This invention relates to a new conjugated linoleic acids, a process for preparation thereof and method of use. Thus this invention is concerned with the preparation and purification of conjugated linoleic acids from materials rich in alpha or gamma linoleic acids. The reaction produces a mixture containing a 1:1 ratio of 9Z, 11E, 15Z-octadecatrienoic acid and 9Z, 13E, 15Z-octadecatrieonic acid. The mixture can be purified up to 90% by liquid chromatography, crystallization or urea crystallization. The mixture of 1:1 9Z, 11E, 15Z-octadecatrienoic acid and 9Z, 13E, 15E, 15Z-octadecatrienoic acid have anticancerous activities.
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9. A composition comprising a mixture of linolenic acids, said linolenic acids being 9cis,11trans,15cis-octadecatrienoic acid and 9cis,13trans,15cis-octadecatrienoic acid, wherein said linolenic acids are present in a ratio of 1:1 w:w and said mixture varying between 30% and 90% by weight relative to the weight of the composition, wherein the composition is prepared by
providing a solvent of water or polyol;
blending with the solvent in the presence of a strong base, one or a mixture of vegetable oil having various concentrations of linolenic acid or partial glycerides of such oils or partially purified and/or concentrated isomers, to produce a reaction mixture at a temperature of 160° C. to 200° C.; and
recovering from the reaction mixture the composition comprising the mixture of linolenic acids.
1. A process for the preparation of a composition comprising a mixture of linolenic acids, said linolenic acids being 9cis,11trans,15cis-octadecatrienoic acid and 9cis,13trans,15cis-octadecatrienoic acid, said process comprising the steps of:
providing a solvent of water;
blending with the solvent in the presence of a base one or a mixture of vegetable oils with various concentrations of linolenic acid or partial glycerides of such oils or partially purified and/or concentrated isomers to produce a reaction mixture; and
recovering from the reaction mixture the composition comprising the mixture of linolenic acids, wherein the composition comprises a mixture of 9cis,13trans,15cis-octadecatrienoic acid and 9cis,11trans,15cis-octadecatrienoic acid in a ratio of 1:1 w/w, a concentration of said mixture varying between 30% and 90% by weight relative to the weight of the composition.
2. The process according to
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11. A method for inducing apoptosis of mammalian solid neoplastic cancer cells, comprising contacting said cells with a therapeutically effective amount of the composition according to
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This application is a U.S. National Phase under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of PCT International Application No. PCT/CA2004/001470, published in English and filed Aug. 6. 2004, which claims the benefit of Canadian Application No. 2.436,650 , filed Aug. 6, 2003.
This invention relates to the field of human and animal nutrition. More particularly, this invention relates to new conjugated linolenic acids, methods for preparing same and their use in the treatment of cancer.
Processes for the conjugation of the double bonds of polyunsaturated unconjugated fatty acids have found their main application in the field of paints and varnishes. Oils comprised of triglycerides of conjugated fatty acids are known as drying oils. Drying oils have value because of their ability to polymerize or “dry” after they have been applied to a surface to form tough, adherent and abrasion resistant films. Tung oil is an example of a naturally occurring oil containing significant levels of fully conjugated fatty acids. Because tung oil is expensive for many industrial applications, research was directed towards finding substitutes.
In the 1930's, it was found that conjugated fatty acids were present in oil products subjected to prolonged saponification, as originally described by Moore, J. Biochem., 31: 142 (1937). This finding led to the development of several alkali isomerization processes for the production of conjugated fatty acids from various sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
The positioning of the double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain is typically not in a conjugated, i.e., alternating double bond single bond double bond, manner. For example, α-linolenic acid is an eighteen carbon acid with three double bonds (18:3) at carbons 9, 12 and 15 in which all three double bonds have in the cis configuration, i.e., 9Z,12Z,15Z. γ-Linolenic acid is 6Z,9Z,12Z—C18:3 acid.
Migration of double bonds (e.g., leading to conjugation) gives rise to many positional and geometric (i.e., cis-trans) isomers.
Conjugated double bonds means two or more double bonds which alternate in an unsaturated compound as in 1,3 butadiene. The hydrogen atoms are on the same side of the molecule in the case of cis structure. The hydrogen atoms are on opposite sides of the molecule in the case of trans structure.
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a general term used to name positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid. Linoleic acid is a straight chain carboxylic acid having double bonds between the carbons 9 and 10, and between carbons 12 and 13. For example, one CLA positional isomer has double bonds between carbons 9 and 10 and carbons 11 and 12 (i.e, 9Z, 11E-C18:2 acid); another has double bonds between carbons 10 and 11 and carbons 12 and 13 (i.e., 10E,12Z—C18:2 acid), each with several possible cis and trans isomers as shown in the following Table:
TABLE
Nu
Fatty Acid
Trivial Name
Structure
1
9Z, 12Z, 15Z-C18:3
α-Linolenic Acid
##STR00001##
2
6Z, 9Z, 12Z-C18:3
γ-Linolenic Acid
##STR00002##
3
9Z, 12Z-C18:2
Linoleic Acid
##STR00003##
Conjugated linolenic acid (CLNA) is a general term used to name positional and geometric isomers of linolenic acid. Linolenic acid is a straight chain carboxylic acid having double bonds between the carbons 9 and 10, between the carbons 12 and 13 and between carbons 15 and 16 (see the above Table).
The 9Z,11E-C18:2 isomer has been shown to be the first intermediate produced in the biohydrogenation process of linoleic acid by the anaerobic rumen bacterium Butyrvibrio fibrisolvens. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme Δ11 isomerase which converts the cis-12 double bond of linoleic acid into a trans-11 double bond. (C. R. Kepler et al., 241 J. Biol. Chem. (1966) 1350). It has also been found that the normal intestinal flora of rats can also convert linoleic acid to the 9Z, 11E-C18:2 acid isomer. The reaction does not, however, take place in animals lacking the required bacteria. Therefore, CLA is largely a product of microbial metabolism in the digestive tract of primarily ruminants, but to a lesser extent in other mammals and birds.
Conjugated Linoleic and Linolenic Acids in Cancer Therapy
The free, naturally occurring conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) have been previously isolated from fried meats and described as anticarcinogens by Y. L Ha, N K. Grimm and M. W. Pariza, in Carcinogenesis, Vol. 8, No. 12, pp. 1881-1887 (1987). Since then, they have been found in some processed cheese products (Y. L. Ha, N. K. Grimm and M. W. Pariza, in J. Agric. Food Chem., Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 75-81 (1987)).
Conjugated Linolenic Acid (CLNA) is naturally present as a minor component of cheese from cow milk (Winkler et al., 2001) and bovine milk fat (Destaillats et al., 2003).
Cancer is a complex multifactor and multistep process involving the coordinated expression and suppression of genes functioning as positive and negative regulators of oncogenesis (Fisher, 1984; Bishop, 1991; Knudson et al., 1991; MacLachlan et al, 1995). Solid tumors are the leading cause of death attributable to cancers worldwide. Conventional methods of treating cancer include surgical treatments and the administration of chemotherapeutic agents. However, to date, such treatments have been of limited success. Chemotherapeutic treatments available today are also of limited usefulness because of their non-selective killing and/or toxicity to most cell types. Also, many tumor cells eventually become resistant against the chemotherapeutic agent, thus making treatment of solid tumors and other tumors non-feasible.
Cells can die either from apoptosis or necrosis. Unlike necrosis which is a pathological cell death, apoptosis is a death which is initially programmed in the gene of the cell itself. Thus, the gene which programs the apoptosis is activated by certain external or internal causes whereby programmed cell death gene protein is produced based upon said gene and then the cell itself is decomposed and dead by the resulting programmed death protein. Cells that undergo apoptotic cell death are characterized by a number of functional and morphologic changes: loss of membrane asymmetry, which results in the exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) on the outer surface of cell membrane; loss of the inner mitochondrial membrane potential; activation of cytoplasmic serine proteases (caspases); rapid formation of extrusions of the cell membrane, which results in the formation of small extracellular membrane-coated particles (bleds); shrinkage of the total cell volume; condensation of the nuclear chromatin, which leads to the shrinkage of the nucleus, and fragmentation of the nucleus and the remaining cytoplasm into apoptotic bodies (Cohen, 1993).
Anti-carcinogenic properties of CLA have been well documented, as well as stimulation of the immune system. Administration of CLA inhibits rat mammary tumorogenesis, as demonstrated by Ha et al., Cancer Res., 52:2035-s (1992). Ha et al., Cancer Res., 50:1097 (1990), reported similar results in a mouse forestomach neoplasia model. CLA has also been identified as a strong cytotoxic agent against target human melanoma, colorectal and breast cancer cells in vitro. A recent major review article confirms the conclusions drawn from individual studies (Ip, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 66(6):1523s (1997)). In in vitro tests, CLAs were tested for their effectiveness against the growth of malignant human melanomas, colon and breast cancer cells. In the culture media, there was a significant reduction in the growth of cancer cells treated with CLAs by comparison with control cultures. The mechanism by which CLAs exert anticarcinogenic activity is unknown.
In addition, CLAs have a strong antioxidative effect so that, for example, peroxidation of lipids can be inhibited (Atherosclerosis 108, 19-25 (1994)). CLA has been found to be an in vitro antioxidant, and in cells, it protects membranes from oxidative attack. In relation to other important dietary antioxidants, it quenches singlet oxygen less effectively than beta-carotene but more effectively than alpha-tocopherol. It appears to act as a chain terminating antioxidant by chain-propagating free radicals (U.S. Pat. No. 6,316,645).
Pharmaceuticals which have been used in clinical therapy include many agents such as anticancer agents, antibiotic substances, immunopotentiators, immunomodulators, etc. (such as alkylating agents antimetabolites and plant alkaloids) but it can be hardly said that such a drug therapy has been completely established already. An object of the present invention is to develop a substance having a physiological function such as apoptosis-inducing action.
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a general term used to name positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid C18:2(9 cis,12 cis). It usually denotes a mixture of mainly two isomers: C18:2(9cis, 11trans) and C18:2(10trans,12cis). They are usually present in a 1:1 ratio and the sum of these two isomers can vary between 30% and 90%. The majority of CLA in nutraceutical market do not mention the accurate composition for the content of each isomer, but generally the product is around 80% for both isomers. The most important isomer in term of anti-cancer activity is the C18:2(9cis, 11trans) (Seidel et al, 2001, U.S. Pat. No. 6,319,950, Liu et al., 2002, Roche et al., 2002, Pariza et al, 1991).
CLA have been suggested as useful as anti-cancer agents for treatment of cancer. The latest research reveals the most dramatic impact may be on the reduced risk and incidence of mammalian cancer (breast and colon cancer). It has been shown that CLA down-regulated mammary growth, decrease the population and proliferation activity of the cancer cells, and therefore reduces mammary cancer risk and metastasis in mice and rats (Ha et al, 1987, Ip et al, 1999). The growth inhibitory effect of CLA was also demonstrated on human breast cancer cells (Durgam et al., 1997).
Horrobin et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 6,245,811 disclosed a method for treating a disorder like complications of cancer; with compounds of structure containing group like CLA, as fatty esters as bioactive compounds
Seidel et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 6,319,950 disclosed a method for the treatment of carcinoma in a human, including administering to a human a therapeutically effective amount of C18 (9-cis, 11-trans). This patent includes administering to a human a purified conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) produced by a novel synthesis process for producing C18 (9-cis, 11-trans).
Das et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 6,426,367 disclose methods of selectively reducing the blood supply to a neoplastic region, such as a tumor region, thereby selectively causing necrosis of the neoplastic tissue without substantial necrosis of adjoining tissues. The methods described in this patent employ intra-arterial injection of polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as CLA, preferably in the form of salts, preferably with a lymphographic agent, and optionally with an anti-cancer drug, and/or a cytokine.
Das et al., in U.S. Patent No. US2002077317 disclosed a method of stabilizing and potentiating the actions of 2-methoxyoestradiol, statins, H2 blockers, and C-peptide of proinsulin which have modified influence on angiogenesis and inhibiting the growth of tumor cells, as applicable by using in coupling conjugation certain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) chosen from linoleic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, cis-parinaric acid or conjugated linoleic acid in predetermined quantities.
Bin et al in Patent No. CN1371985 disclosed a health-care wine containing conjugated linoleic acid or conjugated linoleic acid derivative. Said wine not only has the features of general drinking wine, but also possesses the health-care functions of resisting cancer, resisting atherosclerosis, regulating and controlling metabolism, raising immunity, regulating blood sugar and promoting growth development.
Bin et al, in Patent No. CN1356386 disclosed a process for preparing conjugated linoleic acid from dewatered castor oil includes physicochemically induced isomerizing, hydrolysis and multi-step separation. The resultant product contains conjugated linoleic acid (higher than 80%), linoleic acid (higher than 15%) and their isomers. It features its functions of preventing and treating cancer, diabetes and atherosclerosis, improving immunity, reducing blood sugar and fat.
Focant et al., in Patent No. WO02051255 relates to methods for altering the fatty acid composition in milk or tissue fat directly derived from a milk producing ruminant. In this patent methods are disclosed to obtain said desirable fatty acid profile, thereby improving the nutritional benefits to human health associated with CLA. Dietary intakes of CLA [C18:2 cis-9, trans-11] and C18:1 trans-11 fatty acids in milk or meat, or products thereof, produced in accordance with this invention in ruminant animals, can be effective in preventing cancer in different sites, reduce risk of coronary heart disease and to enhance immune function.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,554,646 (Cook et al.) discloses animal feeds containing CLA, or its non-toxic derivatives, e.g., such as sodium and potassium salts of CLA, as an additive in combination with conventional animal feeds or human foods. CLA makes for leaner animal mass.
The biological activity associated with CLAs is diverse and complex (Pariza et al. in Prog. Lipid Research., Vol 40, pp. 283-298).
Conjugated trienoic fatty acids have been suggested as useful compounds in the treatment of cell growth. Cytotoxic and anticarcinogenic effects of conjugated trienoic fatty acids have been shown on rat mammary carcinogenesis model (Futakuchi et al., 2002, Tomoyuki et al., in Patent No. JP2000336029). Same effects were observed on some lines of human tumor cells, possibly due to the induction of apoptosis of the cells (Igarashi et al., 2000a,b). In all of these studies, the authors demonstrated some properties of conjugated trienoic fatty acids, but the structure, the geometrical and positional isomers of conjugated trienoic fatty acids responsible for these effects remain to be elucidated. CLnA™ may provide potent new therapeutic molecules for the treatment of disorders such as cancers.
Tomoyuki et al, in Patent No. JP2000336029 relates to a new inhibiting agent useful in food and medicinal fields by incorporating a conjugated linolenic acid. This breast cancer-inhibiting agent contains a conjugated linolenic acid (e.g. 9,11,13-octadecatrienic acid, 10,12,14 octadecatrienic acid, their mixtures.). The breast cancer-inhibiting agent can be used not only as a medicine but also as a breast cancer-inhibiting or preventing food (e.g. a conjugated linolenic acid-containing oil and fat product), and in both cases of usage, the conjugated linolenic acid to be ingested is generally 0.01-3%, preferably 0.05-1% of the food weight.
The resemblance between the most important isomer of CLA [C18:2(9cis, 11trans)] and one of the isomers of CLnA™ [C18:3(9cis,11trans,15cis)] in term of their structure is the 9cis, 11trans insaturation. We can say that this isomer has a “CLA characteristic”. The major difference between both isomers is the third insaturation: 15cis. This insaturation confers a “omega-3 fatty acid characteristic”. This should increase the bioavaibility of the product and therefore increase the activity of CLnA™. The aims of the current studies are intended to demonstrate the additive effects of these two characteristics (CLA and omega-3 fatty acid in the same molecule).
Process of Preparation of Conjugated Linoleic or Linolenic Acids
All the useful methodologies for preparation of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) were recently reviewed by Adlof (In:Yurawecz et al. (Ed), Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, volume 1, AOCS Press, Champaign, II, pp 21-38 [1999]).
The usual methodology for conjugation of polyunsaturated fatty acids is alkali-catalyzed isomerization. This reaction may be performed using different bases such as hydroxides or alkoxides in solution in appropriate alcoholic reagents. This reaction was developed in the 1950's for spectrophotometric estimation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in fats and oils [AOCS official method Cd 7-58; JAOCS 30:352 (1953)].
In alkali isomerization the fatty acids are exposed to heat, pressure and a metal hydroxide or oxide in nonaqueous or aqueous environments, resulting in the, formation of conjugated isomers. Other methods have been described which utilize metal catalysts, which is not as efficient in the production of conjugated double bonds. It was found that isomerization could be achieved more rapidly in the presence of higher molecular weight solvent.
Kass, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 61: 4829 (1939) and U.S. Pat. No. 2,487,890 (1950) showed that replacement of ethanol with ethylene glycol resulted in both an increase in conjugation in less time.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,350,583 and British Patent No. 558,881 (1944) achieved conjugation by reacting fatty acid soaps of an oil with an excess of aqueous alkali at 200-230 degrees Celsius and increased pressure.
Dehydration of methyl ricinoleate (methyl 12-hydroxy-cis-9-octadecenoate) (Gunstone and Said, Chem. Phys. Lipids 7, 121 [1971]; Berdeaux et al., JAOCS 74, 1011 [1997] give 9Z,11E-C18:2 isomer as a major product. U.S. Pat. No. 5,898,074 disclosed a synthesis process for producing this fatty acid at room temperature in high yield. The tosylate or the mesylate of the methyl ester of ricinoleic acid is formed with tosyl chloride or mesyl chloride in a pyridine solvent or in acetonitrile and triethyl amine. The obtained tosylate or mesylate is reacted with diazabicyclo-undecene in a polar, non-hydoxylic solvent of acetonitrile to form the preferred isomer of 9c,11t-18:2 methyl ester in high yield.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,160,141 disclosed a synthesis process for producing conjugated eicosanoid fatty acid from methyl lesquerolate (methyl 14-hydroxy-cis-11-octadecenoate) at room temperature in high yield using the same principle.
Among the processes known to effect isomerization without utilizing an aqueous alkali system, is a nickel-carbon catalytic method, as described by Radlove, et al, Ind. Eng. Chem. 38: 997 (1946). A variation of this method utilizes platinum or palladium-carbon as catalysts. Conjugated acids may also be obtained from a-hydroxy allylic unsaturated fatty acid using acid catalyzed reduction (Yurawecz et al., JAOCS 70, 1093 [1993]), and partial hydrogenation of conjugated acetylenic acid such as santalbic (11E-octadec-9-ynoic) acid using Lindlar's catalyst could also be used but are limited by natural sources of such fatty acid. Another approach uses strong organic bases such as butyllithium It has been applied to both the conjugation of linoleic acid and partial and full conjugation of alpha-linolenic acid ((U.S. Pat. No. 6,316,645 (Sih, et a)).
Main difference between all these procedures and the present invention is the fact that linolenic acid has three double bounds (9cis, 12cis, 15cis) that are much more reactive than the two double bonds of linoleic acid (9cis, 12cis). More precisely, the octatrienoic system (C18:3) is responsible for a sigmatropic rearrangement (see
In the development of commercial compounds of linolenic acids known under the trademark CLnA™ it is important to have an inexpensive process to produce specific compositions that could be used in different formulations like nutritional bars and beverages, yoghurts, ice creams, cheese, butter, etc.
Natural fully conjugated linolenic acids have been found at high content levels in some seed oils (Hopkins, In:Gunstone, F. D. (Ed), Topics in Lipid Chemistry, volume 3, ELEK Science, London, pp 37-87 [1972]). For example, Takagi and Itabashi (Lipids 16, 546 [1981]) reported calendic acid (8E,10E,12Z—C18:3 acid, 62.2%) in pot marigold seed oil, punicic acid (9Z,11E,13Z—C18:3 acid, 83.0%) in pomegranate seed oil, α-eleostearic acid (9Z,11E,13E-C18:3 acid) in tung (67.7%) and bitter gourd (56.2%) seed oils, and catalpic acid (9E,11E,13Z—C18:3 acid, 42.3%) in catalpa seed oil, respectively.
An octadecatrienoic acid isomer whose structure has been tentatively defined as 9Z,11E,15Z—C18:3 acid, is believed to be the first intermediate in the biohydrogenation process of α-linolenic acid by the anaerobic rumen bacterium Butyrvibrio fibrisolvens (C. R. Kepler and S. B. Tove 242 J. Biol. Chem. (1967) 5686).
There is thus a need to provide a process for producing at a lower cost and at a high yield conjugated linolenic acid.
There is also a need to find new conjugated fatty acids that may be easily obtained through a process for its use and the treatment of cancer.
The inventors of the present invention have surprisingly found that linolenic acids are useful in the treatment of cancer. Consequently, it would be a great benefit to propose a new process for the preparation of such molecules.
In this connection, it is an object of the present invention to provide a process for the preparation of fatty acids which are homologues of conjugated linoleic acids from natural and/or synthetic materials rich in alpha or gamma linolenic acids or both.
It is another object of the present invention to use at least one conjugated linolenic acid obtained from the process of the present invention for the prevention/treatment of cancer in a mammal.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a composition which comprises an effective amount of 9cis,11trans,15cis and 9cis,13trans,15cis conjugated linolenic acid isomers.
It is also an object of the present invention to use the composition of the present invention for the treatment of cancer.
The process of the present invention is unique in that the reaction produces the above-mentioned conjugated trienoic acid with a high selectivity, in a short time period and in relatively mild conditions. Again, linolenic acids obtained by the process of the present invention may be advantageously used in the treatment of cancer in a human such as breast cancer. Moreover, and as one skilled in the art will appreciate, the purification of the isomerised oil obtained by the process of this invention offers the advantage of eliminating saturated fatty acids. A further advantage of the process is the capacity to isolate an inexpensive rich fraction of cyclic compounds (C18:3 11,13 cyclohexadiene) which can be use as a synthon in Diels-Alder reactions.
In the context of the present invention, the following terms are used and have the below described meaning.
Concerning CLA:
Concerning CLNA:
Concerning CLnA™
The invention relates to the discovery of a particular mixture of isomers of conjugated linolenic acid: CLnA™ C18:3(9cis,11trans,15cis) and C18:3(9cis,13trans,15cis). They are present in a 1:1 ratio and the sum of these two isomers may vary between 30% and 90% depending of the degree of purification.
The compositions according to the present invention contain CLnA™ which are prepared from materials rich in alpha or gamma linolenic acids like linseed oil or evening primrose oil and more particularly from a new natural source Plukenetia volubilis (Sacha Inchi or Inca Peanut), a native plant of the high altitude rain forests of the Andean region of South America. The CLnA™ may be obtained from the process of the present invention.
Process of Preparation of Conjugated Linolenic Acids
The present invention also relates to a process for preparation and purification of fatty acids which are homologues of conjugated linolenic acids, from materials rich in alpha or gamma linolenic acids. The reaction transforms between 60% and 75% of α-linolenic acid (9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoic acid) into 9Z,11E,15Z-octadecatrienoic acid and 9Z,13E,15Z-octadecatrienoic acid. The concentration of these isomers varying from 10% to 30% in the obtained oil. Enrichment up to and over 40% is readily performed with urea crystallization. Moreover, the product can be produced in over 90% purity by simple preparative liquid chromatography. The reaction is unique in that the reaction produces the abovementioned conjugated trienoic acids with a high selectivity, in a short time period and in relatively mild conditions. The reaction also transforms gamma-linolenic acid (6Z,9Z,12Z-octadecatrienoic acid) into 6Z,8E,15Z-octadeccatrienoic acid and 6Z,10E,12Z-octadecatrienoic. In all cases, geometrical isomers and fully conjugated isomers are also produced.
According to the present invention, only water is used as a solvent for isomerisation with a metal alkali (i.e NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2) as catalyst. Preferred range for each reagent is as follows:
This process uses materials rich in alpha linolenic acid (i.e. linseed oil) or gamma linolenic acids (i.e. evening primrose oil) and more particularly a new natural source rich in alpha linolenic acid Plukenetia volubilis (Sacha Inchi or Inca Peanut), a native plant of the high altitude rain forests of the Andean region of South America.
The oils and fats, alone or as mixtures, containing alpha-linolenic acid may include but are not limited to arnebia, basil, candelnut, flax (linseed), linola, gold of pleasure, hemp, mustard, perilla, soybean, canola, walnut, chia, crambe, echium, hop, kiwi, pumkin, black currant and purslane seed oils, or any other oil, wax, ester or amide that is rich in linolenic acid.
The oils and fats, alone or as mixtures, containing gamma-linolenic acid may include but are not limited to borage, evening primrose and black currant seed oils, or any other oil, wax, ester or amide that is rich in linolenic acid.
When linseed oil is used as starting material for execution of the present invention (Table 9: assays # 0 to 8 for reaction parameters and Tables 1 to 7 for analytical results), the reaction produces approximately 30% of a 1:1 mixture of C18:3 isomers: 9cis,11trans,15cis-octadecatrienoic acid and 9cis,13trans,15cis-octadecatrienoic; 9.5% of saturated fatty acids (5.4% palmitic and 4.3% stearic). The isomerised oil also contains 20% of unreacted oleic acid, 13% of unreacted linoleic acid (C18:2 9cis, 12cis); 4% of CLA where 1.6% accounts for C18:2 9cis, 11trans and 2.3% for C18:2 10trans, 12cis. The isomerised oil also contains 9% of unreated linolenic acid (C18:3 9cis, 12cis, 15cis). All other full conjugated C18:3 compounds accounts for 9% and the cyclic compound C18:3 11,13 ciclohexadiene accounts for 6.7%.
When Plukenetia volubilis (Sacha inchi) oil is used as starting material for execution of the present invention material (Table 9: assays 9 for reaction parameters and Table 8 for analytical results), the reaction also produces approximately 30% of a 1:1 mixture of C18:3 isomers: 9cis,11trans,15cis-octadecatrienoic acid and 9cis,13trans,15cis-octadecatrienoic. Oleic acid content (9.75%) is comparable to that obtained with linseed oil but it has less saturated fatty acids (4.16% palmitic and 3% stearic). The main difference concerns the CLA content (24%) where 11.6% accounts for C18:2 9cis, 11trans and 12.4% for C18:2 10trans, 12cis. The isomerised oil also contains 6.8% of unreacted linoleic acid (C18:2 9cis, 12cis); and only 0.38% of unreacted linolenic acid (C18:3 9cis, 12cis, 15cis). All other full conjugated C18:3 compounds accounts for 12.4% and the cyclic compound C18:3 11,13 ciclohexadiene accounts for 7.5%.
In both cases, purification is performed under a rigorous control of temperature, time and the ratio between the oil, the urea and methanol. Repeatedly purification by urea crystallization enables to separate a rich fraction of cyclic compounds (67.75% in Table 10: Urea 3 Liquid fraction) and raise the concentration of the desired 1:1 mixture of C18:3 isomers to more than 75% (Table 10: Urea 4 Solid fraction). Preparative chromatography was used to purify this mixture until 90%. Gas chromatography analysis has shown the presence of both isomers (
The disclosed process converts double bonds of α- and γ-linolenic acid isomers into partly and/or fully conjugated systems as well as into cyclic fatty acid isomers. The process which can be performed both in batch and continuous modes, involves blending one or a mixture of vegetable oils with various concentration of alpha or gamma linolenic acids or both or partial glycerides of such oils, or partially purified or concentrated isomers with 0.5 to 10 moles of base such as sodium hydroxide, sodium alkoxylate, sodium metal, potassium hydroxide, potassium alkoxylate, potassium metal, and strong base resins. The reaction may advantageously proceed at temperatures from 160° up to 180° C. in water as the solvent, for periods varying between 0.5 hour to 4 hours, depending on the base and/or the temperature and/or solvent, and/or substrate and/or a desire expected conversion rate (see Table 9).
After cooling, if required, to 20-80° C., acid is added to the reaction mixture to neutralize the soaps and/or remaining base in the reactor. It is preferred to bring the pH of the contents of the reactor to pH 4 or less through the addition of either a mineral or organic acid. Acids that may be used include, but are not limited to, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid and citric acid. The solvent phase (glycerol+water) is withdrawn and the remaining fatty acid rich phase can be washed with water and/or saline solutions of variable concentration such as sodium chloride (5% w/w) to remove traces of acids used for acidification of the reaction mixture. Remaining water can be removed by usual means (i.e. centrifugation, vacuum, distillation or drying agents). As described in Example 1, the concentration of 9Z,11E,15Z and 9Z,13E,15Z—C18:3 acid in the product is approximately 33%.
The product obtained from the process of the present invention, as such or converted into derivatives, can be used in nutrition, cosmetic, nutraceutical, biological and/or animal feed applications.
Isomer composition of the formed fatty acid was determined by gas-liquid chromatography coupled with a mass-spectrometer (GC-MS) of their 4,4-dimethyloxazoline (DMOX) derivatives. The use of derivatives is a necessary step prior to structural determination of fatty acid by GC-MS because mass spectra of fatty acid methyl ester, the usual derivatives for gas-liquid chromatography analysis, are devoid of sufficient information for identification of structural isomers. This is mainly due to the high sensitivity of the carboxyl group to fragmentation and to double bond migration (Christie, W. W., Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Methods for Structural Analysis of Fatty Acids, Lipids 33:343-353 (1998).). However, stabilization of the carboxyl group by the formation of a derivative containing a nitrogen atom results in mass spectra that allow structural determination for most fatty acids. Indeed, these fatty acids derivatives provide diagnostic fragments that allow accurate structure determination. The derivatives were submitted to GC-MS with a Hewlett Packard 5890 Series II plus gas chromatograph attached to an Agilent model 5973N MS Engine. The latter was used in the electron impact mode at 70 eV with a source temperature of 230 degree C. The GC was fitted with split injection. For DMOX derivatives an open tubular capillary column coated with BPX-70 (60 m.times.0.25 mm, 0.25 μm film; SGE, Melbourne, Australia) was used. After holding the temperature at 60 degree C. for 1 min, the oven temperature was increased by temperature-programming at 20 degree C./min to 170 degree C. where it was held for 30 min., then at 5 degree C./min to 210 degree C. where it was held for 30 min. Helium was the carrier gas at a constant flow-rate of 1 mL/min, maintained by electronic pressure control.
Mass spectrum of conjugated products of 9Z,12Z,15Z—C18:3 acid obtain by conjugation of linseed oil were presented in
Structural formula and mass spectrum of the DMOX derivatives of the 9Z,11E,15Z—C18:3 acid are illustrated in
Structural formula and mass spectrum of the DMOX derivatives of the 9,11,13—C18:3 acid are illustrated in
Mass spectra of the MTAD adducts of cis-9,trans-11,cis-15 18:3 (A) and cis-9, trans-13,cis-15 18:3 (B) acid methyl esters and presented at
Structural formula and mass spectrum of the DMOX derivatives of the 10E,12Z,14E-C18:3 acid are illustrated in
Structural formula and mass spectrum of the DMOX derivatives of the 11,13-Cyclic CLA (9-(6-propyl-cyclohexa-2,4-dienyl)-nonanoic acid) are illustrated in
Reaction progress was determined by gas-liquid chromatography under appropriate condition as presented in EXAMPLE 1.
Increasing the concentration of, for example 9Z,11E, 15Z and 9Z, 13E, 15Z—C18:3 acids, can be achieved using different methods, alone or in combination. One method makes use of urea complexation. Urea solution, prepared at a temperature ranging from 20 to 90° C. in different solvents or mixtures thereof, selected from water, and/or alcohols. Complexation is performed at the same temperature by addition of the product in a molar ratio of 0.5 to 8, and cooling at a temperature range of 20 to −10° C., as required. A mixture of the abovementioned 9Z,11E,15Z and 9Z,13E,15Z—C18:3 acids is isolated in higher concentration after treatment of the liquid phase, obtained after separation from the solid phase, by using conventional means such as filtration or centrifugation. Decomplexation is then carried out by addition of either a diluted organic or mineral acid. Acids that may be used include, but are not limited to, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid and citric acid. The product is obtained by decantation or liquid-liquid extraction with an organic solvent such as but not limited to hexane, heptane, petroleum ether and ligroin. If required, the organic solvent is eliminated (i.e. evaporated or distilled). A preferred description of the present embodiment is described in Example 2.
Another method for raising level of, for example 9Z,11E,15Z and 9Z,13E,15Z—C18:3 acids, either as free acid or derivative (i.e. methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, butyl, phenyl) is liquid chromatography using various convenient stationary phases. One particular is reversed phase liquid chromatography (i.e. ODS) for which eluents may include but are not limited to water, acetonitrile, acetone, methanol, tetrahydrofuran, methyl-tertbutyl ether, and combination thereof. A detailed description of the method is described in Example 3. Argentation liquid chromatography may be used to isolate specific isomers from a complex mixture of fatty acid ester or free fatty acid. A detailed description of the methodology applied to a mixture of 9Z,11E,15Z and 9Z,13E,15Z—C18:3 acid isomers is described in Example 4.
Still another method for raising the concentration level of, for example a mixture of 9Z, 11E,15Z and 9Z,13E,15Z—C18:3 acid, either as free acid or derivative (i.e. methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, butyl, phenyl) is crystallization, either in solvent or mixture thereof, such as, but not limited to, acetone, methanol, pentane, or in absence of solvent (i.e. dry fractionation). A detailed cooling program is required in order to obtain a more concentrated product. One particular case is that of further crystallization of urea complexes of fatty acids.
Purification of the isomerised oil by urea crystallization enables to separate many different fractions one of them rich in cyclic compounds (68%) and other with the desired 1:1 mixture of C18:3 isomers (75%). Preparative chromatography was used to purify this mixture until 90%.
Conjugated Linolenic Acids in Cancer Therapy/Prevention
The present invention also concerns the use of linolenic acids in the prevention and treatment of cancer. Indeed, the inventors have discovered that linolenic acids induce cytotoxicity of human cancer cells by apoptosis. The method of the present invention provides for the treatment of cancer in a human, including the treatment of mammary cancer. The method of the present invention provides cytotoxicity of cancer cells using CLnA™. CLnA™ has a significant potency relative to other fatty acids in respect to an ability to modulate tumorigenesis.
The compounds obtained from the process of the present invention are useful for the treatment of human cancer cells. In particular, the compounds of the invention have been found to be potent inhibitors of tumor cell proliferation and survival, and effective to induce apoptosis of malignant human cells. Compounds of the invention have been found to be effective for inducing cytotoxicity and/or apoptosis of human breast cancer cells.
The invention may be further clarified by reference to the following Examples, which serve to exemplify some of the preferred embodiments, and not to limit the invention in any way.
I Process of Preparing Linolenic Acids
The following examples are provided in order to demonstrate and further illustrate certain preferred embodiments and aspects of the present invention. It should be understood that the invention as claimed should not be limited to such specific embodiments. Modifications of the described process for those skilled in the art are intended to be within the scope of the present invention.
In the experimental disclosure which follows, the following abbreviations apply: Kg (kilograms); g (grams); mg (milligrams); ° C. (degrees centigrade); L (liters); mL (milliliters); μL (microliters); m (meters); cm (centimeters); mm (millimeters), μm (micrometers); NaOH (sodium hydroxide), H2SO4 (sulfuric acid), NaCl (sodium chloride); C18:2 11,13 cyclohexadiene (cyclic compounds).
In a preferred embodiment 378 gr of NaOH were dissolved in 7778 kg of propylene glycol at 160 C in a 25 L stainless steel reactor with a condenser. When dissolution was completed (30 min) 712 g of linseed oil were loaded under vacuum and nitrogen was use to reestablish the atmospheric pressure. The reaction was performed under nitrogen atmosphere at 160° C. during 2 hours. (Table 9: Assay #0). After what, the mixture was cooled to 25° C. and pH was adjusted to 3 with 460 g of concentrated H2SO4 dissolved in 7.61 Kg of water. After 15 minutes decantation the aqueous phase was removed and 45 Kg of water were added to the reactor to wash the isomerized fatty acid oily phase. After another 15 min decantation the washing water was removed to obtain 655 g of the isomerized linseed oil that was analyzed by gas chromatography by the method previously described. The fatty acids profile for the isomerized product is described in Table 1 at the column “Propylene glycol”. It has 30.94% of a 1:1 mixture of C18:3 isomers: 9cis,11trans,15cis-octadecatrienoic acid and 9cis,13trans,15cis-octadecatrienoic. Under our nomenclature it is named CLnA™-30. As a reference, the column “Linseed oil” in Table 1 presents the fatty acids profile of this particular starting material. It is clear that almost all the 53.53% of the linolenic acid (C18:2 9cis, 11cis, 15cis) present in linseed oil was reacted (only 0.22% was not reacted) to produce 30.94% of the desired mixture, 8.32% of the cyclic compounds, and 11.57% of full conjugated C18:3 isomers. Regarding the distribution of C18:3 isomers the corresponding yields of conversion were: 60.87%, 13.67% and 22.76% respectively.
First urea crystallization was performed over the 655 g of CLnA™-30 obtained in the saponification/isomerization step. A methanolic-urea solution was prepared by dissolving 1.3 Kg of urea with 4.140 Kg of methanol at reflux temperature in a stainless steel reactor. Once all the urea dissolved, 655 g of CLnA™-30 were added to the reactor under agitation. The reaction mixture was cooled until 25° C. in 10 minutes and then cooled to 25° C. in 10 hours. After what the urea adduct was filtrated over a previously cooled centrifuged to separate a solid and a liquid fractions. The liquid phase was decomplexed by addition of 98 g of concentrated H2SO4 dissolved in 10.6 Kg of water (approximately a 1% w/w H2SO4 solution). After decantation, the aqueous phase was removed and the oily phase washed with a 5% w/w NaCl aqueous solution (270 gr of NaCl in 5.12 Kg of water) to obtain 393 g of 1st purified isomerized linseed oil. The product was analyzed by gas chromatography by the method previously described.
The composition of the Urea 1 Liquid (U1L) product was shown in Table 10 at the column U1L (1st column shadowed). The concentration of the desired 1:1 mixture of C18:3 isomers: 9cis, 11trans, 15cis-octadecatrienoic acid and 9cis, 13trans,15cis-octadecatrienoic was 39.96%. Under our nomenclature it is named CLnA™-40.
Second urea crystallization was performed over the 393 g of CLnA™-40 obtained in the 1st urea crystallization step (U1L). A methanolic-urea solution was prepared by dissolving 1.572 Kg of urea with 4.97 Kg of methanol at reflux temperature in a stainless steel reactor. Once all the urea dissolved, 393 g of CLnA™-40 were added to the reactor under agitation. The reaction mixture was cooled until 25° C. in 10 minutes and then cooled to 25° C. in 8 hours. After what the urea adduct was filtrated over a previously cooled centrifuged to separate a solid and a liquid fractions. The liquid phase was decomplexed by addition of 29.4 g of concentrated H2SO4 dissolved in 3.166 Kg of water (approximately a 1% w/w H2SO4 solution). After decantation, the aqueous phase was removed and the oily phase washed with a 5% w/w NaCl aqueous solution (162 gr of NaCl in 2.76 Kg of water) to obtain 236.4 gr of 2nd purified isomerized linseed oil. The product was analyzed by gas chromatography by the method previously described.
The composition of the Urea 2 Liquid (U2L) product was shown in Table 10 at the column U2L (2nd column shadowed). The concentration of the desired 1:1 mixture of C18:3 isomers: 9cis, 11 trans,15cis-octadecatrienoic acid and 9cis,13trans, 15cis-octadecatrienoic was 45.4%. Under our nomenclature it is named CLnA™-45.
Third urea crystallization was performed over the 236.4 g of CLnA™-45 obtained in the 2nd urea crystallization step (U2L). A methanolic-urea solution was prepared by dissolving 946 g of urea with 2.9 Kg of methanol at reflux temperature in a 5 L three necked-flask. Once all the urea dissolved, 236.4 g of CLnA™-45 were added to the flask under agitation. The reaction mixture was cooled until 25° C. in 10 minutes and then cooled to 25° C. in 6 hours. After what the urea adduct was filtrated over a previously cooled büchner to separate a solid and a liquid fractions. The solid phase was decomplexed by addition of 17.71 g of concentrated H2SO4 dissolved in 19 Kg of water (approximately a 1% wow H2SO4 solution). After decantation, the aqueous phase was removed and the oily phase washed with a 5% w/w NaCl aqueous solution (97.3 gr of NaCl in 1.85 Kg of water) to obtain 28.5 g of 3nd purified isomerized linseed oil. The product was analyzed by gas chromatography by the method previously described.
The composition of the Urea 3 Solid (U3S) product was shown in Table 10 at the column U3S (3rd column shadowed). The concentration of the desired 1:1 mixture of C18:3 isomers: 9cis,11trans,15cis-octadecatrienoic acid and 9cis,13trans,15cis-octadecatrienoic was 72.34%. Under our nomenclature it is named CLnA™-70.
Fourth urea crystallization was performed over the 28.5 g of CLnA™-70 obtained in the 3rd urea crystallization step (U3S). A methanolic-urea solution was prepared by dissolving 57 g of urea with 180 g of methanol at reflux temperature in a 500 mL three necked-flask. Once all the urea dissolved, 28.5 g of CLnA™-70 were added to the erlenmeyer under agitation. The reaction mixture was cooled until 25° C. in 10 minutes and then cooled to 25° C. in 6 hours. After what the urea adduct was filtrated over a previously cooled büchner filter to separate a solid and a liquid fractions. The solid phase was decomplexed by addition of 2.13 g of concentrated H2SO4 dissolved in 230 g of water (approximately a 1% w/w H2SO4 solution). After decantation, the aqueous phase was removed and the oily phase washed with a 5% w/w NaCl aqueous solution (11.7 g of NaCl in 222.6 g of water) to obtain 21.36 g of 4th purified isomerized linseed oil. The product was analyzed by gas chromatography by the method previously described.
The composition of the Urea 4 Solid (U4S) product was shown in Table 10 at the column U4S (4th column shadowed). The concentration of the desired 1:1 mixture of C18:3 isomers: 9cis,11trans,15cis-octadecatrienoic acid and 9cis,13trans,15cis-octadecatrienoic was 75.35%. Under our nomenclature it is named CLnA™-75.
In a preferred embodiment 666 g of NaOH were dissolved in 15.794 kg of water at 80 C in a 25 L stainless steel reactor with a condenser. When dissolution was completed (30 min) 1.428 Kg of linseed oil were loaded under vacuum and nitrogen was use to reestablish the atmospheric pressure. The reaction was performed under nitrogen atmosphere at 170° C. during 3 hours. (Table 9: Assay #2). After what, the mixture was cooled to 60° C. and a stoichiometric amount of CaCl2 was added under very low agitation. The sodium soaps were transformed into calcium soaps and they precipitate while the sodium chloride formed is solubilized in the aqueous phase (
In a preferred embodiment 1.22 Kg of NaOH were dissolved in 15.508 Kg of water at 80 C in a 25 L stainless steel reactor with a condenser. When dissolution was completed (30 min) 491 g of Plukenetia volubilis oil were loaded under vacuum and nitrogen was use to reestablish the atmospheric pressure. The reaction was performed under nitrogen atmosphere at 180° C. during 4 hours. (Table 9: Assay #9). After what, the mixture was cooled to 60° C. and a stoichiometric amount of CaCl2 was added under very low agitation. The sodium soaps were transformed into calcium soaps and they precipitate while the sodium chloride formed is solubilized in the aqueous phase (
Fatty acid methyl esters prepared from products obtained in example 1 and 2 that containing a high level of a mixture of 9Z,11E,15Z and 9Z,13E,15Z—C18:3 were separated using argentation thin layer chromatography. Silica-gel plates were prepared by immersion in a 5% acetonitrile solution of AgNO3 as described by Destaillats et al. (Lipids 35:1027-1032, (2000)). The developing solvent was the mixture n-hexane/diethyl ether (90:10, v/v). At the end of the chromatographic runs, the plates were briefly air-dried, lightly sprayed with a solution of 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein, and viewed under ultraviolet light (234 nm). The band at Rf=0.52 was scraped off and eluted several times with diethyl ether. Complete evaporation of the combined extracts was achieved with a light stream of dry nitrogen. The residues were dissolved in an appropriate volume of n-hexane and analysed by gas-liquid chromatography (purity superior to 98%) as presented in example 1.
II Use of Linolenic Acids in Cancer Therapy
The invention relates to the discovery that CLnA™ compounds induce apoptosis of cancer cells. The activity of CLnA™ was demonstrated in two human breast cancer lines (breast cancer cells MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231), using MTT assay and fluorescence-based assay. Our results suggest that CLnA™ has a cytotoxic activity and induce apoptosis in human solid tumors cells lines. Therefore may be used for the treatment of cancer, including advanced cancer.
The cytotoxicity of the CLA and CLnA™ compounds against two human tumor cells lines was evaluated. The CLA was purchased from Sigma Aldrich and CLNA™ compounds were prepared as described in previous examples. The detailed composition of each one is presented in Table 11. They were tested, along with 1% (v/v) of ethanol in culture medium as a control.
1. Cell Culture
Human cell lines were obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Rockville, Md.). Cells used in this study include estrogen receptor negative human breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 and estrogen receptor positive MCF-7. They are cultured in a humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere, at 37 degree C. Cells were maintained as a continuous cell line in Modified Eagles' medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, and antibiotics.
MTT Proliferation Assay
The cytotoxicity of various compounds against human tumor cell lines was performed using the MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.). Briefly, exponentially growing tumor cells were seeded into a 96-well plate at a density of 1500 cells/well and incubated for 4 hours at 37° C. prior to drug exposure. For the treatment, culture medium was carefully aspirated from the wells and replaced with fresh medium containing the vehicle (ethanol 1%, (volume in culture medium), CLA or CLnA™ compounds at concentrations ranging from 10 to 100 μM. Fatty acids were complexed to bovine serum albumin (BSA) 1 h at 37° C. with agitation, prior to be added to the cells. Triplicate wells were used for each treatment. The cells were incubated with the various compounds for 24-96 hours at 37° C. in a humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere.
After incubation, cell survival was determined using a tetrazolium (MTT)-based calorimetric assay (Mosmann, et al., 1983). Briefly, MTT assay mesure the cell proliferation related to the mitochondrial activity. In a viable cells, there are active mitochondrias that reduce the yellow compound MTT in a blue compound. To each well, 100 μL of MTT (0.5 mg/ml final concentration in phosphate buffered saline) was added and the plates were incubated at 37° C. for 4 hours in a humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere to allow MTT to form formazan crystals by reacting with metabolically active cells. The formazan crystals were solubilized in a solution containing 10% SDS in 0.01 M HCL, for 3 h at 37° C. in a humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere. The optical absorbance of each well was measured in a microplate reader spectrophotometer (Synergy HT, Biotek) at 570 nm and a reference wavelength of 630 nm. The percent cytotocixity was calculated using the formula: 1−(x570/xctrl)×100. Each experiment was done in triplicate and repeated 3 times.
Detection of Apoptosis and Necrosis by Fluorescence-Based Microplate
Exponentially growing cells were seeded in 96-well tissue culture plates at a density of 1500 cells/well and cultured for 36 hours at 37° C. in a humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere. The supernatant culture medium was carefully aspirated and replaced with fresh medium containing the vehicle (ethanol 1% v/v), CLA or CLnA™ compounds at concentrations ranging from 10 to 100 μM. After incubation, apoptosis and necrosis was determined by adding fluorescence markers of cell death: 50 μL of staining solution (YO-PRO-15 μg/mL and PI 20 μg/mL, Molecular Probes) is added to each well. YO-PRO-1 is a specific dye for apoptotic cells while propidium iodide (PI) is a specific dye for necrotic cells. YO-PRO-1 dye is permeant to apoptotic cells, providing a convenient indicator of apoptosis. There is selective uptake of YO-PRO-1 by apoptotic cells. YO-PRO-1 nucleic acid stain selectively passes through the plasma membranes of apoptotic cells and labels them with green fluorescence. Necrotic cells are stained with the red-fluorescent PI, a DNA-selective dye that is membrane impermeant but that easily passes through the compromised plasma membranes of necrotic cells. Live cells are not stained by either YO-PRO-1 or PI. Plates were then incubated in dark for 30 min on ice. Fluorescence was measured with a microplate spectrophotometer (Synergy HT, Biotek). Each experiments was done in triplicate and repeated 3 times.
Detection of Apoptosis and Necrosis by Fluorescence Microscopy
In brief, 10×5 cells/ml were grown for 48 h on glass coverslips placed in 6-well plates with media containing 100 μM CLnA™ or ethanol 1% as control. Cells were washed twice with binding buffer (10 mM HEPES, 140 mM NaCl2, 2.5 mM CaCl2, pH 7.4). Cells were then incubated in the dark with annexin V conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC, Molecular Probes) and 0.20 μg/ml PI for 20 min at room temperature. After washing twice the cells with buffer, the coverslips were mounted onto slides with Vectashield (Vector Labs, Burlingame, Calif.) and viewed with a fluorescence microscope. Cells were visualized and photographed at a primary magnification of 40 times. Each experiments was done in triplicate and repeated 3 times.
A characteristic of apoptotic cells is the translocation of PS residues, that are normally confined to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, to the outer leaflet (Martin et al., 1995). This plasma membrane change can be efficiently detected by the use of FITC-conjugated annexin V, a protein with extremely high affinity for binding to PS, and observation of cells by fluorescence microscopy. FITC-labeled annexin V was used to bind exposed PS on cells undergoing the early stages of apoptosis. Annexin V will selectively bind these exposed PS. PI is membrane impermeant and bind to DNA by intercalating between bases. PI also binds to RNA. Once the dye is bound to nucleic acids, its fluorescence is enhanced. PI is excluded from viable cells and fluoresces red in the presence of DNA. In the color photographs, red fluorescence represents nuclei stained with PI. Green or yellow (e.g. superimposed red plus green) represents the apoptotic cells. Non-apoptotic cells do not incorporate significant amounts of PI, and consequently have much less fluorescence than apoptotic cells. Using a combination of these fluochromes it was possible to distinguishes between viable cells (do not incorporate neither annexin V nor PI), early apoptotic (green fluorescence), late apoptotic (green fluorescence with red fluorescence) and necrotic cells (red fluorescence).
Results
Effect of CLA and CLnA™ on Proliferation of Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines
Two human breast cancer cell lines, the MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 were treated with CLA or CLnA™ at concentrations of 10 to 100 μM for 24 to 96 hours or with ethanol 1% (v/v) as a control. Our results demonstrated that when MDA-MB-231 cells were incubated with CLA 100 μM for different period of time, there is an increase in the cytotocixity of the cells (
When the MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with CLnA™ 100 μM, there is also an increase in the cytotocixity of the cells. After 96 h, almost all the cancer cell are dead. (
CLA and CLnA™ were shown to inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. As can be seen from the results in
Apoptosis or Necrosis
Cells can died either from apoptosis or necrosis. The inventors determined which death mechanism is induced by CLA and CLnA™. For this purpose, the inventors used fluorescence markers of cell death: YO-PRO1 is a specific dye for apoptotic cells while PI is a specific dye for necrotic cells.
When MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with CLA 100 μM for different period of time, there is a small increased in apoptosis (
Fluorescence Microscopy
Apoptotic cells can be identified by PS exposure. Annexin V specifically bind to translocated PS. The hydrophilic dye PI has a high affinity for DNA but cannot pass the intact cell membrane (Nicolletti et al., 1991). PS exposure in the absence of PI is generally held as a characteristic for early apoptotic cells when only minor morphologic changes are detectable. In contrast, cells stained with both annexin V and PI have lost their membrane integrity and are considered to be late apoptotic or necrotic cells.
Using annexin V as a FITC conjugate in combination with PI as an exclusion dye for cell viability, this assay can detect apoptotic cells and discriminate between apoptosis and necrosis (Vermes et al, 1995). The annexin assay distinguished among early apoptosis, late apoptosis and apoptotic or necrotic phase in which the cells were labeled with both annexin V and PI. During early apoptosis, a loss of membrane asymmetry occurs when the PS is exposed on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. Annexin V will preferentially bind to PS and can therefore be used as an early indicator of apoptosis. In addition, PI can be used to assess plasma membrane integrity and cell viability. PI fluoresces red when bound to DNA or RNA, but is excluded from cells with intact plasma membranes.
In
In conclusion, CLnA™ is more cytotoxic than CLA on human breast cancer cell MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7. CLnA™ induce about 96% of cytotoxicity while CLA induce about 70% of cell death. CLnA™ is more apoptotic than CLA by at least 2 times. CLnA™ induced no necrosis. We also demonstrated that CLnA™ induced cell death by apoptosis with the use of annexin V and PI dyes. Both the MTT proliferation assay and the fluorescence assay showed that CLnA™ could inhibit cancer cells proliferation. The induction of apoptosis in human breast cancer cells suggest that CLnA™ could be used as a potential source of anti-cancer agents. Based on the foregoing results, it can be seen that CLnA™ has significant therapeutic application in the treatment or prevention of human cancers such as breast cancer, especially based on its inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and the induction of cancer cell apoptosis.
TABLE 1
FATTY ACIDS COMPOSITION FOR THE ISOMERIZED OIL AT DIFFERENT TIMES IN ASSAY #1
ISOMERISATION: Assay #1
Linseed
Propylene
Water
Fatty Acids
Oil
glycol
T = 160 C.
t = 1 h
T = 180 C.
t = 1.5 h
T = 180 C.
t = 2 h
Saturated
C16:0
5.40
5.53
5.25
5.54
5.56
C18:0
4.13
4.26
4.09
3.93
4.28
Total Saturated
9.79
9.34
9.47
9.84
Monoenes
C18:1
19.77
21.19
20.48
20.68
21.38
Dienes
C18:2 9c, 11t
0.00
5.59
0.27
1.17
1.66
C18:2 9c, 12c
16.47
5.36
15.91
14.37
13.12
C18:2 10t, 12c
0.00
5.60
0.48
1.46
2.06
Total C18:2
16.47
16.55
16.66
17.00
16.84
Isomerisation C18:2
0.00
67.61%
4.50%
15.47%
22.09%
(conjugated/total)
Trienes
C18:3 9c, 11t, 15c et
0.00
30.94
60.87%
9.88
77.37%
27.65
72.01%
29.64
66.89%
C18:3 9c, 13t, 15c
C18:3 9c, 12c, 15c
53.53
0.22
39.94
13.78
6.86
C18:2 11, 13
0.00
8.32
16.37%
0.61
4.78%
5.44
14.17%
7.40
16.70%
cyclohexadiene
C18:3 conjugated
0.00
11.57
22.76%
2.28
17.85%
5.31
13.83%
7.27
16.41%
Total
53.53
51.05
52.71
52.18
51.17
Isomerisation C18:3
0.00
99.57%
24.23%
73.59%
86.59%
(conjugated/total)
Bilan (%)
99.30
98.58
100%
99.19
100%
99.33
100%
99.23
100%
TABLE 2
FATTY ACIDS COMPOSITION FOR THE ISOMERIZED OIL AT DIFFERENT TIMES IN ASSAY #2
ISOMERISATION: Assay #2
Linseed
Propylene
Water
Fatty Acids
Oil
glycol
T = 170 C.
t = 1 h
T = 170 C.
t = 2 h
T = 170 C.
t = 3 h
Saturated
C16:0
5.40
5.53
5.31
5.17
5.45
C18:0
4.13
4.26
4.17
3.21
4.18
Total Saturated
9.53
9.79
9.48
8.38
9.63
Monoenes
C18:1
19.77
21.19
20.73
18.43
21.06
Dienes
C18:2 9c, 11t
0.00
5.59
0.48
0.89
1.34
C18:2 9c, 12c
16.47
5.36
15.50
14.58
13.82
C18:2 10t, 12c
0.00
5.60
0.71
1.12
1.68
Total C18:2
16.47
16.55
16.69
16.59
16.84
Isomerisation C18:2
0.00
67.61%
7.13%
12.12%
17.93%
(conjugated/total)
Trienes
C18:3 9c, 11t, 15c et
0.00
30.94
60.87%
16.69
76.23%
27.07
72.30%
28.55
68.45%
C18:3 9c, 13t, 15c
C18:3 9c, 12c, 15c
53.53
0.22
30.45
18.58
10.00
C18:2 11, 13
0.00
8.32
16.37%
1.79
8.18%
4.94
13.19%
6.47
15.51%
cyclohexadiene
C18:3 conjugated
0.00
11.57
22.76%
3.41
15.59%
5.43
14.50%
6.69
16.04%
Total
53.53
51.05
52.34
56.02
51.71
Isomerisation C18:3
0.00
99.57%
41.83%
66.83%
80.66%
(conjugated/total)
Bilan (%)
99.30
98.58
100%
99.24
100%
99.42
100%
99.24
100%
TABLE 3
FATTY ACIDS COMPOSITION FOR THE ISOMERIZED OIL AT DIFFERENT TIMES IN ASSAY #3
ISOMERISATION: Assay #3
Linseed
Propylene
Water
Fatty Acids
Oil
glycol
T = 170 C.
t = 1 h
T = 170 C.
t = 2 h
T = 170 C.
t = 3 h
Saturated
C16:0
5.40
5.53
5.32
5.45
5.41
C18:0
4.13
4.26
4.08
4.2
4.03
Total Saturated
9.53
9.79
9.40
9.65
9.44
Monoenes
C18:1
19.77
21.19
20.65
21.13
20.79
Dienes
C18:2 9c, 11t
0.00
5.59
0.35
0.68
1.03
C18:2 9c, 12c
16.47
5.36
15.76
15.25
14.42
C18:2 10t, 12c
0.00
5.60
0.67
1.04
1.47
total C18:2
16.47
16.55
16.78
16.97
16.92
isomerisation C18:2
0.00
67.61%
6.08%
10.14%
14.78%
(conjugated/total)
Trienes
C18:3 9c, 11t, 15c et
0.00
30.94
60.87%
12.92
75.73%
19.44
71.93%
24.26
68.69%
C18:3 9c, 13t, 15c
C18:3 9c, 12c, 15c
53.53
0.22
35.48
24.79
17.04
C18:2 11, 13
0.00
8.32
16.37%
1.19
6.98%
3.15
11.66%
5.10
14.44%
cyclohexadiene
C18:3 conjugated
0.00
11.57
22.76%
2.95
17.29%
4.44
16.42%
5.96
16.87%
Total
53.53
51.05
52.54
51.82
52.36
Isomerisation C18:3
0.00
99.57%
32.47%
52.16%
67.46%
(conjugated/total)
Bilan (%)
99.30
98.58
100%
99.37
100%
99.57
100%
99.51
100%
TABLE 4
FATTY ACIDS COMPOSITION FOR THE ISOMERIZED OIL AT DIFFERENT TIMES IN ASSAY #4
ISOMERISATION: Assay #4
Linseed
Propylène
Water
Fatty Acids
Oil
glycol
180
t = 0.5 h
T = 180 C.
t = 1 h
T = 180 C.
t = 1.5 h
T = 180 C.
t = 2 h
Saturated
C16:0
5.40
5.53
5.4
5.37
5.43
5.32
C18:0
4.13
4.26
4.1
4.11
4.21
4.08
Total Saturated
9.53
9.79
0.00
9.50
9.48
9.64
9.40
Monoenes
C18:1
19.77
21.19
20.65
20.92
21.15
20.99
Dienes
C18:2 9c, 11t
0.00
5.59
0.94
1.59
2.50
2.99
C18:2 9c, 12c
16.47
5.36
14.39
13.21
11.23
10.01
C18:2 10t, 12c
0.00
5.60
1.31
1.97
2.98
3.59
Total C18:2
16.47
16.55
16.64
16.77
16.71
16.59
Isomerisation C18:2
0.00
67.61%
13.52%
21.23%
32.79%
39.66%
(conjugated/total)
Trienes
C18:3 9c, 11t, 15c et
0.00
30.94
60.87%
25.36
72.96%
29.91
67.36%
31.49
63.59%
31.24
61.46%
C18:3 9c, 13t, 15c
C18:3 9c, 12c, 15c
53.53
0.22
18.07
7.80
2.10
0.98
C18:2 11, 13
0.00
8.32
16.37%
4.54
13.06%
7.35
16.55%
9.02
18.21%
9.60
18.89%
cyclohexadiene
C18:3 conjugés
0.00
11.57
22.76%
4.86
13.98%
7.14
16.08%
9.01
18.19%
9.99
19.65%
Total
53.53
51.05
52.83
52.20
51.62
51.81
Isomérisation C18:3
0.00
99.57%
65.80%
85.06%
95.93%
98.11%
(conjugated/total)
Bilan (%)
99.30
98.58
100%
99.62
100%
99.37
100%
99.12
100%
98.79
100%
TABLE 5
FATTY ACIDS COMPOSITION FOR THE ISOMERIZED OIL AT DIFFERENT TIMES IN ASSAY #5
ISOMERISATION: Assay # 5
Water
Linseed
Propylene
T =
T =
T =
Fatty Acids
Oil
glycol
180
t = 0.5 h
180 C.
t = 1 h
180 C.
t = 1.5 h
180 C.
t = 2 h
Saturated
16:0
5.40
5.53
5.32
5.37
5.27
5.45
18:0
4.13
4.26
4.09
4.14
4.15
4.19
Total Saturated
9.53
9.79
9.41
9.51
9.42
9.64
Monoenes
18:01
19.77
21.19
20.58
20.83
20.9
21.15
Dienes
C18:2 9c, 11t
0.00
5.59
0.40
0.80
1.26
1.63
C18:2 9c, 12c
16.47
5.36
15.59
14.81
13.77
12.76
C18:2 10t, 12c
0.00
5.60
0.68
1.20
1.81
2.30
Total C18:2
16.47
16.55
16.67
16.81
16.84
16.69
Isomerisation C18:2
0.00
67.61%
6.48%
11.90%
18.23%
23.55%
(conjugated/total)
Trienes
C18:3 9c, 11t, 15c
0.00
30.94
60.87%
11.79
77.11%
18.71
69.58%
23.75
65.21%
26.65
62.54%
et
C18:3 9c, 13t, 15c
C18:3 9c, 12c, 15c
53.53
0.22
36.77
25.23
15.57
9.05
C18:2 11, 13
0.00
8.32
16.37%
0.58
3.79%
3.25
12.09%
5.34
14.66%
6.78
15.91%
cyclohexadiene
C18:3 conjugated
0.00
11.57
22.76%
2.92
19.10%
4.93
18.33%
7.33
20.13%
9.18
21.54%
Total
53.53
51.05
52.06
52.12
51.99
51.66
Isomérisation C18:3
0.00
99.57%
29.37%
51.59%
70.05%
82.48%
(conjugated/total)
Bilan (%)
99.30
98.58
100%
98.72
100%
99.27
100%
99.15
100%
99.14
100%
TABLE 6
FATTY ACIDS COMPOSITION FOR THE ISOMERIZED OIL AT DIFFERENT TIMES IN ASSAY #7
ISOMERISATION: Assay #7
Water
Linseed
Propylene
T =
T =
T =
Fatty Acids
Oil
glycol
180
t = 1 h
180 C.
t = 2 h
180 C.
t = 3 h
180 C.
t = 4 h
Saturated
16:0
5.40
5.53
5.29
5.3
5.38
5.37
18:0
4.13
4.26
4.07
4.13
4.12
4.11
Total Saturated
9.53
9.79
9.36
9.43
9.50
9.48
Monoenes
18:01
19.77
21.19
20.64
20.78
20.98
20.13
Dienes
C18:2 9c, 11t
0.00
5.59
0.51
0.93
1.36
1.82
C18:2 9c, 12c
16.47
5.36
15.49
14.38
13.63
12.68
C18:2 10t, 12c
0.00
5.60
0.78
1.30
1.82
2.40
Total C18:2
16.47
16.55
16.78
16.61
16.81
16.90
Isomerisation C18:2
0.00
67.61%
7.69%
13.43%
18.92%
24.97%
(conjugated/total)
Trienes
C18:3 9c, 11t, 15c et
0.00
30.94
60.87%
14.87
75.91%
22.61
68.58%
26.51
67.52%
28.19
63.51%
C18:3 9c, 13t, 15c
C18:3 9c, 12c, 15c
53.53
0.22
32.98
19.55
12.31
7.62
C18:2 11, 13
0.00
8.32
16.37%
1.79
9.14%
4.17
12.65%
5.98
15.23%
6.94
15.63%
cyclohexadiene
C18:3 conjugated
0.00
11.57
22.76%
2.93
14.96%
6.19
18.77%
6.77
17.24%
9.26
20.86%
Total
53.53
51.05
52.57
52.52
51.57
52.01
Isomerisation C18:3
0.00
99.57%
37.26%
62.78%
76.13%
85.35%
(conjugated/total)
Bilan (%)
99.30
98.58
100%
99.35
100%
99.34
100%
98.86
100%
98.52
100%
TABLE 7
FATTY ACIDS COMPOSITION FOR THE ISOMERIZED OIL IN
ASSAY #8
ISOMERISATION: Assay #8
Water
Linseed
Propylene
T =
t =
Fatty Acids
Oil
glycol
180 C.
4 h
Saturated
16:0
5.40
5.53
5.47
18:0
4.13
4.26
4.11
Total Saturated
9.53
9.79
9.58
Monoenes
18:1
19.77
21.19
21.14
Dienes
C18:2 9c, 11t
0.00
5.59
1.60
C18:2 9c, 12c
16.47
5.36
13.23
C18:2 10t, 12c
0.00
5.60
2.09
Total C18:2
16.47
16.55
16.92
Isomerisation C18:2
0.00
67.61%
21.81%
(conjugated/total)
Trienes
C18:3 9c, 11t, 15c et
0.00
30.94
60.87%
27.97
66.15%
C18:3 9c, 13t, 15c
C18:3 9c, 12c, 15c
53.53
0.22
9.43
C18:2 11, 13
0.00
8.32
16.37%
6.47
15.30%
cyclohexadiene
C18:3 conjugated
0.00
11.57
22.76%
7.84
18.54%
Total
53.53
51.05
51.71
Isomerisation C18:3
0.00
99.57%
81.76%
(conjugated/total)
Bilan (%)
99.30
98.58
100%
99.35
100%
TABLE 8
FATTY ACIDS COMPOSITION FOR THE ISOMERIZED OIL IN ASSAY #9
ISOMERISATION: Assay # 9
Linseed Oil
Plukenetia volubilis Oil
Isomerisation
Isomerisation
Fatty Acids
Initial
(Propylene glycol)
Initial
(Water)
Saturated
C16:0
5.40
5.53
3.74
4.19
C18:0
4.13
4.26
2.7
3.06
Total Saturated
9.53
9.79
6.44
7.25
Monoenes
C18:1
19.77
21.19
8.93
9.73
Dienes
C18:2 9c, 11t
5.59
11.61
C18:2 9c, 12c
16.47
5.36
31.96
6.86
C18:2 10t, 12c
5.60
12.43
Total C18:2
16.47
16.55
30.90
Isomerisation C18:2
67.61%
77.80%
(conjugated/total)
Trienes
C18:3 9c, 11t, 15c
30.94
60.87%
30.08
60.08%
C18:3 9c, 13t, 15c
C18:3 9c, 12c, 15c
53.53
0.22
51.82
0.38
C18:2 11, 13 cyclohexadiene
8.32
16.37%
7.58
15.14%
C18:3 conjugated
11.57
22.76%
12.41
24.79%
Total
53.53
51.05
50.45
Isomerisation C18:3
99.57%
99.25%
(conjugated/total)
Bilan (%)
99.30
98.58
100.00%
105.59
98
100.00%
TABLE 9
SUMMARY OF ISOMERIZATION CONDITIONS FOR DIFFERENT ASSAYS
OUT*
IN
CLnA ™
CLA
Reagents
C18:3 9c,
C18:2 9c,
Cyclic
Propylene
Reaction Conditions
11t, 15c
11t
C18:2 11, 13
Linseed Oil
Glycol
NaOH
Total
Temperature
Sample Time
C18:3 9c,
C18:2 10t,
cyclo-
Satu-
Assay #
(g)
(%)
(g)
(%)
(g)
(%)
(g)
(° C.)
(h)
13t, 15c
12c
hexadiène
rated
0
712
8.0%
7,778
87.7%
378
4.3%
8,868
160.00
2.0
30.94
11.19
8.32
9.79
Linseed Oil
Water
NaOH
Total
Temperature
Sample Time
Assay #
(g)
(%)
(g)
(%)
(g)
(%)
(g)
(° C.)
(h)
1
712
8.0%
7,778
87.7%
378
4.3%
8,868
180
1.0
1.5
2.0
29.64
3.72
7.40
9.84
2
1428
8.0%
15,794
88.3%
666
3.7%
17,888
170
1.0
2.0
3.0
28.55
3.02
6.47
9.63
3
2804
14.2%
15,556
79.0%
1,324
6.7%
19,684
170
1.0
2.0
3.0
24.26
2.05
5.10
9.44
4
1408
7.8%
15,724
86.8%
974
5.4%
18,106
180
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
31.24
6.58
9.60
9.40
5
3520
23.0%
10,904
71.3%
866
5.7%
15,290
180
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
26.65
3.93
6.78
9.64
7
2886
18.2%
12264
77.4%
686
4.3%
15,836
180
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
28.19
4.22
6.94
9.48
8
2886
18.2%
12292
77.5%
686
4.3%
15,864
180
4.0
27.97
3.69
6.47
9.58
Plukenetia
volubilis
Oil
Water
NaOH
Total
Temperature
Sample Time
Assay #
(g)
(%)
(g)
(%)
(g)
(%)
(g)
(° C.)
(h)
9
491
2.9%
15508
90.1%
1220
7.1%
17,219
180
4
30.08
24.04
7.58
7.25
*Results corresponding to the last sample time.
TABLE 10
DIFFERENT PURIFICATION STEPS BY UREA CRYSTALLIZATION FOR CLnA ™ COMPOSITIONS
##STR00004##
##STR00005##
aDifferent full conjugated C18:3 isomers
*Final product is combination of U4S and U5S
TABLE 11
COMPOSITION OF CLA AND DIFFERENT CLnA USED IN THE PRESENT
INVENTION FOR CANCER TREATMENT
CLA
CLnA
Current Name
Configuration
#C
100
40
50
58
75
90
1
Palmitic
16:0
0.90
0.37
0.51
0.37
2
Oleic
cis-9
18:1
20.24
6.89
10.86
0.73
0.72
3
Rumenic
cis-9, trans-11
18:2
52.00
6.46
5.36
7.05
2.16
0.64
4
Linoleic
cis-9, cis-12
18:2
7.16
6.81
8.90
11.89
0.44
5
trans-10, cis-12
18:2
48.00
6.74
6.80
8.77
3.79
0.71
6
11,13-cyclic CLA
18:2
11.93
17.25
0.52
2.26
0.68
7
Alpha Rumelenic
cis-9, trans-11,
18:3
39.37
49.77
57.68
74.84
90.64
Acid (α-CLNA)
cis-15
cis-9, trans-13,
cis-15
8
Alpha Linolenic
cis-9, cls-12,
18:3
0.41
0.37
0.38
1.21
1.88
cls-15
9
Conjugated Isomers
10, 12, 14
18:3
6.69
6.37
5.34
3.13
3.45
Angers, Paul, Galvez, Juan-Miguel Garro, Briand, Sandie
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