Disclosed are hybrid heterodyne transmitters and receivers for use in communications systems, or other systems, and the corresponding methods for hybrid heterodyne transmitting and receiving. A heterodyne receiver for converting a continuous time modulated signal to a discrete time digital baseband signal includes a sigma-delta modulator. The sigma-delta modulator is a sigma-delta analog-to-digital converter constructed and arranged to receive a modulated signal at an rf carrier frequency and provide a quantized output at a first intermediate frequency. The heterodyne receiver may also include a digital mixer constructed and arranged to receive a data stream quantized by the sigma-delta analog-to-digital converter and receive a signal at a second mixing frequency. The digital mixer then provides digital signals representative of a baseband signal suitable for digital signal processing.
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16. A method of converting a continuous time modulated signal to a quantized output at an intermediate frequency, the method comprising:
generating an error signal comprising the difference between a modulated input signal at an rf carrier frequency and a first feedback signal comprising a first analog replica of a quantized output of a heterodyne receiver based upon the modulated input signal;
providing first noise-shaping responsive to the error signal at an rf carrier frequency and the first feedback signal comprising a first analog replica of the quantized output, wherein the noise shaping provides at least one pole in a frequency band that includes the rf carrier frequency;
mixing the first error signal after first noise-shaping with a first analog signal at a first mixing frequency offset from the rf carrier frequency for down-converting the modulated signal, to generate a frequency shifted first error signal at the IF frequency corresponding to the modulated signal;
providing complex noise-shaping of the frequency shifted first error signal at the IF, the complex noise-shaping responsive to a second feedback signal comprising a second analog replica of the quantized output, wherein the complex noise-shaping provides at least one pole in a frequency band that includes the IF; and
quantizing the noise-shaped frequency shifted first error signal at the IF after the complex noise-shaping to produce a first quantized output at the IF.
35. A method of generating a plurality of quantized signals, comprising:
receiving a plurality of modulated input signals at an rf carrier frequency;
generating a plurality of local oscillator (LO) signals with frequencies less than twice the rf carrier frequency of the modulated input signals;
quadrature down-converting, using at least a portion of the plurality of LO signals, the modulated input signals to an intermediate frequency (IF) analog signal before quantization;
performing complex noise-shaping of both the modulated input signals and the down-converted modulated input signals, wherein performing complex noise-shaping further comprises:
performing noise shaping in a modulated frequency band using a feedback signal comprising an analog replica of a plurality of complex quantized signals that are representative of the plurality of modulated input signals, where the noise-shaping in the modulated frequency band utilizes a plurality of poles in the modulated frequency band, where the modulated frequency band includes the rf carrier frequency; and
performing complex noise-shaping in a downconverted frequency band using a feedback signal comprising the analog replica of the complex quantized signal, where the complex noise-shaping in the downconverted frequency band utilizes a plurality of complex poles in the down-converted frequency band, where the downconverted frequency band includes the IF; and
generating, based on the noise-shaped down-converted modulated input signals, a plurality of quantized output signals.
1. A complex sigma-delta analog-to-digital converter (ADC), constructed and arranged to receive a continuous time modulated analog input signal at an rf carrier frequency and provide a quantized output at an intermediate frequency (IF), the complex sigma-delta ADC comprising:
a first summing node responsive to the modulated analog input signal at the rf carrier frequency and a first feedback signal comprising an analog replica of a quantized output of the sigma-delta ADC, wherein the summing node produces a first error signal at an rf carrier frequency;
a bandpass filter providing first noise-shaping responsive to the first error signal at the rf carrier frequency and the first feedback signal comprising a first analog replica of the quantized output, wherein the bandpass filter provides at least one pole in a frequency band that includes the rf carrier frequency;
an analog mixer mixing the first error signal after first noise-shaping with a first mixing frequency offset from the rf carrier frequency by an intermediate frequency (IF), wherein the mixer generates a frequency shifted first error signal at the IF;
a complex filter providing complex noise-shaping of the frequency shifted first error signal at the IF, the complex filter responsive to a second feedback signal comprising a second analog replica of the quantized output, wherein the complex noise-shaping filter provides at least one pole in a frequency band that includes the IF; and
a quantizer receiving the noise-shaped frequency shifted first error signal at the IF after complex noise-shaping and providing a quantized sigma-delta ADC output.
24. A modulated signal receiver, comprising:
means for receiving a plurality of modulated input signals at an rf carrier frequency;
means for generating a plurality of local oscillator (LO) signals with frequencies less than twice the rf carrier frequency of the modulated signals;
means, cooperative with the means for generating the plurality of LO signals, for converting the plurality of modulated input signals to a plurality of quantized signals representative of the plurality of modulated input signals, the means for converting further comprising means for quadrature down-converting the modulated input signals to an intermediate frequency (IF) analog signal before quantization;
means for performing complex noise-shaping of both the modulated input signals and the down-converted modulated input signals, wherein:
the means for performing complex noise-shaping performs the noise shaping in a modulated frequency band using a feedback signal that comprises an analog replica of a complex quantized signal, the means for performing complex noise-shaping utilizing a plurality of poles in the modulated frequency band, where the modulated frequency band includes the rf carrier frequency; and
the means for performing complex noise-shaping performs the noise-shaping in a downconverted frequency band using a feedback signal that comprises the analog replica of the complex quantized signal, the means for performing complex noise-shaping utilizing a plurality of complex poles in the down-converted frequency band, where the down-converted frequency band includes the IF; and
means for generating a plurality of quantized signals based on the noise-shaped down-converted modulated input signals.
43. A complex sigma-delta analog-to-digital converter (ADC), constructed and arranged to receive a continuous time modulated analog input signal at an rf carrier frequency and provide a quantized output at an intermediate frequency (IF), the complex sigma-delta ADC comprising:
a first summing node responsive to the modulated analog input signal at the rf carrier frequency and a first feedback signal comprising an analog replica of a quantized output of the sigma-delta ADC, wherein the summing node produces a first error signal at an rf carrier frequency;
a bandpass filter providing first noise-shaping responsive to the first error signal at the rf carrier frequency and the first feedback signal comprising a first analog replica of the quantized output, wherein the bandpass filter provides at least one pole in a frequency band that includes the rf carrier frequency;
an analog mixer mixing the first error signal after first noise-shaping with a first mixing frequency offset from the rf carrier frequency by an intermediate frequency (IF), wherein the mixer generates a frequency shifted first error signal at the IF;
a complex filter providing complex noise-shaping of the frequency shifted first error signal at the IF, the complex filter responsive to a second feedback signal comprising a second analog replica of the quantized output, wherein the complex noise-shaping filter provides at least one pole in a frequency band that includes the IF;
a quantizer receiving the noise-shaped frequency shifted first error signal at the IF after complex noise-shaping and providing a quantized sigma-delta ADC output at the first IF; and
a digital mixer constructed and arranged to mix the quantized sigma-delta ADC output with a complex signal at a second mixing frequency to provide at least one digital signal representative of a baseband signal suitable for digital signal processing.
2. The complex sigma-delta ADC of
3. The complex sigma-delta ADC of
4. The complex sigma-delta ADC of
5. The complex sigma-delta ADC of
6. The complex sigma-delta ADC of
7. The complex sigma-delta ADC of
8. The complex sigma-delta ADC of
9. The complex sigma-delta ADC of
10. The complex sigma-delta ADC of
11. The complex sigma-delta ADC of
12. The complex sigma-delta ADC of
13. The complex sigma-delta ADC of
14. The complex sigma-delta ADC of
17. The method of
20. The method of
21. The method of
22. The method of
23. The method of
25. The modulated signal receiver of
26. The modulated signal receiver of
means, responsive to the quantized signal, for generating a plurality of feedback signals to create a feedback loop, and
a plurality of summing means responsive to the plurality of modulated input signals and the plurality of feedback signals for closing the feedback loop.
27. The modulated signal receiver of
28. The modulated signal receiver of
29. The modulated signal receiver of
30. The modulated signal receiver of
31. The modulated signal receiver of
32. The modulated signal receiver of
33. The modulated signal receiver of
34. The modulated signal receiver of
36. The method of
37. The method of
generating a plurality of feedback signals responsive to the plurality of quantized signals, and
summing the feedback signals to close over-sampled loop converting.
38. The method of
39. The method of
40. The method of
41. The method of
42. The method of
responsive to the quantized output signals and a plurality of multi-bit digital LO signals, down-converting the plurality of quantized output signals, the down-converting based at least in part on the plurality of quantized output signals being at a digital IF, the down-converting generating a plurality of digital signals representative of corresponding baseband signals.
44. The complex sigma-delta analog-to-digital converter (ADC) of
45. The complex sigma-delta analog-to-digital converter (ADC) of
46. The complex sigma-delta analog-to-digital converter (ADC) of
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This application claims priority from U.S. Application Ser. No. 60/602,729 filed on Aug. 19, 2004, which is incorporated by reference.
The present inventions are directed to communications systems and more particularly to hybrid heterodyne transmitters or receivers.
Modern communication systems use digital transmission since it provides improved efficiency and the ability to detect and correct transmission errors. There are several digital transmission formats such as binary phase shift keying (BPSK), quaternary phase shift keying (QPSK), offset quaternary phase shift keying (OQPSK), m-ary phase shift keying (m-PSK), orthogonal frequency division modulation (OFDM), and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). There are different communication systems such as code division multiple access (CDMA) communication systems, or high definition television (HDTV) systems.
In digital transmission, the digitized data is used to modulate a carrier sinusoid using one of the above-listed formats. The modulated waveform is further processed (e.g. filtered, amplified, and up-converted) and transmitted to a remote station. At the remote station, the transmitted RF signal is received and demodulated by a receiver. A typical receiver includes an antenna that receives the signals and a filter that limits the received signals to the desirable carrier frequency range. The frequency band limited signal received by the antenna is then applied to a low noise amplifier where it is amplified to an amplitude suitable for subsequent processing, as described below.
Wireless telecommunications systems such as cellular telephone communications systems use several base stations that receive and transmit signals over a particular carrier frequency or channel within an allocated frequency band to communicate with a terminal handset. The terminal handset typically tunes to receive one narrow band channel within the wider frequency band at a time while base stations are typically required to tune in multiple channels and communicate with multiple terminals at a time.
In general, communications systems can use several types of RF receivers. A homodyne receiver is perhaps the most basic of RF receivers. The homodyne receiver usually includes a low noise amplifier (LNA) that accepts an RF signal received by an antenna, and amplifies the detected signal. The amplifier provides the amplified signal to an RF filter and to an analog mixer that multiplies the filtered RF signal with an analog mixing signal provided by a frequency generator including a local oscillator (LO). The analog mixer down-converts and recovers the desired baseband signal. (The analog mixing signal may have its frequency tuned for channel selection by a synthesizer.) This homodyne technique is sometimes called a “zero IF” architecture since the RF modulated signal is down-converted directly to zero frequency without an intermediate frequency (IF). In “zero IF” architectures, the LO signal is at the same frequency as the RF receiver signal. The use of the substantially same RF frequency signal (LO) for mixing can have the undesirable effect of the LO signal being radiated out through the antenna. In addition, coupling within the mixer can create a design issue in that the LO appears on the output of the mixer as a large DC offset, potentially jamming the desired signal.
A super-heterodyne receiver is another type of an RF receiver. A super-heterodyne receiver has several advantages over the zero-IF architecture. A super-heterodyne receiver also includes a low noise amplifier and a filter for filtering the modulated amplified RF signal. The receiver uses an analog RF mixer that receives the modulated RF signal for down-converting. The receiver uses a first frequency generator for providing a first mixing signal (LO1) that is offset from the RF carrier by an intermediate frequency (IF). The analog mixer receives the two offset RF signals and provides the modulated output at the IF frequency to a filter (e.g., a surface acoustic wave filter) having a high Q and a narrow band.
In super-heterodyning, the difference between the frequency of the modulated signal and the LO1 signal provides advantageous ability to isolate and filter non-idealities from the desired signal. The high Q and narrow band filter provides the filtered IF signal to a second mixer (usually an analog mixer) operating at the IF frequency. The second mixer also receives a second mixing signal (LO2) provided by a second frequency generator. (The second mixer may be replaced by a modulator that also digitizes the analog signal.) The mixer down-converts the IF frequency signal to a baseband signal suitable for processing. Usually, this architecture provides the signal of interest at the frequency RF+/−IF, and an image signal at RF−/+IF. Therefore, the receiver performs image rejection using a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter. Alternatively, the receiver may use Weaver mixer architecture to remove the unwanted image. The Weaver mixer architecture separates the modulated signal into an in-phase (I) signal and a quadrature (Q) signal to perform the mixing separately for the I & Q signals. This is done in two stages further separating each signal into two 90° shifted signals for mixing down to a baseband frequency. The baseband signals are combined by first appropriately shifting the phase.
There is still a need for communications systems and other systems that use hybrid heterodyne transmitters or receivers.
The present inventions are directed to hybrid heterodyne transmitters or receivers for use in communications systems or other systems. The present inventions are also directed to methods for hybrid heterodyne transmitting or receiving for use in communications systems or other systems.
According to one aspect, a heterodyne receiver for converting a continuous time modulated signal to a discrete time digital baseband signal includes a sigma-delta modulator and a digital mixer. The sigma-delta modulator is a sigma-delta analog-to-digital converter constructed and arranged to receive a modulated signal at an RF carrier frequency and provide a quantized output at a first intermediate frequency. The digital mixer is constructed and arranged to receive a data stream quantized by the sigma-delta analog-to-digital converter and receive a signal at a second mixing frequency. The digital mixer is constructed to provide digital signals representative of a baseband signal suitable for digital signal processing.
Preferably, the heterodyne receiver may include an analog frequency generator, including a local oscillator, constructed to provide a mixing signal being less than twice the RF frequency, wherein the sigma-delta analog-to-digital converter includes a sampler such as a mixer for receiving the analog mixing signal and providing an output signal at the first intermediate frequency.
The sigma-delta analog-to-digital converter is arranged to receive an analog sampling signal from the analog frequency generator. The sigma-delta analog-to-digital converter is arranged to receive an analog sampling signal at a frequency providing over-sampling with respect to the first intermediate frequency. The sigma-delta analog-to-digital converter is arranged to receive, from the analog frequency generator, an analog sampling signal at a frequency providing over-sampling with respect to the first intermediate frequency.
The heterodyne receiver may further include a digital frequency generator constructed and arranged to provide the signal at a second mixing frequency, the second mixing frequency being comparable to the first intermediate frequency. The heterodyne receiver may further include a digital frequency generator constructed and arranged to provide selectable frequency signals used as the signal at the second mixing frequency, the second mixing frequency being comparable to the first intermediate frequency.
According to another aspect, a modulated signal receiver includes a means for receiving a plurality of modulated signals, a means for generating a plurality of local oscillator (LO) signals with frequencies less than twice the carrier frequency of the modulated signals, and an over-sampled data converter. The over-sampled data converter is constructed to receive the modulated signals and the LO signals, and includes means for down-converting the modulated signals before quantization. The over-sampled data converter also includes a means for generating a plurality of quantized signals responsive to the down-converted signals, and a means for performing noise-shaping utilizing a plurality of poles in the modulated frequency band and a plurality of poles in the down-converted frequency band.
According to preferred embodiments, this modulated signal receiver may further include within the over-sampled data converter a means, responsive to the quantized signal, for generating a plurality of feedback signals, and a plurality of summing means responsive to the modulated inputs and the feedback signals for closing the over-sampled converter loop. The feedback means may include a plurality of single bit digital-to-analog converters (DACs). The feedback means may include a multi-bit DAC with Dynamic Element Matching (DEM). The over-sampled converter may be a noise shaping Sigma-Delta converter. The over-sampled converter may include a complex sigma-delta modulator (SDM), responsive to provided in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) modulated input signals.
According to yet another aspect, a heterodyne transmitter for converting a discrete time digital baseband signal to a continuous time modulated signal includes a digital mixer and a sigma-delta digital-to-analog converter. The digital mixer is constructed and arranged to receive a digital data stream processed by a digital signal processor and receive a digital signal at a mixing frequency, wherein the digital mixer is constructed to provide digital signals at an intermediate frequency being representative of a baseband signal. The sigma-delta digital to analog converter is constructed and arranged to receive digital signals at the intermediate frequency and provide a modulated signal at an RF carrier frequency.
According to yet another aspect, a method of generating a plurality of quantized signals includes receiving a plurality of modulated signals, and generating a plurality of local oscillator (LO) signals with frequencies less than twice the carrier frequency of the modulated signals. The method also includes receiving the modulated signals and the LO signals, down-converting the modulated signals before quantization; generating a plurality of quantized signals responsive to the down-converted signals, and performing noise-shaping utilizing a plurality of poles in the modulated frequency band and a plurality of poles in the down-converted frequency band. The noise-shaping may be performed during the converting.
The method may also include generating a plurality of feedback signals responsive to the quantized signal, and summing the feedback signals to close over-sampled loop converting. The input signals may include of a plurality of in-phase (I) and out-of-phase (Q) signals having carriers 90 degrees out of phase with respect to each other. The method may include changing the noise shaping to modify receiver bandwidth and sensitivity.
Furthermore, this present invention relates to a method and apparatus for converting a continuous time modulated signal to/from a discrete time digital baseband signal. Preferred embodiments utilize a sigma-delta modulator (SDM) replacing a traditional analog mixer by substituting the local oscillator (LO) input to the mixer with the sample clock input to the SDM. This undersamples the modulated signal while it simultaneously over-samples the desired baseband information bandwidth. If the sample clock is chosen such as to create an intermediate frequency (IF) carrier, a second mixing function may be performed on the digital SDM output by a digital multiplier, thereby creating a hybrid analog/digital receiver or a “digital heterodyne” receiver. The receiver may generate quadrature outputs using either a complex SDM or two SDMs with a phase shift network on the RF input, or by utilizing quadrature sample clocks to the two SDMs. The transmitter is designed to complement the receiver as described below.
The present invention improves system manufacturability and performance by replacing analog/RF components with digital mode devices such as those used in Sigma-Delta data converters. The over-sampling SDM ADC clock is intentionally chosen to be less than twice the carrier frequency, in clear violation of Nyquist sampling criteria, to create an aliased signal at a frequency equivalent to a traditional RF down-converting mixer. Either high side or low side mixing can be realized as long as the sample clock is less than twice the carrier frequency.
The transmitted signal is detected by an antenna 12 and the analog RF signal is provided to LN amplifier 14, which amplifies the RF signal and provides it to SDM ADC 16 for modulation, down-conversion and digitalization. SDM ADC 16 receives a sample clock signal from a frequency generator circuit 18 providing the sample clock at a frequency offset from the carrier frequency by a selected intermediate frequency (IF). For the ISM band example, a 2.376 GHz clock would generate a digital IF of 2.4 GHz-2.376 GHz or 24 MHz. The mixing frequency is preferably fixed to enable a low noise construction of the frequency generator. The output of SDM ADC 16 is a digitized signal at the intermediate frequency that could be compared to a mixed-signal equivalent of a super-heterodyne receiver. Typically, the IF is chosen to be between 0 Hz and the signal information bandwidth. Device noise such as 1/f and shot noise as well as DC LO leakage often affect the IF selection and may limit the low side of the range to about 1 MHz. The digitized signal is provided to digital decimator 20, which removes quantization noise and provides anti-aliasing, as described in more detail below. This signal is provided to digital multiplexer 22, which also receives a mixing signal (i.e., a digital sine wave signal) from a digital frequency generator 24, which serves as the second LO2 of the heterodyne receiver. This digital sine wave signal is generated, for example, by using lookup tables, a numerically controlled oscillator (NCO), or by Cordic techniques. Digital multiplexer 22 provides a down-converted output to digital decimator 26. Digital decimator 26 provides the digital signal to a digital signal processor (DSP).
At the RF frequency, the sample clock signal 19 over-samples the baseband signal and the over-sampling SDM ADC clock is selected to be at less than twice the carrier frequency, in clear violation of Nyquist sampling criteria, to create an aliased signal at a frequency equivalent to a traditional RF down-converting mixer. The high side or low side mixing can be realized as long as the sample clock is less than twice the carrier frequency. In digital multiplexer 22, the digital IF output of SDM data converter 16 is mixed (multiplied) with the digital representation of digital oscillator 24 to affect channel selection, and to create a digital representation of the baseband signal. Since digital oscillator 24 provides a programmable frequency output signal, the frequency of the sample clock 18 may be fixed.
The use of the fixed frequency simplifies the design of frequency generator circuit 18 and potentially reduces phase noise. The low phase noise in frequency generator circuit with low phase noise is important since SDM performance is often limited by the sample clock jitter. This may improve frequency isolation in frequency shift keying (FSK) as used in communication methods like binary frequency shift keying (BFSK), quadrature phase frequency shift keying (QPFSK), and continuous phase frequency shift keying (FSK).
Another embodiment of digital heterodyne receiver 10 includes a polyphase filter receiving an amplified RF signal from LNA 14 and generating RF in-phase (I) and RF quadrature (Q) signals delivered to two SDMs. This arrangement provides for a quadrature SDM and has the added benefit that both the digital I and Q SDM outputs are available on the same clock edge, thus simplifying the digital timing re-synchronization at the digital mixer operating at the frequency of LO2. For improved image rejection and/or improved dynamic range, the I and Q outputs from the SDMs can be combined into a single complex SDM. Most complex implementations use a band-pass SDM as described for example by Jantzi in “Quadrature Bandpass SDM for Digital Radio,” published in IEEE JSSC Vol. 32: No. 12 in December 1997, which is incorporated by reference (hereinafter “Jantzi”).
Digital interpolator 21A and 27A are designed to up sample the low clock rate input signal such as to remove aliased versions of the desired signal inherent in the original input signal. This new higher clock signal still has aliases, but they are at a larger offset from the input signal and are therefore more easily filtered later by reconstruction filters.
SDM DAC 16A provides an analog RF signal that may be filtered to remove the noise moved outside the communication band by the sigma delta modulation process. A reconstruction filter 15A, for example an LC tank or a surface acoustic wave filter, filters the RF analog signal and provides it to an RF power amplifier 14A. The amplified RF signal is transmitted by antenna 12A.
Referring still to
The output signal from SDM 300 (signal 299) is provided into the input of half band decimation filters (HBF) 213, 214 and 215, which are connected in series, resulting in frequency division by 8=23, and producing the IF signal at 297 MSPS. The order of each HBF with length N may be decided for each filter. In general, the order will increase as the sample rate is reduced due to the smaller transition band for the filter. Other decimation filters such as sinc or comb may be used. The values of transfer functions and coefficient gains are selected to meet specific application requirements.
Referring to
Sigma-delta modulator 300 also includes a zero order sample-and-hold element 340 for enabling the quantization. The sample rate is chosen similarly to a LO1 in a traditional radio receiver to be offset from the RF frequency by a relatively small IF frequency. The resultant sample frequency of the sample-and-hold should be less than twice the input RF frequency and therefore less than the Nyquist frequency. The sample rate also defines the SDM over sample ratio (OSR=Fs/(2*BW)) with respect to the desired baseband signal bandwidth.
The quantized output of sample-and-hold 340 is further conditioned through amplifier 341, bounded in amplitude by upper/lower bounds block 342. The output level is rounded to the nearest integer level through round 343. The quantized output levels occupy levels labeled [3, 2, 1, 0, −1, −2, −3] which are equally spaced over the expected signal dynamic range (e.g., 1V peak-to-peak), i.e., equal intervals of ⅓rd of a volt. The output from 341 is additionally provided to overflow logic controller 320. Depending on the overflow level, the outputs Clmp2 and Clmp3 set the switch conditions on switches 326 and 327. Gain amplifiers 328 and 329 provide gains of −1, thereby eliminating the signal from those channels when switches 326 and 327 are set to connect to the outputs of unity-gain inverting amplifiers 328 and 329, respectively. This occurs when the output level is zero from amplifier 314.
The present SDM eliminates issue of stability present with prior art Sigma-Delta Modulators over second order. The present system monitors the digital output of the SDM and if the output stays max positive or max negative for three cycles in a row, an overflow is declared. The overflow logic states are determined from the input level in logic control 320. If an overflow is detected, the internal integrators are reset by shorting the output back to the input that puts the modulator back into a valid state.
The overflow logic signal from the overflow logic 320 additionally enables the overflow condition to be used to control the gain in automatic gain control 216. Normally, the AGC uses a digital absolute value to rectify the signal followed by a very low frequency filter to extract the average signal level and adjust the output gain signal to obtain the target DC value. The loop frequency response is kept slow, or disabled as not to effect the desired receiver signal. When the overflow bit is high, the gain is decreased at a more aggressive rate, to reduce the overflow and bring the signal back into range of the SDM ADC.
Referring still to
The core of AGC 216 is the adder 530. The overflow signal 370 is added to the signal from a gain amplifier 541, or subtracted from the signal from a gain amplifier 540, as determined from the switch signal at input 520A. Additionally, the overflow signal is modified in multiplier 510 according to the output of multiplier 510, and also the one-interval delayed signal from a unit delay 532. Unit delay 532 of the added signal provides a means of preventing under-compensation or overcompensation of the overflow by preventing repeat applications of the same overflow signal. The output of the multipliers AGC2 and AGC4 (535) is controlled from the output of summer 530 and the inputs from signal generators. A limiter 531 clips the output levels to the specified limits.
The switch signal 520A is derived from the first stage decimator 213 (HBF1 shown in
Referring again to
Unit delay 277 delays its input by the specified sample period, and this is equivalent to the z−1 discrete-time operator. Delay 277 accepts input from FIR filter 276 and generates an output, which can be either both scalar or both vector. For the vector input, all elements of the vector are delayed by the same sample period. The output is provided to a digital demodulator 279, which may be as simple as detecting the sign of the signal. Sign block 279 provides the sign of the input so that the output is 1 when the input is greater than zero, the output is 0 when the input is equal to zero, and the output is −1 when the input is less than zero. Demodulated output signal 280 is provided at the base band.
In general, transmitter 10A may include various types of Digital to Analog converters and modulators designed to generate the transmitted RF communication signal. Preferably, transmitter 10A includes a quadrature sigma-delta modulator digital-to-analog converter for simultaneously processing the in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) signals. Alternately, a mixed-signal super-heterodyne transmitter can include two SDMs and four digital mixers to create a digital version of the traditional Weaver image reject mixer architecture. The Weaver architecture receives an RF modulated input to be effectively sampled in quadrature. This sampling is performed, for example, using two oscillator signals (LO1I and LO1Q) shifted 90 degrees out of phase, often generated using an oscillator circuit running four times faster than the LO1 signal.
Dynamic Element Matching (DEM) is required in most multi-level quantized SDMs (in any application, not just transceivers) to achieve the full performance potential of the SDM ADC as determined by the designed NTF.
Furthermore, the performance of SDM 46 depends on the feedback from the used DAC to exactly match the feed forward digital path. Thus, the DAC linearity essentially limits the ADC performance, where non-linearities in the DAC are largely caused by mismatch of components, but the novel design successfully deals with these limitations.
As shown in
Specifically, DEM 47 (
Referring still to
Digital decimation filters 50 and 70 may include a digital low-pass or bandpass filter and a digital decimator. Digital decimation filters 50 and 70 receive digitized amplitude density-modulated signals at an intermediate frequency, wherein the signals are separated by 90°. Each digital decimation filter produces a decimated or down-sampled digital output signal delivered to image reject mixer 52.
Referring still to
Summing node 84 effectively creates an error signal by combining the output current of Gm amplifier 82 and the output current of the SDM feedback digital-to-analog converters 120 and 130 (feed-back loops 122 and 132) within the bandpass tank 86 created by the L and C elements. The mixer inside the SDM 46 (i.e., analog mixers 92, 94) down-converts this error signal, and as such, a traditional analog IF signal is never generated. This error signal closes the SDM loop and LC filter 86 is an integral part of the noise shaping transfer function. The LC tank 86 creates poles that are typically located within the modulated signal band, much like a bandpass SDM. Multiple GmLC stages (e.g., the stage comprising Gm 82 and LC tank 86) may be cascaded for higher order loops. In operation, the circuit of
Sigma-delta modulator 46 converts the analog RF signal into a low-resolution but very high-speed digital signal DOUT 1, DOUT 2 for both I and Q, respectively. The analog input signal RFin modulates the density of states of the high speed signal. Such signals include, for example, pulse density and pulse duration modulated signals (PDM), pulse code modulation (PCM), pulse position modulation (PPM) for single-bit digital output streams, or amplitude density modulated signals (ADM) for multiple-bit digital output streams. Digital decimation filters 50 and 70 (
Referring again to
Integrators 102 and 112 (and 104, 114) each receive the error signal that is summed (at nodes 93, 95, 97, and 99, respectively) with the previously accumulated signals (124, 126, 134, and 136, respectively) fed to a second non-inverting input port. The previously accumulated signal (124, 126, 134, and 136, respectively) is updated by addition of the current error signal to produce a new, updated accumulated value at the output of each integrator 102, 112, 104, 114, respectively. The new, updated, accumulated value is applied to delay elements, which delay the accumulated sum, and makes it available after the delay on output signal.
The I and Q down-converting may be formed using, for example, a sample and hold amplifier, transmission gate or balanced mixer that is enclosed within the same noise shaping loop 500, which helps to linearize the down-converter means.
Complex Sigma-delta converter 46 includes a complex noise shaping filter 500, which is responsive to both the I and Q down-converted signals. This complex noise shaping filter 500 adds additional noise shaping before quantization. For example, as explained above, the noise shaping of complex noise shaping filter 500 is performed in combination with one or more bandpass tank circuits 86, resulting in a plurality of poles in the modulated frequency band and a plurality of poles in the down-converted frequency band. The filtered signals are quantized at the quantizers 116, 118 to a plurality of digital output levels, which are both fed forward to the digital processor (e.g., the digital signal processor referenced in connection with
Referring again to
Referring to
There are several possible modifications of the diagram shown in
In addition, it will be understood by those skilled in the relevant art that control and electronic elements and functional elements of the invention and various structures may vary in many ways from the described above. Numerous other embodiments, and modifications thereof, are contemplated as falling within the scope of the present invention as defined by appended claims and equivalents thereto.
Additional embodiments are within the following claims:
Jadus, Brian, Washburn, Clyde, Petilli, Eugene M., Alvermann, John M.
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