The present invention describes a flocked stretchable design and a process for producing a flocked stretchable design or transfer. The design, when configured as a transfer, includes a carrier layer, a release adhesive applied to the carrier layer, a plurality of flock fibers releasably attached to the release adhesive, an elastic film, and a first adhesive layer bonded to the flock fibers and the elastic film, and a second, discontinuously distributed, adhesive layer bonded to the other side of the elastic film. The design, when direct flocked, does not include the carrier and the release adhesive. The present invention also includes methods of producing both the designs.
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1. A flocked article, comprising:
a plurality of flock fibers;
an elastic film having first and second sides, the elastic film comprising rubber and/or an elastomer;
a first thermoset adhesive layer bonded to the first side of the elastic film and to the plurality of flock fibers, the first thermoset adhesive layer being substantially continuously distributed over the first side of the elastic film and fully activated; and
a second thermoplastic adhesive layer bonded to the second side of the elastic film, the second adhesive layer comprising a plurality of void spaces.
18. An article, comprising:
a plurality of flock fibers;
an elastic film having first and second sides, wherein the elastic film comprises rubber and/or an elastomeric material and wherein at least one of the following is true: (i) the elastic film has a modulus of elasticity of less than about 11.25 lb/ft and more than about 0.5 lb/ft, (ii) the elastic film has an elongation of at least about 200%, and (iii) the elastic film has a recovery of at least about 75% after being stretched to 100% of the film's length and allowed to retract freely; and
a first thermosetting adhesive layer bonded to the first side of the elastic film and to the plurality of flock fibers, the first thermo setting adhesive layer being fully activated.
28. An article manufactured by steps, comprising:
(a) contacting flock with a pre-formed and self-supporting first permanent adhesive layer, the first permanent adhesive layer being a thermosetting adhesive;
(b) contacting the first permanent adhesive layer with an elastic film, the flock and first permanent adhesive layer being located on a common side of the elastic film, wherein at least one of the following is true:
(i) the elastic film has a modulus of elasticity of less than about 11.25 lb/ft and more than about 0.5 lb/ft,
(ii) the elastic film has an elongation of at least about 200%, and
(iii) the elastic film has a recovery of at least about 75% after being stretched to 100% of the film's length and allowed to retract freely; and
(c) when the first permanent adhesive layer is in contact with the flock and elastic film, fully activating the first permanent adhesive layer, whereby the first permanent adhesive layer is fully thermoset; and
(d) contacting the elastic film with a second adhesive layer, wherein the second adhesive layer is thermoplastic and wherein the first and second adhesive layers are located on opposing sides of the elastic film.
2. The article of
a carrier; and
a release adhesive deposited upon the carrier, wherein the plurality of flock fibers are releasably attached to the release adhesive.
3. The article of
5. The article of
6. The article of
9. The article of
11. The article of
a substrate bonded to the second adhesive layer, the second adhesive layer being positioned between the elastic film and substrate, wherein the substrate is at least one of elastic and elastomeric, and wherein the elastic film has an elasticity the same as or greater than an elasticity of the substrate.
12. The article of
13. The article of
14. The article of
15. The article of
16. The article of
17. The article of
19. The article of
a second thermoplastic adhesive layer bonded to the second side of the elastic film, wherein the first adhesive layer is continuous while the second adhesive layer is discontinuous.
25. The article of
26. The article of
27. The article of
29. The article of
30. The article of
31. The article of
35. The article of
36. The article of
37. The article of
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The present application claims the benefits of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. Nos. 60/403,992, filed Aug. 16 2002; and 60/405,473, filed Aug. 23, 2002, all to Abrams, each of which is incorporated herein by this reference.
This application relates generally to designs and transfers and specifically to a flocked stretchable design or transfer.
It is often desirable to decorate clothing or other articles with designs that have various surfaces, such as designs that have a flocked surface such that the surface is fuzzy. Using flocked designs works well with clothes or other articles that are not meant to be stretched. To date, flocked designs have not been used with stretchable articles since the flock adhesive layer and, thus, the design, tends to permanently splits or cracks, sometimes without recovery, as the material is stretched. This is undesirable since the design becomes severely deformed. It is also undesirable since the flock fibers may become detached from the transfer or design, leaving permanent holes, voids, or gaps in the design. Another undesirable aspect of using flocked designs on stretchable articles is that the stretchable article may not reform to its original size and shape near the flocked design due to the adhesive used to keep the flocked design on the clothing or article.
Today's fashions are often characterized by stretchable materials, whether the stretchable material is a knitted material, nylon, polyester, elastic or other material. Thus, a wide market of clothing does not use flocked designs because of the undesirable characteristics associated therewith. What is needed is a flocked stretchable design or transfer that can be stretched with the clothing or other article that will reform to its original design without loss of design quality or adhesion or integrity of the image.
The present invention describes a flocked stretchable design and a process for producing a flocked stretchable design, appliqué, or transfer. The design can have shape memory even when stretched to a high degree.
In one embodiment, the design is configured as a transfer. The transfer includes a sacrificial carrier layer or release sheet, a release adhesive or binder applied to the carrier layer, a plurality of (preferably multi-colored) flock fibers releasably or temporarily attached to the release adhesive, an elastic (e.g., elastomeric) film, and a first (preferably continuously distributed) activatable adhesive layer (e.g., a thermoset or hot melt thermoplastic adhesive) permanently bonded to a first side of the elastic film. The plurality of flock fibers is permanently bonded to the first side of elastic film using the first activatable adhesive layer. A second activatable, continuously or discontinuously distributed, (elastomeric) adhesive layer is bonded to an opposing, second side of the elastic film.
While not wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that, when the second activatable adhesive layer is discontinuously distributed, the gaps or spaces (or discontinuities) in the second activatable adhesive layer may assist the shape memory of the design. The discontinuities in the second activatable adhesive layer may not only provide expansion room for the adhesive when deformed but also prevent the adhesive from flowing into the deformation voids in the adjacent, stretched flock layer by reducing the total mass while still providing effective point-by-point adhesion. The discontinuities are preferably retained after the design is bonded to a suitable substrate. When the second discontinuous activatable adhesive is activated to bond the design to a desirable substrate, it is believed that the second discontinuous activatable adhesive layer soaks, flows, or “wicks” down into the substrate, vertically not laterally, on which the design or transfer is mounted maintaining the voids. This wicking can allow the substrate and the design to stretch at the same rate and reform to their respective original shapes without permanent deformation of either the substrate and the design or the interface between them.
In another embodiment, the design is direct flocked and includes the elastic film, the first (preferably wet coated) activatable adhesive layer, a plurality of flock fibers, and the second activatable adhesive layer. As will be appreciated, the design of this embodiment does not include a transfer carrier layer and a release adhesive.
In other embodiments, the present invention also includes methods of producing both the design of both configurations.
The various embodiments of the present invention can have a number of advantages compared to conventional designs. For example, the stretchable transfer or design of the present invention can prevent the flock fiber adhesive layer from becoming detached from the design or transfer, before, during and after the transfer or design is stretched. The design can have shape memory and can reform, after being stretched, substantially to its original shape and size without loss of original design integrity and aesthetic appeal. The design can, when stretched to a high degree, evidence an increase in the inter flock distance (i.e., the horizontal space between individual fibers) without the flock becoming disengaged from the substrate. The design can combine the multicolored plush design that is attainable with flocked fibers with high elasticity and shape memory. The flock fibers are stable and do not become detached from the design, before, during and after the transfer or design is stretched. The aesthetic quality of the design can be retained after any number of elastic deformations. The design can be applied to a variety of elastic substrates that have previously been unsuitable for flocked designs. Examples include highly elastic substrates such as Lycra®, and elastomeric materials, such as rubber and latex, elastic woven or knit waist band such as for men's underwear or women's panties, etc.
These and other objects, features, and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following best mode description, the drawings and the claims.
As shown in
The elastic film should be durable, thermally stable, and able to resist the various treatments including but not limited to flocking and/or lamination process, applying chemicals, washing, heating, drying, both during the flocking process and after the design or transfer has been heat applied to the article. The term “elastic” as used herein means those materials that have the ability to regain, at least substantially, their original shape after a load is removed. The elastic film preferably has a modulus of elasticity of less than about 11.25 pounds per foot (“lbf”) (50 N). The modulus of elasticity for the material selected is preferably above about 0.5 lbf (2.22 N) (where the modulus is defined as the force required to pull a ¼ inch sample from 3 inches to 6 inches). As the modulus of elasticity (Young's Modulus) is a fundamental material constant, the modulus is an index of the stiffness of the material. A higher value of the modulus indicates a more brittle material (i.e. glass, ceramics). A very low value represents a elastomeric material (i.e. rubber). The elastic film preferably has an elongation of at least about 200% and more preferably at least about 300% and a recovery of at least about 75% and more preferably at least about 95%. The recovery is the percent of the film's shape retained after the film is stretched to 100% of its original length at a rate of 30 inches per minute and the stretched film allowed to retract freely for 1 minute.
The elastic material can be of any suitable composition, such as rubber, polyurethane, and elastomers. Particularly preferred elastic materials include natural vulcanized rubber and elastomers, such as styrene-butadiene copolymer, polychloroprene (neoprene), nitrile rubber, butyl rubber, polysulfide rubber (Thiokol), cis-1,4-polyisoprene, ethylene-propylene terpolymers (EPDM rubber), silicone rubber, (thermoplastic) polyurethane such as Spandex, and polyurethane rubber. As will be appreciated, “elastomers” refer to synthetic thermosetting (typically high) polymers having properties similar to those of vulcanized natural rubber, namely the ability to be stretched to at least twice their original length and to retract quickly to approximately their original length when released. It has been found that materials with the trade name Clarense® from Bemis, Lycra® from Du Pont, and Dorlastan® from Bayer work well with the present invention.
The elastic film preferably has a thickness ranging from about 1 mil to 25 mils and more preferably, from about 1 mil to 15 mils.
The first activatable adhesive layer 13 is applied to the elastic film 12. The first activatable adhesive layer is preferably distributed continuously over the first surface 18 of the elastic film. The first activatable adhesive preferably has a thickness ranging from about 1 mil to 10 mils and more preferably from about 1 mil to about 3 mils. The first activatable adhesive layer provides a permanent grip of the flock fibers. The first activatable adhesive layer can be applied to the elastic film in any number of ways, e.g., applied as a liquid using suitable techniques or as a pre-formed film and either can be applied to the flock fibers simultaneously. Suitable adhesives for the first activatable adhesive are described in detail below.
The plurality of flock fibers 14 are flocked onto the first activatable adhesive layer through general and conventional flocking methods and techniques. The flock can be of multiple colors, which can be arranged in a pre-selected design, or can be of a single color. The flock 14 used in any of the processes discussed herein can be any electrostatically chargeable fiber, such as fibers made from rayon, nylon, cotton, acrylic, and polyester. Preferably, the flock has a melting and/or softening point that is greater than the temperatures experienced by the flock during activation of the first and second adhesives. Due to its low melt point, acrylic flock is undesirable in many applications. The flock is also preferably resilient under the temperatures and pressures experienced in design manufacturing and later application processes to resist softening, deformation, and melting. Resilient flock, such as rayon, nylon, and terepthalate (e.g., poly(cyclohexylene-dimethylene terephthalate) polymer flock, is particularly preferred. In most applications, the flock orientation is at least substantially orthogonal (perpendicular) to the first side of the elastic film.
In accordance with the present invention, to achieve a multicolor and/or textured effect, the flock 14 is applied through the image screen which is preferably a gauze-like mesh screen made of polyester monofilament material or by inkjet printing or sublimation transfer before the first and second activatable adhesive layers and elastic film are applied to the flock. The multicolor effect is achieved by using different precolored flock. A textured effect is achieved by using flock fibers of different length and passing flock fibers of substantially the same or uniform length in batches through the open section of the barrier. As used herein, precolored flock means that the flock has been colored before being flocked, adhered stuck or otherwise applied to the release adhesive. Depending on the overall design texture and the color or number of colors of flock which are to be used, an appropriate number of barriers or screens are prepared to have open sections to permit passage of flock in a predetermined configuration, texture pattern, and/or color pattern. Alternatively, a single screen may be sequentially masked for this purpose. In either case, the open sections of each mask or screen are designed to permit passage of flock fibers in a configuration which corresponds to areas of the final design including any surrounding bleed areas which correspond to only one color and/or flock length, which is preferably one of a plurality of colors and/or fiber lengths of a color and/or texture pattern, intended to be used in the final or overall design. The screen also serves to mask areas which are not intended to receive a particular color or texture. In accordance with the present invention, each different color and/or different length of flock is preferably applied sequentially using a different screen to result in the particular precolored flock and/or flock of predetermined length passing through the open section of the screen onto a corresponding section of the release adhesive 21 to form a color and/or texture pattern.
The present invention generally utilizes the general materials and flocking techniques found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,793,050; 4,292,100; and 4,396,662 and UK patent application Nos. 2,065,031 and 2,126,951 all of which are incorporated by reference herein. The present invention can also utilize flocking materials and techniques such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,810,549; 5,047,103; 5,207,851; 5,346,746; 5,597,637; 5,858,156; 6,010,764; 6,083,332; and 6,110,560 as well as copending patent applications U.S. application Ser. Nos. 29/058,551 filed Aug. 19, 1996; 09/548,839 filed Apr. 13, 2000; 09/621,830 filed Jul. 24, 2000; 09/735,721 filed Dec. 13, 2000; 09/629,746 filed Jul. 31, 2000; 09/973,113 filed Oct. 9, 2001; 60/327,642 filed Oct. 5, 2001; 60/344,863 filed Nov. 8, 2001; 60/366,580 filed Mar. 21, 2002; 60/332/,647 filed Nov. 21, 2001 and 60/393,362 filed Jul. 3, 2002, 10/265,206 filed Oct. 4, 2002, and 10/394,357, filed Mar. 21, 2003, of which I am an inventor. These patents and patent applications are also incorporated herein as if set forth in their entireties.
Returning again to
The term “discontinuous” means that the adhesive, when applied to the elastic film, does not coat the entirety of the film but allows for holes or voids, shown in
To prevent elimination of the voids when the discontinuous adhesive film is thermally adhered to the elastic film and/or substrate, it is preferred that the viscosity of the adhesive film be high enough such that there is no lateral flow together to melt and flow into the voids between the adhesive segments. The thickness of the second activatable, discontinuously distributed, adhesive layer preferably ranges from about 1 mil to 25 mils and more preferably from about 2 mils to 10 mils and even more preferably from about 2 mils to 5 mils.
Any suitable adhesive can be used for the first and second activatable adhesives. The first and second activatable adhesives typically have differing compositions. As will be appreciated, suitable adhesives fall into two general categories, namely organic and inorganic adhesives, with organic adhesives being preferred. Although either natural organic or synthetic adhesives are suitable, synthetic adhesives are preferred. Synthetic adhesives include elastomer-solvent cements, thermoplastic resins (for hot-melts) (e.g., polyethylene, isobutylene, polyamides, and polyvinyl acetate), thermosetting resins (e.g., epoxy, phenoformaldehyde, polyvinyl butryal, and cyanoacrylates), polyesters, polynrethanes, and silicone polymers and cements. Of the synthetic adhesives, thermoplastic (hot melt) resins and thermosetting resins are preferred. Thermoset adhesives solidify or set irreversibly when heated above a certain temperature. This property is usually associated with a cross-linking reaction of the molecular constituents induced by heat or radiation.
Suitable thermoset adhesives can include curing agents or catalysts such as organic peroxides, sulfur, isocyanate, oxalic acids, or diammonium phosphate. Thermosetting resins such as methylol-melamines, urea formaldehyde condensates or phenol formaldehyde condensates may be incorporated to improve durability or abrasion resistance of the design. Suitable examples of thermosetting adhesives include polyethylene, phenolics, alkyds, amino resins, polyesters, epoxides, and silicones. For use with the present invention a polyester, a polyurethane, or a polyamide second activatable, discontinuously distributed, adhesive layer is preferred.
The adhesive can have any form, namely be in the form of a liquid, solid (such as a pre-formed film), or a gas (which is condensed onto the desired surface). As will be appreciated, liquid adhesives include without limitation, water-based, solvent based, or curable liquid systems. Water-based adhesives generally consist of a binder, usually an emulsion polymer, and a viscosity builder. Water-based adhesives may also contain plasticizers, thermosetting resins, curing catalysts, stabilizers and various other additives known in the art. The emulsion polymer is generally chosen from acrylic, vinyl-acrylic, vinyl, urethane, and styrene-butadiene latexes. The viscosity is dictated by the substrate and the specific adhesive. Suitable viscosity builders are typically water soluble polymers such as such as carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, polyoxyethylenes and natural gums as well as alkyl swellable polymers, such as, highly carboxylated acrylic emulsion polymers.
Plasticizers may be added to alter the properties of the design or to improve the flow and levelling characteristics of the adhesive. Where the primary goal is the latter, fugitive plasticizers, such as, the phthalate esters may be employed. If the intent is to alter the properties of the finished goods, then more permanent plasticizers such as low molecular weight polyesters may be used.
Solvent adhesives include those fully reacted soluble polymers, such as, acrylic homo and copolymers, polyesters, polyamides or polyurethanes and two package systems, such as, polyester polyols with diisocyanates, or isocyanate prepolymers and epoxies with polyamines. The polymer or prepolymer is dissolved in a suitable solvent which is preferably low boiling, and then thickened to the proper viscosity in a manner similar to that used for the water-base adhesives. Catalysts, cross-linking agents, stabilizers, pigments, or dyes may also be incorporated.
Curable liquid systems include 2 part urethanes, e.g., a dlisocyanate and a polymeric polyol, flexible epoxy systems, e.g., liquid epoxy resins or solutions of solid epoxy resins co-reacted with polyamides or polyamines and dimercaptans and a polyene with a peroxide. Also, hot melts can be used, such as polyethylene-vinylacetate copolymer, polyethylene-ehylacrylate copolymer, and a plasticized polyvinyl chloride in the form of a plastisol which can be heated to fuse and then cure. In one design configuration, the first activatable adhesive is preferably a thermoset adhesive while the second activatable adhesive is preferably a hot melt thermoplastic adhesive. The preferred adhesive for the first activatable adhesive is a thermosetting or thennoplastic hot melt film. To provide the desired discontinuities 15, preferred, pre-formed adhesive films for the second activatable adhesive include (spun) web adhesives such as the Sharnet® adhesive from Bostik-Findley.
The release adhesive 21 is applied to the carrier film to bind the flock fibers in a certain orientation before the flock fibers are collectively bonded by the first activatable adhesive layer. The release adhesive is a composition which when subjected to the usual curing conditions, e.g., heat, ultra-violet, etc., will not permanently set or permanently adhere to the substrate or to the flock. Such compositions typically include but are not limited to waxes, low molecular weight polyethylenes, polystyrenes, hot melt slurries (such as polyesters, polyamides, polyethylenes, and urethane hot melt), and the like. Additionally, starched-based adhesives such as, canary dextron and British Gum; gums, such as gum arabic and gum tragacanth; water soluble, non-curing polymers, such polyvinyl alcohols, particularly hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate and the like may be used. Another example of appropriate composition is glycerine and urea.
To produce a transfer according to the present invention and with reference to
To produce the design 10 through a direct flock method according to the present invention and with reference to
In one continuous process configuration shown in
The hot melt adhesive 16 is then applied to the binder 17 as a separate layer. In addition, other heat sensitive adhesives, such as polyvinyl chloride, thermoplastic acrylic resin, polyethylene, polyamide, polyurethane, paraffin and rubber derivative may be used for this purpose, with polyurethane being preferred.
In an alternative embodiment, the second activatable layer is continuously distributed as opposed to being discontinuously distributed. To prevent loss of shape memory or design appearance, the adhesive layer is selected to have the proper stretch and recovery characteristics. Examples of suitable adhesives include polyurethanes, polyesters, polyamides, polyolefins, and other elastomeric adhesives.
In one alternative embodiment, the elastic film 12 of the present invention can be used as the film backing of a co-molded direct flock and flock transfer such as that described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/393362, filed Jul. 3, 2002, or in place of the barrier layer 204 described in
In another alternative embodiment, the elastic film 12 and second activatable adhesive layer 11 of the present invention can also be used as an optional layer in the screen printed resin film design or transfer made from a liquid plastic dispersion such as that described in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 60/332,647, filed Nov. 21, 2001; 60/344,862 filed Nov. 8, 2001; and 60/327,642, filed Oct. 5, 2001. The entireties of these patent applications are incorporated herein as fully set forth.
In yet another alternative embodiment, the design is configured as a sew-on patch. When so configured, the second activatable adhesive layer can be eliminated or can be used sparingly to provide additional bonding capabilities, such as alignment before stitching. The elastomeric film provides integrity and can be sewn on.
As one can observe from
The principles, preferred embodiments and modes of operation of the present invention have been described in the foregoing specification. The invention which is intended to be protected herein should not, however, be construed as limited to the particular forms disclosed, as these are to be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive. Variations and changes may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention. Accordingly, the foregoing best mode of carrying out the invention should be considered exemplary in nature and not as limiting to the scope and spirit of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.
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