Systems and methods for downhole communication and measurement utilizing an improved metallic tubular having an elongated body with tubular walls and a central bore adapted to receive a run-in tool. The tubular including slotted stations to provide through-tubular signal transmission and/or reception. Hydraulic isolation between the interior and exterior of the tubular is provided by pressure barrier means at the slotted stations. Sensors and/or sources are mounted on the run-in tool, which is adapted for transmission through a drill string to engage within the tubular in alignment with the slotted stations. A run-in tool configuration includes a modulator for real-time wireless communication with the surface and/or remote downhole tools. A tubular and run-in tool configuration also includes inductive couplers for wireless signal data transfer. A method for measuring a formation characteristic utilizing a run-in tool adapted with an interchangeable end segment for multi-mode downhole transport. Methods for sealing an opening on the surface of a tubular having an elongated body with tubular walls and a central bore.
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1. A downhole resistivity tool, comprising:
a collar having one or more slots therethrough; and
a retrievable sonde movable within a central bore of the collar, the sonde having one or more antennae, each antenna being covered by an insulating sleeve and a focusing shield, the focusing shield having slits therein, the focusing shield configured to focus electromagnetic signals received by or transmitted by the one or more antennae into one or more slots of the collar.
3. A resistivity tool for use in a borehole, comprising:
a longitudinally elongated tubular structure comprising a housing located in the borehole and having exterior and interior surfaces and one or more stations of slots extending completely through the structure between the exterior surface and the interior surface; and
a sonde moveably disposed within the interior of the housing, having:
a transmitter antenna positioned proximate a certain station of slots;
a receiver antenna positioned proximate a certain other station of slots;
an electronics module;
for each transmitter and receiver antenna, an insulating sleeve extending about the antenna and a focusing shield having slits therethrough extending about the insulating sleeve, the focusing shield configured to focus electromagnetic signals transmitted by and received by each respective transmitter and receiver antenna into one or more stations of slots of the housing.
2. The downhole resistivity tool of
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The present application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/355,732, filed Jan. 30, 2003, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/576,271, filed May 22, 2000 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,577,244.
1.1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to investigation of subsurface earth formations, systems and methods for transmitting and/or receiving a signal through a metallic tubular, and, more particularly, to a device for receiving a run-in tool.
1.2. Description of Related Art
Resistivity and gamma-ray logging are the two formation evaluation measurements run most often in well logging. Such measurements are used to locate and evaluate the properties of potential hydrocarbon bearing zones in subsurface formations. In many wells, they are the only two measurements performed, particularly in low cost wells and in surface and intermediate sections of more expensive wells.
These logging techniques are realized in different ways. A well tool, comprising a number of transmitting and detecting devices for measuring various parameters, can be lowered into a borehole on the end of a cable or wireline. The cable, which is attached to some sort of mobile processing center at the surface, is the means by which parameter data is sent up to the surface. With this type of wireline logging, it becomes possible to measure borehole and formation parameters as a function of depth, i.e., while the tool is being pulled uphole.
Some wells may not be logged because wireline logging is too expensive, when rig time is included in the total cost. Conditioning the well for wireline logging, rigging up the wireline tools, and the time to run the wireline tools in and out require rig time. Horizontal or deviated wells also present increased cost and difficulty for the use of wireline tools.
An alternative to wireline logging techniques is the collection of data on downhole conditions during the drilling process. By collecting and processing such information during the drilling process, the driller can modify or correct key steps of the operation to optimize performance. Schemes for collecting data of downhole conditions and movement of the drilling assembly during the drilling operation are known as Measurement While Drilling (MWD) techniques. Similar techniques focusing more on measurement of formation parameters than on movement of the drilling assembly are know as Logging While Drilling (LWD). As with wireline logging, the use of LWD and MWD tools may not be justified due to the cost of the equipment and the associated service since the tools are in the hole for the entire time it takes to drill the section.
Logging While Tripping (LWT) presents a cost-effective alternative to LWD and MWD techniques. In LWT, a small diameter “run-in” tool is sent downhole through the drill pipe, at the end of a bit run, just before the drill pipe is pulled. The run-in tool is used to measure the downhole physical quantities as the drill string is extracted or tripped out of the hole. Measured data is recorded into tool memory versus time during the trip out. At the surface, a second set of equipment records bit depth versus time for the trip out, and this allows the measurements to be placed on depth.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,589,825 describes a LWT technique incorporating a logging tool adapted for movement through a drillstring and into a drilling sub. The '825 patent describes a sub incorporating a window mechanism to permit signal communication between a housed logging tool and the wellbore. The window mechanism is operable between an open and closed position. A disadvantage of the proposed apparatus is that the open-window mechanism directly exposes the logging tool to the rugose and abrasive borehole environment, where formation cuttings are likely to damage the logging tool and jam the window mechanism. Downhole conditions progressively become more hostile at greater depths. At depths of 5,000 to 8,000 meters, bottom hole temperatures of 260° C. and pressures of 170 Mpa are often encountered. This exacerbates degradation of external or exposed logging tool components. Thus, an open-window structure is impractical for use in a downhole environment.
UK Patent Application GB 2337546A describes a composite structure incorporated within a drill collar to permit the passage of electromagnetic energy for use in measurements during the drilling operation. The '546 application describes a drill collar having voids or recesses with embedded composite covers. A disadvantage of the apparatus proposed by the '546 application is the use of composite materials as an integral part of the drill collar. Fatigue loading (i.e., the bending and rotating of the drill pipe) becomes an issue in drilling operations. When the drill pipe is subjected to bending or torsion, the shapes of the voids or recesses change, resulting in stress failure and poor sealing. The differences in material properties between the metal and composite covers are difficult to manage properly where the composite and metal are required to act mechanically as one piece, such as described in the '546 application. Thus, the increased propensity for failure under the extreme stresses and loading encountered during drilling operations makes implementation of the described structure impractical.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,988,300 and 5,944,124 describe a composite tube structure adapted for use in a drillstring. The '300 and '124 patents describe a piecewise structure including a composite tube assembled with end-fittings and an outer wrapping connecting the tube with the end-fittings. In addition to high manufacturing costs, another disadvantage of this structure is that the multi-part assembly is more prone to failure under the extreme stresses encountered during drilling operations.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,939,885 describes a well logging apparatus including a mounting member equipped with coil antennas and housed within a slotted drill collar. However, the apparatus is not designed for LWT operations. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,041,780 and 4,047,430 describe a logging instrument that is pumped down into a drill pipe for obtaining logging samples. However, the system proposed by the '780 and '430 patents requires the withdrawal of the entire drill string (for removal of the drill bit) before any logging may be commenced. Thus, implementation of the described system is impractical and not cost effective for many operations.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,560,437 describes a telemetry method and apparatus for obtaining measurements of downhole parameters. The '437 patent describes a logging probe that is ejected into the drill string. The logging probe includes a sensor at one end that is positioned through an aperture in a special drill bit at the end of the drill string. As such, the sensor has direct access to the drill bore. A disadvantage of the apparatus proposed by the '437 patent is the sensor's direct exposure to the damaging conditions encountered downhole. The use of a small probe protruding through a small aperture is also impractical for resistivity logging.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,914,637 describes a downhole tool adapted for deployment from the surface through the drill string to a desired location in the conduit. A modulator on the tool transmits gathered signal data to the surface. U.S. Pat. No. 5,050,675 (assigned to the present assignee) describes a perforating apparatus incorporating an inductive coupler configuration for signal communication between the surface and the downhole tool. U.S. Pat. No. 5,455,573 describes an inductive coupling device for coaxially arranged downhole tools. Downhole techniques have also been proposed utilizing slotted tubes. U.S. Pat. No. 5,372,208 describes the use of slotted tube sections as part of a drill string to sample ground water during drilling. However, none of these proposed systems relate to through-tubing measurement or signal transfer.
It is desirable to obtain a simplified and reliable LWT system and methods for locating and evaluating the properties of potential hydrocarbon bearing zones in subsurface formations. Thus, there remains a need for an improved LWT system and methods for transmitting and/or receiving a signal through an earth formation. There also remains a need for a technique to measure the characteristics of a subsurface formation with the use of a versatile apparatus capable of providing LWT, LWD or wireline measurements. Yet another remaining need is that of effective techniques for sealing apertures on the surface of tubular members used for downhole operations.
Systems and methods are provided utilizing an improved downhole tubular having an elongated body with tubular walls and a central bore adapted to receive a run-in tool. The tubular has at least one slot formed in its wall to provide for continuous passage of a signal (e.g., electromagnetic energy) that is generated or received respectively by a source or sensor mounted on the run-in tool. The tubular also includes a pressure barrier within the central bore to maintain hydraulic integrity between the interior and exterior of the tubular at the slotted station. The tubular and run-in tool combinations provide systems and methods for downhole signal communication and formation measurement through a metallic tubular. A technique for measuring a formation characteristic utilizing a run-in tool adapted with a multi-mode end segment is provided. Techniques are also provided for effectively sealing openings on the surface of tubular members.
In one aspect of the invention, run-in tools equipped with electronics, sensors, sources, memory, power supply, CPU, batteries, ports, centralizers, and a clock, are provided for deployment through and engagement within a downhole tubular.
In another aspect of the invention, antenna configurations of the run-in tool are provided.
In another aspect of the invention, slotted-tubular/run-in tool configurations are provided for downhole signal communication and measurement.
In another aspect of the invention, pressure barrier configurations are provided for maintaining the hydraulic integrity of the tubulars at the slotted stations.
In another aspect of the invention, slot-insert configurations are provided for the slotted tubular.
In another aspect of the invention, antenna-shielding configurations are provided for focusing the electromagnetic energy generated by the antennas of the run-in tool.
In another aspect of the invention, a run-in tool including a modulator for real-time signal/data communication is provided.
In another aspect of the invention, a run-in tool configuration for wireless communication with a remote downhole tool is provided.
In another aspect of the invention, a run-in tool and tubular configuration for determining formation porosity utilizing nuclear magnetic resonance techniques is provided.
In another aspect of the invention, run-in tool and tubular configurations for determining formation density utilizing gamma-ray techniques are provided.
In another aspect of the invention, run-in tool and tubular configurations for determining formation resistivity utilizing electromagnetic propagation techniques are provided.
In another aspect of the invention, run-in tool and tubular configurations including inductive couplers are provided for downhole signal communication and measurement.
Other aspects and advantages of the invention will become apparent upon reading the following detailed description and upon reference to the drawings in which:
In the interest of clarity, not all features of actual implementation are described in this specification. It will be appreciated that although the development of any such actual implementation might be complex and time-consuming, it would nevertheless be a routine undertaking for those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure.
The apparatus of the invention consists of two main assets, a run-in tool (RIT) and a drill collar. Henceforth, the drill collar will be referred to as the sub.
4.1 RIT
The RIT 10 does not have the mechanical requirements of a drill collar. Thus, its mechanical constraints are greatly reduced. The RIT 10 has a landing mechanism (stinger) 14 on the bottom end and a fishing head 16 on the top. The fishing head 16 allows for the RIT 10 to be captured and retrieved from within a sub with the use of a conventional extraction tool such as the one described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,278,550 (assigned to the present assignee). An advantage of the fishable RIT 10 assembly is a reduction of Lost-In-Hole costs.
As shown in
The antennas 12 radiate an azimuthal electric field. Each antenna 12 is preferably surrounded by a stainless-steel shield 26 (similar to those described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,949,045, assigned to the present assigned to the present assignee) that has one or more axial slots 28 arrayed around the shield 26 circumference.
4.2 Sub
The sub 30 includes one or more stations 36 with one or more axial slots 38 placed along the tubular wall. Each elongated axial slot 38 fully penetrates the tubular wall of the sub 30 and is preferably formed with fully rounded ends. Stress modeling has shown that rather long slots 38 may be formed in the sub 30 walls while still maintaining the structural integrity of the sub 30. Stress relief grooves 40 may be added to the OD of the sub 30, in regions away from the slot(s) 38, to minimize the bending moment on the slot(s) 38.
Each slot 38 provides a continuous channel for electromagnetic energy to pass through the sub 30. The slots 38 block TM radiation but allow the passage of TE radiation, albeit with some attenuation. The degree of attenuation of TE fields by the sub 30 depends on factors such as frequency, the number of slots, slot width, slot length, collar OD and ID, and the location and dimensions of the RIT 10 antenna. For example,
In operation, the RIT 10 is pumped down and/or lowered through the drillstring on cable at the end of the bit run and engaged inside the sub 30. The RIT 10 is received by a landing “shoe” 42 within the central bore 32 of the sub 30, as shown in
Turning to
Alternatively, the centralizer 44 may be mounted on the RIT 10 rather than on the sub 30 (See
The RIT 10 and sub 30 have EM properties similar to a coaxial cable, with the RIT 10 acting as the inner conductor, and the sub 30 acting as the outer conductor of a coaxial cable. If the drilling mud is conductive, then the “coax” is lossy. If the drilling mud is oil based, the “coax” will have little attenuation. Parasitic antenna 12 coupling may take place inside of the sub 30 between receiver-receiver or transmitter-receiver. As described above, the shields 26 surrounding the antennas 12 are grounded to the mandrel of the RIT 10 to minimize capacitive and TEM coupling between them. Electrically balancing the antennas 12 also provides for TEM coupling rejection. The centralizers 44 may also be used as a means of contact to provide radio-frequency (rf) short-circuits between the RIT 10 and the sub 30 to prevent parasitic coupling. For example, small wheels with sharp teeth may be mounted on the centralizers 44 to ensure a hard short between the RIT 10 and the sub 30 (not shown).
4.3 Pressure Barrier
Since each slot 38 fully penetrates the wall of the sub 30, an insulating pressure barrier is used to maintain the differential pressure between the inside and the outside of the sub 30 and to maintain hydraulic integrity. There are a variety of methods for establishing a pressure barrier between the sub 30 ID and OD at the slotted station 36.
Turning to
PEK and PEEK can withstand substantial pressure loading and have been used for harsh downhole conditions. Ceramics can withstand substantially higher loads, but they are not particularly tolerant to shock. Compositions of wound PEEK or PEK and glass, carbon, or KEVLAR may also be used to enhance the strength of the sleeve 52.
A retainer 54 and spacer 56 are included within the central bore 32 to support the sleeve 52 and provide for displacement and alignment with the slots 38. The sleeve 52 is positioned between the retainer 54 and spacer 56, which are formed as hollow cylinders to fit coaxially within the central bore 32. Both are preferably made of stainless steel. The retainer 54 is connected to the sleeve 52 at one end, with the sleeve 52 fitting coaxially inside the retainer 54. As the differential pressure increases within the ID of the sub 30 during operation, the sleeve 52 takes the loading, isolating the sub 30 from the pressure in the slotted region. Hydraulic integrity is maintained at the junction between the sleeve 52 and retainer 54 by an O-ring seal 53. A fitted “key” 55 is used to engage the sleeve 52 to the retainer 54, preventing one from rotating relative to the other (See
In operation, the internal sleeve 52 will likely undergo axial thermal expansion due to high downhole temperatures. Thus, it is preferable for the sleeve 52 to be capable of axial movement as it undergoes these changes in order to prevent buckling. The spacer 56 consists of an inner cylinder 60 within an outer cylinder 62. A spring 64 at one end of the OD of the inner cylinder 60 provides an axial force against the outer cylinder 62 (analogous to an automotive shock absorber). The outer cylinder 62 is connected to the sleeve 52 using the key 55 and O-ring seal 53 at the junction as described above and shown in the blow-up in
For purposes of illustration, a sub 30 with only one slot 38 is shown in
In another embodiment of a pressure barrier of the invention, a sleeve 52 made out of PEEK or PEK, or glass, carbon, or KEVLAR filled versions of these materials, may be bonded to a metal insert (not shown), where the insert contains O-rings to seal against the sub 30 as described above. The metal insert could be mounted within the sub 30 as described above or with the use of fastener means or locking pins (not shown). The sleeve material may also be molded or wrapped onto the supporting insert. The fibers in the wrapped material can also be aligned to provide additional strength.
As shown in
Turning to
The sleeve 52 may be fitted within the sub 30 with one or more O-rings (not shown) to improve hydraulic integrity as described above. As shown in
the insert 92 and sleeve 52 are preferably made of the dielectric materials described above to permit the passage of EM energy. However, if the sleeve 52 is configured with a slot 100, the sleeve 52 may be formed from any suitable material.
If the sleeve 52 is configured with a slot 100, the internal pressure of the sub 30 may push the insert 92 outward. The bearing shoulder 52 takes this load. As the internal pressure increases, the O-ring 96 pushes the metal elements 98 against an extrusion gap, which effectively closes off the gap. As a result, there is no room for extrusion of the O-ring 96. Since the metal is much harder than the O-ring material, it does not extrude at all. The modified geometry therefore creates a scenario where a soft element (the O-ring) provides the seal and a hard element (the metal loop) prevents extrusion, which is the ideal seal situation. In the event of pressure reversal, the sleeve 52 captures the insert 92 in the slot 38, preventing the insert 92 from being dislodged.
Other pressure barrier configurations may be implemented with the invention. One approach is the use of several individual sleeves 52 connected together by other retaining structures and restrained by a pressure-differential seal or a jam-nut arrangement (not shown). Another approach is the use of a long sleeve 52 to span multiple slotted stations 38 (not shown). Still another approach is the use of a sleeve 52 affixed to the OD of the sub 30 over the slotted region, or a combination of an interior and exterior sleeve 52 (not shown).
4.4 Slot Inserts
While the slotted stations of the invention are effective with fully open and unblocked slots 38, the operational life of the assembly may be extended by preventing debris and fluids from entering and eroding the slots 38 and the insulating sleeve 52. The slots 38 could be filled with rubber, an epoxy-fiberglass compound, or another suitable filler material to keep fluids and debris out while permitting signal passage.
An embodiment of a sub 30 with a tapered slot 38 is shown in
4.5 Focusing Shield Structures
Measurements of the attenuation of the TE radiation from a simple coil-wound antenna 12 through a single slot 38 of reasonable dimensions show that the TE field is notably attenuated. This attenuation can be reduced, however, by using shielding around the antenna 12 to focus the EM fields into the slot 38.
Turning to
Turning to
The attenuation with this assembly in the same sub 30 was 11.8 dB, a reduction of the attenuation of nearly 5 dB.
4.6 RIT/Sub Configurations
4.6.1 RIT with Modulator
The RIT 10 of
With the configuration of
4.6.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Sensing
It is known that when an assembly of magnetic moments such as those of hydrogen nuclei are exposed to a static magnetic field they tend to align along the direction of the magnetic field, resulting in bulk magnetization. By measuring the amount of time for the hydrogen nuclei to realign their spin axes, a rapid nondestructive determination of porosity, movable fluid, and permeability of earth formations is obtained. See A. Timur, Pulsed Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of Porosity, Movable Fluid, and Permeability of Sandstones, J
A determination of formation porosity from magnetic resonance may be obtained with a non-magnetic sub 30 of the invention as shown in
With a non-magnetic sub 30, the static magnetic fields B0 from the permanent magnets 118 penetrate into the surrounding formation to excite the nuclei within the surrounding formation. The coil 120 in the RIT 10 provides a rf magnetic field B1, which is perpendicular to B0 outside of the sub 30. The rf coil 120 is positioned in alignment with the axial slot(s) 38 in the sub 30.
A magnetic resonance measurement while tripping may be more complicated in comparison to propagation resistivity measurements due to various factors, including: an inherently lower signal-to-noise ratio, permanent magnet form factors, rf coil efficiency, high Q antenna turning, high power demands, and a slower logging speed.
4.6.3 Gamma-Ray Measurement
It is known that gamma ray transport measurements through a formation can be used to determine its characteristics such as density. The interaction of gamma rays by Compton scattering is dependent only upon the number density of the scattering electrons. This in turn is directly proportional to the bulk density of the formation. Conventional logging tools have been implemented with detectors and a source of gamma rays whose primary mode of interaction is Compton scattering. See U.S. Pat. No. 5,250,806, assigned to the present assignee. Gamma ray formation measurements have also been implemented in LWT technology. See logging while tripping cuts time to run gamma ray, O
The subs 30 of the invention provide the structural integrity required for drilling operations while also providing a low-density channel for the passage of gamma rays. Turning to
Two gamma-ray detectors are typically used in this type of measurement. The gamma-ray detectors are placed on the RIT 10 at appropriate spacings from the source as known in the art. The slotted stations 36 are also appropriately placed to match the source and detector positions of the RIT 10. Calibration of the measurement may be required to account for the rays transmitted along the inside of the sub 30. The gamma-ray detectors may also be appropriately housed within the RIT 10 to shield them from direct radiation from the source as known in the art.
Turning to
4.6.4 Resistivity Measurement
The invention may be used to measure formation resistivity using electromagnetic propagation techniques as known in the art, including those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,594,343 and 4,899,112 (both assigned to the present assignee).
4.7 Inductively-Coupled RIT/Sub
Turning to
The RIT 10 has a small-diameter pressure housing such as the one described above, which contains electronics, batteries, downhole processor, clocks, read-out port, recording memory, etc., and one or more inductive couplers 122 mounted along its body.
As shown in
As shown in
In operation, there will be a gap between the inductive couplers 122 in the RIT 10 and the sub 30, so the coupling will not be 100% efficient. To improve the coupling efficiency, and to lessen the effects of mis-alignment of the pole faces, it is desirable for the pole faces to have as large a surface area as possible.
Antenna tuning elements (capacitors) may also be placed in this package 130 if needed. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other aperture configurations may be formed in the walls of the sub 30 to achieve the desired inductive coupling, such as the circular holes shown in
Since the pressure inside the sub 30 will be 1-2 Kpsi higher than outside the sub 30 in most cases, the inductive coupler package 130 should be mechanically held in place. Turning to
4.8 Implementations of the Invention
As described above, the RIT 10 may be equipped with internal data storage means such as conventional memory and other forms of the kind well known in the art or subsequently developed. These storage means may be used to communicate data and/or instructions between the surface and the downhole RIT 10. Received signal data may be stored downhole within the storage means and subsequently retrieved when the RIT 10 is returned to the surface. As known in the are, a computer (or other recording means) at the surface keeps track of time versus downhole position of the sub so that stored data can be correlated with a downhole location. Alternatively, the signal data and/or instructions may be communicated in real-time between the surface and the RIT 10 by LWD/MWD telemetry as known in the art.
The method 400 of
It will be understood that the following methods for sealing an opening or slot on the surface of a tubular are based on the disclosed pressure barriers and slot inserts of the invention.
While the methods and apparatus of this invention have been described as specific embodiments, if will be apparent to those skilled in the art that variations may be applied to the structures and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the methods described herein without departing from the concept and scope of the invention. For example, the invention may be implemented in a configuration wherein one RIT/sub unit is equipped to measure a combination of formation characteristics, including resistivity, porosity and density. All such similar variations apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within this concept and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Smith, David L., Clark, Brian, Hunka, John, Frey, Mark T., Ramaswamy, Dhananjay, Collins, Anthony, Bonner, Stephen
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