Method for pulmonary drug delivery

Abstract

The local delivery of therapeutic agents directly into the lungs provides a methodology for safely and effectively treating various disease conditions.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to the treatment of diseased lungs, and more particularly, to a method for the local delivery of therapeutic agents into lung tissue.

2. Discussion of the Related Art

As a result of studies that date back to the 1930's and particularly studies conducted in the 1960's and early 1970's, it has been determined that long-term continuous oxygen therapy is beneficial in the treatment of hypoxemic patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In other words, a patient's life and quality of life can be improved by providing a constant supplemental supply of oxygen to the patient's lungs.

However, with the desire to contain medical costs, there is a growing concern that the additional cost of providing continuous oxygen therapy for chronic lung disease will create an excessive increase in the annual cost of oxygen therapy. Thus, it is desirable that oxygen therapy, when provided, be as cost effective as possible.

The standard treatment for patients requiring supplemental oxygen is still to deliver oxygen from an oxygen source by means of a nasal cannula. Such treatment, however, requires a large amount of oxygen, which is wasteful and can cause soreness and irritation to the nose, as well as being potentially aggravating. Other undesirable effects have also been reported. Various other medical approaches, which have been proposed to help reduce the cost of continuous oxygen therapy, have been studied.

Various devices and methods have been devised for performing emergency cricothyroidotomies and for providing a tracheotomy tube so that a patient whose airway is otherwise blocked may continue to breath. Such devices are generally intended only for use with a patient who is not breathing spontaneously and are not suitable for the long term treatment of chronic lung disease. Typically, such devices are installed by puncturing the skin to create a hole into the cricoid membrane of the larynx above the trachea into which a relatively large curved tracheotomy tube is inserted. As previously described, the use of such tubes has been restricted medically to emergency situations where the patient would otherwise suffocate due to the blockage of the airway. Such emergency tracheotomy tubes are not suitable for long term therapy after the airway blockage is removed.

Other devices which have been found satisfactory for emergency or ventilator use are described in U.S. Pat. No. 953,922 to Rogers; U.S. Pat. No. 2,873,742 to Shelden; U.S. Pat. No. 3,384,087 to Brummelkamp; U.S. Pat. No. 3,511,243 to Toy; U.S. Pat. No. 3,556,103 to Calhoun; U.S. Pat. No. 2,991,787 to Shelden, et al; U.S. Pat. No. 3,688,773 to Weiss; U.S. Pat. No. 3,817,250 to Weiss, et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 3,916,903 to Pozzi.

Although tracheotomy tubes are satisfactory for their intended purpose, they are not intended for chronic usage by outpatients as a means for delivering supplemental oxygen to spontaneously breathing patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Such tracheotomy tubes are generally designed so as to provide the total air supply to the patient for a relatively short period of time. The tracheotomy tubes are generally of rigid or semi-rigid construction and of caliber ranging from 2.5 mm outside diameter in infants to 15 mm outside diameter in adults. They are normally inserted in an operating room as a surgical procedure or during emergency situations, through the crico-thyroid membrane where the tissue is less vascular and the possibility of bleeding is reduced. These devices are intended to permit passage of air in both directions until normal breathing has been restored by other means.

Another type of tracheotomy tube is disclosed in Jacobs, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,682,166 and 3,788,326. The catheter described therein is placed over 14 or 16-gauge needle and inserted through the crico-thyroid membrane for supplying air or oxygen and vacuum on an emergency basis to restore the breathing of a non-breathing patient. The air or oxygen is supplied at 30 to 100 psi for inflation and deflation of the patient's lungs. The Jacobs catheter, like the other tracheotomy tubes previously used, is not suitable for long-term outpatient use, and could not easily be adapted to such use.

Due to the limited functionality of tracheotomy tubes, transtracheal catheters have been proposed and used for long term supplemental oxygen therapy. For example the small diameter transtracheal catheter (16 gauge) developed by Dr. Henry J. Heimlich (described in THE ANNALS OF OTOLOGY, RHINOLOGY & LARYNGOLOGY, November-December 1982; Respiratory Rehabilitation with Transtracheal Oxygen System) has been used by the insertion of a relatively large cutting needle (14 gauge) into the trachea at the mid-point between the cricothyroid membrane and the sternal notch. This catheter size can supply oxygen up to about 3 liters per minute at low pressures, such as 2 psi which may be insufficient for patients who require higher flow rates. It does not, however, lend itself to outpatient use and maintenance, such as periodic removal and cleaning, primarily because the connector between the catheter and the oxygen supply hose is adjacent and against the anterior portion of the trachea and cannot be easily seen and manipulated by the patient. Furthermore, the catheter is not provided with positive means to protect against kinking or collapsing which would prevent its effective use on an outpatient basis. Such a feature is not only desirable but necessary for long term outpatient and home care use. Also, because of its structure, i.e. only one exit opening, the oxygen from the catheter is directed straight down the trachea toward the bifurcation between the bronchi. Because of the normal anatomy of the bronchi wherein the left bronchus is at a more acute angle to the trachea than the right bronchus, more of the oxygen from that catheter tends to be directed into the right bronchus rather than being directed or mixed for more equal utilization by both bronchi. Also, as structured, the oxygen can strike the carina, resulting in an undesirable tickling sensation and cough. In addition, in such devices, if a substantial portion of the oxygen is directed against the back wall of the trachea causing erosion of the mucosa in this area which may cause chapping and bleeding. Overall, because of the limited output from the device, it may not operate to supply sufficient supplemental oxygen when the patient is exercising or otherwise quite active or has severe disease.

Diseases associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease include chronic bronchitis and emphysema. One aspect of an emphysematous lung is that the communicating flow of air between neighboring air sacs is much more prevalent as compared to healthy lungs. This phenomenon is known as collateral ventilation. Another aspect of an emphysematous lung is that air cannot be expelled from the native airways due to the loss of tissue elastic recoil and radial support of the airways. Essentially, the loss of elastic recoil of the lung tissue contributes to the inability of individuals to exhale completely. The loss of radial support of the airways also allows a collapsing phenomenon to occur during the expiratory phase of breathing. This collapsing phenomenon also intensifies the inability for individuals to exhale completely. As the inability to exhale completely increases, residual volume in the lungs also increases. This then causes the lung to establish in a hyperinflated state where an individual can only take short shallow breaths. Essentially, air is not effectively expelled and stale air accumulates in the lungs. Once the stale air accumulates in the lungs, the individual is deprived of oxygen.

Currently, treatments for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease include bronchodilating drugs, oxygen therapy as described above, and lung volume reduction surgery. Bronchodilating drugs only work on a percentage of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and generally only provides short-term relief. Oxygen therapy is impractical for the reasons described above, and lung volume reduction surgery is an extremely traumatic procedure that involves removing part of the lung. The long term benefits of lung volume reduction surgery are not fully known.

Accordingly, there exists a need for delivering therapeutic agents directly into lung tissue for the treatment of various chronic lung diseases.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention overcomes the limitations in treating diseases associated with chronic lung diseases as briefly described above.

In accordance with one agent, the present invention is directed to a method for the delivery of a therapeutic agent into alveolar tissue. The method comprises creating one or more localized pleurodeses and introducing a therapeutic agent delivery system through the one or more localized pleurodeses.

The pulmonary drug delivery method of the present invention utilizes direct access to the diseased area of the lung or lungs to directly deliver therapeutic agents. This method of delivery is safe and effective. By accessing the diseased portion of the lung, the potential risks associated with systemic drug delivery may be significantly reduced.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing and other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following, more particular description of preferred embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of a drug delivery device in accordance with the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Air typically enters the mammalian body through the nostrils and flows into the nasal cavities. As the air passes through the nostrils and nasal cavities, it is filtered, moistened and raised or lowered to approximately body temperature. The back of the nasal cavities is continuous with the pharynx (throat region); therefore, air may reach the pharynx from the nasal cavities or from the mouth. Accordingly, if equipped, the mammal may breath through its nose or mouth. Generally air from the mouth is not as filtered or temperature regulated as air from the nostrils. The air in the pharynx flows from an opening in the floor of the pharynx and into the larynx (voice box). The epiglottis automatically closes off the larynx during swallowing so that solids and/or liquids enter the esophagus rather than the lower air passageways or airways. From the larynx, the air passes into the trachea, which divides into two branches, referred to as the bronchi. The bronchi are connected to the lungs.

The lungs are large, paired, spongy, elastic organs, which are positioned in the thoracic cavity. The lungs are in contact with the walls of the thoracic cavity. In humans, the right lung comprises three lobes and the left lung comprises two lobes. Lungs are paired in all mammals, but the number of lobes or sections of lungs varies from mammal to mammal. Healthy lungs, as discussed below, have a tremendous surface area for gas/air exchange. Both the left and right lung is covered with a pleural membrane. Essentially, the pleural membrane around each lung forms a continuous sac that encloses the lung. A pleural membrane also forms a lining for the thoracic cavity. The space between the pleural membrane forming the lining of the thoracic cavity and the pleural membranes enclosing the lungs is referred to as the pleural cavity. The pleural cavity comprises a film of fluid that serves as a lubricant between the lungs and the chest wall.

In the lungs, the bronchi branch into a multiplicity of smaller vessels referred to as bronchioles. Typically, there are more than one million bronchioles in each lung. Each bronchiole ends in a cluster of extremely small air sacs referred to as alveoli. An extremely thin, single layer of epithelial cells lining each alveolus wall and an extremely thin, single layer of epithelial cells lining the capillary walls separate the air/gas in the alveolus from the blood. Oxygen molecules in higher concentration pass by simple diffusion through the two thin layers from the alveoli into the blood in the pulmonary capillaries. Simultaneously, carbon dioxide molecules in higher concentration pass by simple diffusion through the two thin layers from the blood in the pulmonary capillaries into the alveoli.

Breathing is a mechanical process involving inspiration and expiration. The thoracic cavity is normally a closed system and air cannot enter or leave the lungs except through the trachea. If the chest wall is somehow compromised and air/gas enters the pleural cavity, the lungs will typically collapse. When the volume of the thoracic cavity is increased by the contraction of the diaphragm, the volume of the lungs is also increased. As the volume of the lungs increase, the pressure of the air in the lungs falls slightly below the pressure of the air external to the body (ambient air pressure). Accordingly, as a result of this slight pressure differential, external or ambient air flows through the respiratory passageways described above and fills the lungs until the pressure equalizes. This process is inspiration. When the diaphragm is relaxed, the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases, which in turn decreases the volume of the lungs. As the volume of the lungs decrease, the pressure of the air in the lungs rises slightly above the pressure of the air external to the body. Accordingly, as a result of this slight pressure differential, the air in the alveoli is expelled through the respiratory passageways until the pressure equalizes. This process is expiration.

Continued insult to the respiratory system may result in various diseases, for example, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a persistent obstruction of the airways caused by chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema. In the United States alone, approximately fourteen million people suffer from some form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and it is in the top ten leading causes of death.

Chronic bronchitis and acute bronchitis share certain similar characteristics; however, they are distinct diseases. Both chronic and acute bronchitis involve inflammation and constriction of the bronchial tubes and the bronchioles; however, acute bronchitis is generally associated with a viral and/or bacterial infection and its duration is typically much shorter than chronic bronchitis. In chronic bronchitis, the bronchial tubes secrete too much mucus as part of the body's defensive mechanisms to inhaled foreign substances. Mucus membranes comprising ciliated cells (hair like structures) line the trachea and bronchi. The ciliated cells or cilia continuously push or sweep the mucus secreted from the mucus membranes in a direction away from the lungs and into the pharynx, where it is periodically swallowed. This sweeping action of the cilia, functions to keep foreign matter from reaching the lungs. Foreign matter that is not filtered by the nose and larynx, as described above, becomes trapped in the mucus and is propelled by the cilia into the pharynx. When too much mucus is secreted, the ciliated cells may become damaged, leading to a decrease in the efficiency of the cilia to sweep the bronchial tubes and trachea of the mucus containing the foreign matter. This in turn causes the bronchioles to become constricted and inflamed and the individual becomes short of breath. In addition, the individual will develop a chronic cough as a means of attempting to clear the airways of excess mucus.

Individuals who suffer from chronic bronchitis may develop pulmonary emphysema. Pulmonary emphysema is a disease in which the alveoli walls, which are normally fairly rigid structures, are destroyed. The destruction of the alveoli walls is irreversible. Pulmonary emphysema may be caused by a number of factors, including chronic bronchitis, long term exposure to inhaled irritants, e.g. air pollution, which damage the cilia, enzyme deficiencies and other pathological conditions. In pulmonary emphysema, the alveoli of the lungs lose their elasticity, and eventually the walls between adjacent alveoli are destroyed. Accordingly, as more and more alveoli walls are lost, the air exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) surface area of the lungs is reduced until air exchange becomes seriously impaired. The combination of mucus hypersecretion and dynamic airway compression are mechanisms of airflow limitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Dynamic airway compression results from the loss of tethering forces exerted on the airway due to the reduction in lung tissue elasticity. Mucus hypersecretion is described above with respect to bronchitis. In other words, the breakdown of lung tissue leads to the reduced ability of the lungs to recoil and the loss of radial support of the airways. Consequently, the loss of elastic recoil of the lung tissue contributes to the inability of individuals to exhale completely. The loss of radial support of the airways also allows a collapsing phenomenon to occur during the expiratory phase of breathing. This collapsing phenomenon also intensifies the inability for individuals to exhale completely. As the inability to exhale completely increases, residual volume in the lungs also increases. This then causes the lung to establish in a hyperinflated state where an individual can only take short shallow breaths. Essentially, air is not effectively expelled and stale air accumulates in the lungs. Once the stale air accumulates in the lungs, the individual is deprived of oxygen. There is no cure for pulmonary emphysema, only various treatments, including exercise, drug therapy, such as bronchodilating agents, lung volume reduction surgery and long term oxygen therapy.

In accordance with the present invention, drugs and/or other agents or compounds may be delivered through an anastomosis through the thoracic wall. The anastomisis may be positioned for long term utilization or short term utilization. Essentially, techniques utilized to create a pleurodedis may be utilized to create a localized area of access to provide a passageway to deliver therapeutic agents directly to the lung.

The ability to deliver drugs into the lungs has been historically via inhalation. This method of pulmonary drug delivery is one in which the medication is delivered in a systemic fashion in the lungs. This does not allow for very localized drug delivery. If an access passageway may be created through the chest wall successfully, patients could self-medicate with localized drug delivery without sedation requirements. This means and method of treatment may be utilized for any of the diseases disclosed herein and for other diseases as well, including cancer. An emerging emphysema treatment using retinoic acid to reverse the effects of the disease may benefit from the technology of the present invention. Currently, retinoic acid is taken orally in the research phase of this technique; however, localized delivery of the retinoic acid in a consistent fashion may improve the effectiveness or efficacy of this potential drug option.

In addition, this method of pulmonary drug delivery will allow lower required dosages of medication since the delivery is direct to the alveolar tissue where blood exchange occurs. Where with inhalation medication delivery takes into account excess medication loss due to the filtering mechanism that occurs in the upper and lower airways of capturing particulate matter during inhalation.

The present invention provides a means for the local delivery of drugs directly into the lung tissue. In order to insert a drug delivery device, a localized pleurodesis is preferably created. A localized pleurodesis provides safe access to the lung without worry of pneumothorax.

In order for the exemplary drug delivery device to function, an airtight seal is preferably maintained where the delivery device passes through the thoracic cavity and lungs. This seal is maintained in order to sustain the inflation/functionality of the lungs. If the seal is breached, air can enter the cavity and cause the lungs to collapse. One exemplary method for creating the seal comprises forming adhesions between the visceral pleura of the lung and the inner wall of the thoracic cavity. This may be achieved using either chemical methods, including irritants such as Doxycycline and/or Bleomycin, surgical methods, including pleurectomy or thorascopic talc pleurodesis, or radiotherapy methods, including radioactive gold or external radiation. All of these methods are known in the relevant art for creating pleurodesis. In another alternate exemplary embodiment, a sealed joint between device and the outer pleural layer includes using various glues to help with the adhesion/sealing of the device. Currently, Focal Inc. markets a sealant available under the tradename Focal/Seal-L which is indicated for use on a lung for sealing purposes. Focal/Seal-L is activated by light in order to cure the sealant. Another seal available under the tradename Thorex, which is manufactured by Surgical Sealants Inc., is currently conducting a clinical trial for lung sealing indications. Thorex is a two-part sealant that has a set curing time after the two parts are mixed.

The creation of the opening in the chest cavity may be accomplished in a number of ways. For example, the procedure may be accomplished using an open chest procedure, sternotomy or thoracotomy. Alternately, the procedure may be accomplished using a laproscopic technique, which is less invasive. Regardless of the procedure utilized, the seal should be established while the lung is at least partially inflated in order to maintain a solid adhesive surface. The opening may then be made after the joint has been adequately created between the device and the lung pleural surface. The opening should be adequate in cross-sectional area in order to provide sufficient decompression of the hyperinflated lung. This opening, as stated above, may be created using a number of different techniques such as cutting, piercing, dilating, blunt dissection, radio frequency energy, ultrasonic energy, microwave energy, or cryoblative energy.

Referring to FIG. 1, there is illustrated a lung 100, the trachea 102 connected to a bronchus 104 and a drug delivery device 106 penetrating through the chest wall 108 in the intercostal space between ribs 110 and terminating at the drug delivery site or disease site 112. Alternately, the drug delivery device 106 may be positioned through a rib or in an artificial bridge between the ribs 110. As set forth above, the drug delivery device 106 may comprise any suitable device for introducing a therapeutic agent. The device 106 may be as simple as a conduit or as complicated as a drug delivery catheter. Also as stated above, the device may be removably implanted or permanently implanted like a colostomy bag. Similarly to ostomy pouches or bags, the drug delivery device 106 may be sealed to the skin at the site. In one exemplary embodiment, the device 106 may be sealed to the skin of the thoracic wall utilizing an adhesive. The biocompatible adhesive would provide a fluid tight seal between the device 106 and the skin or epidermis of the thoracic wall. In a preferred embodiment, the biocompatible adhesive provides a temporary fluid tight seal such that the device 106 may be disconnected. This would allow for the site to be cleaned.

A pleurodesis adhesion 114 is created at the site of penetration in order to substantially reduce or eliminate the chance of a pneumothorax.

Depending on the disease state, the precise location of the diseased tissue may be important. Various methods may be utilized to determine the location or locations of the diseased tissue, for example, computerized axial tomography or Cat scans, magnetic response imaging or MRI, position emission tomograph or PET, and/or standard X-ray imaging. Once the area or areas of diseased tissue are located, the drugs, agents and/or chemicals may be delivered.

Although shown and described is what is believed to be the most practical and preferred embodiments, it is apparent that departures from specific designs and methods described and shown will suggest themselves to those skilled in the art and may be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The present invention is not restricted to the particular constructions described and illustrated, but should be constructed to cohere with all modifications that may fall within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims

1. A method for the delivery of a therapeutic compound through a chest wall into alveolar tissue of a lung, the method comprising:

(a) creating one or more localized pleurodeses between the chest wall and the lung;

(b) introducing a therapeutic compound delivery system through the chest wall into the alveolar tissue through at least one of the one or more localized pleurodeses; and

(c) delivering the therapeutic compound through the chest wall into the lung alveolar tissue utilizing the therapeutic compound delivery system.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the therapeutic compound is retinoic acid and wherein step (c) comprises delivering the retinoic acid into the lung alveolar tissue utilizing the therapeutic compound delivery system.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein step (c) comprises determining a dose of the therapeutic compound substantially less that the dose that would be inhaled to achieve the equivalent therapeutic effect; and delivering the dose of the therapeutic compound through the chest wall into the lung alveolar tissue utilizing the therapeutic compound delivery system.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the therapeutic compound delivery system comprises a conduit and wherein step (b) comprises introducing the conduit through the chest wall through one of the one or more localized pleurodesis and into the lung alveolar tissue at the treatment site.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the therapeutic compound delivery system comprises a drug delivery catheter and wherein step (b) comprises introducing the drug delivery catheter through the chest wall through one of the one or more localized pleurodeses and into the lung alveolar tissue at the treatment site.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the therapeutic compound delivery system comprises an external component attached to an internal component and wherein step (b) comprises:

(b1) introducing the internal component through the chest wall through one of the one or more localized pleurodeses and into the lung alveolar tissue at the treatment site; and

(b2) securing the external component to the skin of the patient.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the therapeutic compound delivery system comprises an external component attached to an internal component and wherein step (b) comprises:

(bi) introducing the internal component through the chest wall through one of the one or more localized pleurodeses and into the lung alveolar tissue at the treatment site; and

(b2) creating a fluid-tight seal between the external component and the skin of the patient.

8. A method for delivering a therapeutic compound to diseased alveolar tissue of a lung comprising:

(a) determining the location of the diseased alveolar tissue;

(b) creating an adhesion between a visceral membrane of the lung and a thoracic wall at an adhesion site;

(c) introducing a therapeutic compound delivery device through the thoracic wall and visceral membrane at the adhesion site into the diseased alveolar tissue; and

(d) using the therapeutic compound delivery device to deliver the therapeutic compound through the thoracic wall directly to the diseased alveolar tissue.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the therapeutic compound is retinoic acid wherein step (d) comprises using the therapeutic compound delivery device to deliver the retinoic acid through the thoracic wall directly to the diseased alveolar tissue.

10. The method of claim 8, wherein step (b) comprises creating a pleurodesis between the visceral membrane of the lung and the thoracic wall at the adhesion site.

11. The method of claim 8, wherein the therapeutic compound delivery device comprises a conduit and wherein step (d) comprises delivering the therapeutic compound through the thoracic wall directly to the diseased alveolar tissue through the conduit.

12. The method of claim 8, wherein the therapeutic compound delivery device comprises a catheter and wherein step (d) comprises delivering the therapeutic compound through the thoracic wall directly to the diseased alveolar tissue through the catheter.

13. The method of claim 8, wherein the therapeutic compound delivery device comprises an external component attached to an internal component and wherein step (c) comprises:

(c1) introducing the internal component through the adhesion site and into the diseased alveolar tissue; and

(c2) securing the external component to the skin of the patient.

14. A method for the delivery of a therapeutic compound into alveolar tissue of a lung through a visceral membrane of the lung and a thoracic wall wherein the method comprises:

(a) creating a localized pleurodesis between the thoracic wall and the visceral membrane;

(b) introducing a drug delivery device through the thoracic wall and the visceral membrane though the localized pleurodesis and into the alveolar tissue;

(c) determining a dose of the therapeutic compound substantially less that the dose that would be inhaled to achieve an equivalent therapeutic effect; and

(d) delivering the dose of the therapeutic compound through the visceral membrane and thoracic wall into the alveolar tissue utilizing the drug delivery device.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the therapeutic compound is retinoic acid and wherein step (d) comprises delivering the retinoic acid through the visceral membrane and the thoracic wall to the alveolar tissue utilizing the drug delivery device.

16. The method of claim 14, further comprising:

(e) removing the drug delivery device after performing step (d).

17. The method of claim 14, wherein the drug delivery device comprises a conduit and wherein step (d) comprises delivering the therapeutic compound through the visceral membrane and the thoracic wall to the alveolar tissue via the conduit.

18. The method of claim 14, wherein the drug delivery device comprises a catheter and wherein step (d) comprises delivering the therapeutic compound through the visceral membrane and the thoracic wall to the alveolar tissue via the catheter.

19. The method of claim 14, wherein the drug delivery device comprises an external component attached to an internal component and wherein step (b) comprises:

(b1) introducing the internal component through the thoracic wall and visceral membrane though the localized pleurodesis and into the alveolar tissue; and

(b2) securing the external component to the skin of the patient; and

wherein step (d) comprises delivering the therapeutic compound through the visceral membrane and the thoracic wall to the alveolar tissue through the internal component of the drug delivery device.

20. The method of claim 14, wherein the drug delivery device comprises an external component attached to an internal component and wherein step (b) comprises:

(b1) introducing the internal component through the thoracic wall and visceral membrane though the localized pleurodesis and into the alveolar tissue; and

(b2) creating a fluid-tight seal between the external component and the skin; and

wherein step (d) comprises delivering the therapeutic compound through the visceral membrane and the thoracic wall to the alveolar tissue through the internal component of the drug delivery device.