A capillary assisted loop thermosiphon apparatus (100) has at least one evaporator (102) connected by a vapor line (104) to a condenser (106); a liquid line (108) connects the condenser (106) and the evaporator (102), the evaporator (102) is in the direction of gravity from the condenser (106) for the condenser (106) to supply liquid under gravity induced pressure to the evaporator (102), and the evaporator (102) has a vertical capillary wick (102a) in which liquid wicks in the direction of gravity.
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1. A capillary assisted loop thermosiphon apparatus comprising:
at least one evaporator connected by a vapor line to a condenser, the vapor line comprising a tube having a first end connected to the evaporator and a second end connected to the condenser;
a liquid line connecting the condenser and the evaporator, the liquid line comprising a tube having a first end connected to the condenser and a second end connected to the evaporator;
the evaporator has a height in a direction of gravity significantly greater than a width perpendicular to the height, and is positioned in the direction of gravity from the condenser such that the condenser supplies liquid under gravity induced pressure to the evaporator, and the evaporator has a vertical capillary wick in which liquid wicks in the direction of gravity, wherein liquid flow through the wick of the evaporator from the inlet to the outlet is substantially vertical; and
wherein a liquid line irrigator is connected to the liquid line, and the liquid line irrigator extends along of the capillary wick to dispense liquid to the capillary wick.
17. A capillary assisted loop thermosiphon apparatus comprising:
at least one evaporator connected by a vapor line to a condenser, the vapor line comprising a tube having a first end connected to the evaporator and a second end connected to the condenser;
a liquid line connecting the condenser and the evaporator, the liquid line comprising a tube having a first end connected to the condenser and a second end connected to the evaporator;
the evaporator is positioned in the direction of gravity from the condenser such that the condenser supplies liquid under gravity induced pressure to the evaporator; and
the evaporator has a height in a direction of gravity significantly greater than a width perpendicular to the height, and has at least a pair of sheets, with at least one of the sheets having a corresponding wick portion attached thereto to provide a vertical capillary wick in which liquid wicks in the direction of gravity, wherein liquid flow through the wick of the evaporator from the inlet to the outlet is substantially vertical; and
wherein a liquid line irrigator is connected to the liquid line, and the liquid line irrigator extends along the capillary wick to dispense liquid to the capillary wick.
2. The capillary assisted loop thermosiphon apparatus as in
the capillary wick conducts heat and extends vertically against a heat absorbing surface on the evaporator;
and a vapor collection cavity extends vertically along the capillary wick, the vapor collection cavity being connected to the vapor line.
3. The capillary assisted loop thermosiphon apparatus as in
the liquid line irrigator connected to the liquid line supplies liquid under gravity induced pressure to a vertical heat conducting section of the capillary wick;
the capillary wick extends in conducting engagement along at least one heat absorbing surface on the evaporator; and
a vertical vapor collection cavity in the heat conducting section of the capillary wick extends vertically along the capillary wick, and the vapor collection cavity is connected to the vapor line.
4. The capillary assisted loop thermosiphon apparatus as in
5. The capillary assisted loop thermosiphon apparatus as in
6. The capillary assisted loop thermosiphon apparatus as in
the liquid line irrigator extends along the capillary wick, and a series of fluid dispensing openings in the liquid line irrigator distributes working fluid along the capillary wick.
7. The capillary assisted loop thermosiphon apparatus as in
the capillary wick is a first layer of porous sintered material on a first sheet of conducting material, and a second later of porous sintered material on a second sheet of conducting material; and
the liquid line irrigator has both, a first series of openings dispensing liquid phase working fluid on the first layer, and a second series of openings dispensing liquid phase working fluid on the second layer.
8. The capillary assisted loop thermosiphon apparatus as in
the capillary wick is a first layer of porous sintered material on a first sheet of conducting material, and a second layer of porous sintered material on a second sheet of conducting material; and
reinforcing rods between the first layer and the second layer define a vapor collection cavity therebetween; and the vapor collection cavity connects with the vapor line.
9. The capillary assisted loop thermosiphon apparatus as in
the capillary wick is a layer of porous sintered material on a sheet of conducting material; and
reinforcing rods define a vapor collection cavity along the capillary wick.
10. The capillary assisted loop thermosiphon apparatus as in
the capillary wick is a layer of porous sintered material on a sheet of conduction material; and
reinforcing rods extend across a surface of the capillary wick and define a vapor collection cavity along the surface.
11. The capillary assisted loop thermosiphon apparatus as in
the vapor line connects to a first manifold having multiple outlets for connecting respective vapor lines of multiple evaporators;
the liquid line connects to a second manifold having multiple outlets for connecting respective liquid line irrigators; and
the respective liquid line irrigators distribute liquid to respective capillary wicks of the multiple evaporators.
12. The capillary assisted loop thermosiphon apparatus as in
the vapor line connects to a first manifold having multiple outlets for connecting respective vapor lines of multiple evaporators;
the liquid line connects to a second manifold having multiple outlets for connecting to respective liquid line irrigators for the multiple evaporators; and
the multiple evaporators are interconnected along their bottoms to share a common liquid reservoir.
13. The capillary assisted loop thermosiphon apparatus as in
reinforcing rods extend lengthwise across a surface of the capillary wick and define the vapor collection cavity, and prevent collapse of the capillary wick into the vapor collection cavity.
14. The capillary assisted loop thermosiphon apparatus as in
the capillary wick is a layer of sintered conducting material on a sheet of conducting material; and
reinforcing rods extend lengthwise across a surface of the capillary wick and define the vapor collection cavity, and prevent collapse of the capillary wick into the vapor collection cavity.
15. The capillary assisted loop thermosiphon apparatus as in
the capillary wick is a layer of sintered conducting material on a sheet of conducting material;
the liquid line irrigator extends along a top portion of the capillary wick; and
a series of fluid distribution openings in the liquid line irrigator supplies liquid to the capillary wick.
16. The capillary assisted loop thermosiphon apparatus as in
the capillary wick is a first layer of porous sintered material on a first sheet of conduction material, and a second layer of porous sintered material on a second sheet of conducting material;
reinforcing rods between the first layer and the second later define a vapor collection cavity therebetween; and
the vapor collection cavity connects with the vapor line; and
the reinforcing rods are secured to at least one porous backing layer.
18. The capillary assisted loop thermosiphon apparatus as in
a vapor collection cavity extends vertically along the capillary wick, and the vapor collection cavity is connected to the vapor line.
19. The capillary assisted loop thermosiphon apparatus as in
the liquid line irrigator connected to the liquid line supplies liquid under gravity induced pressure to a vertical heat conducting section of the capillary wick;
the capillary wick extends in conduction engagement along at least one heat absorbing surface on the evaporator; and
a vapor collection cavity in the heat conducting section of the capillary wick extends vertically along the capillary wick, and the vapor collection cavity is connected to the vapor line.
20. The capillary assisted loop thermosiphon apparatus as in
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This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/456,262, Filed Mar. 20, 2003.
The present application relates to a capillary assisted loop thermosiphon apparatus having an evaporator that is heated to evaporate liquid phase working fluid, and the evaporator has a capillary wick for wicking the liquid phase working fluid and expelling the vapor, to provide capillary pumping.
Electronic equipment produce waste heat that must be removed to avoid equipment malfunction. Removing the heat by circulating pumped water or fan driven air would consume power and further would create rapid temperature changes to produce detrimental thermal gradients in the equipment. Removing the heat by a closed loop thermal siphon would eliminate power consumption, but the siphoned medium would produce the detrimental thermal gradients in the equipment.
A capillary assisted loop thermosiphon apparatus is a closed loop fluid transport system that circulates working fluid by thermal siphoning assisted by capillary pumping. The working fluid is wicked into a capillary wick in evaporator that is heated, for example, by waste heat generated by electronic equipment. In the evaporator, the working fluid absorbs the heat to undergo a phase change from liquid to vapor. The term “liquid” herein refers to liquid phase working fluid. The term “vapor” herein refers to vapor phase working fluid. The wicking action and the increase in vapor pressure provide capillary pumping head pressure for displacing the working fluid forwardly in the heat pipe loop. The vapor circulates by capillary pumping to the condenser that condenses the vapor and dissipates the heat, and the liquid circulates to the evaporator by way of a liquid line. While heating the evaporator, it would be desirable to maintain the evaporator heating surface isothermal to eliminate potentially detrimental thermal gradients. A liquid saturated wick structure in the evaporator is desired, which would maintain the desired evaporator heating surface isothermal at the saturation temperature, while the evaporator is heated.
Further, the heat transport capacity of the capillary loop heat pipe is limited because the capillary pumping capacity is limited, as when low density vapor flow approaches the sonic limit. It would be desirable to increase the heat transport capacity of the capillary loop heat pipe by augmenting the capillary pumping capacity.
According to the invention, a capillary pumped heat pipe has an evaporator in which working fluid is wicked by capillary action, absorbs heat and undergoes a phase change to a vapor that circulates by the capillary action to a condenser. The condenser dissipates heat to convert the vapor to a liquid. To increase the capillary pumping capacity, the evaporator is in the direction of gravity from the condenser for the condenser to supply gravity assisted circulation or flow of the liquid in a liquid line from the condenser to the evaporator.
According to an advantage of the invention, the capillary pumping capacity of the capillary assisted loop thermosiphon apparatus is augmented by gravity assisted liquid flow in the liquid line. According to a further advantage of the invention, the heat transport capacity of the heat pipe is increased by gravity assistance. According to a further advantage of the invention, a gravity assisted liquid saturates the wick structure in the evaporator to maintain the evaporator heating surface isothermal at the saturation temperature.
According to a further embodiment of the invention, a liquid feed line is along the top of the evaporator, and spaced apart sections of the wick extend along interior facing major heating surfaces of the evaporator, and a vapor channel is defined between the spaced apart wick sections. A series of irrigation distribution openings along the length of the liquid feed line and communicating with the spaced apart sections of the wick to saturate the wick with gravity assisted liquid flow.
According to a further embodiment of the invention, one or more evaporators are connected by a manifold in the capillary assisted loop thermosiphon apparatus.
This description of the exemplary embodiments is intended to be read in connection with the accompanying drawings, which are to be considered part of the entire written description. In the description, relative terms such as “lower,” “upper,” “horizontal,” “vertical,”, “above,” “below,” “up,” “down,” “top” and “bottom” as well as derivative thereof (e.g., “horizontally,” “downwardly,” “upwardly,” etc.) should be construed to refer to the orientation as then described or as shown in the drawing under discussion. These relative terms are for convenience of description and do not require that the apparatus be constructed or operated in a particular orientation. Terms concerning attachments, coupling and the like, such as “connected” and “interconnected,” refer to a relationship wherein structures are secured or attached to one another either directly or indirectly through intervening structures, as well as both movable or rigid attachments or relationships, unless expressly described otherwise.
The heat pipe (100) has at least one evaporator (102) that conducts heat to the working fluid to convert liquid to vapor at the vaporization temperature. The evaporator (102) is heated, for example, by waste heat that is required to be transported and dissipated. The evaporator (102) is connected by a vapor line (104) to a condenser (106). Vapor is transported via the vapor line (104) to the condenser (106) where the vapor is condensed to a liquid by having the condenser (106) dissipate the heat. However, below 80 degrees C., vapor flow is susceptible to being impeded by the sonic limit of the low vapor density. The condenser (106) is connected by a liquid line (108) also known as a liquid return line, that returns liquid phase working fluid to the evaporator (102).
With reference to
A drawback associated with a capillary pump is that the heat conducted by the capillary pump to the incoming liquid would raise the loop operating temperature, and the incoming liquid would need to be sub-cooled in the condenser (106) to balance the loop operating temperature. Thus, by requiring the condenser (106) to have a portion of its heat rejection capacity directed to sub-cooling the liquid, the heat rejection efficiency of the condenser (106) would be reduced. According to another drawback associated with a capillary pump is the tendency for vapor bubbles to form in the capillary pump and impede the capillary flow of liquid in the capillary pump. Potential causes of vapor bubbles include, the presence of vapor bubbles prior to start up of heat pipe operation, heat conduction by the evaporator (102) to the capillary pump causing formation of vapor bubbles, and boiling of the working fluid prematurely before the liquid reaches the capillary pump.
With continued reference to
For example, the reinforcing rods (206) are 0.6 cm diameter to define a 0.6 cm wide, vertical vapor collection cavity (208), which maintains the local Mach number to less than 0.2. The reinforcing rods (206) extend to a perimeter end cap (210). The ends of the reinforcing rods (206) are joined to the end cap (210). The reinforcing rods (206) prevent collapse of the vapor collection cavity (208) that is under partial vacuum when the loop heat pipe (100) is evacuated. Further, the exteriors of the reinforcing rods (206) have indents (206a), for example, machined grooves or swaged narrow necks, to allow passage of vapor in the vertical vapor collection cavity (208), particularly due to displacement of the vapor by thermal siphoning. The sheets (204) are bent along their edges to form perimeter flanges (204a) that are joined and hermetically sealed, for example, by brazing or welding. Further the sheets (204) are joined and hermetically sealed to the end cap (210), to enclose each corresponding capillary wick (200).
With reference to
With continued reference to
By locating the liquid line irrigator (108a) along the top section (102b) the liquid line irrigator (108a) is spaced from the heat absorbing surface (202) to avoid premature boiling of the liquid due to heat conducted by the heat absorbing surface (202). Further, the liquid wicks in a descending direction in the capillary wick (102a), which saturates the capillary wick (102a) with liquid even if vapor bubbles are present prior to start up of the heat pump (100). At start up, vapor begins thermally siphoning in the vertical vapor collection cavity (208), which increases the vapor pressure to the condenser (106) and a correspondingly increases liquid pressure from the condenser (106) to overcome any impediment to capillary pumping by vapor bubbles in the capillary wick (102a). Further, the liquid under gravity induced pressure by the elevated condenser (106), and the descending direction of capillary pumping moves the mass of condensed liquid forwardly in the loop direction to balance any tendency for a rise in loop operating temperature due to heat conducted by the capillary pump.
Further, because the liquid wicks in the capillary wick (102a) in a descending direction, the capillary wick (102a) is saturated with the liquid. As heat is conducted by the heat absorbing surface (202) on each sheet (204), the capillary wick (102a) conducts the heat to the liquid, and the liquid saturation maintains the capillary wick (102a) isothermal at the saturation temperature. The upper limit of the saturation temperature is equal to the vaporization temperature of the liquid. Thereby, the heat absorbing surface (202) is maintained similarly isothermal.
Under low power operation, excess liquid accumulates in the bottom of the evaporator (102), which provides a liquid reservoir or sump. A substantially small portion of the capillary wick (102a) is wetted by the accumulated liquid, while a substantial portion of the capillary wick (102a) projects outwardly from the accumulated liquid. The loop heat pipe (100) of the invention eliminates the need for a separate liquid reservoir. According to another embodiment of the invention when multiple evaporators (102) are combined with a single condenser (106), the bottoms of the evaporators (102) are interconnected to provide a common shared liquid reservoir or sump shared among the evaporators (102). For example, the bottom of each evaporator (102) is interconnected to others by a pipe (110) with a shut off valve (112). The shared liquid reservoir or sump assures that none of the evaporators (102) would divert liquid away from the others.
With reference to
Similarly, each of the reinforcing rods (206) is attached to the first wire mesh (214) and to the second wire mesh (214), if present, by tying one or more additional wire laces (216) around the diameter of a respective reinforcing rod (206). Further, the wire laces (216) are threaded through openings in each wire mesh (214). Then opposite ends of each wire lace (216) is twisted together or tied together, which secures the respective reinforcing rod (206) in a desired position that corresponds to its position in the evaporator (102) as disclosed by
The evaporator (102) is disclosed by
Further, because the first wire mesh (214) and the second wire mesh (214) are porous, they extend the vapor collection cavity (208) alongside the surfaces of the wicks (200) and between each wick (200) and each of the reinforcing rods (206). When only one of the sheets (202) has a corresponding wick (200), then only one porous reinforcing sheet (214) is present to extend the vapor collection cavity (208) alongside the surface of the wick (200) and between the wick (200) and each of the reinforcing rods (206).
With reference to
Although the invention has been described in terms of exemplary embodiments, it is not limited thereto. Rather, the appended claims should be construed broadly, to include other variants and embodiments of the invention, which may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and range of equivalents of the invention.
Rosenfeld, John H., Minnerly, Kenneth G.
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Sep 06 2018 | Aavid Thermalloy, LLC | ROYAL BANK OF CANADA | FIRST LIEN SECURITY INTEREST | 047026 | /0666 | |
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Sep 06 2018 | AAVID THERMAL CORP F K A THERMAL CORP | ROYAL BANK OF CANADA | FIRST LIEN SECURITY INTEREST | 047026 | /0666 | |
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Sep 06 2018 | LIFETIME INDUSTRIES, INC | ROYAL BANK OF CANADA | SECOND LIEN SECURITY INTEREST | 047028 | /0743 | |
Sep 06 2018 | Aavid Thermalloy, LLC | ROYAL BANK OF CANADA | SECOND LIEN SECURITY INTEREST | 047028 | /0743 | |
Sep 06 2018 | NUVENTIX, INC | ROYAL BANK OF CANADA | SECOND LIEN SECURITY INTEREST | 047028 | /0743 | |
Jul 29 2024 | ROYAL BANK OF CANADA | THERMAL CORP NOW KNOWN AS AAVID THERMAL CORP | RELEASE REEL047028 FRAME0743 | 068195 | /0243 | |
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Jul 29 2024 | ROYAL BANK OF CANADA | LTI FLEXIBLE PRODUCTS, INC | RELEASE REEL047028 FRAME0743 | 068195 | /0243 | |
Jul 29 2024 | ROYAL BANK OF CANADA | CSI MEDICAL, INC | RELEASE REEL047028 FRAME0743 | 068195 | /0243 |
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