Disclosed is an immersion nozzle, which comprises a vertically-extending pipe-shaped straight nozzle body 10 adapted to allow molten steel to pass downwardly from an inlet port 9 provided at an upper end thereof, and a pair of discharge portions each including a respective one of a pair of outlet ports 12 provided in a lower portion of the straight nozzle body 10 in a bilaterally symmetrical arrangement and adapted to discharge molten steel laterally from a lateral side of the straight nozzle body. Each of the discharge portions has an inner surface defining the outlet port 12 and extending parallel to an axis of the outlet port 12 to define a length of the discharge portion at 45 mm or more. A ratio of S1/S2 is in the range of 0.8 to 1.8, wherein S1 is a total transverse vertical cross-sectional area of the outlet ports, and S2 is a cross-sectional area of an inner hole of the straight nozzle body taken along a plane including a line connecting respective inwardmost and uppermost positions of the outlet ports and extends perpendicularly to an axis of the straight nozzle body. The axis of the outlet port extends laterally outwardly and downwardly at the following angle θt with respect to a horizontal direction: 0°≦θt≦20°. The immersion nozzle of the present invention can suppress deceleration of a molten steel flow discharged from the outlet port to obtain a flow speed in an intended direction over a maximized distance.
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1. An immersion nozzle, comprising:
a pipe-shaped straight nozzle body which is formed to extend in a substantially vertical direction and have an inlet port at an upper end thereof, and adapted to allow molten steel to pass downwardly from said inlet port therethrough; and
a pair of discharge portions each including a respective one of a pair of outlet ports which are provided in a lower portion of said straight nozzle body bilaterally symmetrically with respect to said straight nozzle body, and adapted to discharge molten steel from a lateral side of said straight nozzle body therethrough in laterally opposite directions, each of said outlet ports being defined by an inner wall surface formed in a corresponding one of said discharge portions, said pair of discharge portions being structurally configured such that said molten steel, when passed downwardly from said inlet port, is exclusively dischargeable through said pair of outlet ports,
wherein:
said inner wall surface defining said outlet port in each of said discharge portion is formed to extend parallel to a longitudinal direction of an axis of said outlet port in such a manner as to define a length of said discharge portion at 45 mm or more;
a ratio of S1/S2 is in the range of 0.8 to 1.8, wherein S1 is a total transverse vertical cross-sectional area of said outlet ports, and S2 is a cross-sectional area of an inner hole of said straight nozzle body taken along a plane which includes a line connecting respective uppermost positions of inwardmost edges of said outlet ports and extends in perpendicular relation to an axial direction of said straight nozzle body; and
said axis of each of said outlet ports extends laterally outwardly and downwardly at an angle θt falling within the following range with respect to a horizontal direction: 0°≦θt≦20°.
2. A method of continuous casting, comprising:
providing a mold having a mold cavity formed with a substantially rectangular-shaped horizontal cross-section having a long side of 2000 mm or more and a short side of 150 mm or less; and
pouring molten steel into said mold cavity of said mold at a throughput range of 1.8 to 4.5 tons/min using the immersion nozzle of
3. The immersion nozzle according to
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1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an immersion nozzle, and more particularly to an immersion nozzle for pouring molten steel into a mold during a continuous casting process, wherein the mold has a mold cavity formed with a substantially rectangular-shaped horizontal cross-section having a long side of 2000 mm or more and a short side of 150 mm or less.
2. Description of the Related Art
Heretofore, in a mold for receiving therein molten steel to produce a steel plate, so-called “slab”, during a continuous casting process, a mold cavity has been generally designed to have a width dimension of less than about 2000 mm. Recently, there has emerged a high-speed casting operation using a mold having a wide mold cavity, i.e., a mold cavity with a larger width dimension, more specifically, a mold cavity formed with a substantially rectangular-shaped horizontal cross-section having a long side (i.e., width) of about 2000 mm or more and a short side (i.e., thickness) of about 150 mm or less.
In an operation of pouring molten steel into such a wide mold cavity, a molten steel flow discharged from an outlet port of an immersion nozzle (i.e., submerged nozzle) will be spread and decelerated in a vicinity of a lateral end of the mold cavity, and further deflected downwardly below the outlet port due to extraction of a slab from the mold. Thus, a stagnant region having poor fluidity is liable to occur in an upper region of the lateral end of the mold cavity. Moreover, a molten steel flow in the mold cavity is apt to become unstable due to episodic occurrence of turbulences therein, such as reversed flows in various regions of the mold cavity and locally deflected flows which frequently change with time, and resulting fluctuation (“wave”, “heave”, “change in flow direction”) in a molten steel surface, to cause difficulty in allowing inclusions around a lateral end of a slab to sufficiently float up and in allowing a mold powder to be uniformly transferred onto a surface of the slab, which leads to uneven incorporation of the mold powder and the inclusions into the slab. The unstable molten steel flow causes another problem about difficulty in obtaining a temperature distribution of molten steel in the mold cavity requited for or optimal to formation of a shell (i.e., primary solidification shell) of a slab during a course of solidification the molten steel. This exerts a negative impact on quality of a slab and increases the risk of break (e.g., cracks) of a slab.
In order to solve the above problems, it is necessary to stably form and maintain a molten steel flow, such as an upward flow in the lateral end of the mold cavity, and a flow directed toward a center of the mold cavity along a vicinity of a molten steel surface in the entire mold cavity, i.e., a reversed flow, while minimizing deceleration of the molten steel flow, even in the lateral end of the mold cavity. From a practical standpoint, even if only dimensions of an immersion nozzle, such as an axial direction and a cross-sectional area of an outlet port thereof, are simply adjusted while maintaining its conventional structure, it is unable to suppress the large spreading and deceleration of the molten steel flow and obtain the above required molten steel flow.
Specifically, as measures for solving the above problems, it has been tried to allow a molten steel flow discharged from an outlet port of an immersion nozzle to have fluidity required in the vicinity of the molten steel surface, even in the vicinity of the lateral end of the mold cavity, for example, by setting an axial direction of the outlet port of the immersion nozzle in an upward direction relative to a horizontal direction. In this immersion nozzle, the outlet port is formed in a part of a wall of a straight nozzle body thereof. Thus, even if the axial direction of the outlet port is variously adjusted under a constraint of a predetermined wall thickness of the straight nozzle body, it is unable to ensure sufficient fluidity in the lateral end of the wide mold cavity.
There has been known an immersion nozzle comprising a straight nozzle body, an outlet port portion protruding in a lateral direction slightly beyond a wall thickness of the straight nozzle body to serve as a means for controlling a molten steel flow, and a grid- or bar-shaped CaO-containing member primarily made of CaO and attached inside the outlet port portion, as disclosed, for example, in JU 63-085353A (Patent Publication 1). Although this immersion nozzle is designed to elongate the outlet port portion in the lateral direction so that a molten steel flow discharged from an outlet port in the outlet port portion can be directed in a desired direction, the molten steel flow is slowed due to the configuration of the outlet port bent at certain angle and the grid- or bar-shaped CaO-containing member disposed in the outlet port (it is rather intended to positively decelerate the molten steel flow). Thus, the immersion nozzle disclosed in Patent Publication 1 is incapable of allowing a molten steel flow required in the vicinity of the molten steel surface to be stably formed in a desirable range including the lateral end of the wide mold cavity.
JP 2004-344900A (Patent Publication 2) discloses an immersion nozzle comprising a canopy (or hood)-like member disposed above and/or below an outlet port thereof. Although this immersion nozzle provided with the canopy-like member can suppress formation of a downward flow, a molten steel flow is inevitably slowed and spread/decelerated particularly in a region having no canopy-like member. Thus, the immersion nozzle disclosed in Patent Publication 2 is incapable of allowing a molten steel flow required in the vicinity of the molten steel surface to be stably formed in a desirable range including the lateral end of the wide mold cavity.
All the above conventional approaches for controlling a molten steel flow based on the configuration of an outlet port of an immersion nozzle are not intended for the wide mold cavity, and a basic concept thereof is to positively slow or decelerate a molten steel flow in the mold cavity. That is, means for allowing a molten steel flow required in the vicinity of the molten steel surface to be stably formed in a desirable range including the lateral end of the wide mold cavity has not been yet disclosed.
In view of the above circumstances, it is an object of the present invention to provide an immersion nozzle capable of suppressing deceleration of a molten steel flow discharged from each of a pair of outlet ports thereof and linearly obtaining a flow speed in an intended direction over a maximized distance. In particular, it is an object of the present invention to provide an immersion nozzle capable of allowing an intended molten steel flow to be linearly formed in a desirable range including a lateral end of a wide mold cavity formed with a substantially rectangular-shaped horizontal cross-section having a long side of 2000 mm or more and a short side of 150 mm or less, while stably forming an upward flow in a vicinity of the lateral end of the mold cavity and a molten steel flow required in a vicinity of a molten steel surface in the entire mold cavity.
It is another object of the present invention to provide stable and enhanced quality in slabs and enhanced safety in a continuous casting process.
As used in this specification, the term “intended direction” means a direction of a molten steel flow discharged from each of a pair of outlet ports of an immersion nozzle, wherein the direction of the molten steel flow can be set under a majority of operational conditions during an operation of pouring molten steel into a mold having a mold cavity formed with a substantially rectangular-shaped horizontal cross-section having a long side of 2000 mm or more and a short side of 150 mm or less, at a throughput range of 1.8 to 4.5 tons/min. An optimal direction of a molten steel flow varies depending individual operational conditions in steel manufacturers, such as specifications and operating conditions of individual continuous casting facilities/machines, with/without electromagnetic stirring, and a direction and a level of the electromagnetic stirring. That is, the “intended direction” is a parameter to be finely adjusted in design process, depending on such individual operational conditions. Therefore, in this specification, the term “intended direction” is not necessarily used on the assumption that it means a specific strictly-accurate direction of a molten steel flow.
Through various researches for solving the aforementioned problems in continuous casting, particularly in a continuous casting process where molten steel is poured into a mold having a mold cavity formed with a substantially rectangular-shaped horizontal cross-section having a long side of 2000 mm or more and a short side of 150 mm or less, the inventors of this application have found that it is important to linearly form a molten steel flow while minimizing spreading thereof, at a time when molten steel is discharged from each of a pair of outlet ports of an immersion nozzle disposed at an approximately center of the mold cavity.
The inventors have also found that such a linear molten steel flow capable of suppressing spreading can be obtained by providing, in an immersion nozzle, a pair of discharge portions each having an inner wall surface defining a respective one of the outlet ports, wherein the inner wall surface is formed to extend linearly, i.e., extend parallel to a longitudinal direction of an axis of the outlet port in such a manner as to define a length of a corresponding one of the discharge portions at a length of 45 mm or more.
In addition, the inventors have found that molten steel passing through the straight nozzle body in a vertically downward direction can be discharged from each of the outlet ports in an intended direction by setting a ratio of S1/S2 in the range of 0.8 to 1.8, wherein S1 is a total transverse vertical cross-sectional area of the outlet ports, and S2 is a cross-sectional area of an inner hole of the straight nozzle body taken along a plane which includes a line connecting respective uppermost positions of inwardmost edges of the outlet ports and extends in perpendicular relation to an axial direction of the straight nozzle body.
Furthermore, the inventors have found that a molten steel flow can be effectively formed linearly while minimizing spreading thereof, by allowing the axis of each of the outlet ports to extend laterally outwardly and downwardly at an angle θt falling within the following range with respect to a horizontal direction: 0°≦θt≦20°.
The inventors have verified that the above effects of the outlet ports formed in the above manner become most prominent when the immersion nozzle is used for pouring molten steel into a mold having a mold cavity formed with a substantially rectangular-shaped horizontal cross-section having a long side of 2000 mm or more and a short side of 150 mm or less, at a throughput range of 1.8 to 4.5 tons/min.
Specifically, the present invention provides an immersion nozzle which comprises a pipe-shaped straight nozzle body (see 10 in
As described in the first requirement, the inner wall surfaces defining the outlet portion in each of the discharge portions is formed to extend parallel to an axial direction of the outlet port. This means that a part of a refractory inner wall surface of the immersion nozzle (the inner wall surface having the length L1 in
In an initial stage of casing (i.e., an initial stage of pouring of molten steel into a mold), it is necessary to quickly supply molten steel into a mold. Thus, an immersion nozzle is typically designed to have dimensions, such as a cross-sectional area of an inner hole, enough to satisfy a required molten-steel supply rate, so that no local stagnation of molten steel occurs in the inner hole of the immersion nozzle in the initial stage of casting. However, in a subsequent steady operation stage, the molten-steel supply rate is reduced depending on a slab extraction rate (this operation will hereinafter referred to as “restricted pouring operation”), and thereby a local stagnation of molten steel occurs in the inner hole. Due to such imbalance between a molten-steel supply capacity and an actual molten-steel supply rate, a molten steel flow is discharged in a direction different from a preset axial direction (see Dt in
Particularly, in an operation of pouring molten steel into the wide mold cavity having a width (i.e., long side: see Mw in
In the immersion nozzle of the present invention where the inner wall surface defining the outlet port in each of the discharge portions is formed to extend parallel to the longitudinal direction of the axis of the outlet port in such a manner as to define a length of the discharge portion at 45 mm or more, even if at least either one of the straight nozzle body (the inner hole) and the outlet port is formed with a flat-shaped cross-section, an angular difference between a preset axial direction of the outlet port and a discharge direction of a molten steel flow discharged from the outlet port during a restricted pouring operation can be substantially eliminated to obtain a stable upward flow and a stable reversed flow in a desired range including a lateral end of the mold cavity.
An optimal flow speed of the “stable upward flow” set forth above is not a value in a general/universal fixed specific range, but a value which varies (changes) depending on individual operational conditions. For example, from inventors' experience, the “stable upward flow” means a state when upward flows each having a flow speed of about 0.02 to 0.20 m/sec are stably obtained with time, in respective opposite lateral ends (see Fu in
Similarly, an optimal flow speed of the “stable reversed flow” set forth above is not a value in a general/universal fixed specific range, but a value which varies (changes) depending on individual operational conditions. For example, from inventors' experience, the “stable reversed flow” means a state when reversed flows each directed from each of the opposite lateral ends of the mold cavity toward the immersion nozzle (see Fr in
In contrast, in a conventional immersion nozzle (see
Moreover, in the conventional immersion nozzle where each of the discharge portions has a length of less than 45 mm, two molten steel flows discharged from the respective outlet ports located in bilaterally symmetrical relation to each other are more likely to be directed in vertically different directions periodically or non-periodically, in such a manner that one of the molten steel flows is discharged upwardly from one of the outlet ports, and the other molten steel flow is discharged downwardly from the other outlet port, to cause frequent occurrence of turbulence phenomenon, such as “wave”, “heave” and “change in flow direction” (see Fm, 3 in
The length of the discharge portion having the outlet port is essentially required to be 45 mm or more in any position thereof. A start point for measuring the length is any point (e.g., 13 in
In an immersion nozzle where the requirement about the length of 45 mm or more is satisfied only a portion of an outlet port, for example, in the immersion nozzle having the canopy-like members disposed above and below an outlet port as disclosed in the aforementioned Patent Publication 2, molten steel discharged from a region which is not covered by the canopy-like members, i.e., a region where the length is less than 45 mm, will be spread in a direction away from an axial direction of the outlet port. Moreover, a deflected flow is liable to occur in boundary regions with the respective canopy-like members and accelerate the spreading. Therefore, the discharge portion is essentially required to have a length of 45 mm or more in any position of the inner wall surface defining a space of the outlet port.
In the immersion nozzle where the edge of the outlet port on the side of the terminal point in a vertical cross-section taken along the axis of the outlet port is perpendicular to the axis of the outlet port (see
An upper limit of the length of the discharge portion is not limited to a specific value. In cases where there is a factor significantly disturbing formation of a molten steel flow in an intended direction, for example when the slab extraction rate is set at a relatively high value to cause an increase in a downward flow speed, or when molten steel in the mold cavity has a strong convection flow, the length of the discharge portion may be adjusted in combination with adjustment of other parameter, such as an immersion depth (see S5 in
A second requirement in the immersion nozzle of the present invention is that a ratio of S1/S2 is in the range of 0.8 to 1.8, wherein S1 is a total transverse vertical cross-sectional area of the outlet ports in perpendicular relation to an axial direction of the outlet port, and S2 is a cross-sectional area of an inner hole of the straight nozzle body taken along a plane which includes a line connecting respective uppermost positions of inwardmost edges of the outlet ports and extends in perpendicular relation to an axial direction of the straight nozzle body.
If the ratio S1/S2 is less than 0.8, a discharge flow from the excessively narrowed outlet port is likely to be bounced upwardly to cause difficulty in obtaining an intended discharge flow (see
The molten steel flow discharged from the outlet port with a local instability in flow speed etc., is likely to cause spreading of the molten steel flow and turbulences of the molten steel flow in the mold cavity, and adversely affect slab quality due to incorporation of a mold powder, etc. Thus, in order to obtain a uniform flow speed so as to reliably suppress occurrence of a downward flow and a reversed flow, it is essentially required to set the ratio S1/S2 in the range of 0.8 to 1.8.
A third requirement in the immersion nozzle of the present invention is that the axis of each of the outlet ports extends laterally outwardly and downwardly at an angle θt falling within the following range with respect to a horizontal direction: 0°≦θt≦20°. If the angle θt is set to allow the axis of the outlet port to extend laterally outwardly and upwardly with respect to the horizontal direction, a molten steel flow will be excessively decelerated and formed as a curved flow before reaching the lateral end of the mold cavity, i.e., lateral wall of the mold, to preclude formation of a linear flow (see
The effects of the immersion nozzle meeting the above first to third requirements become most prominent when the immersion nozzle is used for pouring molten steel into a mold having a mold cavity formed with a substantially rectangular-shaped horizontal cross-section having a long side of 2000 mm or more and a short side of 150 mm or less, at a throughput range of 1.8 to 4.5 tons/min. If the immersion nozzle is used for pouring molten steel into the mold cavity formed with a substantially rectangular-shaped horizontal cross-section having a long side of 2000 mm or more and a short side of 150 mm or less, at a throughput range of less than 1.8 tons/min, an intended linear molten steel flow cannot adequately reach the lateral end of the mold cavity to cause difficulty in stably forming an upward flow and a molten steel flow required in a vicinity of a molten steel surface in the entire mold cavity (i.e., reversed flow) (see
Thus, preferably, the immersion nozzle of the present invention is presupposed to be used for pouring molten steel into a mold having a mold cavity formed with a substantially rectangular-shaped horizontal cross-section having a long side of 2000 mm or more and a short side of 150 mm or less, at a throughput range of 1.8 to 4.5 tons/min.
That is, the immersion nozzle of the present invention which meet the above first and third requirements and preferably based on the above presupposition can discharge molten steel into the mold cavity formed with a substantially rectangular-shaped horizontal cross-section having a long side of 2000 mm or more and a short side of 150 mm or less, substantially in a preset (intended) axial direction (see Dt=Dm, Δθ=0 in
In contrast, in an immersion nozzle having a conventional outlet port, a molten steel flow starts largely spreading just after being discharged from the outlet port to cause occurrence of local deflected flows and turbulences in various regions of the mold cavity including a vicinity of the outlet port, and episodic occurrence of fluctuation (“wave”, etc.) in the molten steel surface due to the deflected flows and turbulences, to lead to incorporation of a mold powder and inclusions into a slab (see
In the present invention, the immersion nozzle is required to have a bilaterally symmetrical shape with respect to a cross-section thereof taken along the axis of the straight nozzle body and along a thickness (i.e., short side) direction of the mold cavity when it is immersed in the mold cavity. Specifically, during use, the immersion nozzle of the present invention is disposed at a lateral (i.e., widthwise) center of the mold cavity to discharge molten steel from the pair of outlet ports in respective opposite lateral (i.e., widthwise) directions of the mold cavity. In this case, in order to prevent turbulences from occurring, particularly, in a widthwise molten steel flow, it is necessary to allow the molten steel flows to be discharged evenly in terms of direction and flow speed (see Fm in
As mentioned above, the immersion nozzle of the present invention makes it possible to stably form a molten steel flow required in a vicinity of a molten steel surface in a lateral end of a mold cavity and in a vicinity of a molten steel surface in the entire mold cavity, particularly, in a continuous casting process of pouring molten steel into a mold having a mold cavity formed with a substantially rectangular-shaped horizontal cross-section having a long side (i.e., width) of 2000 mm or more and a short side (i.e., thickness) of 150 mm or less.
Based on the desirable molten steel flow, the immersion nozzle of the present invention can suppress incorporation of a mold powder and inclusions into a slab while suppressing a reduction in temperature in an upper region of the lateral end of the mold cavity, so as to provide stable and enhanced equality in slabs and enhanced safety in a continuous casting process.
Generally, parameters for a continuous casting operation, such as a molten-steel supply rate, a slab extraction rate, dimensions of a mold cavity, and properties of a mold powder, are changed depending on conditions unique to individual production sites, such as a type of steel and a production plan, and parameters for an immersion nozzle, such as an axial direction of each outlet port and an immersion depth, are optimally adjusted in response to changes in the parameters for the continuous casting operation. In this situation, the immersion nozzle of the present invention capable of forming a molten steel flow in an intended direction while suppressing deceleration of the molten steel flow has an advantage of being able to adequately cope with various operational conditions where flow patterns and flow speeds of molten steel and a mold powder largely vary according to the above adjustment, and facilitate obtaining an intended optimal molten steel flow with a high degree of accuracy.
With reference to the drawings, the present invention will now be specifically described.
A production method for an immersion nozzle of the present invention will be firstly described.
The immersion nozzle of the present invention may be produced by a conventional process using a compound clay, for example, comprising kneading a refractory material together with a binder added thereto to prepare a compound clay, subjecting the compound clay to a CIP (Cold Isostatic Press) process while placing a core or a rubber mold having a length of 45 mm or more, in a position corresponding to an inner wall surface, to form a product integral with a pair of discharge portions, and then subjecting the obtained product to drying, burning, and finishing, such as grinding.
A pair of discharge portions (a pair of portions each protruding from a body of an immersion nozzle (straight nozzle body)) each having an inner wall surface which defines an outlet port therein and a length thereof at 45 mm or more may be integrally formed with the straight nozzle body as a single piece structure (see
In a process of forming the inner wall surface defining the outlet port, a refractory wall having an inner wall surface with a length of 45 mm or more may be formed to protrude from a straight nozzle body of an immersion nozzle. In the process of forming the discharge portions (i.e., protruding portions) integrally with the straight nozzle body, a pair of cores for the outlet ports, which are prepared separately from a core for the straight nozzle body, may be attached to the core for the straight nozzle body in a detachable manner, and then detached after the forming process. Alternatively, a core made of a material capable of being molted or evaporated at high temperatures, such as wax, may be used for forming an integral structure having an internal space (i.e., an inner hole of the straight nozzle portion and/or the outlet ports of the discharge portions). Alternatively, a compound clay for the protruding portions may be integrally formed with a compound clay for the straight nozzle portion, to have a given length, and then holes may be bored to form the outlet ports after the forming process.
In place of the process of simultaneously forming the discharge portions (protruding portions) each including the outlet port, and the straight nozzle body, as an integral structure, the discharge portions may be formed as a separate component from the straight nozzle body, and then joined to the straight nozzle body. More specifically, an immersion nozzle body (straight nozzle body) may be prepared in such a manner that the discharge portions each including the outlet port are not pre-formed therein and a portion around each of a pair of outlet openings thereof (i.e., wall of the immersion nozzle body) does not have the length as defined by the present invention, and then a pair of protrusion portions prepared as a separate component from the immersion nozzle body may be assembled to the immersion nozzle body (i.e., to the respective outlet openings of the straight nozzle body) to form the discharge portions (see
In the process of forming the immersion nozzle of the present invention, it is necessary to give consideration, particularly, to handling of the discharge portions. Specifically, in a process of forming the discharge portions in such a manner as to protrude from the straight nozzle body, the discharge portions are likely to be damaged due to external force during operations for the forming process and subsequent transport. In order to prevent stress concentration to the discharge portions and damages of the discharge portions due to external force during production process, and thermal shock and continuous external force from a molten steel flow during use, a region changing from the straight nozzle body to each of the protruding discharge portions (a base region of the discharge portion) is preferably formed in a tapered shape or a rounded shape. The taper angle or a curvature is not limited to a specific value, but is preferably set at a relatively large value.
Test 1 was carried out to check conditions of a length of each of the discharge portions required for allowing molten steel just after being discharged from each of the outlet ports to flow while maintaining an intended direction, i.e., a setup angle of the inner wall surface defining the outlet port (a setup angle of an axial direction of the outlet port in the discharge portion).
TABLE 1 and
Test 1 was performed based on a water model. Operational conditions of a presupposed actual casting operation were as follows: a cross-section of the straight nozzle body=11.7 cm long side×4.3 cm short side (corners are rounded); a cross-sectional area (S2) of an inner hole of the straight nozzle body=50.3 cm2; a total cross-sectional area (S1) of the outlet ports=64.5 cm2; the ratio S1/S2=1.28; and a molten-steel flow rate=2.3 to 4.0 tons/min (0.036 to 0.062 tons/min·cm2 per unit area of the outlet port). Given that a slab extraction rate is set in the range of 1.3 to 1.37 m/min, and a thickness (i.e., short side) of the mold cavity is set at 150 mm, the above conditions correspond to an casting operation in a mold cavity having a width (i.e. long side) of about 1500 to 2500 mm.
Conditions of the water model test determined correspondingly to the above presupposed actual operational conditions were as follows. A full-sized wooden device was used as an immersion nozzle. As a representative example, the outlet port was designed to have an axial direction oriented laterally outwardly and downwardly at an angle of 10° with respect to a horizontal direction, and a quadrangular columnar shape with a rectangular-shaped transverse vertical cross-section of 75 mm long side×43 mm short side (corners are rounded). A height direction of the quadrangular columnar shape corresponds to an axial direction of an inner wall surface defining the outlet port. A water supply rate was set in the range of 0.0046 to 0.008 tons/min·cm2.
In Test 1, a plurality of samples different in the axial length of the outlet port were prepared, and a water flow discharged from the outlet port in each of the samples was subjected to visual and photographic observation so as to measure an angular difference (Δθ in
As also shown in
As evidenced by the above test result, in current continuous casting operations, under a condition the mold cavity has a width (i.e., long side) ranging from 2000 mm to at least about 2500 mm, as long as the length of the discharge portion in an immersion nozzle for use in the mold cavity is 45 mm or more, an intended flow can be stably obtained based on the above outlet port.
TABLE 1
Molten steel
(ton/min) *1
2.3
4
supply amount
(ton/min · cm2) *2
0.036
0.062
length of discharge portion
(mm)
Angular difference
0
20
17.2
Δθ (°)
5
19.2
16.4
10
18.2
15.8
15
17.5
15
20
16.7
14
25
16
12.7
30
15
11.1
35
12
6.8
40
3
0.2
45
0
0
50
0
0
55
0
0
60
0
0
*1 total supply amount converted to molten steel
*2 supply amount per unit area of outlet port converted to molten steel
In addition to verification of the effects of the present invention based on the water model in Test 1, Test 2 was carried out to verify an influence of the ratio S1/S2 (wherein S1 is a total transverse vertical cross-sectional area of the outlet ports, and S2 is a cross-sectional area of an inner hole of the straight nozzle body taken along a plane which includes a line connecting respective uppermost positions of inwardmost edges of the outlet ports and extends in perpendicular relation to an axial direction of the straight nozzle body) on an intended flow, through a computer-based fluid flow analysis.
This verification was performed using a CFD software (FLUENT produced by FLUENT Inc.).
Operational conditions of a presupposed actual casting operation, i.e., input data for calculations were as follows: the cross-section of the straight nozzle body=11.7 cm long side×4.3 cm short side (corners are rounded); the cross-sectional area (S2) of the inner hole of the straight nozzle body=50.3 cm2; the total cross-sectional area (S1) of the outlet ports=32.25 to 129 cm2; the ratio S1/S2=0.64 to 2.56; an angle of the axial direction of the outlet port=10° (laterally outwardly and downwardly relative to the horizontal direction); an immersion depth (a distance between a molten steel surface and an uppermost position of an outwardmost edge of the outlet port; see S5 in FIG. 19)=110 mm; and a configuration of the outlet port=a quadrangular columnar shape with a rectangular-shaped transverse vertical cross-section of 37.5 ˜150 mm long side×43 mm short side (a height direction of the quadrangular columnar shape corresponds to the axial direction of the inner wall surface defining the outlet port).
In terms of the length of discharge portion, two types of inventive samples were prepared: one type had a minimum length of 45 mm; and the other type has a maximum length of 150 mm which was provisionally determined in view of practicality or reality, such as productability and cost performance, and a comparative sample (conventional immersion nozzle) having a length of 35 mm was prepared. Two molten-steel flow rates were set: one molten-steel supply amount=2.3 tons/min; and the other molten-steel supply amount=4.0 tons/min (0.036 tons/min·cm2 and 0.062 tons/min·cm2, per unit area of the outlet port, respectively). The thickness (i.e., short side) of the mold cavity is set at 150 mm.
Table 2 shows a result of Test 2, and
TABLE 2
Comparative
Inventive
Inventive
Comparative
Inventive
Inventive
Example 1
Example 1
Example 2
Example 2
Example 3
Example 4
Length of discharge
35
45
150
35
45
150
portion (mm)
Molten-steel
t/min
4.0
2.3
supply
t/min · cm2
0.062
0.036
amount
Width of
mold cavity
(mm)
S1/S2
Angular difference θ
Angular difference θ
1500
0.64
+9
−11
−9
+7
−9
−7
0.80
+12
0
0
+12
0
0
1.28
+12
0
0
+12
0
0
1.80
+14
0
0
+14
0
0
2.56
+19
+6
+4
+18
+8
+6
2000
0.64
+7
−9
−7
+5
−7
−5
0.80
+12
0
0
+12
0
0
1.28
+12
0
0
+12
0
0
1.80
+14
0
0
+14
0
0
2.56
+18
+8
+6
+17
+10
+8
2500
0.64
+5
−7
−5
+3
−5
−3
0.80
+12
0
0
+12
0
0
1.28
+12
0
0
+12
0
0
1.80
+14
0
0
+14
0
0
2.56
+17
+10
+8
+16
+12
+10
As seen in Table 2, under any analytical condition that a molten-steel flow rate is in the range of 2.3 to 4.0 tons/min, the angular difference (Δθ in
As evidenced by the above test result, in current continuous casting operations, under the condition the mold cavity has a width (i.e., long side) ranging from 2000 mm to at least about 2500 mm, as long as the length of the discharge portion and the ratio S1/S2 in an immersion nozzle for use in the mold cavity is, respectively, 45 mm or more, and in the range of 0.8 to 1.8, an intended flow can be stably obtained based on the above outlet port.
Test 3 was carried out to verify an adequate range of the axial direction of the outlet port for allowing the intended flow verified in Tests 1 and 2 to be linearly directed in a lateral (i.e., widthwise) direction of the mold cavity having a width (i.e., long side), particularly, of 2000 mm or more, without spreading, through a computer-based fluid flow analysis.
This verification was performed using a CFD software (FLUENT produced by FLUENT Inc.).
Operational conditions of a presupposed actual casting operation, i.e., input data for calculations were as follows: the cross-section of the straight nozzle body=11.7 cm long side×4.3 cm short side (corners are rounded); the cross-sectional area (S2) of the inner hole of the straight nozzle body=50.3 cm2; the total cross-sectional area (S1) of the outlet ports=63.5 cm2; the ratio S1/S2=1.28; the an immersion depth (the distance between the molten steel surface and the uppermost position of the outwardmost edge of the outlet port; see S5 in FIG. 19)=110 mm; and the configuration of the outlet port=a quadrangular columnar shape with a rectangular-shaped transverse vertical cross-section of 75 mm long side×43 mm short side (a height direction of the quadrangular columnar shape corresponds to the axial direction of the inner wall surface defining the outlet port).
An inventive sample was prepared such that the length of discharge portion was set at a minimum value of 45 mm, and the angle of the axial direction of the outlet port was set in the range of −10° to 30° (laterally outwardly and downwardly with respect to the horizontal direction). Two molten-steel flow rates were set: one molten-steel supply amount=2.3 tons/min; and the other molten-steel supply amount=4.0 tons/min (0.036 tons/min·cm2 and 0.062 tons/min·cm2, per unit area of the outlet port, respectively). The thickness (i.e., short side) of the mold cavity is set at 150 mm.
Table 3 shows a result of Test 3, and
TABLE 3
Inventive Example 5
Inventive Example 6
Length of discharge
45
45
portion (mm)
Molten-steel
t/min
4.0
2.3
supply amount
t/min · cm2
0.062
0.036
Width of mold
Discharge flow
Discharge flow
cavity (mm)
Angle
pattern
pattern
1500
−10
curved
curved
0
linear
linear
10
linear
linear
20
linear
linear
30
curved
curved
2000
−10
curved
curved
0
linear
linear
10
linear
linear
20
linear
linear
30
curved
curved
2500
−10
curved
curved
0
linear
linear
10
linear
linear
20
linear
linear
30
curved
curved
* +direction = downward direction
As seen in Table 3, under any analytical condition that a molten-steel flow rate is in the range of 2.3 to 4.0 tons/min, an adequate angle θ of the axial direction of the outlet port for allowing the intended flow to be linearly directed in the widthwise direction of the mold cavity having a width, particularly, of 2000 mm or more, without spreading, is in the following range: 0°≦θt≦20°.
As evidenced by the above test result, in current continuous casting operations, under the condition the mold cavity has a width (i.e., long side) ranging from 2000 mm to at least about 2500 mm, as long as the length of the discharge portion and the ratio S1/S2 in an immersion nozzle for use in the mold cavity is, respectively, 45 mm or more, and in the range of 0.8 to 1.8, an intended flow can be stably obtained based on the above outlet port. In addition, the axial of the outlet port can be arranged to extend laterally outwardly and downwardly at an angle θt falling within the following range with respect to a horizontal direction: 0°≦θt≦20°, to allow a molten steel flow to be linearly discharged in the widthwise direction of the mold cavity having a width of 2000 mm or more, without spreading.
Test 4 was carried out to check an effect of the immersion nozzle of the present invention on elimination of stagnation (see 7, 8 in
Test 4 was performed based on a water model. Operational conditions of a presupposed actual casting operation were as follows: the cross-section of the straight nozzle body=11.7 cm long side×4.3 cm short side (corners are rounded); the cross-sectional area (S2) of the inner hole of the straight nozzle body=50.3 cm2; the total cross-sectional area (S1) of the outlet ports=64.5 cm2; the ratio S1/S2=1.28; the angle of the axial direction of the outlet port=10° (laterally outwardly and downwardly relative to the horizontal direction); the immersion depth (the distance between the molten steel surface and the uppermost position of the outwardmost edge of the outlet port; see S5 in FIG. 19)=110 mm; and the configuration of the outlet port=a quadrangular columnar shape with a rectangular-shaped transverse vertical cross-section of 75 mm long side×43 mm short side (a height direction of the quadrangular columnar shape corresponds to the axial direction of the inner wall surface defining the outlet port).
In terms of the length of discharge portion, two types of inventive samples were prepared: one type had a minimum length of 45 mm; and the other type has a maximum length of 150 mm which was provisionally determined in view of practicality or reality, such as productability and cost performance, and a comparative sample (conventional immersion nozzle) having a length of 35 mm was prepared. Two molten-steel flow rates were set: one molten-steel supply amount=2.3 tons/min; and the other molten-steel supply amount=3.0 tons/min (0.036 tons/min·cm2 and 0.047 tons/min·cm2, per unit area of the outlet port, respectively). The thickness (i.e., short side) of the mold cavity is set at 150 mm.
Conditions of the water model test determined correspondingly to the above presupposed actual operational conditions were set as follows. As to an immersion nozzle, conditions were the same as those in the aforementioned full-sized wooden device. Widthwise and thicknesswise walls of a mold were made of an acrylic resin. Two water supply rates were set: one was 0.0046 tons/min·cm2; and the other was 0.006 tons/min·cm2.
Under the above conditions, a state of stagnation of a molten steel flow in the lateral end of the mold cavity was observed by measuring an upward flow (Fu in
The upward flow (Fu in
Table 4 shows conditions, and measurement result of respective flow speeds of the upward flow and the reversed flow, in each sample. Further,
TABLE 4
Comparative
Inventive
Inventive
Example 3
Example 7
Example 8
Length of discharge
35
45
150
portion (mm)
Molten-steel
t/min *1
3.0
supply amount
t/min · cm2 *2
0.047
Width of mold
flow rate
lateral
flow rate
lateral
flow rate
lateral
cavity (mm)
(cm/sec)
difference
(cm/sec)
difference
(cm/sec)
difference
↓
left
right
(%) *3
left
right
(%) *3
left
right
(%) *3
Upward flow × 10−2
1000
6.3
7.0
10.5
6.8
6.7
1.5
(m/sec)
1500
5.5
5.6
1.8
6.2
6.0
3.6
2000
1.1
1.8
48.3
2.7
3.0
10.5
3.2
3.0
6.5
2500
0.9
1.8
66.7
2.7
2.9
7.1
3.1
2.9
6.7
Reversed flow × 10−2
1000
25.2
27.1
7.3
28.2
30.0
6.2
(m/sec)
1500
21.5
25.5
17.0
26.1
27.8
6.3
2000
3.0
5.3
55.4
19.8
20.4
3.0
22.7
21.3
6.4
2500
2.4
4.1
52.3
19.2
20.0
4.1
21.6
21.1
2.3
Comparative
Inventive
Inventive
Example 4
Example 9
Example 10
Length of discharge
35
45
150
portion (mm)
Molten-steel
t/min *1
2.3
supply amount
t/min · cm2 *2
0.036
Width of mold
flow rate
lateral
flow rate
lateral
flow rate
lateral
cavity (mm)
(cm/sec)
difference
(cm/sec)
difference
(cm/sec)
difference
↓
left
right
(%) *3
left
right
(%) *3
left
right
(%) *3
Upward flow × 10−2
1000
5.0
5.2
3.9
5.4
5.2
3.8
(m/sec)
1500
4.6
4.3
6.7
4.5
4.0
11.8
2000
0.9
1.2
28.6
2.8
3.2
13.3
3.0
2.9
3.4
2500
0.3
1.2
120.0
2.8
2.9
3.5
2.8
2.9
3.5
Reversed flow × 10−2
1000
18.3
23.6
25.3
22.4
19.8
12.3
(m/sec)
1500
16.6
19.7
17.1
18.7
16.5
12.5
2000
6.3
4.9
25.0
17.2
15.5
10.4
18.7
17.2
8.4
2500
3.2
3.9
19.7
16.9
15.5
8.6
18.5
17.1
7.9
*1 total supply amount converted to molten steel
*2 supply amount per unit area of outlet port converted to molten steel
*3 ratio of difference between right and left flow speeds to average of right and left flow speeds
Although cause and mechanism have not been clarified, as a result of Test 4, the upward flow speed is significantly reduced at a mold cavity width of about 2000 mm, and a level of reduction in the upward flow speed tends to become lower at a mold cavity width of greater than 2000 mm. Particularly, in Comparative Examples 3 and 4, the level of reduction in upward flow speed at a mold cavity width of 2000 mm is prominent. Differently, in all Inventive Examples, the level of reduction in the upward flow speed at a mold cavity width of 2000 mm or more is relatively low to maintain a stable upward flow speed. In Inventive Examples 9 and 10 having relatively small molten-steel supply amount, the level of reduction in the upward flow speed is lower than those in Inventive Examples 7 and 8 having a relatively large molten-steel supply amount. As to a difference between the right and left upward flow speeds (
A tendency similar to that of the upward flow speed is shown in the reversed flow speed. Specifically, an improvement effect of Inventive Examples on the reversed flow speed is greater than that on the upward flow speed. This shows that the effect of the present invention on the upward flow speed in the lateral end of the mold cavity facilitates enhancing an improvement effect on a flow pattern in the entire mold cavity.
As evidenced by the above test result, the immersion nozzle of the present invention can improve a molten steel flow in a mold cavity, particularly, in a wide mold cavity having a width of 2000 mm or more. In addition, the immersion nozzle of the present invention can significantly suppress a difference between molten steel flows on right and left sides of the immersion nozzle to obtain a stable flow pattern in the entire mold cavity.
Test 5 was carried out to verify a throughput range capable of optimally providing the effects of the present invention, through a computer-based fluid flow analysis.
This verification was performed using a CFD software (FLUENT produced by FLUENT Inc.). Operational conditions of a presupposed actual casting operation, i.e., input data for calculations were as follows.
Conditions of the immersion nozzle and the immersion depth were the same as those in Test 4, and the width and thickness of the mold cavity were set at 2500 mm and 150 mm, respectively. The molten-steel flow rate was set at a molten-steel supply amount of 1.5 to 4.5 tons/min (0.023 to 0.071 tons/min·cm2 per unit area of the outlet port). The length of the discharge portion was set at a minimum length of 45 mm in the range as defined by the present invention.
Table 5 shows a result of Test 5, and
TABLE 5
Inventive
Inventive
Inventive
Inventive
Inventive
Inventive
Inventive
Inventive
Inventive
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Molten-steel
1.5
1.8
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
supply amount
t/min
Length of
45
discharge
portion (mm)
Upward flow × 10−2
<0.1
2.5
2.7
2.9
2.8
2.9
3.0
2.9
3.1
(m/sec)
Reversed flow × 10−2
<1
15
16
17
18
19
20
20
50<
(m/sec)
When the throughput was set at a value of less than 1.8 tons/min, the upward flow and the reversed flow could not be adequately obtained. Further, when the throughput was set at a value of greater than 4.5 tons/min, the reversed flow was excessively formed to increase the risk of occurrence of turbulences around the immersion nozzle. This result shows that the immersion nozzle of the present invention can sufficiently provide the intended effects when the throughput is in the range of 1.8 to 4.5 tons/min.
Test 6 was carried out to verify the effects of the present invention checked by the water model test in TEST 4, based on visualization of a flow pattern of a molten steel flow just after being discharged from the outlet port of the immersion nozzle, through a computer-based fluid flow analysis.
This verification was performed using a CFD software (FLUENT produced by FLUENT Inc.). Operational conditions of a presupposed actual casting operation, i.e., input data for calculations were as follows.
Conditions of the immersion nozzle and the immersion depth were the same as those in Test 4, and the width and thickness of the mold cavity were set at 2500 mm and 150 mm, respectively. The molten-steel flow rate was set at a molten-steel supply amount of 2.7 tons/min (0.042 tons/min·cm2 per unit area of the outlet port). The length of the discharge portion was set at a minimum length of 45 mm in the range as defined by the present invention. For comparison, Comparative Example (conventional immersion nozzle) having a discharge portion with a length of 35 mm was prepared.
As evidenced by the verification result, in Inventive Example, a molten steel flow is linearly discharged along a preset axial direction of the outlet port substantially without spreading and deceleration. In addition, a difference between molten steel flows on right and left sides of the immersion nozzle is significantly small, and the molten steel surface (see 5 in
In contrast, in Comparative Example, a molten steel flow starts largely decelerating just after being discharged from the outlet port of the immersion nozzle. Moreover, in conjunction with the deceleration, the molten steel flow is spread. Consequently, a distal end of the molten steel flow is formed as an upward flow in a vicinity of the immersion nozzle, and a flow directed toward the immersion nozzle along the molten steel surface (see 5 in
Moreover, in Comparative Example, right and left flow patterns are significantly changed to cause imbalance and instability in flow pattern (see
The above flow pattern in Comparative Example precludes formation of a desirable molten steel flow over a wide range including the lateral end of the wide mold cavity, and increases the risk of formation of an undesirable flow moving a mold powder and non-metal inclusions downwardly from the molten steel surface, in a local region of the mold cavity. Furthermore, the molten steel flow speed will become significantly low in the vicinity of the lateral end of the mold cavity to cause adverse effects, such as occurrence of stagnation of molten steel and a reduction in temperature of molten steel, or difficulty in smoothly supplying a mold powder onto a surface of a slab and in allowing non-metallic inclusion to float up (to be eliminated).
Otsuka, Hiroshi, Kido, Koji, Yoshida, Masahide, Mizobe, Arito, Kurisu, Joji
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