An apparatus and method for coating abluminal surface of a stent is described. The apparatus includes a stent support, a coating device, and an imaging system. The coating device includes a solution reservoir and transducer assembly. The transducer assembly includes a plurality of transducers and a controller. Each transducer is used to generate focused acoustic waves in the coating substance in the reservoir. A controller is communicated to an image system to enable the transducers to generate droplets on demand and at the predetermined ejection points on the surface of the coating substance to coat the stent. A method for coating a stent includes stent mounting, stent movement, and droplet excitation.
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18. An apparatus, comprising:
a stent support including a mandrel and stent motion control;
a nozzleless coating device including
a reservoir having a surface and
a transducer assembly including a plurality of transducers submerged in the reservoir and in communication with an ejection controller;
an imaging system that provides to the ejection controller relative information for a strut of a stent on the stent support; and
a feedback control that allows the ejection controller to reposition the stent strut proximal a droplet ejection point based on information received from the imaging system,
wherein the ejection controller is configured to control the relative timing, among the plurality of transducers, at which the acoustic waves are produced by the transducers so that the acoustic waves are substantially in-phase with each other at the ejection point.
1. An apparatus comprising:
a stent support including a mandrel and stent motion control; and
a nozzleless coating device including
a solution reservoir having a surface and
a transducer assembly including a plurality of transducers in communication with the reservoir and an ejection controller,
wherein the plurality of transducers are configured to generate droplets, and
wherein the ejection controller provides on/off timing control on the plurality of transducers in generating droplets on demand, an imaging system capable of tracking movement of a stent on the stent support, and an ejection logic that decides locations of ejection points from the reservoir surface based on images received from the imaging system, and
wherein all of the plurality of transducers generate in-phase waves that arrive substantially simultaneously at a predetermined ejection point wherein the plurality of transducers is submerged in the solution reservoir.
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The present invention relates to an apparatus for coating a stent and a method for coating a stent. More particularly, this invention provides an apparatus and method to generate uniform and controllable droplets that can be used to rapidly coat the abluminal surface (selective areas or entire outside surface) of a stent.
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) has revolutionized the treatment of coronary arterial disease. A PTCA procedure involves the insertion of a catheter into a coronary artery to position an angioplasty balloon at the site of a stenotic lesion that is at least partially blocking the coronary artery. The balloon is then inflated to compress against the stenosis and to widen the lumen to allow an efficient flow of blood through the coronary artery. However, restenosis at the site of angioplasty continues to hamper the long term success of PTCA, with the result that a significant proportion of patients have to undergo repeated revascularization.
Stenting has been shown to significantly reduce the incidence of restenosis to about 20 to 30%. On the other hand, the era of stenting has brought a new problem of in-stent restenosis. As shown in
Stent can be used as a platform for delivering pharmaceutical agents locally. The inherent advantage of local delivery the drug over systematic administration lies in the ability to precisely deliver a much lower dose of the drug to the target area thus achieving high tissue concentration while minimizing the risk of systemic toxicity.
Given the dramatic reduction in restenosis observed in these major clinical trials, it has triggered the rapid and widespread adoption of drug-eluting stents (DES) in many countries. A DES consisting of three key components, as follows: (1) a stent with catheter based deployment device, (2) a carrier that permits eluting of the drug into the blood vessel wall at the required concentration and kinetic profile, and (3) a pharmaceutical agent that can mitigate the in-stent restenosis. Most current DES systems utilize current-generation commercial stents and balloon catheter delivery systems.
The current understanding of the mechanism of restenosis suggests that the primary contributor to re-narrowing is the proliferation and migration of the smooth muscle cells from the injured artery wall into the lumen of the stent. Therefore, potential drug candidates may include agents that inhibit cell proliferation and migration, as well as drugs that inhibit inflammation. Utilizing the synergistic benefits of combination therapy (drug combination) has started the next wave of DES technology.
Strict pharmacologic and mechanical requirements must be fulfilled in designing the drug-eluting stents (DES) to guarantee drug release in a predictable and controlled fashion over a time period. In addition, a high speed coating apparatus that can precisely deliver a controllable amount of pharmaceutical agents onto the selective areas of the abluminal surface of a stent is extremely important to the DES manufactures.
There are several conventional coating methods have been used to apply the drug onto a stent, e.g. by dipping the stent in a coating solution containing a drug or by spraying the drug solution onto the stent. Dipping or spraying usually results in a complete coverage of all stent surfaces, i.e., both luminal and abluminal surfaces. The luminal side coating on a coated stent can have negative impacts to the stent's deliverability as well as the coating integrity. Moreover, the drug on the inner surface of the stent typically provides for an insignificant therapeutic effect and it get washed away by the blood flow. While the coating on the abluminal surface of the stent provides for the delivery of the drug directly to the diseased tissues.
The coating in the lumen side may increase the friction coefficient of the stent's surface, making withdrawal of a deflated balloon more difficult. Depending on the coating material, the coating may adhere to the balloon as well. Thus, the coating may be damaged during the balloon inflation/deflation cycle, or during the withdrawal of the balloon, resulting in a thrombogenic stent surface or embolic debris.
Defect formation on the stents is another shortcoming caused by the dipping and spraying methods. For example, these methods cause webbing, pooling, or clump between adjacent stent struts of the stent, making it difficult to control the amount of drug coated on the stent. In addition, fixturing (e.g. a mandrel) used to hold the stent in the spraying method may also induce coating defects. For example, upon the separation of the coated stent from the mandrel, it may leave some excessive coating material attached to the stent, or create some uncoated areas at the interface between the stent struts and mandrel. The coating weight and drop size uniformity control is another challenge of using aforementioned methods.
Another coating method involves the use of inkjet or bubble-jet technology. The drop ejection is generated by the physical vibration through an piezoelectric actuation or by thermal actuation. In an example, single inkjet or bubble-jet nozzle head can be devised as an apparatus to precisely deliver a controlled volume coating substance to the entire or selected struts over a stent, thus it mitigates some of the shortcomings associated with the dipping and spraying methods. Typically, this operation involves moving an ejector head along the struts of a stent to be coated, but its coating speed is inherently much slower than, for example, an array coating system which consists of many transducers and each transducer can generate droplets to coat a stent simultaneously. This coating apparatus enables to generate droplets at single or multiple locations simultaneously on demand, thus it allows to coat stent in a much faster and versatile way (e.g. line printing rather than dot printing).
Furthermore, nozzle clogging, which may adversely affect coating quality, is a common problem to spraying, inkjet, and bubble-jet methods. Cleaning the nozzles results in a substantial downtime, decreased productivity, and increased maintenance cost.
It has been shown that focused and high intensity sound beams can be used for ejecting droplets. It is based on a constructive interference of acoustic waves the acoustic waves will add in-phase at the focal point. Droplet formation using a focused acoustic beam is capable of ejecting liquid drop as small as a few microns in diameter with good reliability. It typically requires an acoustic lens to focus the acoustic waves.
The present invention provides a stent coating apparatus and method that overcome the aforementioned shortcomings from the conventional coating methods. The stent coating apparatus of the present invention can coat the abluminal surface of a stent at a high speed, and it can deliver a precise amount of coating material to the specific stent surfaces. Furthermore, the present invention does not use a nozzle, thus it eliminates the potential nozzle clogging issues.
According to the present invention, the stent coating apparatus includes a stent support, a coating device, and an imaging system. The stent support provides the mechanisms to hold a stent in place on a mandrel and to control the rotational and circumferential movement of the stent during the coating.
The coating apparatus includes a reservoir, a transducer assembly, and an ejection logic controller. The reservoir is used to hold a coating solution; a transducer assembly is used to generate acoustic energy to actuate the drop ejection from the surface of the coating solution; the ejection logic provides a control can over the position of droplet ejection. Transducers can be differentially turned on or off to steer the excitation of the droplets, and the droplet formation can be controlled only at the areas of the stent that need be coated. The advantage of this technique is it provides a reliable ejection of the fluids “on demand” without clogging the ejection aperture because the area of each ejection focal point is a relatively small region to the aperture.
The transducer assembly includes a plurality of transducers, RF drive device, and an ejection controller. Each transducer (e.g. piezoelectric transducer) can convert electrical energy into waves, such as ultrasonic waves. The transducer assembly generates acoustic waves and they propagate in the solution toward the liquid/air interface. Those waves are constructively interfered at a focal point of the solution surface, i.e., the waves will add in-phase at the focal point. The focused energy causes a droplet to be ejected from the surface of the coating solution. The wave frequency or amplitude can be used to adjust the droplet volume or droplet velocity.
In an embodiment of the invention, the constructively interfered waves are generated in certain patterns by controlling only portion of the transducers from the transducer arrays. Preferably, a switching system (or an ejection logic control) is linked to an imaging system to energize the transducers according to the stent strut position.
In an embodiment of the invention, the controller commands the transducer arrays to simultaneously eject droplets at multiple ejection points on the surface of the coating solution so that the stent can be coated simultaneously.
In an embodiment of the invention, the stent is preferably positioned above the ejector to receive the droplets generated from the surface of coating solution. In another embodiment, stent can be placed beneath the ejector. It will be appreciated by one of the ordinary skill in the art that embodiments of the invention enable to position the stent or the ejector in any orientation.
In an embodiment of the invention, the stent coating apparatus includes at least one assisted device, an imaging device. The image system is to track the stent strut location, to control the stent movement, and to communicate the information to the ejection logic controller. Accordingly, an imaging device with a feedback control is used to communicate to the stent holder controller to orient the stent to a particular position to receive the droplets generated by the corresponding coating device.
Embodiments of the invention provide a coating apparatus and method that enable to coat stent outside surface selectively or simultaneously while avoiding nozzle clogging and coating defects caused by other conventional coating methods. Further, embodiments of the apparatus include a high speed and a nozzleless stent coating process.
In an embodiment of the invention, a method for coating a stent includes mounting a stent on a stent support, rotating the stent, and translating a stent in its longitudinal direction, and controlling a plurality of transducers to generate droplets at predetermined ejection points on the surface of a coating solution to coat the outside surface of a stent.
In an embodiment of the invention, that apparatus enables to generate droplets at single or multiple locations by using an ejection logic control to command the transducer arrays to generate droplets on demand. The transducer arrays used to generate the waves can be designed in a fashion to accommodate different stent geometries.
In an embodiment, the apparatus includes an optical feedback system to monitor and control the stent movement and, to communicate to the ejection logic controller to generate droplets to the selective surfaces of the stent.
In another embodiment, the apparatus is capable of adjusting the power, wave frequency or amplitude to control the drop volume or drop velocity respectively.
In an embodiment of the invention, a small multiple-reservoir system can be used to apply the same or different coating substances to the stent. The apparatus in this invention can coat the stent in a “line printing” fashion.
In the embodiment shown in
In this embodiment, the support member 20 includes a conical end portion 30 and a bore 32 for receiving a first end of the mandrel 22. The first end can be threaded to screw into the bore 32 or can be retained within the bore 32 by a friction fit. The bore 32 should be deep enough to allow the mandrel 22 to mate securely with the support member 20. The depth of the bore 32 can also be further extended to allow a significant length of the mandrel 22 to penetrate or screw into the bore 32. The bore 32 can also extend completely through the support member 20. This would allow the length of the mandrel 22 to be adjusted to accommodate stents of various sizes. The mandrel 22 may also include a plurality of ridges 34 that add rigidity to and support to the stent 16 during coating. The ridges 34 may have a diameter of slightly less than the inner diameter of the stent 16. While three ridges 34 are shown, it will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that additional, fewer, or no ridges may be present, and the ridges may be evenly or unevenly spaced.
The lock member 24 also may include a conical end portion 36. A second end of the mandrel 22 can be permanently affixed to the lock member 24 if the first end is disengageable from the support member 20. Alternatively, the mandrel 22 can have a threaded second end for screwing into a bore 38 of the lock member 24. The bore 38 can be of any suitable depth that would provide the lock member 24 incremental movement with respect to the support member 20. The bore 38 on the lock member 24 can also be made as a through hole. Accordingly, stents of any length can be secured between the support member 20 and the lock members 20 and 24. In accordance with this embodiment, the second end lock member 24 contains a through hole 38 enabling the second end lock member to slide over the mandrel 22 to keep the stent 16 on the mandrel 22.
The coating device 14 shown in
The reservoir 40 may have any suitable configuration and may be disposed at any suitable location. For example, the reservoir 40 may have a cylindrical, elliptical or parallelepiped configuration. Preferably, the reservoir 40 encompasses the entire stent 16 so that droplets ejected from the surface 46 can reach all areas of the stent 16. Alternatively, the reservoir 40 may cover only an area of the stent to be coated. In a preferred embodiment, the reservoir 40 is positioned directly underneath the stent. Also, a short distance between the stent and the surface of reservoir 46 is maintained to ensure a stable droplet ejection.
As shown in
The controller 50 may be used to control the frequency, amplitude, and phase of the waves generated by each transducer 48 and to turn on or off the power supplied to the transducer 48. To generate a droplet at a predetermined point on the surface 46, the controller 50 controls the transducers 48 to generate waves that constructively interfere at this predetermined point. The focused acoustic energy causes a droplet to be ejected from the surface 46 of the coating substance 44 to coat the stent 16. Adjusting the frequency and amplitude of the ultrasound waves allows control over the ejection speed and volume of the droplet.
According to the present embodiment, as illustrated in
The droplet formation can be generated by singe or combination of any number of transducers 48 in the reservoir 40. In some embodiments, the number of transducers used to generate each droplet may be seven. For example, the first droplet may be generated by transducers Nos. 1 to 7, the second droplet by Nos. 2 to 8, the third droplet by Nos. 3 to 9, . . . and so on. In some other embodiments, the number of transducers for generating a droplet may vary from droplet to droplet. For example, the first droplet may be generated by nine transducers, the second droplet by five, the third droplet by 15, . . . and so on. Preferably, the transducers used to generate a droplet are symmetrically arranged about the ejection point from which the droplet is ejected. Non-symmetrically arranged transducers tend to eject a droplet in a direction oblique to the surface of the coating substance. But one of ordinary skill in the art recognizes that an asymmetrical arrangement of the transducers can also be utilized to generate any specific ejection patterns by adjusting the timing, amplitude, or frequency of waves.
One preferred embodiment as shown in
The stent coating apparatus 10 shown in
As illustrated in
After a section of the stent 16 has been coated, the coating device 14 may be stopped from dispensing the coating substance, and the imaging device 56 may begin to image the stent section to determine if the section has been adequately coated. This determination can be made by measuring the difference in color or reflectivity of the stent section before and after the coating process. If the stent section has been adequately coated, the stent coating apparatus 10 will begin to coat a new section of the stent 16. If the stent section is not coated adequately, then the stent coating apparatus 10 will recoat the stent section.
In an embodiment of the invention, the imaging devices 56, 58 can include charge coupled devices (CCDs) or complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices. In an embodiment of the invention, the imaging devices can be combined into a single imaging device. Further, it will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that placement of the imaging devices 56, 58 can vary as long as the devices have an acceptable view of the stent 16.
During the operation of the stent coating apparatus 10 illustrated in
Although the transducer assemblies 42 of the above-described embodiments are placed inside the reservoir 40 and submerged in a coating substance during operation, it is possible to place a transducer assembly outside of a reservoir.
Furthermore, although the embodiment shown in
The present invention offers many advantages over the prior art. For example, the present invention has the ability of coating stent abluminal surface only. A controlled volume of drops are generated and precisely delivered to the selective stent struts, thus it provides a better therapeutic control and it avoids the coating defects that are occurred in spraying and dipping methods. Additionally, the coating speed can be significantly increased through the transducer arrays design that enables coating the stent at multiple locations at a time. Furthermore, the present invention utilizes a nozzleless coating apparatus, thereby it eliminates the nozzle clogging issue which is a common issue to many conventional coating methods.
While particular embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that changes and modifications can be made without departing from this invention in its broader aspects. Therefore, the appended claims are to encompass within their scope all such changes and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of this invention.
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