Polymers, and particularly conventional commodity bulk polymers, are modified to have a surface activity of interest using a surface modifying polymer that includes a moiety that favors migration to the surface of the bulk polymer together with a moiety provides the activity of interest (e.g., biocidal, wettability modifying (hydrophobic or hydrophilic), resistance to radiant energy, providing a functional group for functionalizing the surface, etc.). The surface modifying polymer is combined with the bulk polymer, and, due to the presence of the moiety that favors migration, concentrates primarily on the surface of the bulk polymer such that the moiety that provides the activity of interest is located primarily on the surface of the bulk polymeric article which is produced. Advantageously, only a minimal amount (such as, e.g., about 2 weight %) of polymeric surface modifier is needed. Being able to achieve desired properties (such as biocidal activity, wettability modification, etc.) without needing much polymeric surface modifier is highly advantageous.
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1. A polymeric article or coating, comprising:
a bulk polymer phase; and
a surface active phase present at a surface of said bulk polymer phase, said surface active phase comprising surface active polymers or soft blocks comprising at least one segmer having quaternary alkylammonium side chains and at least one segmer having polyethylene glycol side chains.
2. The polymeric article or coating of
3. The article or coating of
4. The article or coating of
5. The polymeric article or coating of
6. The polymeric article or coating of
7. The polymeric article or coating of
8. The polymeric article or coating of
11. The polymeric article or coating of
12. The polymeric article or coating of
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This patent application is a continuation of Ser. No. 11/290,803, filed Dec. 1, 2005, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 10/882,238 filed Jul. 2, 2004 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,396,590 which claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application 60/485,494 filed Jul. 9, 2003, and the complete contents of those applications are herein incorporated by reference.
This invention was made using grants from the U.S. Government, particularly NSF (523279), DARPA (528979), and the government may have certain rights under the patent.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to a method for modifying the surface of conventional commodity polymers, including without limitation polyurethanes, polyesters, polyethers, polyamides, polyimides, etc.
2. Background
Surface modification of a polymeric article is performed or attempted for a number of different reasons. For example, it may be desirable to have a bulk polymer that has a surface that is modified to better accept a paint or dye, or to have a surface that imparts a property such as resistance to chemical or radiant energy damage.
A number of different methods have been developed for modifying the surfaces of a polymer. Many of these methods involve post processing of the article. For example, the polymeric article may be exposed to a plasma, or a plasma processing step followed by grafting of compounds to the surface of the polymer. Also, the polymeric article might be subjected to a chemical or radiant energy exposure to alter the surface. It is known to combine a fluorinated polymer with a conventional polymer to get the surface-concentrated fluoropolymer. (Ji, Q.; Kang, H.; Wang, J.; Wang, S.; Glass, T. E.; McGrath, J. E., Surface characterization of fluorinated oxetane polyol modified polyurethane block copolymers, Polymer Preprints, 2000, 41, 346-347, Kim, Y. S.; Lee, J. S.; Ji, Q.; McGrath, J. E., Surface properties of fluorinated oxetane polyol modified polyurethane block copolymers, Polymer, 2002, 43, 7161-7170.) It is known that combining a fluorinated group with a UV absorbing chromophore surface-concentrates the chromophore. (Vogl, O.; Jaycox, G. D.; Hatada, K., Macromolecular design and architecture, Journal of Macromolecular Science-Chemistry, 1990, 27, 1781-1854.) It is known that combining a perfluorohexyl group with a fullerene surface-concentrates the fullerene at a styrene air interface. (Chen, W.; McCarthy, T. J., Adsorption/migration of a perfluorohexylated fullerene from the bulk to the polymer/air interface, Macromolecules, 1999, 32, 2342-2347.)
Certain work has occurred thus far on polymeric surface modifiers (PSM). Chen, W.; McCarthy, T. J., Macromolecules 1999, 32, 2342-2347; Ho, T.; Wynne, K; J. Polym. Adv. Tech. 1994, 6, 25-31; Ward, R. S.; White, K. A.; Hu, C. B., in Biomedical Engineering; Planck, H., Egbers, G., Syre, I., Eds.; Elsevier Science Publishers: Amsterdam, 1984.
Surfaces have been made hydrophobic using PDMS PSMs. Ho, Wynne, supra; Ratner, B. D., Yoon, S. C., Kaul, A., Rahman, R., in Polyurethanes in biomedical engineering II; Planck, H., Syre, I. Dauner, M., Egbers, G., Eds., Elsevier, New York, 1986; Vol. 3, pp. 213-229; Tezuka, Y., Fukushima, A., Matsui, S., Imai, K., Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 1986, 114, 16-25. Surfaces have been made hydrophobic and oleophobic with fluorinated PSMs. Malik, A. A., Carlson, R. P., Aerojet General Corporation: US, 1997, p. 20; Thomas, R. R., Anton, D. R.; Graham, W. F., Darmon, M. J., Sauer, B. B., Stika, K. M., Swartzfager, D. G., Macromolecules 1997, 30, 2883-2890; Thomas, R. R., Ji, Q., Kim, Y. S., Lee, J. S., McGrath, J. E., Polyurethane 2000 Polymer Division Abstracts 2000; Thomas, R. R., Anton, D. R., Graham, W. F., Darmon, M. J., Stika, K. M., Macromolecules 1998, 31, 4595-4604. In this work, the modifying soft block usually consists of a single repeat as typified by polydimethylsiloxane PSMs where the repeat unit is [—(CH3)2SiO—] (see Ho, Wynne, supra) or surface modifiers derived from semifluorinated oxetane monomers that yield telechelics having a 3,3′ substituted 1,3-propylene oxide repeat, for example, [—CH2C(CH3)(CH2OCH2CF3)CH2O—] (see Kim, Y. S., Lee, J. S., Ji, Q., McGrath, J. E., Polymer 2002, 43, 7161-7170).
There has been work regarding oxetane monomers. Synthesis of fluorinated oxetanes is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,037,483 to Malik, et al. (“Polymers and prepolymers from mono-substituted fluorinated oxetane monomers”) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,807,977 to Malik et al. (“Solvent-free process for the preparation of mono-substituted fluorinated oxetane monomers”). There has been work regarding synthesis of polyurethanes containing fluorinated oxetanes (having a 3,3′ substituted 1,3-propylene oxide repeat). See Kim et al. (2002), supra.
Also mentioned as background are the following:
U.S. Pat. No. 6,479,623 to Malik, Archibald, Carlson, Wynne and Kresge, issued Nov. 12, 2002, titled “Amorphous Polyether Glycols based on bis-substituted oxetane copolymers.”
PCT Int. Application No. WO 2001-US44556 20011128, by Patel, Mohajer, Twomey, Mares and Nelson, Honeywell Int. Inc., “Polymeric additives and polymeric articles comprising the additive.”
PCT Int. Application No. WO1994-US5999, by Sastri, Mohajer, Young, Boyle, Allied Signal Inc., “Polydiorganosiloxane-modified polymer and its preparation.”
It is therefore an object of the invention to provide polymeric articles or coatings, and methods of making polymeric articles or coatings, where the polymeric article has a surface phase having an activity of interest.
According to the invention, there is provided a methodology for preparing polymer articles or coatings which have a surface phase with an activity of interest. It is understood that a telechelic is an oligomeric or polymeric material with reactive groups usually at the chain ends and may also be called a macromonomer. In the methodology, a surface active telechelic or polymer is prepared which includes at least one or more functional segmers which provide an activity of interest (e.g., biocide, bioactive, UV protective, hydrophobic, hydrophilic, conducting, etc.). When combined with bulk polymer, the surface active segmers act as chaperones to bring the functional segmers to the surface of the polymeric article during processing (e.g., creation of a coating, extruding, etc.). In one embodiment, the surface modifying additive consists of one or more telechelics that contain fluorinated surface-active segmers and functional segmers or one or more polyurethanes comprised of conventional hard block forming units (diisocyanates and diols and/or diamines) and soft blocks that contain fluorinated surface-active segmers and functional segmers. The surface-active segmers bring the functional segmers to the surface and together these segmers constitute the functional surface-active soft block of the surface modifiers (SMs). To demonstrate a specific embodiment in a broad range of possible functional SMs, biocidal SMs have been prepared by preparing polyurethane SMs comprised of isophorone diisocyanante/butane diol hard blocks and soft blocks comprised of fluorinated segmers (surface active) combined with biocidal moieties (function) in soft blocks. After activation, these SMs effectively kill pathogen challenges on contact demonstrating the efficacy of the SM concept. Additional examples demonstrate that SMs confer unusual wetting behavior on the substrate polymer. Such tailored change may find use in biomaterials, filters, cosmetics, and other areas where surface properties such as feel and capability to attract moisture are important. It is understood in the context of this patent, that the terms telechelic and macromonomer are used interchangeably. Furthermore, it is understood that when a statement is made such as “telechelic in the polyurethane” that the terminal reactive groups present on the telechelic are no longer present but changed to appropriate functionality by virtue of incorporation (e.g, a urethane group if reaction occurs between an alcohol group on the telechelic with an isocyanate on the hard block).
Advantageously, a desired chaperoning function may be achieved using a minimal amount of PSM. Also advantageously, it has now been shown that surface activity can be achieved in the case of a co-segment M Ox (where M=a methoxy terminated ethylene oxide side chain) without needing a fluorinated segment. Being able to use very little of a surface active segmer while providing the desired surface activity is advantageous, because the co-segment lowers the glass transition temperature of the soft block and may thereby make the functional segment more effective.
In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method of producing a polymeric article or coating with a surface active property, comprising the steps of: forming a surface active polymer or telechelic having at least a segmer which enables an activity of interest (such as, e.g., a segmer which comprises an alkylammonium moiety; a segmer which is present on a soft block (such as, e.g., a soft block containing no fluorinated segment; etc.); and combining said surface active polymer with said bulk polymer to produce a polymeric article having the surface active polymer concentrated primarily on the surface of said bulk polymer (such as, e.g., a polymeric article or coating having a combination function selected from the group consisting of biocidal activity and contraphilic activity). Preferably, in this inventive production method, a polymeric article or coating is produced with adding a minimal amount of surface modifier of not more than 5 weight %, with about 2 weight % being a preferred example of a minimal amount of surface modifier.
The invention in another preferred embodiment provides a polymeric article or coating, comprising: a bulk polymer phase (such as, e.g., a bulk phase including polyurethane); and a surface active phase (such as, e.g., a surface active phase including polyurethane; a surface active phase that comprises less than 10 percent by weight of said polymeric article or coating; a surface active phase that comprises about 0.1-3 percent by weight of said polymeric article or coating; etc.) present at a surface, said surface active phase comprising a surface active polymer or soft block having at least a segmer which enables an activity of interest (such as, e.g., biocidal activity; altering surface wettability) of said bulk polymer; providing an indicator (such as, e.g., a color change indicator, fluorescence indicator, phosphorescence indicator, chemiluminescence indicator, etc.); a modifiable leaving group; conductivity; etc.), with preferred examples of such inventive polymeric articles or coatings being those in which said surface active polymer and said bulk polymer are both polyurethanes; and, polymeric articles or coatings lacking a fluorinated segment. Preferably, only a minimal amount (such as, e.g., preferably less than about 5 weight %, such as about 2 weight %) of PSM is included in these inventive polymeric articles or coatings. In the inventive polymeric articles and coatings, there may be an identity of monomeric units in said bulk polymer phase and said surface active phase. In a preferred example, both the bulk polymer phase and the surface active phase include polyurethane in an inventive coating or polymeric article. Examples of the segmer which enables an activity of interest are, e.g., a segmer that includes a hydantoin or hydantoin like moiety; a segmer that includes a dye; a segmer that includes a moiety that converts to siliceous functionalization in the presence of moisture (such as, e.g., a moiety —OSi(OR)3 where R is a hydrolysable group (such as, e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, trifluoroethoxy, acetoxy, etc.); a segmer that includes a biocidal moiety; a segmer that includes a bioactive moiety; a segmer that includes an alkylammonium moiety; etc.
In another preferred embodiment the invention provides a contraphilic polymeric material which is hydrophilic when dry and hydrophobic when wet, wherein the contraphilic polymeric material has a delta-theta of at least about 10 degrees (preferably, a delta-theta of at least about 20 degrees, more preferably a delta-theta of at least about 25 degrees, even more preferably a delta-theta of at least about 30 degrees), wherein delta-theta means difference between initial contact angle when dry (hydrophilic) and a contact angle when wet (hydrophobic).
In another preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method of making a contraphilic polymeric material, comprising: processing a bulk polyurethane with a minimal amount (such as, e.g., about 2 weight %, and preferably not more than about 5 weight %) of contraphilic polymeric surface modifier (PSM).
The invention provides, in another preferred embodiment, a polymer material or coating comprising: an isophorone diisocyanate/butane diol hard block; and soft blocks comprised of at least biocidal moieties.
Also, the invention in a further preferred embodiment provides an oligomeric or polymeric detergent or surfactant, comprising at least two of: oleophilic groups, hydrophilic groups and fluorous groups.
The invention in another preferred embodiment also provides novel monomers (such as, e.g., a monomer Hy4Ox, 5,5-dimethyl-3-(2-((3-methyloxetan-3-yl)methoxy)ethyl)-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, and a monomer MOx, 3-methoxymethyl-3-methyloxetane) and novel telechelics, such as, e.g., a telechelic copolymerized from Hy4Ox and MOx. The telechelics of this invention may be used, e.g., to make novel antimicrobial PSMs.
The invention in another preferred embodiment also provides polyurethanes containing Hy4Ox-MOx telechelics.
In other preferred embodiments, the invention provides: a polyurethane surface modifier comprising (a) a segmer comprising a C12 alkyl ammonium and (b) a segmer comprising Me2Ox; and, a polyurethane surface modifier comprising (a) a segmer comprising a C12 alkylammonium and (b) a segmer comprising 3FOx.
The foregoing and other objects, aspects and advantages will be better understood from the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment of the invention with reference to the drawings, in which:
The general concept of a surface modification contemplated by the present invention is shown in
The invention generally relates to polymeric additives that act to modify the surface properties of conventional commodity polymers. This is achieved by synthesis of polymeric surface modifiers (SMs or PSMs), sometimes referred to as surface modifier additives (SMAs) with a structure that favors migration to the surface of a bulk polymer. In particular, the surface-philic character of the SMs depends on the presence of a functional block, which is preferably a “soft block” or flexible chain segment that contains a surface-active segmer and a functional segmer. The approach leverages the general tendency of soft blocks to surface segregate, the presence of surface active groups such as fluorinated groups (inclusive of fully fluorinated or semifluorinated groups [e.g., —(CH2)n(CF2)mF, —(CH2)n(CF2)mH) where n is typically 1-10 and m is typically 1-12] in the soft segment, and the synergistic combination of surface-philic soft blocks with a multiplicity of surface active groups. Fluorinated groups have been mentioned, but it should be appreciated that fluorinated groups are not required in all inventive embodiments.
A general structure for such a soft block is shown in
There are two general ways that an SM may be employed. One is literally as an additive. That is, the SM is added to some substrate system such as a liquid or solid coating composition. A second way is to spray or coat an extremely thin film on an already formed object such as a filter (e.g., the SM alone or with the bulk polymer are sprayed or coated onto the surface of a filter with the SM migrating to the surface of the coating). In either case, the combination of properties provided by the soft block structure illustrated in
The SM of this invention is generated in different ways. One method starts with the synthesis of monomers with suitable functions, the polymerization of monomers to co-macromonomers (co-telechelics), and the generation of an SM by incorporating the co-macromonomers into a polymer. A second method involves the modification of an SM polymer to generate the desired functional SM.
With reference to
With reference to
Another example of Fn is a group that has protected functionality such as a —Si(OR)3 group (where, for the alcoxy groups, R=—(CH2)nH, where n=1-5, and includes Me, Et, isopropyl, propyl, etc.), and acetato, and other hydrolysable groups). By “protected” is meant that upon exposure to a suitable reagent, a chemical change takes place that produces a new kind of functionality. In the case of —Si(OR)3, exposure to moist air or mild acid produces the —Si(OH)3 group which is hydrophilic and can undergo a crosslinking reaction to produce a siliceous domain by well known condensation reactions releasing water. This importance of this approach is that a—Si(OH)3 group would normally not migrate to the air polymer interface as it is a high energy group that prefers to remain in the bulk.
The functional group F2 (or F3) could be a trimethylsilyl or similar group such as an oligosiloxane (—(CH2)n[Si(Me2)O]mSiMe3). This cotelechelic may have some unusual combination of hydrophobic/oleophobic behavior as surface active groups such as semifluorinated groups (F1) are oleophobic and hydrophobic, but groups such as trimethylsilyl (or oligo-siloxane) are only hydrophobic (but not oleophobic).
In testing the new approach to surface functionalization contemplated by this invention, the C—Br group has been introduced as a model functionality, and is described in detail in Example 1. Another group of macromonomers containing CH3O(CH2CH2O)n- has been prepared to test the surface modified additive approach of the present invention, and is described in detail in Examples 2 and 3. Examples 1, 2 and 3 fall into class I described by
In one embodiment, the SMs can be polyurethanes. Polyurethanes (PU) are used in a variety of applications, and are an excellent model for the general application of the present invention because of their broad use and robust character. The general scheme for polyurethane surface modifiers is shown in
The specific functionality incorporated in the soft block in Example 1 is a reactive —C—Br group. In Examples 2 and 3, a hydrophilic ethylene oxide moiety is introduced. In Example 4, a hydantoin, 5,5-dimethylhydantoin is introduced, which confers on the surface of the SMA itself unusual wetting behavior. In Example 5, the surface-concentrated pre-biocide depicted in
In order to obtain surface-active telechelics bearing reactive groups, co-telechelics containing semifluorinated and bromomethyl groups can be prepared. 3-bromomethyl-3-methyloxetane (BrOx) is readily available and offers a reactive group for subsequent derivitization. Co-polymerization of BrOx with 3FOx (—CH2CF3) and 5FOx (—CH2CF2CF3) is contemplated in this exemplary process. Using the FOx/BrOx telechelics, polyurethanes were prepared employing isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI)/butane diol (BD) hard blocks. Most work was done using a 40% hard block polyurethane IPDI-BD (40%)-3FOx/BrOx (1:1), where 40% is percent hard block and 1:1 signifies the mole ratio of 3FOx to BrOx. Example 1 provides details.
As described in Example 5, the pre-biocidal functional group 5,5-dimethylhydantoin (Hy) was introduced into by a “reaction on polymer” carried out in dimethyl formamide (DMF).
It will be understood that the concentration of the SM in the polymeric article or coating to be formed can vary depending on the application. It will typically constitute 10% or less by weight, and most preferably 0.1-3 weight percent of the polymeric article or coating. Even lower percentages may be adequate depending on the application and the SM composition and processes. Some SMs are more efficient surface concentrators than others.
As will be discussed below, this invention can be employed to make a biocidal SM such that a polymeric article or coating formed according to the invention has an underlying bulk polymer domain and a surface domain having a SM with biocidal activity. This might, for example, be especially useful in the hospital or clinic setting wherein gloves, countertops, examining tables, surgical equipment and tools, devices such as catheters, wall paper, surfaces of computer keyboards, cellphones and pagers, and cabinetry can have polymer coating that provides a biocidal activity. The biocidal activity may also be useful in other settings such as schools and offices where large numbers of people are gathered. The biocidal activity may be useful in modifying air filters, by, for example, applying a microcoating on the filter material or creating the filter from the SM and bulk polymer mixture, so as to not only trap pathogens or agents but to inactivate them.
It should be understood that the invention can be used to impart a surface domain to a bulk polymer where the surface domain has a variety of other desired activities. For example, in automobile applications it may be desirable to apply a polymer coating where the surface domain repels water or corrosive agents. This would require forming an SM with functional group segmers that make the surface of the polymer coating more repellant to water (e.g., combining both fluorinated groups (F1) with trimethylsilylated (or oligosiloxane) groups (F2) as noted above might be used. Conversely, in paper or sign making applications where it is desirable to accept dyes, colorants, paints, or the like, the SM would be formed with functional group segmers that make the polymer coating more hydrophilic (e.g., hydrophilic groups such as polyethylene oxide moieties (e.g., CH3O(CH2CH2O)n-, where n=0-15), alcohols (such as —(CH2)nOH), or where n=1-10); and/or amines, such as —(CH2)nNH2, where n=1-10) and their derived ammonium salts (as —(CH2)nNH3+, where n=1-10), chromophoric groups, alkylammonium groups such as (—NH2(CH2)nH)+, where n=1-20, and combinations (“libraries”) of these groups to generate surfaces with specialized wetting behavior properties.
As another example, it may be desirable to provide a means for functionalizing the surface of the polymer with leaving groups (e.g., Br) such that the surface could be derivatized with compounds of interest. In this instance, the invention may allow the formation of diagnostic chips that have DNA, RNA, amino acids, amino acid sequences, or other biological materials of interest bonded to the surface of a polymer coating by way of interaction with the functional leaving group.
As yet another example, the surface of a polymer can include a functional segmer which enables a fluorescent, phosphorescent, chemiluminescent, or color change reaction to occur when the functional segmer is in contact with a particular agent. This property would find sensing/detection utility in diagnostic devices, as well as in applications such as signs and displays. In still another application of the invention, fiber optics can be extruded where the surface of the optic includes the surface-active agent, which thus encircles the core. For example, in the fiber optic application, the surface modifier might prevent UV or other radiant energy from transmission to the core or, by virtue of interaction with the evanescent surface wave might act as an optical sensor/detector.
In the exemplary case of a biocidal SM [
The synthesis and characterization of nonionic detergents is well known. Such molecules have an amphiphilic structure. That is, one end of the molecule may be hydrophilic, while the other end is oleophilic. Molecules that have one hydrocarbon end one poly(ethylene oxide) end are examples. The bifunctional telechelics described herein may find use as polymeric nonionic detergents. For example, the block telechelics described in Example 2 have a fluorocarbon end (hydrophobic, oleophobic) and an oligomeric ethylene oxide end (hydrophilic). Such architecture is uncommon. This architecture would mediate between fluorocarbon-like and water-like phases. For example, such a detergent might be useful in emulsifying materials that are insoluble in water, supercritical CO2, or other solvent. Such a structure could prevent phase separation between immiscible polymers.
Even the random copolymer may be useful as a nonionic detergent because of the extreme difference solubility parameter between fluorinated substituents (that can be widely varied) and hydrophilic side chains (that can also be widely varied). This application would be novel for all binary and ternary combinations of:
Oleophilic groups such as (—CH2)nH, tetramethylene oxide, isomeric hydrocarbon and hydrocarbon-halocarbon (—CHxCl)H, ketone containing, side chains Hydrophilic groups such as aforementioned oligomeric and polymeric ethylene oxide, alcohol, carboxylic acid, amine containing side chains Fluorous groups such as those aforementioned [e.g., —(CH2)n(CF2)mF, —(CH2)n(CF2)mH) where n is typically 1-10 and m is typically 1-12].
In view of the contemplation of use of molten salts as reaction media and other applications for amphiphilic (and even triphilic) molecules, molecules with cationic (typically alkyl ammonium) or anionic (typically carboxylate, sulfate, sulfonate, phophonate) functionality are readily envisaged and could be used in combination with oleophilic, hydrophilic, and fluorous groups described above.
Homo- and copolymerization of BrOx and FOx monomers were carried out by a modification of the procedure reported by Malik. [Malik, A. A.; Archibald, T. G.; GenCorp: US, 2000.] Cationic ring opening polymerization was employed with BF3 dietherate and 1,4-butanediol as catalyst and co-catalyst, respectively, to give the desired telechelic. A typical procedure follows.
Copolymerization of 3-trifluoroethoxy-3-methyloxetane (3FOx) and 3-bromomethyl-3-methyloxetane (BrOx) monomers were carried out by a modification of a published procedure. Cationic ring opening polymerization was employed using BF3OEt2 and 1,4-butanediol as catalyst and co-catalyst, respectively. Methylene chloride (5.54 ml) was poured into a round bottom flask under nitrogen. 1,4-butanediol (0.77 g, 8.54 mmol) and BF3OEt2 (2.45 g, 17.27 mmol) were added into reaction medium and stirred at room temperature for 45 min under nitrogen purge. Then the solution was cooled to −20° C. by using dry/aqueous isopropyl alcohol mixture. Mixture of 3FOx and BrOx monomers (e.g., total 30.09 g, 172.43 mmol) in methylene chloride (42.10 ml) was added drop wise with an addition rate of 170 drops/min. The reaction temperature was kept at −25 to −30° C. by addition of extra dry ice for 5 hrs. The reaction mixture was then brought to room temperature and quenched with 50 ml of water. The organic phase was separated, washed with 2 wt % aqueous HCl and NaCl solutions and then precipitated into methanol/water mixture (5:1). The precipitated macromonomer was placed into vacuum oven for overnight drying at 50° C., 4 Torr. The product was viscous, slightly opaque with more than 85% yield.
A number of FOx-BrOx telechelics were made by a similar procedure. The compositions and molecular weights are shown in Table 1 below:
TABLE 1
Compositions and molecular weights of telechelic poly(oxetanes).
Monomer feed ratioa,b
Poly(oxetane)telechelics
Telechelic
3FOx
5FOx
BrOx
FOx:BrOxc
Dpc
MWc,d,e
3FOx
1.0
—
—
—
18.5
3400
5FOx
—
1.0
—
—
24.2
5660
BrOx
—
—
1.0
—
17.1
2820
3Fx:BrOx-1:1
1.0
—
1.0
1.2:1.0
27.0
4710
3FOx:BrOx-2:1
2.0
—
1.0
2.2:1.0
26.5
4700
3FOx:BrOx-1:2
1.0
—
2.0
1.0:1.7
19.6
3360
5FOx:BrOx-1:1
—
1.0
1.0
1.2:1.0
20.5
4085
5FOx:BrOx-2:1
—
2.0
1.0
1.9:1.0
11.9
2500
5FOx:BrOx-1:2
—
1.0
2.0
1.0:1.8
18.1
3400
aMonomer/catalyst (BF3—OEt2) mole ratio = 10.
bCatalyst (BF3—OEt2)/cocatalyst (1,4-butanediol) mole ratio = 2.02.
cDetermined by 1H-NMR end group analysis.
dMw by GPC with PS standards (universal calibration): BrOx; 2600, 5FOx:BrOx-1:2; 5800, 3FOx:BrOx-1:2; 4100
ePolydispersities for these three telechelics by GPC were: BrOx1.58, 5FOx:BrOx-1:2; 1.35, 3FOx:BrOx-1:2; 2.04.
Molecular weights were obtained by integrating the high field methylene peaks next to the trifluoroacetyl group at 4.2-4.3 ppm and methyl peaks in FOx at 0.92 ppm (CH3, FOx) and BrOx at 1.05 ppm (CH3, BrOx). Table 1 lists telechelic molecular weights determined by end group analysis. In previous reports, homotelechelic molecular weights were determined by integrating the low field methyl peaks (due to terminal residues) and the main chain ones [Malik, A A.; Carlson, R. P. U.S. Pat. No. 5,637,772, 1997, which is herein incorporated by reference]. Molecular weights were determined by GPC (in THF compared to PS standards) for those telechelics not having a refractive index matching THF. The observed values for Mw and Mn (Table 1, fn.) values give the following polydispersities: 1.58 for BrOx, 2.04 for 3FOx:BrOx-1:2, and 1.35 for 5FOx:BrOx-1:2. These values are similar to those previously reported for 3FOx and 5FOx polyoxetane telechelics polymerized using the BF3 THF/neopentyl glycol catalyst/co-catalyst system. [Kausch, C. M.; Leising, J. E.; Medsker, R. E.; Russell, V. M.; Thomas, R. R; Malik, A. A., Synthesis, characterization, and unusual surface activity of a series of novel architecture, water-dispersible poly(fluorooxetane)s, Langmuir, 2002, 18, 5933-38]
Thermal analysis. Standard and temperature modulated DSC (MDSC) starting from sub-ambient temperatures were used to measure the telechelic Tg (Table 2). MDSC experiments were performed at a heating rate of 3° C./min with a modulation temperature of ±0.5° C./min. It is important to note that all telechelics have low glass transition temperatures characteristic of polyols used as soft blocks in polyurethanes.
TABLE 2
Measured and calculated glass transition temperatures of homo and co-
telechelics. (a = from the Fox equation)
Homo or Co-telechelic
Tg (° C.)
T2 (° C.)
Poly(oxetane)
(DSC)
(Calculateda)
BrOx
−24
—
3FOx
−51
—
5FOx
−48
—
3FOx:BrOx-1:2
−33
−32
3FOx:BrOx-1:1
−37
−36
3FOx:BrOx-2:1
−38
−39
5FOx:BrOx-1:2
−34
−33
5FOx:BrOx-1:1
−36
−36
5FOx:BrOx-2:1
−39
−39
Polyurethanes containing FOx-BrOx soft blocks. A number of SM polyurethanes were synthesized. The compositions are summarized in Table 3. In designating compositions, such as IPDI-BD (40)/3FOx:BrOx-1:1(4700), the hard block composition is followed with hard block wt % in parentheses. The soft block segmers are next, followed by their mole ratio and Mn in parenthesis. The segmented PUs were synthesized in a conventional two-step procedure as shown in Scheme 2. First, an excess of IPDI was added to telechelic. When all the alcohol groups were consumed, BD chain extender was added until no isocyanate absorption was detectable by FT-IR. As the viscosity increased, DMF or THF/DMF was added so that the solution contained about 30-40% solids at the end of the reaction. PUs having different concentrations of soft block can be obtained simply by changing the ratio of telechelic to chain extender (1,4-butanediol) ratio.
The hard segment concentration was utilized was 40-45 wt %. PUs having lower hard block content (25-35%) are mechanically very soft while those with higher hard block content (45-60%) are rigid. The hard block content in an SM application could thus be varied to optimize compliance with the substrate polymer.
Representative FOx-BrOx polyurethane synthesis. A typical synthesis is represented by the synthesis for IPDI-BD (40)/3FOx:BrOx-1:1(4700). The polyurethane (PU) was synthesized in 3-neck round bottom flask. Oxetane polyol, 3FoxBrOx(1:1), (9.23 g, 1.92 mmol) was introduced into the flask with isophorone diisocyanate, IPDI, (4.44 g, 19.97 mmol). Dimethyl formamide, DMF, (3.13 g) was added into the reaction mixture as solvent. The initial % solid was 81%. The solution was heated and stirred with an over-head stirrer under nitrogen purge and with condenser. 7 drops of dibutyltin dilaurate catalyst, T-12, (1 wt % in toluene) was added to reaction medium when the reaction temperature was 65-70° C. The mixture was stirred for 3 hours at this temperature range. The reaction was followed by FT-IR. After 3 hours the prepolymer was ready for chain extension. 1,4 butane diol, BD, (1.61 g, 17.87 mmol) was used as chain extender. The reaction was frequently diluted with DMF as the polymer molecular weight increases. Chain extension took place at the same temperature range (65-70° C.). The reaction was followed with FT-IR. The reaction continued until all the isocyanate (NCO) was consumed. The final PU has slightly yellow color and the final concentration of the mixture was 43%. The resulting PU was then precipitated into methanol for purification. The solution cast PU films were prepared.
Table 3 provides compositions, molecular weights, and DSC information. We were not able to synthesize a 5FOx homo-telechelic polyurethane. The reaction mixture phase separated during the chain extension apparently due to the different solubility parameters of 5FOx.
TABLE 3
Molecular weights, and glass transition temperatures of polyurethanes
Mn
Mw
Tga
Tgb
Phase
Designation
(×103)
(×103)
PD
(ss)
(hs)
Sepc
IPDI-BD(50)/PTMO(2000)
Base PU
23.3
52.5
2.26
−46
38
0.76
IPDI-BD(40)/BrOx(2800)
PU-1
19.4
42.9
2.21
−10
56
0.81
IPDI-BD(40)/3FOx(3400)
PU-2
17.5
37.4
2.14
−37
46
0.84
IPDI-BD(40)/3FOx:BrOx-2:1(4700)
PU-3
18.9
46.0
2.43
−29
73
0.89
IPDI-BD(40)/3FOx:BrOx-1:1(4700)
PU-4
17.9
36.8
2.05
−29
62
0.90
IPDI-BD(40)/3FOx:BrOx-1:2(3400)
PU-5
16.5
33.9
2.06
−24
56
0.89
IPDI-BD(40)/5FOx:BrOx-2:1(2500)
PU-6
18.9
40.1
2.12
−27
57
0.88
IPDI-BD(40)/5FOx:BrOx-1:1(4100)
PU-7
29.6
61.2
2.07
−25
64
0.89
IPDI-BD(40)/5FOx:BrOx-1:2(3400)
PU-8
16.6
33.8
2.04
−29
64
0.89
IPDI-BD
Hard Block
17.2
31.8
1.85
NA
85
nad
aSoft segment (ss) glass transition temperature.
bHard segment (hs) glass transition temperature.
cWeight fraction (±0.xx) soft block in the soft-segment phase, calculated by using the Fox equation.
dNot applicable.
Molecular weights. Molecular weights, and polydispersities of the new polyurethanes are shown in Table 3. GPC analyses gave Mws in the range of 30-60,000. With one exception, Mws for the FOx:BrOx polyurethanes have somewhat lower Mws compared to the conventional PTMO analog. While molecular weights are modest, all the polyurethanes formed smooth, optically transparent coatings and freestanding films.
Wetting Behavior. Polyurethane wetting behavior was determined by the Wilhelmy plate method using a Dynamic Contact Angle Analyzer (DCA). The Wilhelmy plate experiment has been discussed in connection with the measurement of intrinsic contact angles for model PDMS networks. [Uilk, J. M.; Mera, A. E.; Fox, R. B.; Wynne, K. J., Hydrosilation-cured poly(dimethylsiloxane) networks: Intrinsic contact angles via dynamic contact angle analysis, Macromolecules, 2003, 36, 3689-3694.] Remarkably, all of the co-telechelic polyurethanes have higher θadv and lower θrec than the parent homo-telechelic PUs (Table 4).
TABLE 4
Advancing and receding contact angles for PUs.
Cycle-1
Cycle-2
Cycle-3
Adv/
Adv/
Adv/
Cycle-4
Cycle-5
Water
PU(ratio)a
Rec
Rec
Rec
Adv/Rec
Adv/Rec
Con.
Base PU
84/55
82/55
82/56
81/56
81/56
No
PU-1
102/42
101/41
101/41
101/40
101/40
No
PU-2
105/45
99/45
98/46
98/46
98/46
Yes
PU-3 (2:1)
108/35
108/35
108/35
108/34
108/34
No
PU-4 (1:1)
116/33
115/32
116/32
No
PU-5 (1:2)
104/34
102/34
102/34
102/34
102/34
Yes
PU-6 (2:1)
109/38
108/38
108/38
108/38
108/38
No
PU-7 (1:1)
109/35
109/35
109/35
109/35
109/35
Yes
PU-8 (1:2)
107/36
106/36
106/36
106/36
106/36
Yes
aRatio of nFOx:BrOx. n = 3 for PU-3, 4, and 5. n = 5 for PU-6, 7, and 8.
The most surprising result for PU co-telechelics (θadv, 116°; θrec, 32°) is the wetting behavior of PU-4, IPDI-BD (40)/3FOx:BrOx-1:1(4700). These values are constant over three cycles and no water contamination is detected. The very stable contact angle hysteresis (84°) is noteworthy for topologically smooth surfaces (vida infra). Few polymers have θadv that exceed 116°.
Surface Modifying Behavior. IPDI-BD (40)/3FOx:BrOx-1:1(4700) (2%) was added to an ordinary IPDI-BD polyurethane containing a 2000 MW poly(tetramethylene oxide) soft block. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrated surface concentration of the SM by virtue of Br and F analysis that was similar to IPDI-BD (40)/3FOx:BrOx-1:1(4700) alone. These results demonstrate the efficacy of surface concentration of the reactive C—Br function. That is, a function which contains a Br leaving group that allows modification of the polymer after formation of the polymeric article or coating.
Monomer synthesis. 3-(Methoxyethoxyethoxymethyl)-3-methyloxetane (ME2Ox) was synthesized using phase transfer catalysis (PTC). A mixture of 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethanol (60.1 g, 0.5 mol), BrOx (82.5 g, 0.5 mol), TBAB (8.0 g, 0.025 mol) and water (20 ml) was stirred and heated to 75° C. Then, a solution of KOH (35.5 g, 87%, 0.55 mol) in water (50 ml) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred vigorously at 80-85° for 7 hrs. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, filtered, and diluted with water. The product was extracted with methylene chloride and distilled at 100° C./8 mmHg. ME2Ox monomer; 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ3.67 (—CH3, 3H, s), δ3.39 (—OCH3 3H, s), δ3.55 (—OCH2CH2O—, 4H, m), δ3.67 (—OCH2CH2O—, 4H, and —CH2—, 2H, m), δ4.35 (ring —CH2—, 2H, d), δ4.52 (ring CH2, 2H, d); 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ21.5 (—CH3), δ40.0 (—C—), 659.1 (—OCH3), δ70.7, 71.1, and 72.1 (—OCH2CH2O—), δ76.6 (—CH2—), δ80.2 (ring —CH2—).
7FOx monomer was prepared from BrOx and 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutanol by the same procedure used for ME2Ox monomer. 7-FOx monomer; 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ1.31 (—CH3, 3H, s), δ3.67 (—CH2—, 2H, s), δ3.99 (—CH2CF2—, 2H, t), δ4.34 (ring —CH2—, 2H, d), δ4.50 (ring —CH2—, 2H, d).
Homo- and Cotelechelic polyoxetane synthesis. Homo- and copolymerization of ME2Ox and FOx monomers were carried out by a modification of a published procedure for FOx and methyloxetane. [Malik, A. A.; Archibald, T. G.; GenCorp: US, 2000.] The ME2Ox homotelechilic has not been previously synthesized and is a new composition of matter. Of course, all co-telechelics are new compositions. Cationic ring opening polymerization 3-bromomethyl-3- was employed using BF3 and 1,4-butanediol as catalyst and co-catalyst, respectively. Methylene chloride (10 ml) was poured into a round bottom flask under nitrogen. 1,4-butanediol (165 mg, 1.84 mmol) and BF3—OEt2 (520 mg, 3.67 mmol) in methylene chloride (10 ml) were added and stirred at room temperature for 45 min under nitrogen. Then the solution was cooled to 0-5° C. in ice bath, and a mixture of ME2Ox and FOx monomers (e.g., total 36.7 mmol) in methylene chloride (10 ml) was added dropwise at the rate of 0.5 ml/min. The reaction was kept at 0-5° C. for 4 hrs with stirring. The reaction mixture was then brought to room temperature and quenched with 30 ml of water. The organic phase was separated, washed with 0.2% HCl and NaCl aqueous solution and then solvent was evaporated. The product (a viscous, opaque liquid) was re-dissolved in acetone, and re-precipitated in water. The resulting viscous liquid was separated and dried in a vacuum oven at 70° C., 5 Torr overnight to give a transparent oily product with >80% yield.
ME2Ox homopolymer; 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ0.91 (—CH3, 3H, s), δ3.19 (backbone CH2—, 4H, m), δ3.30 (—CH2—, 2H, s), δ3.38 (—OCH3 3H, s), δ3.55 (—OCH2CH2O—, 4H, m), δ3.64 (—OCH2CH2O—, 4H, m); 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ17.3-17.9 (—CH3), δ40.8-41.3 (backbone —C—), δ58.9 (—OCH3), δ70.4 and 71.9 (—OCH2CH2O—), 670.9-71.3 (—CH2—), δ74.0 (backbone —CH2—).
ME2Ox/5FOx (ME2Ox/7FOx) copolymer; 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ0.91 (—CH3 for ME2Ox and FOx, 3H, s), 63.19 (backbone —CH2—, 4H, m), 63.30 (—CH2— for ME2Ox, 2H, s), δ3.38 (—OCH3 3H, s), δ3.44 (—CH2— for FOx, 2H, s), δ3.55 (—OCH2CH2O—, 4H, m), δ3.64 (—OCH2CH2O—, 4H, m), δ3.85 (—CH2CF2—, 2H, t); 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ16.9-17.8 (—CH3 for ME2Ox and FOx), δ40.8-41.5 (backbone —C—), δ58.6 (—OCH3), δ68.0 (—CH2CF2—, t), δ70.4 and 71.9 (—OCH2CH2O—), δ70.9-71.3 (—CH2— for ME2Ox), δ73.4 (backbone —CH2— for FOx), δ74.0 (backbone —CH2— for ME2Ox), δ75.3 (—CH2— for FOx), δ110.0-123.3 (—CFnCF3).
Table 5 lists the molar ratios of monomer feed as well as the compositions of polymers. Monomer/1,4-butanediol ratios were varied in order to make polyoxetanes with differing molecular weights. The degree of polymerization (Dp) and equivalent molecular weight are determined by end group analysis as described above. The BF3—OEt2/1,4-butanediol ratio was kept constant at 2.2/1, and in all compositions in Table 5, the reactions were done under nitrogen atmosphere with a temperature at 0-5° C. Monomer ratios in copolymer telechelics are very close to feed ratios.
GPC results are also listed in Table 5. The number average molecular weights (Mn) correlate well with end group analysis results for ME2Ox homo- and ME2Ox/FOx copolymers, but show higher values for 5FOx homopolymer. The molecular distribution has a trend that the polydispersity (Mw/Mn) decreases as monomer/co-catalyst ratio increases for all polymer series. When the monomer/co-catalyst ratio is above 22, the polydispersities are 1.9-2.2. As shown in Table 5, the Dp of polymer is not directly related to the monomer/co-catalyst ratios.
Thermal analysis. Glass transition temperatures (Tg's) of the polyoxetanes were measured using sub-ambient DSC. Table 6 shows Tg of ME2Ox and FOx homopolymers and their copolymers. ME2Ox homopolymer has the lowest Tg (−67° C.) close to the Tg of PTMO (ca, −70° C.).
TABLE 6
Glass transition temperatures (Tg) for polyoxetanes
Homo- or Copolymers
Tg (° C.)
ME2Ox
−67.3
5FOx
−43.5
7FOx
−52.7
ME2Ox/5FOx (1/1)
−56.9
ME2Ox/7FOx (1/1)
−55.6
ME2Ox/7FOx (2/1)
−58.3
The Tg of 5FOx homopolymer is approximately 4° C. From a scan of physical mixture of ME2Ox and 5FOx homopolymers, it was observed that this mixture has two Tg's because the two homopolymers are completely immiscible. In contrast, ME2Ox/5FOx (1/1) copolymer gives one Tg at −57° C. in between the Tg's of the homopolymers. This result supports the composition study of the copolymer that indicates a random or alternating tendency but not blocky sequence. The Tg of copolymer can be estimated by the Fox equation using the T's of homopolymers:
Tg(cal)−1=w1Tg1−1+w2Tg2−1
where w1 and w2 are weight fraction of each component. Using w(ME2Ox) and w(5FOx) and homopolymer Tgs, Tg(cal) is −54° C. for ME2Ox/5FOx (1/1). Similarly, Tg(cal) of ME2Ox/7FOx (1/1) and ME2Ox/7FOx (2/1) are −58 and −60° C., respectively.
Calculated Tgs are close to those observed.
As a further example for synthesis of telechelics, FOx-MEnOx telechelics were prepared where n=3 or 7. The purpose of this synthetic work was to provide F-2/F-3 groups that would have a more hydrophilic character. In short, using ring opening polymerization as described above, polyoxetane telechelics with hydrophobic semifluorinated and hydrophilic oligoalkylether pendant groups have been synthesized with random and block sequences. Polyurethanes incorporating these novel telechelics as soft blocks have also been prepared. For the first time, the effect of soft block sequence distribution on polyurethane surface morphology and wetting behavior has been demonstrated. TM-AFM reveals surface nanophase separation for the polyurethane containing a block-oxetane co-telechelic, while the polyurethane containing a random-oxetane soft block shows no surface microstructure. Wetting behavior is strongly influenced by the surface nanoscale morphology. This observation suggests that surface nanostructure must be taken into account for demanding applications such as those requiring biocompatibility or “smart” behavior.
The reaction mechanism of cationic ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of oxetane monomers using boron trifluoride (BF3) has seen considerable study and the general features are known as described above. In the present work, modified reaction conditions were used to give telechelics having different monomer sequences. The goal of this work was to learn whether monomer sequence distribution would affect surface properties of derived polyurethanes.
The oxetane monomer 3-(2,5,8,11-tetraoxydodecyl)-3-methyloxetane (ME3Ox), a new compound, was synthesized from tri(ethylene glycol) monomethyether and 3-bromomethyl-3-methyloxetane (BrOx). Copolymerization of ME3Ox and 3-trifluoroethoxymethyl-3-methyloxetane (3FOx) were carried out by cationic ring opening polymerization using BF3 and butane diol co-catalysts. For the preparation of block copolyoxetane ME3Ox-block-3FOx, ME3Ox monomer was added to catalyst at 0° C. for 4 hrs. Then a dilute solution (CH2Cl2) of 3FOx monomer was added dropwise slowly over 24 hrs. The reaction mixture was stirred more 12 hrs, then quenched with water and the product isolated.
To obtain a blocky-type copolymer, monomer addition order and addition speed were varied. When 3FOx monomer was polymerized first in the presence of BF3—OEt2 and butane diol (BD) cocatalysts and the second monomer ME3Ox was added, a mixture of homo-telechelics as a two-phase liquid mixture was obtained. Interestingly, when ME3Ox was added as the first monomer followed by 3FOx, the product was a one phase viscous liquid, indicating formation of a block copolymer (telechelic). After the reaction of first monomer ME3Ox, Mn determined by end group analysis with trifluoroacetic anhydride is 2,600. Then, after slow addition of second monomer 3FOx, Mn=4,200 for the final telechelic. A parallel increase in Mw by GPC was obtained. Table 7 contains compositions and characterization data.
GPC molecular weight determinations on telechelics usually showed the presence of a peak corresponding to cyclic tetramers. [Malik, A. A.; Archibald, T. G.; GenCorp: US, 2000] The percent cyclics present in the present work (0-20%) is not reproducible. Samples examined by DSC and 19F-NMR contained cyclics but the qualitative conclusions are deemed valid. Furthermore, once telechelics are used to prepare PUs, cyclics are removed by purification procedures, as the telechelics are nonfunctional and relatively nonpolar.
To investigate structural differences, 19F-NMR spectra were obtained. The 3FOx CF3— peaks in block and random copolymers shift to low field relative to 3FOx homopolymer. A similar small chemical shift is observed when ME3Ox homopolymer is admixed with 3FOx homopolymer solutions, indicating the shift for copolymers is largely a solvent effect. A comparison of the relative peak shapes is revealing. Homo- and block-telechelics show a series of well-resolved peaks with J1H-19F=8 Hz. In contrast, the random copolymer peak is broad with little resolvable structure. This observation supports the hypothesis that the random telechelic is comprised of random sequences with many sequence distributions. In contrast, the block co-telechelic contains (3-FOx)n sequences that mimic those in the homo-telechelic. Hence 3FOx and ME3Ox-block-3FOx telechelics have similar 19F-NMR spectra.
Polyurethanes were prepared using polyoxetane telechelics or a reference PTMO soft segment as described above for ME2Ox and FOx-BrOx telechelics. In brief, methylenediphenyldiisocyanate (MDI) and butane diol (BD) were used for hard segment with ME3Ox/3FOx copolymer soft segment. Polyurethanes were prepared via solution reaction in dimethylacetoamide (DMAc) using a two-step method (first, MDI plus soft block telechelic; second, BD chain extender). Poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO), Mn=2,000, was used as soft block for a standard segmented polyurethane as a control sample.
Tapping-mode AFM (TM-AFM) is a powerful method for evaluating polymer surface morphology.
The surface of PU-3 (
In contrast, TM-AFM of PU-2 containing the block-soft segment (
The interesting difference in nanoscale surface phase separation for PUs containing random and block co-telechelics is reflected in contrasting wetting behavior. For evaluation of surface wetting properties, dynamic contact angle (DCA) analysis by the Wilhelmy plate method was used as described in Uilk, J. M.; Mera, A. E.; Fox, R. B.; Wynne, K. J. Macromolecules 2003, 36, 3689-3694.] The RMS roughness, Rq, is less than 1 nm for all coatings. Thus surface roughness cannot contribute to advancing (θadv) or receding (θrec) contact angles or contact angle hysteresis (deltaθ).
As a point of reference, PU-3 containing the PTMO soft segment was examined. PU-3 has a θadv of 93° and θrec of 49°. From previous work [Lamba, N. M. K.; Woodhouse, K. A.; Cooper, S. L. In Polyurethanes in Biomedical Applications; CRC Press: Boca Raton, Fla., 1998, p 15.] and our experience, θadv, θrec, and deltaθ (440) are fairly typical values for PTMO PUs. The moderate deltaθ. (44°) is largely attributed to rapid surface reorganization of the low Tg PTMO soft block, though TM-AFM suggests there may be a near-surface hard block contribution as well.
One approach to analysis of chemically heterogeneous surfaces using wetting behavior is to compare an “AB” surface to that of A and B alone. Several well-known methods exist to analyze nonideality responsible for surface behavior. Here, we use a qualitative comparison of cotelechelic PUs with corresponding homo-telechelic PUs. Homo-telechelic compositions and contact angles are: MDI/BD(29)/3FOx: θadv, 110°, θrec, 70°; MDI/BD(37)/ME3Ox; θadv, 93°, θrec, 32°.
Analysis of PU-1 containing the ME3Ox-ran-3FOx soft segment gave θadv=104°, θrec=39°, and deltaθ=65°. The PU-1 surface is hydrophobic in air due to fluorinated groups with θadv similar to the PU 3FOx homopolymer. However, PU-1 is hydrophilic in water (θrec, 39°) with a receding contact angle closer to ME3Ox PU (32°) than to 3FOx PU (70°). Clearly, extensive surface reorganization occurs in water favoring hydrophilic ether side groups at the water polymer interface. The result is a very large contact angle hysteresis.
For PU-2 containing ME3Ox-block-3FOx, θadv (106°) is also close to θadv for the PU 3FOx homopolymer. In this regard, PU-2 and PU-1 are similar. However, θrec (56°) is 17° higher than PU-1 (θrec, 39°) resulting in a smaller contact angle hysteresis for PU-2 (50°) compared to PU-1 (65°). This result indicates the PU-2 surface is hydrophobic in air like the PU 3FOx homopolymer and only moderately hydrophilic in water, more like the PU 3FOx homopolymer than PU ME3Ox. Clearly, the nanophase separated PU-2 surface structure is more hydrophobic overall than the corresponding random-soft block surface. This amplification of hydrophobicity occurs for PU-2 even though the fluorinated nano-domains do not cover the whole surface (TM-AFM,
This Example demonstrates for the first time, the effect of soft block sequence distribution on surface morphology and wetting behavior. Surface nanophase separation is observed for PU-2, which contains a block-oxetane co-telechelic, while PU-1, which contains a random oxetane co-telechelic, shows no surface microstructure. Interestingly, wetting behavior is strongly influenced by nanoscale surface morphology. This observation suggests that surface nanostructure must be taken into account for demanding applications such as those that require biocompatibility or “smart” behavior.
Surface Activity of MeNOx/FOx polyurethanes. While the surface properties of the SM's are interesting by themselves, a key question is “will surface properties be conferred to a substrate polymer”.
In contrast, at a loading of 2% PU-1, MDI/BD/(ME3Ox-ran-3FOx)(1:1) loading level to the conventional MDI/BD(36)/PTMO polyurethane, a relatively featureless nanoscale morphology is seen, as for the parent MDI/BD(27)/ME3Ox-ran-3FOx(11:1), PU-1 (
These results are of the utmost importance in demonstrating that the SM indeed modifies the surface of the commodity-like, conventional MDI/BD(36)/PTMO polyurethane. Importantly, the wetting behavior of the conventional MDI/BD(36)/PTMO polyurethane is modified by 2% incorporation of the SMs in the manner expected (data not shown).
Reaction on polymer example: substitution of 5,5-dimethyl hydantoin (Hy) onto IPDI-BD(40)/3FOx:BrOx-1:1(4700), PU-4, from Example 1, Table 3. The substitution reaction was carried out in dimethyl formamide (DMF). 5,5-Dimethyl hydantoin, DMH, (2.55 g, 19.90 mmol) was introduced into 3-neck round bottom flask with DMF (15.30 g). Then potassium carbonate, K2CO3, (11.06 g, 80.02 mmol) was added into the medium. K2CO3 is not soluble in DMF; it was suspended in the solvent. The mixture was heated and stirred (stirring bar) under nitrogen purge and with condenser for 1 hour. Then PU (12.27 g, 0.26 mmol) in DMF (21.01 g) was added to reaction medium drop wise. The reaction temperature was kept around 90-95° C. for 42 hours. The reaction was then terminated by cooling to room temperature. The mixture was precipitated into methanol/water (4:1) solution in order to get the final product. The resulting polyurethane was precipitated out of the solution. The degree of substitution and final yield was obtained by NMR (about 70%).
This polyurethane SM is designated 36 in
As shown in
As shown in
Stage 1. With reference to
Stage 2. The coating is withdrawn from water. The low receding contact angle (θrec) that is seen visually as the drop is withdrawn into the syringe can be calculated quantitatively from the Wilhelmy receding force distance curve (about 40 deg).
Stage 3. The coating is re-immersed in water. Remarkably, the advancing contact angle (θadv) has increased to over 100°. This is easily seen visually in the picture of the drop re-impinging on the same surface already wetted by water in Stage 1. The change in the wetting behavior is quantitatively measured by the Wilhelmy advancing force distance curve (108°). Again, a coating becoming more hydrophilic when simply immersed in ambient temperature water is unprecedented. Furthermore, the change is not just a few degrees but 10's of degrees and is clearly visible.
Stage 4. When the coated slide is immersed further than the original depth, the Wilhelmy plate curve suddenly changes. Suddenly, water is impinging on a surface that has not seen liquid water. The wetting behavior changes back to hydrophilic, as seen in Stage 1. This change is easily observed visually. When the circumference of the drop re-impinging on the surface exceeds the circumference originally wetted, the contact angle of the drop changes from greater than 90 degrees (hydrophobic) to less than 90° (hydrophilic).
If the coating is dried in an oven (60° C.), hydrophilic behavior is once more seen and the contraphilic behavior is reinstated. If the coating is kept at ambient humidity and temperatures, the wetting behavior depends on humidity.
Because the change in wetting behavior is observed by testing the coating in water, the receding contact angle is always the same.
Contraphilic behavior is a completely new phenomenon. Again, surprisingly, preliminary evidence suggests that certain of the -HyOx-FOx polyurethanes are contraphilic, particularly polyurethanes modified with 2% HyOx-3FOx.
Example 5 is an extension of the “reaction on polymer” approach of Example 4 to create a biocidal surface by means of an SM. In this example, SM 36 is added to a substrate polyurethane (sometimes referred to as a “base” PU), and the surface is exposed to hypochlorite (dilute bleach) as shown in
Preparation of Blends and Biocidal Coatings. Polyurethane blends containing 2-wt % dimethylhydantoin (DMH) substituted PU (36) and 98-wt % conventional polyether (PTMO) PU were prepared in tetrahydrofuran (THF). The sample films for anti-bacterial tests were prepared by simply dip-coating glass cover slips (Corning, 24×40×1.2 mm) and distributing the polyurethane evenly over both sides. The samples were placed in an upright position at ambient conditions for 24 hours and in the oven overnight at 60° C. under reduced pressure. The resulting films were transparent with no visible roughness.
Anti-bacterial Tests: For anti-bacterial activity tests a modified version of AATCC 100 method was employed.
A typical test utilizing an E. coli challenge is shown in
In a similar test, coatings were challenged against Staphylococcus aureus. Again, the modified AATCC-100 “sandwich” test was utilized (
While the SM concept was validated with a prebiocidal (Example 4) or biocidal (Example 5) moiety, 5,5-dimethylhydantoin, it will be understood by those who are skilled in the art that the functional groups surface-concentrated by the approach described above is broad. For example, the functional groups “F-3” shown in
Alternatively, F-3 could be a dye molecule that would protect the underlying polymer from UV degradation. F-3 could be a moiety such as —OSi(OR)3 that would convert to siliceous functionalization in the presence of moisture. F-3 could be a bioactive moiety such as a peptide sequence that would favor biocompatibility. In this regard, F-3 could be the RGD peptide sequence that favors endothelialization.
The remarkable and unexpected surface properties of polymers containing soft blocks of the general structure shown in
Referring to
Referring to
PSM from monomer. Monomers M-F1 and M-F2 are synthesized (
Modification of a telechelic. It may not always be possible to prepare a monomer that will be adaptable to the polymerization reaction of choice. By the reaction of a reagent R3 with telechelic T[F1 F2] a new telechelic T[F1 F3] is generated by reagent R3. Complete change of F2 to F3 is shown in
Referring to
Incorporation by conventional polyurethane chemistry.
Modification of an existing PSM. An existing PSM may be modified according to the scheme shown in
Mixed soft blocks. In a preferred embodiment, the above method is varied by the use of a modified such as T[F1 F2] along with standard telechelics such as polyethers, polyesters, and polycarbonates (
A 5,5-hydantoin containing monomer 1 (Hy4Ox) was synthesized according to the scheme in
Preparation of 2-((3-methyloxetan-3-yl)methoxy)ethanol (HE 1Ox, 5). Ethylene glycol (26.25 g, 0.42 mol) and KOH (19.45 g, 0.35 mol) were added to a round-bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer and a reflux condenser. When all KOH had dissolved the 3-bromomethyl-3-methyloxetane (4) (46.30 g, 0.28 mol) was added. The system was heated to 70° C. for 3 hours. The reaction material was then distilled under vacuum (10 Torr) and collected as a single fraction. The distilled material was then extracted with diethyl ether and water. The water fraction was then extracted with CHCl3 multiple times to obtain 11.98 g (29.2% yield) of the final product, though analysis of the water phase indicated a significant amount of HE 1Ox was unextracted. H1 NMR (CDCl3): δ 1.31 ppm (—CH3, 3H, s), δ 2.63 ppm (—OH, 1H, t), δ 3.54 ppm (—CH2—, 2H, s), δ 3.60 ppm (—OCH2—, 2H, t), δ 3.76 ppm (HOCH2—, 2H, q), δ 4.38 ppm (oxetane CH2, 2H, d), δ 4.55 ppm (oxetane CH2, 2H, d).
Preparation of 2-((3-methyloxetan-3-yl)methoxy)ethyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate (TE1Ox, 6). HE1Ox (15.20 g, 0.10 mol) and pyridine (17.93 g, 0.23 mol) were added to a round-bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer and a drying tube and placed in an ice bath. Once chilled, p-toluenesulfonyl chloride (23.53 g, 0.12 mol) was added to the flask and the ice bath was maintained for 30 minutes. The ice bath was then removed and the system was vigorously mixed for another 3.5 hours. The flask was then returned to the ice bath and 1.0 M HCl (35 mL) was added to the flask. The product was then extracted with CHCl3 and vacuum dried. A colorless liquid (26.44 g, 84.6% yield) was obtained. H1 NMR (CDCl3): δ 1.24 ppm (—CH3, 3H, s), δ 2.45 ppm (—CH3, 3H, s), δ 3.46 ppm (—CH2—, 2H, s), δ 3.68 ppm (—OCH2—, 2H, t), δ 4.18 ppm (—CH2OTs, 2H, t), δ 4.30 ppm (oxetane CH2, 2H, d), δ 4.42 ppm (oxetane CH2, 2H, d), δ 7.35 ppm (aromatic CH, 2H, d), δ 7.80 ppm (aromatic CH, 2H, d).
Preparation of 5,5-dimethyl-3-(2-((3-methyloxetan-3-yl)methoxy)ethyl)-imidazolidine-2,4-dione (Hy4Ox, 1). Ethanol (7.9 mL), KOH (2.27 g, 0.040 mol), and 5,5-dimethylhydantoin (5.60 g, 0.044 mol) were added to a flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and reflux condenser. When dissolved, TE1Ox (9.99 g, 0.033 mol) in ethanol (8.8 mL) was added and the mixture was heated to reflux with a heating mantle. After heating overnight (˜15 h), the reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature. The ethanol was mostly removed by rotary evaporation and then extracted with CHCl3. Vacuum drying yielded 8.52 g (100% yield) of a pale yellow, viscous oil. H1-NMR (CDCl3): δ 1.28 ppm (—CH3, 3H, s), δ 1.41 ppm (—CH3, 6H, s), δ 3.50 ppm (—OCH2—, 2H, s), δ 3.70 ppm (—NCH2CH2O—, 4H, m), δ 4.30 ppm (oxetane CH2, 2H, d), δ 4.48 ppm (oxetane CH2, 2H, d), δ 6.71 ppm (amide NH, 1H, s).
The new monomer 2 (MOx) was synthesized according to the following scheme:
##STR00001##
KOH (52.30 g, 0.93 mol) was added to methanol (113 mL) in a 250 mL flask. When the KOH had dissolved, the flask was placed in an ice bath and 3-bromomethyl-3-methyloxetane (118.51 g, 0.72 mol) was slowly added dropwise. When the addition was complete, the ice bath was maintained until the exotherm subsided. Then the ice bath was replaced with a heating mantle and the mixture was heated to reflux (65° C.) for 30 min. The KBr precipitate was filtered, methanol was removed under vacuum, and the product was distilled at 37° C. and 10 torr. A colorless liquid (65.08 g, 78.1% yield) was obtained. H1 NMR (CDCl3): δ 1.29 ppm (—CH3, 3H, s), δ 3.38 ppm (—OCH3, 3H, s), δ 3.42 ppm (—CH2O—, 2H, s), δ 4.33 ppm (oxetane CH2, 2H, d), δ 4.48 ppm (oxetane CH2, 2H, d).
A new monomer: alkylammonium tosylate, N611E1Ox, 7, was synthesized according to the following scheme:
##STR00002##
2-((3-methyloxetan-3-yl)methoxy)ethyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate (6) was synthesized according to Grunzinger, 2005. 6 was quaternized by adding N,N-dimethylhexan-1-amine (0.57 g, 4.4 mmol) to 6 (1.32 g, 4.4 mmol) in 5 mL anhydrous toluene and letting them react at 80° C. for 18 hours under nitrogen purge. The mixture was cooled down to room temperature. The solvent was evaporated with Bucher rotavap. The white solid product was washed with ether 3 times and dried under vacuum for 24 hours. The final product was white solid. H1 NMR (CDCl3): δ 0.96 ppm (—CH3, 3H, s), 1.24 ppm (—CH3, 3H, s), 1.35 (—CH2—, 6H, broad), 1.80 ppm (—CH2—, 2H, m), 2.35 ppm (—CH3, 3H, s), 3.35 ppm (—N+(CH3)2 6H, s) 3.46 ppm (—CH2—N+—CH2—, 4H, s), 3.50 ppm (—OCH2—, 2H, s) 3.68 ppm (—OCH2—, 2H, t), 4.30 ppm (oxetane CH2, 2H, d), 4.42 ppm (oxetane CH2, 2H, d), 7.35 ppm (aromatic CH, 2H, d), 7.80 ppm (aromatic CH, 2H, d).
Telechelic P(Hy4Ox:MOx-16:84) was prepared by the general method shown in
TABLE 8
Calculated values for Hy4Ox incorporation in the telechelic,
number-average molecular weight, and Tg of the telechelics.
Hy4Oxa
Mn
Tg (° C.)
Ref
(mol %)
(g/mol)
Onset
Inflection
End
P(MOx)
H-1
0
1.36 × 103
−52.5
−49.8
−47.5
P(Hy4Ox:MOx-
H-2
0.083
1.95 × 103
−39.3
−35.4
−32.2
8:92)
P(Hy4Ox:MOx-
H-3
0.163
2.03 × 103
−46.2
−42.2
−35.6
16:84)
P(Hy4Ox:MOx-
H-4
0.386
2.68 × 103
−9.0
−4.5
4.7
39:61)
P(Hy4Ox)
H-5
1
2.51 × 103
7.0
17.7
29.7
An alkylammonium telechelic was prepared by the method of
Polymerization of N611E1Ox (7) to telechelic P(N611E1Ox): Under nitrogen purge, 154 mmol), 1,4-Butanediol (0.01 g, 0.10 mmol) and BF3—OEt2 (0.03 g, 0.20 mmol) were reacted in 2 mL anhydrous CH2Cl2 at ambient temperature for 45 minutes. Reaction mixture was cooled down to 0° C. Through an additional funnel, N611E1Ox (6) dissolved in 7 ml CH2Cl2 was added drop wise to the solution. The mixture was reacted for 15 hours. Then, it was warmed up to ambient temperature and quenched with 10 ml H2O. The organic part was washed with water (20 mL×3) and solvent was evaporated under vacuum at 60° C. Calculation using end group analysis method with trifluoroacetic anhydride showed molecular weight of the resulting product, P(N611E1Ox), to be 2400 g/mole. Thermal analysis with MDSC gave the value of −24° C. for Tg of P(N611E1Ox).
The structure for telechelic P(N611E1Ox) is as follows:
##STR00003##
Alkylammonium telechelics were prepared by the method of
(i) Preparation of the BBOx-3FOX telechelic 10 where m=0.2.
BBOx oxetane monomer was prepared according to Kawakami, Y., Takahashi, K., Hibino, H, Macromolecules 1991, 24, 4531-4537. 3FOx:alkylammonium butoxymethyl telechelic 11 was prepared from precursor bromobutoxy-trifluoroethoxy telechelic 10 according to the reaction:
##STR00004##
To a 50 mL addition funnel were added 3Fox (14.95 g, 81 mmol), BBOx (6.4 g, 27 mmol), 1,4-butanediol (90 μL, 1 mmol) and 20 mL anhydrous CH2Cl2. This mixture solution was added drop wise to a two-necked 100 ml flask with 0.25 mL BF3.OEt2 in 25 mL anhydrous CH2Cl2 at 0° C. within 3 hour. The reaction system was stirred and maintained at 0° C. for another 15 hours. 5 mL H2O was added in and stirred at room temperature for 0.5 hour to stop the reaction. The CH2Cl2 solution was washed by H2O (40 mL×3) and the solvent was evaporated and the residue was dried at 80° C. under vacuum for 48 hours to afford 19.54 g copolymer. 1HNMR (CDCl3): δ 0.91 ppm (—CH3, 3H, s), 1.68 ppm (—CH2— for BBOx, 2H), 1.92 ppm (—CH2— for BBOx, 2H), 3.19 ppm (backbone —CH2—, 4H, m), 3.4 ppm (—CH2Br—, 2H), 3.45 ppm (—OCH2—, 2H, s), 3.75 ppm (—CH2CF3—, 2H, m). Mn by end group analysis using trifluoroacetic anhydride was 13,000 g/mole.
(ii) Preparation of the Alkyl Ammonium Functionalized Telechelic 11.
Telechelic 10 (4.4 g) and N,N-dimethylhexylamine (1.5 mL, 8.8 mmol) were dissolved in 20 mL acetonitrile. The mixture was heated to reflux and stirred for 15 hours under nitrogen. The solvent and excess N,N-dimethylhexylamine was evaporated under vacuum to give a sticky liquid product. δ 0.91 ppm (—CH3, 3H, s), 1.35 ppm (—CH2—, 6H, broad), 1.68˜1.92 ppm (—CH2—, 2H, m), 3.19 ppm (backbone —CH2—, 4H, m), 3.4 ppm (—CH2N—, 2H, CH3—N—CH3, 6H), 3.45 ppm (—OCH2—, 2H, s), 3.75 ppm (—CH2CF3—, 2H, m). By 1H NMR, the bromomethyl group was converted to the alkylammonium bromide, quantitatively. Telechelic 11 was water-soluble.
(iii) Preparation of the BBOx-3FOx Telechelic 12 with m=0.125.
Under nitrogen purge, 1,4-Butanediol (0.45 g, 5 mmol) and BF3—OEt2 (1.42, 10 mmol) were reacted in 20 mL anhydrous CH2Cl2 at ambient temperature for 45 minutes. Reaction mixture was cooled down to 0° C. Through an additional funnel, a mixture of 3FOx (16.56 g, 90 mmol) and BBOx (2.37 g, 10 mmole) dissolved in 20 ml CH2Cl2 was added drop wise to the solution. The mixture was reacted for 15 hours. It was warmed up to ambient temperature and quenched with 40 ml H2O. The organic part was washed first with 30 mL 3% wt HCl solution, then with 30 mL 3% wt NaCL solution. The solution was precipitated in 400 mL water. Solvent was evaporated under vacuum at 60° C. 1HNMR spectra showed that m=0.125. 1HNMR (CDCl3): δ 0.91 ppm (—CH3, 3H, s), 1.68 ppm (—CH2— for BBOx, 2H), 1.92 ppm (—CH2— for BBOx, 2H), 3.19 ppm (backbone CH2—, 4H, m), 3.4 ppm (—CH2Br—, 2H), 3.45 ppm (—OCH2—, 2H, s), 3.75 ppm (—CH2CF3—, 2H, m). Mn by end group analysis using trifluoroacetic anhydride was 8400 g/mole.
(iv) Preparation of the Dodecyl Ammonium Functionalized Telechelic 13 with m=0.125.
Telechelic 12 (3.38 g) and N,N-dimethyldodecylamine (1.5 mL, 8.8 mmol) were dissolved in 20 mL acetonitrile. The mixture was heated to reflux and stirred for 15 hours under nitrogen. The solvent and excess N,N-dimethylhexylamine was evaporated under vacuum. δ 0.91 ppm (—CH3, 3H, s), 1.35 ppm (—CH2—, 18H, broad), 1.68˜1.92 ppm (—CH2, 6H, broad), 3.19 ppm (backbone —CH2—, 4H, m), 3.4 ppm (—CH2N—, 2H, CH3—N—CH3, 6H), 3.45 ppm (—OCH2—, 2H, s), 3.75 ppm (—CH2CF3—, 2H, m). By 1H NMR, the bromomethyl group was converted to the alkylammonium bromide, quantitatively. Mn value obtained from 1H-NMR was 8,700 g/mole.
ME2Ox containing telechelics were prepared.
(i) Preparation of the BBOx-ME2Ox Telechelic 14 with m=0.25.
BBOx oxetane monomer was prepared according to Y. Kawakami, et al., supra. ME2Ox oxetane was synthesized as follows: A mixture of 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethanol (20 g, 0.17 mol) and NaH (4 g, 0.17 mol) in 50 mL anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (THF) was stirred vigorously at room temperature until no more H2 released from the system. The system was cooled to 0° C. by ice-water bath and 3-bromomethyl-3-methyloxetane (BrOx) (27 g, 0.17 mol) was added drop wisely within 2 hours. The reaction mixture was brought to room temperature and stirred over night. After filtration 100 mL H2O was added and the product was extracted by CH2Cl2 and distilled with CaH2. 1HNMR (CDCl3): δ 1.32 ppm (—CH3, 3H, s), 3.39 ppm (—OCH3, 3H, s), 3.55 ppm (—OCH2CH2O—, 4H, m), 3.67 ppm (—OCH2CH2O—, 4H, m, and —CH2—, 2H, m), 4.35 ppm (ring —CH2—, 2H, d), 4.52 ppm (ring CH2, 2H, d).
Through an additional funnel a mixture of BBOx (4.23 g, 18 mmol), ME2Ox (12.0 g, 154 mmol), 1,4-Butanediol (59 μL, 0.66 mmol) and 50 mL anhydrous CH2Cl2 was added to the two-necked 100 ml flask containing BF3—OEt2 and 25 mL anhydrous CH2Cl2 under nitrogen purge within 3 hours. The reaction system was stirred for 15 hours at 0° C. The reaction was quenched with addition and stirring of H2O for 0.5 hour. Organic solution was washed by water (40 mL×3). The solvent was evaporated and the residue was dried at 80° C. under vacuum for 48 hours to obtain 15.77 g copolymer. 1HNMR (CDCl3): δ 0.91 ppm (—CH3, 3H, s), 1.68 ppm (—CH2— for BBOx, 2H), 1.92 ppm (CH2— for BBOx, 2H), 3.19 ppm (backbone —CH2—, 4H, m), 63.30 ppm (—CH2, 2H, s), 3.38 ppm (—OCH3 3H, s), 3.4 ppm (—CH2Br—, 2H), 3.55 ppm (—OCH2CH2O—, 4H, m), 3.64 ppm (—OCH2CH2O—, 4H, m).
(ii) Preparation of the Hexyl Ammonium Functionalized Telechelic 15 with m=0.25.
Telechelic 14 (10.8 g) and N,N-dimethylhexylamine (2.02 mL, 11.9 mmol) were dissolved in 20 mL acetonitrile. The mixture was heated to reflux and stirred for 15 hours under nitrogen. The solvent and excess N,N-dimethylhexylamine was evaporated under vacuum to give a sticky liquid product. δ 0.91 ppm (—CH3, 3H, s), 1.35 (—CH2—, 6H, broad), 1.68˜1.92 ppm (—CH2—, 6H, broad), 3.19 ppm (backbone —CH2—, 4H, m), 3.30 ppm (—CH2, 2H, s), 3.38 ppm (—OCH3 3H, s), 3.4 ppm (—CH2N—, 2H, CH3—N—CH3, 6H), 3.55 ppm (—OCH2CH2O—, 4H, m), 3.64 ppm (—OCH2CH2O—, 4H, m). By 1H NMR, the bromomethyl group was converted to the alkylammonium bromide, quantitatively. Telechelic 15 is water-soluble.
(iii) Preparation of the Dodecyl Ammonium Functionalized Telechelic 16 with m=0.25.
Telechelic 14 (6.24 g) was dissolved in 5 mL acetonitrile. The solution was heated to reflux. N,N-dimethyldodecylamine (6.15 g, 28.9 mmol) was added slowly to the mixture, and was stirred for 15 hours under nitrogen. The solvent and excess N,N-dimethyl dodecylamine was evaporated under vacuum to give a sticky liquid product. δ 0.91 ppm (—CH3, 3H, s), 1.35 (—CH2—, 8H, broad), 1.68˜1.92 ppm (—CH2—, 18H, broad), 3.19 ppm (backbone —CH2—, 6H, m), 3.30 ppm (—CH2, 2H, s), 3.38 ppm (—OCH3 3H, s), 3.4 ppm (—CH2N—, 2H, CH3—N—CH3, 6H), 3.55 ppm (—OCH2CH2O—, 4H, m), 3.64 ppm (—OCH2CH2O—, 4H, m). By 1H NMR, the bromomethyl group was converted to the alkyl ammonium bromide, quantitatively.
New polyurethane polymeric surface modifying additives were prepared, as more particularly set forth in the following Examples 8A etc.
To a 100 mL round-bottom flask was added H-2, P(Hy4Ox:MOx-16:84) (0.96 g, 0.47 mmol), BD (0.14 g, 1.5 mmol), dibutyltin dilaurate (3 drops, 10 wt % in THF), dimethylformamide (0.74 mL). An addition funnel was attached and HMDI (0.61 g, 2.3 mmol) and DMF (2.45 mL) were added. The system was heated to 70° C. and purged with N2 for 20 min. The contents of the addition funnel were added rapidly. The extent of reaction was determined by removing small aliquots and observing the decrease of the 2268 cm−1 isocyanate peak in the FT-IR spectrum. 1,4-Butanediol in DMF was added to the reaction mixture until the isocyanate was consumed (32.8 mg, 0.36 mmol BD and 2 mL DMF). The product (PU-C) was precipitated in H2O, dried, dissolved in THF, and reprecipitated in H2O. Polyurethanes using other P(Hy4Ox:MOx) telechelics (Table 8, supra) were prepared in a similar manner. The compositions and physical properties are set forth in
A group of contraphilic polyurethanes (PU s) were prepared with different soft block compositions.
The interesting discovery has been made that soft blocks with higher ratios of fluorinated segments to hydantoin segments are (initially, when dry) more hydrophilic compared to ones with lower ratios of semifluorinated to hydantoin segments.
Materials. 3-(2,2,2-Trifluoroethoxymethyl)-3-methyloxetane (3FOx), 3-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropoxymethyl)-3-methyloxetane (5FOx), and 3-bromomethyl-3-methyloxetane (BrOx) were synthesized following published procedures [Malik, 2000 #278] (polymer paper) or were provided by Gencorp Aerojet (Sacramento, Calif.) or OMNOVA Solutions (Akron, Ohio). Monomers were distilled under vacuum before use: 3FOx and 5FOx close to 100° C./5 mmHg; BrOx at 85° C./5 mmHg. Boron trifluoride dietherate (BF3O(C2H5)2), was used as received. 5,5-Dimethylhydantoin (Aldrich, 97%), potassium carbonate, K2CO3, (Acros Chemicals, ACS), and sodium thiosulfate, Na2S2O3, (99%) were used as received. Methylene chloride (anhydrous), tetrahydrofuran (THF, ACS), dimethylformamide (DMF, anhydrous), and methanol (ACS) were either used as received or dried and stored over 4 Å molecular sieves. Isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI, 98%), poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO-2000) and dibutyltin dilaurate catalyst (T-12) were obtained from Aldrich. 1,4-Butanediol (BD) was purchased from Acros Chemicals.
Synthesis. The synthesis and characterization of the P(FOx:BrOx) telechelics and IPDI-BD/P(FOx:BrOx) polyurethanes have been reported in detail. [Makal, 2005 #1543] IPDI-BD/P(FOx:BrOx) polyurethanes were typically purified by reprecipitation (THF solutions into deionized water/methanol). Without adequate purification, coatings can contaminate the water surface thereby changing the surface tension (and contact angle). Such contamination is difficult to detect by sessile drop methods. [Uilk, 2003 #639]
1H NMR for a representative precursor PU, IPDI-BD/P(FOx:BrOx-1:1) is given in
5,5-Dimethylhydantoin substitution on precursor PU was carried out in DMF in the presence of K2CO3. In a typical procedure, 5.32 g (38.50 mmol) K2CO3 was dispersed in 12.80 g DMF with 0.98 g (7.65 mmol) 5,5-dimethylhydantoin in a 100 ml flask. 5,5-dimethylhydantoin was soluble in DMF. The mixture was heated to 65° C. under nitrogen purge with condenser. Precursor PU solution containing 4.12 g (0.61 mmol soft block) precursor PU in 9.25 g DMF was dripped into the flask and the temperature was increased and kept at 90-95° C. range. After 72 h, the reaction was quenched by decreasing the temperature to ambient. The product was precipitated into deionized water, filtered, and dried at 60° C. under vacuum.
The structure of the 5,5-dimethylhydantoin substituted PUs and degree of 5,5-dimethylhydantoin substitution is verified by 1H NMR. 1H NMR spectrum of a representative hydantoin-substituted PU, IPDI-BD(40)/P(3FOx:HyOx:BrOx-1.0:0.65:0.35), is shown in
Characterization. Polyurethane (D6-DMSO) 1H NMR spectra were recorded using a Varian Spectrometer (Inova 400 MHz) operating at 400 MHz. FT-IR spectra were obtained using a Nicolet 400 FT-IR spectrometer using solution cast films on KBr discs. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was done with a TA-Q 1000 Series™ instrument (TA Instruments). Unless otherwise noted, measurements were carried out at a heating rate of 10° C./min from −75° C. under inert atmosphere. Indium metal was used for calibration. In addition to standard DSC, temperature modulated DSC (MDSC) with modulation amplitude of +0.5° C., modulation period of 60 seconds, and heating rate of 3° C./min was also carried. DSC samples were directly deposited on the DSC pan.
Molecular Weight Determination. Polyurethane molecular weights were measured using a Viscotek TriSEC triple detector GPC system (THF) with sample concentrations of 5-15 mg/mL and a flow rate of 1 ml/min. Universal calibration by polystyrene standards was used for calculation of molecular weight (Mn, Mw) and polydispersity.
Wetting behavior. Dynamic contact angle (DCA) analysis based on the Wilhelmy plate method [Wilhelmy, 1863 #1464] was carried out with a Cahn Model 312 Analyzer (Cerritos, Calif.). The surface tension quantification limit of the instrument is 0.1 dyne/cm. The probe liquid was ˜18 MΩ·cm deionized water from a Barnstead (Dubuque, Iowa) Nanopure system. The surface tension of the probe liquid was checked daily and was typically 72.6±0.5 dynes/cm. Beakers used for DCA analysis were cleaned by soaking in an isopropanol/potassium hydroxide base bath for at least 24 h, rinsed for 30 sec with hot tap water and then rinsed another 30 sec with nanopure water.
In a typical determination, a coated slide was attached to the electrobalance via a clip and the stage with the beaker of water was automatically raised and lowered to allow water to impinge upon the slide. By analyzing the resulting force versus distance curves (fdc's), advancing (θadv) and receding (θrec) contact angles were obtained. Unless otherwise noted, the stage speed was 100 μm/sec and dwell times between advancing and receding test segments was 10 sec.
The static contact angles and the image profiles were obtained by using a Rame-Hart goniometer with a camera attached. The contact angles were measured using Drop image 1.4.11 version.
Precursor PUs. Co-polymerization of 3FOx and BrOx was carried out by a modification of a procedure by Malik, 2000 #278; Makal, 2005 #1543. Cationic ring opening polymerization of 3FOx and BrOx with calculated feed ratio using BF3 etherate catalyst and BD as co-catalyst gave the desired telechelic, P(3FOx:BrOx-m:n), where the segmer ratio follows the designation of 3FOx and BrOx repeat units. Isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), 1,4-butanediol (BD) and P(3FOx:BrOx-m:n) gave IPDI-BD(40)/P(3FOx:BrOx-m:n) polyurethane, as previously described. [Makal, 2005 #1543] IPDI-BD(40)/P(3FOx:BrOx-m:n) polyurethanes were used for hydantoin PU synthesis as described below. Precursor polyurethanes with varying hard block content were obtained. The optimum hard block content was 40-45 wt %. The polyurethanes with lower hard segment content (25-35%) are mechanically weak while those having higher hard block content (45-60%) are rigid.
Hydantoin PUs. The 5,5-dimethylhydantoin containing polyurethanes were obtained via substitution reaction on IPDI-BD(40)/P(3FOx:BrOx-m:n) PUs. The reaction mechanism is shown in the following scheme:
##STR00005##
which is a 5,5-Dimethylhydantoin substitution reaction. (A) is precursor polyurethane and (B) is 5,5-Dimethylhydantoin substituted polyurethane (B). The compositions of the resulting 5,5-dimethylhydantoin substituted polyurethanes are designated
TABLE 9
Soft block compositions and degree of 5,5-dimethylhydantoin substitution.
Soft segment
Initial
% Br
(FOx)x(HyOx)y(BrOx)z
composition
FOx/BrOx
replaced
x
y
z
3FOx:BrOx
2/1
60
2.0
0.6
0.4
1/1
65
1.0
0.65
0.35
1/2
45
1.0
0.9
1.1
5FOx:BrOx
2/1
68
2.0
0.32
0.68
1/1
60
1.0
0.6
0.4
1/2
55
1.0
1.1
0.9
IPDI-BD(40)/P(3FOx:BrOx:HyOx-p:q:t), where HyOx is the 5,5-dimethylhydantoin containing segmer. The final soft block compositions and degree of 5,5-dimethylhydantoin substitution is given in Table 9. Referring to Table 9, the degree of hydantoin substitution was obtained by comparing the ratio of the peak for the methyl groups on the semifluorinated segmer (0.86 ppm, DMSO-d6) to the dimethyl peaks of 5,5-dimethylhydantoin (1.23 ppm, DMSO-d6). The complete NMR characterization of a representative precursor and 5,5-dimethylhydantoin containing PU is given in
Longer reaction times resulted in only modest increases in substitution (e.g. 96 h, 66-70%). Furthermore, longer reaction times resulted in degradation as the reaction mixture turned a dark brown color. The slow rate and incomplete substitution of CH2—Br by hydantoin is likely due to steric hindrance at the neopentyl carbon site.
1H NMR. The 1H NMR spectra of a representative precursor, IPDI-BD(40)/P(3FOx:BrOx-1:1), and 5,5-dimethylhydantoin-substituted polyurethane, IPDI-BD(40)/P(3FOx:HyOx:BrOx-1.0:0.65:0.35), PU-2 are shown in
Molecular weights. Soft block compositional designations and molecular
TABLE 10
Molecular weights of precursor and 5,5-dimethylhydantoin-substituted polyurethanes by GPC.
Before
After
5,5-Dimethylhydantoin
5,5-Dimethylhydantoin
Precursor PU soft
substitution
substitution
segment composition
Mn (×103 g/mol)
Mw (×103 g/mol)
Mn (×103 g/mol)
Mw (×103 g/mol)
P(3FOx:BrOx-2:1)
19
46
15
36
P(3FOx:BrOx-1:1)
18
37
18
39
P(3FOx:BrOx-1:2)
17
34
15
27
P(5FOx:BrOx-2:1)
19
40
19
33
P(5FOx:BrOx-1:1)
16
29
13
25
P(5FOx:BrOx-1:2)
17
34
25
38
weights of both precursor and 5,5-dimethylhydantoin-substituted polyurethanes are given in Table 10. The GPC analysis gave Mw's in the range of 30-47K for the precursor, and 25-40K for hydantoin-substituted polyurethanes. The molecular weights of precursor and hydantoin substituted PUs are similar within the experimental error. The soft block molecular weight is increased by substitution of Br (80 g/mol) by 5,5-dimethylhydantoin (128 g/mol). But this increase was not measured with GPC. Probably, slight chain cleavage in the precursor PU structure during the substitution reaction compensated this increase in the molecular weight.
DSC. Polyurethanes have two Tg's due to the soft and hard blocks in their structure. The thermal analysis of the polyurethanes was performed using both temperature modulated (MDSC) and conventional DSC. The lower soft block Tg's are easily measured by conventional DCS. Whereas, MDSC was employed for measuring the hard segment Tg. The DCS scans were performed form −70° C. to 150-170° C. previously, we have reported the lower and upper Tg's for precursor PUs. [Makal, 2005 #1543] the phase separation in these PU systems were calculated using the DCS data and the Fox equation. [Makal, 2005 #1543] For the substituted PUs, we were not able to detect hard segment Tg using both conventional or MDSC probably due to extensive phase mixing. Therefore, no phase separation calculations were performed for the hydantoin-substituted PUs.
The soft block Tg's before and after 5,5-dimethylhydantoin substitution are shown in Table 11. Soft block Tg of precursor PUs increased substantially after 5,5-dimethulhydantoin substitution. The increase is in the range of 29-46°. For example, soft block Tg of IPDI-BD(40)/P(3FOx:BrOx-1:1) (−29°) increased 46° after 5,5dimethylhydantoin substitution (17°). The polar nature of heterocyclic 5,5-dimethylhydantoin, is no doubt responsible for increase in Tg's.
TABLE 11
Soft block Tg's before and after 5,5-
dimethylhydantoin substitution.
Soft segment
Soft segment
Polyurethane
Tg Before (° C.)
Tg After (° C.)
PU-1
−29
11
PU-2
−29
17
PU-3
−24
2
PU-4
−29
16
PU-5
−25
13
PU-6
−27
10
Wetting behavior. The wetting behavior of the polyurethanes was determined by the Wilhelmy plate method using a Dynamic Contact Angle Analyzer (DCA). [Wilhelmy, 1863 #1464; Hogt, 1985 #258; Adamson, 1997 #398] The Wilhelmy plate method has been employed for the measurement of intrinsic contact angles for model PDMS networks. [Uilk, 2003 #639] Several advantages for the Wilhelmy plate method have been noted. [Lander, 1993 #257] A large polymer surface is interrogated in the DCA experiment compared to the sessile drop method. [Uilk, 2003 #639] Another feature is facile testing of water surface tension after sample analysis. [Uilk, 2003 #639] This important control is performed by using a glass cover slip (flamed to remove organic contaminants) to analyze water surface tension before and after evaluating a polymer coating. A decrease in post-use water surface tension indicates water surface contamination by surface-active materials such as oils and/or amphiphiles leached from the coating. The ready qualitative detection of water insoluble leached species is of particular importance to biomedical, electronic, and space applications.
Cover glass slides were dip-coated from THF solutions of polyurethanes (15-20% solids). The coatings were kept in upright position under the hood for 2 h. Then the coatings were placed in a vacuum oven at 50° C. for 24 h. Before any DCA measurements all the coatings were annealed for another 24 h under vacuum at 85° C. We favor dip
TABLE 12
Soft block composition and advancing and receding contact angles for 5,5-
dimethylhydantoin substituted polyurethanes.
Dynamic Contact Angle (°)*
Soft Block
Polyurethane
Cycle1
Cycle2
Cycle3
Cycle4
Cycle5
Composition
Designation
θadv
θrec
θadv
θrec
θadv
θrec
θadv
θrec
θadv
θrec
P(3FOx:HyOx:BrOx-2.0:0.60:0.40)
PU-1
72
32
101
34
100
34
P(3FOx:HyOx:BrOx-1.0:0.65:0.35)
PU-2
70
35
104
37
101
38
101
38
101
38
P(3FOx:HyOx:BrOx-1.0:0.9:1.1)
PU-3
93
28
104
34
104
36
P(5FOx:HyOx:BrOx-1.0:1.1:0.9)
PU-4
93
42
105
42
104
42
104
42
104
42
coating over spin casting because Wilhelmy plate analysis requires entire coverage of both sides of the glass slide. The resulting coatings were transparent. Some coatings had slightly yellow color. The coloring was observed after 5,5-dimethylhydantoin substitution.
Advancing (θadv) and receding (θrec) contact angles are given in Table 12. After the synthesis, each precursor polyurethane was precipitated into methanol/water mixture at least once for purification. After running 5,5-dimethylhydantoin substituted PUs with DCA, the water surface tension was also checked using flamed plain glass slide. No water contamination was observed.
The goal in this Example regarding polymeric surface modifiers (SM) was to alter the surface characteristics of a macroscopically thick coating. SMs are employed to bring the desired functionality to the surface. Because a very small amount of PSM is used for surface modification, the mechanical bulk properties of the coating remain intact. Modification of surfaces using a PSM approach has been employed before, in certain examples. For example, the surfaces made hydrophobic using PDMS PSMs [Ho, 1994 #658; Ratner, 1986 #702; Tezuka, 1986 #518], hydrophobic and oleophobic with fluorinated PSMs. [Malik, 1997 #280; Thomas, 1997 #123; Thomas, 2000 #281; Thomas, 1998 #209] PSM approach has also been employed for surface concentration of UV absorbers [Vogl, 1994 #678], and fullerenes. [Chen, 1999 #454]
The inventive SMs of this Example have soft segments containing pendant semifluorinated and functional CH2—Br group. Replacing the —Br with a different functionality results in new SMs. For comparison purposes, a conventional base was referred to for which the wetting behavior was previously reported. [Makal, 2005 #1545] These comparison precursor PUs were used as PSM (0.5 wt %) for surface modification of a conventional base polyurethane. Surface enrichment of these PSM PUs was investigated by XPS, TM-AFM, and DCA. We observed that 0.5 wt % was sufficient for the altering the wetting characteristics of base PU. The PSM covered the entire top surface of the composite coating when used 1 wt %.
Upon conversion of amide functionality to chloramide simply by exposing the surface to dilute hypochlorite solution, the surface becomes highly effective contact biocide. [Eknoian, 1998 #161; Worley, 1996 #170] We have verified the biocidal activity of PU coatings containing 2 wt % biocidal PSM against both Gram-positive (S. aureus) and Gram-negative (P. aeruginosa, and E. coli) type bacteria. [Makal, 2005 #1437]
In preparing biocidal PU coatings, 5,5-dimethylhydantoin substitution was the intermediate step. During the surface characterization of these intermediate products, 5,5-dimethylhydantoin substituted PUs, it was observed that dry coating becomes more hydrophobic as it gets wet (so-called “contraphilic wetting,” thus named because the behavior is opposite to expected amphiphilic surface response).
Contraphilic wetting behavior of IPDI-BD(40)/P(5FOx:HyOx:BrOx-2.0:0.7:0.3) (PU-6) has been observed. [Makal, 2005 #1542] DCA measurements of this PU gave θadv of 83° for the first immersion/emersion cycle and θadv increased to 110° for the rest of the cycles. Contraphilic behavior has been observed for polyurethanes with different compositions. Table 12 shows the soft block composition of PUs and dynamic contact angle data. The precursor PUs contain either trifluoroethoxy (3FOx) or pentafluoropropoxy (5FOx) pendant semifluorinated and —CH2—Br (BrOx) side chains in their soft segments with different ratios.
The θadv and θrec for each cycles (3 or 5) for the PUs is shown in Table 12. The percent hydantoin substitution is given in Table 9.
Previously, we have reported dry PU-6 surface has θadv of 83° and once hydrated the contact angle increased to 110°. After annealing the coating at 85° for overnight under vacuum, we observed θadv of 68° for the dry coating and once the surface hydrated the contact angle increases to 106° (Table 12). The effect is perfectly reversible for 4 cycles. Thus, these processing conditions were used for each coating in this Example.
PU-4, -5, and 6 contain 5FOx as the semifluorinated pendant group. Within this series the PU coating having the greatest semifluorinated to 5,5-dimethylhydantoin ratio has the smallest initial contact angle and the contraphilic effect is maximized for this composition. The contraphilic effect is defined as the difference between the advancing contact angles for the second and the first immersion/emersion cycle. For example, PU-6 has the largest semifluorinated/5,5-dimethylhydantoin ratio (˜2.9). Dry PU-6 has θadv of 68° and the contraphilic effect is 38°. PU-4 has the smallest semifluorinated/5,5-dimethylhydantoin ratio (˜0.9). Dry PU-4 has θadv of 93° and the contraphilic effect is only 12°. Whereas, PU-5 has an intermediate semifluorinated/5,5-dimethylhydantoin (˜1.7) ratio and the dry PU-S surface has an intermediate θadv of 83° with contraphilic effect of 25°. Although one might expect the PU coating with the highest semifluorinated/5,5-dimethylhydantoin ratio to have the most hydrophobic surface, the opposite was actually observed. This kind of trend is not observed for the 3FOx containing series, PU-1, -2, and -3. The dry PU-1 (72°) and PU-2 (70°) coatings gave similar initial θadv values. The contraphilic effect for PU-1 (29°) is not significantly different from PU-2 (34°). The same trend is observed if PU-1, and PU-2 is compared to PU-3. The semifluorinated/5,5-dimethylhydantoin ratio for PU-1 (˜3.3) and PU-2 (˜1.5) is greater than that of PU-3 (1.1). Dry PU-3 coating has θadv of 93° and 12° of contraphilic effect. Again the coatings with higher semifluorinated/5,5-dimethylhydantoin ratio have more hydrophilic surface when dry.
Surface switching between hydrophilic/hydrophobic states is a well-known phenomenon in the literature. In a series of papers, Tsukruk reported “Y” shaped nano brushes. These “Y” shaped molecules have two incompatible arms. One arm consists of hydrophilic poly(acrylic acid) and the other arm is made of hydrophobic poly(styrene). Depending on the polarity of the contacting medium, one of these arms dominates the air-polymer interface changing the wetting characteristics of the surface. For example, if the brushes are treated with toluene non-polar poly(styrene) arm covers the surface giving water contact angle of 73°. After water treatment of the same surface polar poly(acrylic acid) arm dominates the air polymer interface resulting 53° of water contact angle. [Julthongpiput, 2003 #1433; Julthongpiput, 2003 #1435; Luzinov, 2004 #1471] In both cases the surface tries to minimize overall free energy. The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behavior of poly(isopropyl acrylamide) is coupled with surface roughness. The resulting surface thermally switches between ultrahyrdophilic (0°) and ultrahydrophobic (150°) below and above the LSCT, respectively. [Sun, 2004 #717]
The inventive coatings of this Example switch in the exact opposite way than any surface that becomes hydrophilic when exposed to water and hydrophobic when exposed to organic solvent. In other words, the inventive coatings of this Example behave in a way opposite to anticipated amphiphilic response. Thus, the inventive coatings of this Example are “contraphilic”.
Most of the polymers having modestly hydrophilic character, such as PUs, become more hydrophilic with immersion in water, [Tingey, 1991 #600; Andrade, 1985 #403; Pike, 1996 #26] or polymers having polar functionality become more hydrophilic as function of water immersion time. [Tretinnikov, 1994 #598; Holmes-Farley, 1985 #271] Surface reorganization of polymers in water or polar environment is driven thermodynamically. The enthalpic driving force due to the hydrogen bonding of surface polar functionalities with water easily overcomes the entropy trying to form more ordered molecular structure. Upon exposure to water polymer surfaces rearrange in order to open paths for the polar hydrophilic moieties to migrate water-polymer interface. Concentration of polar moieties at the surface gradually decreases the advancing contact angle. [Russell, 2002 #1467; Senshu, 1999 #1457; Lemieux, 2003 #1434] The inventive PU surfaces of this Example display the opposite anticipated wetting behavior: for the Example surfaces, the dry PU surface becomes more hydrophobic with water. Upon dehydration of the wetted surface, the initial hydrophilic character is restored.
The contraphilic effect is believed to be driven enthalpically (like amphiphilic response). The soft segment in the polyurethanes contains semifluorinated and 5,5-dimethylhydantoin pendant groups. In other words, the soft block has both fluorinated and amide groups. The role of a surface amide group is well known. The hydrogen bonding of amide groups with water and with each other below and above the LCST, respectively is responsible for the hydrophilic/hydrophobic switching for poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) surface [Sun, 2004 #1507] having amide and semifluorinated side chain on a relatively flexible backbone may result rapid hydration of the surface.
Certain examples of contraphilic-like wetting has been reported previously. Ferguson reported oxidized 1,2-polybutadiene surfaces become more hydrophobic against hot water. [Carey, 2000 #272; Khongtong, 2002 #1431] This is an entropically driven process. The entropic loss due to the stretched chains translates into elastic restoring force as the temperature increases. Thus, the polar groups are pulled away from water-polymer interface gradually increasing the hydrophobicity of the surface. But the change in the wetting behavior of oxidized 1,2-polybutadine surface is damped after successive cycles. In contrast, the contraphilic wetting is observed with cycling between dry and wet states.
Mixed soft block polyurethanes were prepared according to the general example shown in
Synthesis of polyurethane having poly(ethylene oxide)-(3FOx:BrOx-1:2) soft block (PU-PEO/3A) (PEO is the acronym for polyethylene oxide soft block; “3A” connects the composition of this soft block to the “1:2 3FOx:BrOx soft block”.)
A 250 mL three-neck round-bottomed flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, nitrogen inlet, and condenser was charged with 7.49 g (33.69 mmol) IPDI, 6.06 g (4.04 mmol) and 8.70 g (3.48 mmol) P(3FOx:BrOx-1:2) co-telechelic so that the molar feed ratio of PEO/P(3FOx:BrOx-1:2) was close to 1.0. The reaction was started in DMF with an initial 85-90 wt % concentration of reactants. After addition of dibutyltin dilaurate catalyst (0.15-0.20 weight % of the total reaction mixture in THF), the reactants were kept at 65-70° C. for 3 h. The preparation of diisocyanate-terminated prepolymer was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy (urethane carbonyl, 1724 cm−1, and N—H, 3346 cm−1, absorbances).
In the second stage, BD was added and heating was continued (65° C.) until all isocyanate groups were consumed (ca. 5 h). The course of the chain extension reaction was monitored with FT-IR by following the disappearance of sharp isocyanate band at 2267 cm−1. As the viscosity increased during the chain extension reaction, DMF or DMF/THF was added to dilute the reaction mixture. The final solids content of the polymer solution was 50-60%. The product was precipitated into methanol or methanol/water for purification.
Preparation of PU-2 by 5,5-dimethylhydantoin substitution onto PU-1. Replacement of Br with 5,5-Dimethylhydantoin substitution reaction was carried out in DMF in the presence of K2CO3. The reaction conditions were as in the above Example.
Surface characterization of pure PU-1, PU-2 and polyurethane coatings doped with PU-2: Polyurethane wetting behavior was determined by the Wilhelmy plate method using a Dynamic Contact Angle (DCA) analysis. Glass cover slips were dip coated using THF solutions. The solvent was removed at 50° C. in vacuo. PU-2 was used as PSM (10 wt %) for surface modification of base PU (PTMO based PU).
Referring to
A contraphilic polyurethane (2102) may be added (2103) to a conventional polyurethane, followed by annealing, to produce a contraphilic blend (2104). A preferred example of a contraphilic blend (2104) comprises about 2% PSM and about 98% polyurethane.
A contraphilic blend (2104) may be processed (2115) into a biocidal PSM modified blend (2106).
A contraphilic polyurethane (2102) may be subjected to hypochlorite (bleach) treatment (2105) to produce a biocidal PSM modified blend (2106). A preferred example of a biocidal PSM modified blend (2106) comprises about 2% PSM and about 98% polyurethane.
A biocidal PSM modified blend (2106) may be produced by other processes, also as shown in
A starting product (2108) which is selected from an alkylammonium/F Ox mixture, an alkylammonium/ME2Ox mixture, and telechelics may be processed (2109) into a biocidal polyurethane (2110). Alternately, a starting product (2108) may be processed (2111) with conventional soft blocks into a biocidal polyurethane (2110).
A biocidal polyurethane (2110) may be processed (2113) into a biocidal PSM modified blend (2106). As previously mentioned, a preferred example of a biocidal PSM modified blend (2106) comprises about 2% PSM and about 98% polyurethane.
The present inventors have made the surprising discovery that a fluorinated segment is not required for surface activity, such as, e.g., biocidal C-12 alkylammonium SMs (the C-12 alkylammonium side chain and to a lesser extent a C-6 alkylammonium side chain act as their own “chaperones”), and the biocidal “Hy4Ox/MOx” polyurethane SMs. Thus, it should be appreciated that in the processing (2101), (2103), (2105), (2109), (2111), (2113), (2115) shown on
While
A solution of 98 wt % conventional IPDI-BD/PTMO PU, Hard Block (40 wt %) and 2.0 wt % IPDI-BD/P(3FOx:HyOx:BrOx) (1.0:0.65:0.35) PSM was prepared in THF. Coverslips were coated in the way described above. After drying overnight at 50° C. in vacuum, no contraphilic behavior was noted. However, after annealing near 90° C. overnight the wetting behavior shown in
Synthesis of a PU PSM containing a soft block with alkylammonium side chains via the route is shown in
(i) P(N61E1Ox) (2.07 g) in 1.17 g DMF was heated under nitrogen purge in three-necked round bottom flask. At 70° C. 4,4′-methylenebis(cyclohexylisocyanate) (HMDI) was added via syringe. Three drops of 110% wt dibutyltin dilaurate in DMF was added as the catalyst. Prepolymer completion was observed by stabilization of C═O peak at 1720 cm−1 in FTIR spectrum. After prepolymerization (3 hrs) 1,4-butanediol (0.17 g, 1.89 mmol) in 2.0 g DMF was added dropwise. The mixture reacted until complete disappearance of NCO peak at 2267 cm−1 (ca. 4 hours). The polymer (H12MDI (30%)-BD-P(N611E1Ox) was cooled down to room temperature and precipitated in 100 mL water. Solvent was evaporated under vacuum at 60° C. for 48 hours. The structure of H12MDI (30%)-BD-P(N611E1Ox) is shown in
(ii) The hexyl ammonium functionalized telechelic 11 (4.6 g) and 4,4′-methylenebis(cyclohexylisocyanate) (HMDI) (1.00 g, 3.4 mmol) were dissolved in a mixture solution of 10 mL anhydrous tetrahydrofuran and 10 mL anhydrous DMF in a 50 mL round-bottom flask with ten drops of 10% dibutyltin dilaurate as the catalyst. The system was heated to 60° C. for 4 hours and cooled to room temperature. 1,4-butandiol (0.2 g, 2.23 mmol) was added and the mixture was heated to 60° C. with stirring for another 4 hours. The product, H12MDI (40%)-BD-11 (0.25), was precipitated by adding diethyl ether and dried under vacuum for 3 days. The structure of H12MDI (40%)-BD-11 (0.25) is shown in
(iii) The dodecyl ammonium functionalized telechelic 13 (1.06 g, 0.12 mmol) was added to a three-necked round bottom flask and heated to 70° C. under nitrogen purge. 1,6-hexamethlene diisocyanate (HDI) was added to the flask with 0.6 g DMF. Two drops of 10% wt dibutyltin dilaurate in DMF were added as the catalyst. Prepolymer completion was observed by stabilization of C═O peak at 1720 cm−1 in FTIR spectrum. When the prepolymer was ready, 1,4-butanediol (0.09 g, 0.94 mmol) in 0.5 g DMF was added dropwise. The mixture reacted until complete disappearance of NCO peak at 2267 cm−1 (ca. 4 hours) The polymer (HDI (20%)-BD-13 (0.125) was cooled down to room temperature and precipitated in 50 mL diethyl ether. Solvent was evaporated under vacuum at 60° C. for 48 hours. The structure of HDI (20%)-BD-13 (0.125) is shown in
(iv) The alkyl ammonium functionalized telechelic 15 was used to prepare H12MDI (40%)-BD-15 (0.25) by a method similar to that was described for the H12MDI (40%)-BD-11 (0.25), polyurethane shown in
(v) Telechelic 15 was used to prepare a polyurethane by using methylene bis (phenyl isocyanate) (MDI). Telechelic 15 (1.73 g), MDI (0.56 g, 2.24 mmol) and 3.0 g DMF were added to a three-necked round bottom flask and heated under nitrogen purge. Five drops of 10% wt dibutyltin dilaurate in DMF were added as the catalyst. Following prepolymer completion, 1,4-butanediol (0.20 g, 2 mmol) in 1.5 g DMF was added dropwise. The mixture reacted until complete disappearance of NCO peak at 2267 cm−1 (ca. 4 hours). The polymer (MDI (30%)-BD-15 (0.25) was cooled down to room temperature and precipitated in 100 mL water. Solvent was evaporated under vacuum at 60° C. for 48 hours. The structure of MDI (30%)-BD-15 (0.25) is shown in
(vi) Polyurethane with telechelic 16 (MDI (30%)-BD-16 (0.25)) was synthesized following a similar method to that described for telechelic 15 in
While the invention has been described in terms of its preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention can be practiced with modification within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
Duan, Biao, Wynne, Kenneth Joseph, Grunzinger, Steven, Makal, Umit, Kurt, Pinar
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