° C. in 5% CO2 until confluent. Confluent cells were washed in calcium-free phosphate buffer, treated with 0.02% trypsin until dislodged and serially-passed into 150 cm2 tissue culture flasks containing IMR-32 media supplemented with 9-cis RA to 1 μM final concentration and incubated as above. Initially, IMR-32 cells cultured in 9-cis RA proliferated slowly. Following a three-week culture in RA, the cells stabilized and were passed 1:2 to maintain robust proliferation. Cells destined for use in the fluorescence assay were passed using calcium-free buffer (Versene; Gibco) to ensure retention of TTX sensitivity.
PCR-based screening of IMR-32 cells was done to determine mRNA levels of alpha and beta sodium channel subunits. Quantitative PCR was used to determine relative expression of TTX-sensitive voltage-gated sodium channels in IMR-32 cells since veratridine-induced depolarization was completely suppressed by 100 nM TTX (
Primer sequences included:
Naν 1.1
(Forward)
5′ CAA AAG CCT ATA CCT CGA CCA 3′
SEQ ID NO:1
(Reverse)
5′ TCA GCT CGG CAA GAA ACA TAC 3′
SEQ ID NO:2
Naν 1.2
(Forward)
5′ ACT GGT TAG CTT AAC TGC AAA TGC CTT GG 3′
SEQ ID NO:3
(Reverse)
5′ ACG CTT ACA TCA AAC ATC TCT CCA GTG G 3′
SEQ ID NO:4
Naν 1.3
(Forward)
5′ TTG GAA GAA GCA GAA CAA AAA GAG G 3′
SEQ ID NO:5
(Reverse)
5′ AGG GGA GCA GAA TTT TTT GTC ACT GG 3′
SEQ ID NO:6
Naν 1.4
(Forward)
5′ TCT CAG AGC CTG AGG ATA GCA 3′
SEQ ID NO:7
(Reverse)
5′ AAT GAC TCG CCG CTG CTC AAT 3′
SEQ ID NO:8
Naν 1.6
(Forward)
5′ TTG GAG TAT TTC TCC CTC TGA G 3′
SEQ ID NO:9
(Reverse)
5′ ATG CAG CTT CAG TAT ACA TTC CA 3′
SEQ ID NO:10
Naν 1.8
(Forward)
5′ TGT GGA ACA GCC TGA GGA ATA CTT GG 3′
SEQ ID NO:11
(Reverse)
5′ TGG AGG GGA TGG CGC CCA CCA AGG 3′
SEQ ID NO:12
Naν 1.9
(Forward)
5′ ATC CCT TCG GAC ACT GAG AGC TTT AAG ACC 3′
SEQ ID NO:13
(Reverse)
5′ TGG GCT GCT TGT CTA CAT TAA CAG AAT CC 3′
SEQ ID NO:14
Amplicons were fractionated by ethidium bromide agarose gel electrophoresis and visualized under ultraviolet light. Amplicons of the predicted molecular weight were subcloned into the pCR4-TOPO TA cloning vector (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) as per the manufacturer's protocol and sequenced. Relative TTX-sensitive Nav expression in IMR-32 cells was determined by quantitative PCR using sequence-positive plasmids as standards. As shown in
Expression of Na channel beta subunits 1 to 3 in IMR-32 cells grown with or without RA was determined using non-quantitative RT-PCR.
Primer sequences were:
SCN1b
SEQ ID NO:15
(Forward)
5′ ACGCTGAGACCTTCACCGAGT 3′
SEQ ID NO:16
(Reverse)
5′ ACCACAACACCACAATGAGCAC 3′
SCN2b
SEQ ID NO:17
(Forward)
5′ GACTAACATCTCAGTCTCTGAAAAT 3′
SEQ ID NO:18
(Reverse)
5′ GGCTGCACGTTTCTCAGCATCA 3′
SCN3b
SEQ ID NO:19
(Forward)
5′ TGACTACCTTGCCATCCCATCT 3′
SEQ ID NO:20
(Reverse)
5′ CTTCTCAGTTCTGGCAGAGTCTTA 3′
Mixed cDNA (human brain, skeletal muscle and heart; Invitrogen) served as a positive control for PCR experiments. Intron-spanning oligonucleotides were used to distinguish cDNA-derived amplicons. Beta3, but not beta1 and beta2, was detected in IMR-32 cells exposed to RA. Beta2 and beta3 were detected in cells not exposed to RA.
IMR-32 cells cultured in growth medium (Eagles minimal essential media, 2 mM L-glutamine and Earle's BSS adjusted to contain 1.5 g/L sodium bicarbonate, 0.1 mM non-essential amino acids, 1.0 mM sodium pyruvate, 1 μM RA) are plated (40 μl per well) at a density of 5.5×106 cells per 384-well plate and incubated for eighteen to twenty-four hours at approximately 37° C. in 5% CO2. IMR-32 cells were plated on tissue culture-treated plates without poly-D-Lysine since prolonged exposure to poly-D-lysine (e.g. commercially prepared cell culture plates) reduced cell adhesion and viability. The saline used in most studies was 2K/2 Ca buffer, and it contained (in mM): 130 mM NaCl, 2 mM KCl, 1 mM MgCl2, 2 mM CaCl2, 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.4. On the day of the assay, 20× voltage-sensitive dye (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, Calif.; catalog # R8034) was diluted 1:10 in 2K/2 Ca saline supplemented with barium chloride (250 μM final concentration for Nav1.3 expressing cells; 375 μM final concentration for predominantly Nav1.7-expressing cells) and added (40 μl per well) to the cells without mixing. The cells were incubated in voltage-sensitive dye for five to sixty minutes at room temperature in the dark; whereupon, the cells were challenged on-line with test compounds suspected of having Nav1.3 and/or Nav1.7 modulating activity, using a fluorometric imaging plate reader (FLIPR™) for compound addition and data collection. In this assay, 13 μl of each test compound (170 μM initial) were added with mixing (10 μl/sec) to each well and incubated for six minutes. Subsequently, 5 μl of 200 μM veratridine (Nav ‘activator’) were added with mixing (15 μl/sec) to each well to achieve a final veratridine concentration of 10 μM. Cell fluorescence was monitored for an additional 70 seconds. Depolarization elicited by the influx of Na+ ions produced an increase in fluorescence. The observed depolarization induced by veratridine was dependent on external Na+. The screening window index W [where W=3 * (sd unblocked signal+sd blocked signal)/(unblocked mean signal−blocked mean signal)] was determined by including 100 nM TTX in half the wells of a 384-plate with subsequent stimulation of all wells with veratridine. For this example, the W value ranged from 0.66 to 0.77.
In another example, cells were washed with 0-Na solutions (150 mM TMA-Cl, 0.1 mM CaCl2, 1.2 mM MgCl2, 10 mM Dextrose, 10 mM HEPES free acid, pH to 7.4 using CsOH), incubated in CC2 (Aurora Bioscience) for 30 min and subsequently in DiSBAC2 (Aurora Bioscience) together with veratridine, and assayed using ViPR™ technology. Addition of Na+-containing solution (similar volume) caused a depolarization of the membrane potential and decreased FRET between the CC2 and oxonol dyes. Antagonists were incubated together with veratridine/DiSBAC2. TTX produced dose dependent decreases in the FRET signal (data not shown).
Electrophysiological Recordings from IMR-32 Cells
The endogenous voltage gated Na currents expressed in IMR-32 cells grown in the presence or absence of 1 μM RA were measured using standard whole cell voltage clamp techniques (Hamill et al. (1981). The whole cell patch clamp technique was used to record voltage-activated currents from IMR-32 cells maintained for two or more days on 12 mm glass coverslips in the presence or absence of RA (1 μM). Cells were visualized using a Nikon Diaphot 300 with DIC Nomarski optics. The standard physiological saline (1 Ca tyrodes (“Tyrodes”) contains: 130 mM NaCl, 4 mM KCl, 1 mM CaCl2, 1.2 mM MgCl2, and 10 mM hemi-Na-HEPES (pH 7.3, 295–300 mOsm as measured using a Wescor 5500 vapor-pressure (Wescor, Inc., Logan, Utah)). Recording electrodes are fabricated from borosilicate capillary tubing (R6; Garner Glass, Claremont, Calif.), the tips are coated with dental periphery wax (Miles Laboratories, South Bend, Ind.), and have resistances of 1 to 2 MΩ when containing an intracellular saline designed to block outward currents: 140 mM CsCl, 0.483 mM CaCl2, 2 mM MgCl2, 10 mM HEPES free acid and 1 mM K4-BAPTA (100 nM free Ca+2); pH 7.4, with dextrose added to achieve 290 mOsm). Current and voltage signals are detected and filtered at 2 kHz with an Axopatch 1D patch-clamp amplifier (Axon Instruments, Foster City, Calif.), digitally recorded with a DigiData 1200B laboratory interface (Axon Instruments) and PC compatible computer system and stored on magnetic disk for off-line analysis. Data acquisition and analysis are performed with PClamp software.
The total membrane capacitance (Cm) was determined as the difference between the maximum current after a 30 mV hyperpolarizing voltage ramp from −100 mV (generated at a rate of 10 mV/ms) and the steady state current at the final potential (−130 mV) (Dubin et al. (1999)).
Families of voltage-gated inward currents were obtained using a standard P/−4 protocol from −100 mV. Depolarizing voltage steps in increments of 10 mV were applied from a holding potential of −100 mV. Steady state inactivation was elicited by measuring the peak current at 0 mV after a 500 msec pre-pulse voltage between −140 and −20 mV in increments of 10 mV.
Cells grown for more than two weeks in RA and tested in Tyrodes revealed larger peak inward currents (−75.3+/−10.6 pA/pF (n=24) vs. −43.3+/−6.1 pA/pF (n=6)) compared to cells cultured without RA (p<0.02, Student's t test). The cell sizes were similar in the presence and absence of RA (10.2 vs. 11.6 pF; p=0.558). Cells were thoroughly rinsed in Tyrodes without RA prior to recording. Inward currents were reduced in low Na Tyrodes where TMA was substituted for the majority of Na (25 mM). Under the conditions used in these studies (with CsCl in the pipet) outward currents were blocked (
Inward currents elicited in IMR-32 cells grown in RA revealed heterogeneity in their sensitivity to bath applied TTX at 100 nM (
There was a strong correlation between the degree of TTX block and the magnitude of the inward current component with a depolarized steady state voltage to half inactivation (V0.5) (
The TTX-S component of inward currents expressed in IMR-32 cells not exposed to RA tended to be a smaller proportion of total current compared to that in RA-treated cells (17+/−6% (n=6) vs. 36+/−7(n=19)). Fast transient calcium currents contributed to the TTX-R component in cells cultured without RA as well. IMR-32 cells grown without RA expressed fast transient inward currents with a negative shifted voltage dependence of inactivation compared to sister cultures maintained in RA. The V0.5 for steady state inactivation is similar to the values determined for PN1 (SCN9a, Nav1.7) expressed in a recombinant expression system (Sangameswaran et al. (1997); Cummins et al. (1998)).
Thus, IMR-32 cells showed heterogeneity in their block by TTX in electrophysiological (
References
Brown, Sean, Dubin, Adrienne, Chaplan, Sandra, Kaftan, Edward
Patent | Priority | Assignee | Title |
7659082, | Feb 19 2002 | Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc | Methods for identifying analgesic agents |
8410054, | Feb 19 2002 | Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc. | Methods for treating pain by inhibition of the SCN9A channel |
8486647, | Jun 09 2010 | REGENERON PHARMACEUTICALS, INC | Neuropeptide release assay for sodium channels |
8871996, | Jun 09 2010 | REGENERON PHARMACEUTICALS, INC | Mice expressing human voltage-gated sodium channels |
9086420, | Feb 16 2002 | Xenox Pharmaceuticals Inc. | Methods for identifying analgesic agents |
9278088, | Feb 19 2002 | Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc | Methods for identifying analgesic agents |
Patent | Priority | Assignee | Title |
Executed on | Assignor | Assignee | Conveyance | Frame | Reel | Doc |
Apr 12 2002 | Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical, Inc. | (assignment on the face of the patent) | / | |||
May 08 2002 | KAFTAN, EDWARD | JANSSEN PHARMACEUTICA, N V | ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS | 013335 | /0199 | |
Sep 12 2002 | DUBIN, ADRIENNE | JANSSEN PHARMACEUTICA, N V | ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS | 013332 | /0578 | |
Sep 12 2002 | CHAPLAN, SANDRA | JANSSEN PHARMACEUTICA, N V | ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS | 013332 | /0578 | |
Sep 12 2002 | BROWN, SEAN | JANSSEN PHARMACEUTICA, N V | ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS | 013332 | /0578 |
Date | Maintenance Fee Events |
Feb 15 2007 | ASPN: Payor Number Assigned. |
Aug 26 2010 | M1551: Payment of Maintenance Fee, 4th Year, Large Entity. |
Aug 27 2014 | M1552: Payment of Maintenance Fee, 8th Year, Large Entity. |
Nov 12 2018 | REM: Maintenance Fee Reminder Mailed. |
Apr 29 2019 | EXP: Patent Expired for Failure to Pay Maintenance Fees. |
Date | Maintenance Schedule |
Mar 27 2010 | 4 years fee payment window open |
Sep 27 2010 | 6 months grace period start (w surcharge) |
Mar 27 2011 | patent expiry (for year 4) |
Mar 27 2013 | 2 years to revive unintentionally abandoned end. (for year 4) |
Mar 27 2014 | 8 years fee payment window open |
Sep 27 2014 | 6 months grace period start (w surcharge) |
Mar 27 2015 | patent expiry (for year 8) |
Mar 27 2017 | 2 years to revive unintentionally abandoned end. (for year 8) |
Mar 27 2018 | 12 years fee payment window open |
Sep 27 2018 | 6 months grace period start (w surcharge) |
Mar 27 2019 | patent expiry (for year 12) |
Mar 27 2021 | 2 years to revive unintentionally abandoned end. (for year 12) |