Method and apparatus for writing data to a storage array, such as but not limited to an STRAM or RRAM memory array, using a read-mask-write operation. In accordance with various embodiments, a first bit pattern stored in a plurality of memory cells is read. A second bit pattern is stored to the plurality of memory cells by applying a mask to selectively write only those cells of said plurality corresponding to different bit values between the first and second bit patterns.
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1. A method comprising steps of:
identifying a destination address for a set of write data received by a memory array, the destination address describing a plurality of memory cells along a selected row or column of the array;
reading a set of read data stored at the destination address; and
overwriting the set of write data at the destination address by applying a mask to selectively write only those cells of said plurality corresponding to different logical bit values between the sets of write and read data.
8. A portable data storage device adapted to be coupled to a host to provide memory therefor, the device comprising an array of non-volatile memory cells and a control circuit adapted to, responsive to receipt from the host of a set of write data, identify a destination address in the array for the set of write data, retrieve a set of read data stored at the destination address, compare the set of read data to the set of write data, and overwrite the set of write data at the destination address by applying a mask to selectively write only those cells of the destination address corresponding to different logical bit values between the sets of write and read data.
15. A solid-state non-volatile memory structure, comprising:
a plurality of non-volatile memory cells arranged into rows and columns, wherein said cells are arranged into addressable groups of cells each group having a unique address; and
a control circuit configured to read a set of read data stored at a destination address, compare the set of read data to a set of write data received for storage at said destination address, and overwrite a portion of the cells at the destination address corresponding to different logical bit values between the sets of write and read data, wherein a remainder of the cells at the destination address having the same logical bit values between the sets of write and read data are not overwritten.
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Data storage devices generally operate to store and retrieve data in a fast and efficient manner. Some storage devices utilize a semiconductor array of solid-state memory cells to store individual bits of data. Such memory cells can be volatile (e.g., DRAM, SRAM) or non-volatile (RRAM, STRAM, flash, etc.).
As will be appreciated, volatile memory cells generally retain data stored in memory only so long as operational power continues to be supplied to the device, while non-volatile memory cells generally retain data storage in memory even in the absence of the application of operational power.
In these and other types of data storage devices, it is often desirable to reduce power consumption requirements during operation, particularly with regard to the power required to write data to the storage array.
Various embodiments of the present invention are generally directed to a method and apparatus for writing data to a storage array, such as but not limited to an STRAM or RRAM memory array, using a read-mask-write operation.
In accordance with some embodiments, the method generally comprises reading a first bit pattern stored in a plurality of memory cells, and then storing a second bit pattern to the plurality of memory cells by applying a mask to selectively write only those cells of said plurality corresponding to different bit values between the first and second bit patterns.
In accordance with other embodiments, the apparatus generally comprises a memory array comprising a plurality of memory cells, and a control circuit configured to read a first bit pattern stored in the plurality of memory cells, and to store a second bit pattern to the plurality of memory cells by applying a mask to selectively write only those cells of said plurality corresponding to different bit values between the first and second bit patterns.
These and various other features and advantages which characterize the various embodiments of the present invention can be understood in view of the following detailed discussion and the accompanying drawings.
Top level control of the device 100 is carried out by a suitable controller 102, which may be a programmable or hardware based microcontroller. The controller 102 communicates with a host device via a controller interface (I/F) circuit 104 and a host I/F circuit 106. Local storage of requisite commands, programming, operational data, etc. is provided via random access memory (RAM) 108 and read-only memory (ROM) 110. A buffer 112 can be used as desired to temporarily store input write data from the host device and readback data pending transfer to the host device. The buffer can be a separate portion of the device, or can be incorporated into the memory space 114.
A memory space is shown at 114 to comprise a number of memory arrays 116 (denoted Array 0-N), although it will be appreciated that a single array can be utilized as desired. Each array 116 comprises a block of semiconductor memory of selected storage capacity. Communications between the controller 102 and the memory space 114 are coordinated via a memory (MEM) I/F 118. As desired, on-the-fly error detection and correction (EDC) encoding and decoding operations are carried out during data transfers by way of an EDC block 120.
While not limiting, in some embodiments the various circuits depicted in
Any number of data storage and transfer protocols can be utilized, such as logical block addressing (LBAs) whereby data are arranged and stored in fixed-size blocks (such as 512 bytes of user data plus overhead bytes for ECC, sparing, header information, etc). Host commands can be issued in terms of LBAs, and the device 100 can carry out a corresponding LBA-to-PBA (physical block address) conversion to identify and service the associated locations at which the data are to be stored or retrieved.
Control logic 126 receives and transfers data, addressing information and control/status values along multi-line bus paths 128, 130 and 132, respectively. X and Y decoding circuitry 134, 136 provide appropriate switching and other functions to access the appropriate cells 124. A write circuit 138 represents circuitry elements that operate to carry out write operations to write data to the cells 124, and a read circuit 140 correspondingly operates to obtain readback data from the cells 124. Local buffering of transferred data and other values can be provided via one or more local registers 144. At this point it will be appreciated that the circuitry of
Data are written to the respective memory cells 124 as generally depicted in
As noted above, in some embodiments the memory cell 124 takes an STRAM configuration, in which case the write power source 146 is characterized as a bi-directional current driver connected through a memory cell 124 to a suitable reference node 148, such as ground. The write power source 146 provides a stream of power that is spin polarized by moving through a magnetic material in the memory cell 124. The resulting rotation of the polarized spins creates a torque that changes the magnetic moment of the memory cell 124.
Depending on the orientation of the applied write current, the cell 124 will take either a relatively low resistance (RL) or a relatively high resistance (RH). While not limiting, exemplary RL values may be in the range of about 100 ohms (Ω) or so, whereas exemplary RH values may be in the range of about 100 KΩ or so Other resistive memory type configurations (e.g., RRAMs) are supplied with a suitable voltage or other input to similarly provide respective RL and RH values. These values are retained by the respective cells until such time that the state is changed by a subsequent write operation. While not limiting, in the present example it is contemplated that a high resistance value (RH) denotes storage of a logical 1 by the cell 124, and a low resistance value (RL) denotes storage of a logical 0.
The logical bit value(s) stored by each cell 124 can be determined in a manner such as illustrated by
The reference voltage VREF is selected such that the voltage drop VMC across the memory cell 124 will be lower than the VREF value when the resistance of the cell is set to RL, and will be higher than the VREF value when the resistance of the cell is set to RH. In this way, the output voltage level of the comparator 154 will indicate the logical bit value (0 or 1) stored by the memory cell 124.
After the write data mask operation 158 of
It is contemplated that the masking operation may result in bits being written of opposite logical polarity; for example, at least one bit may be changed from a 0 to 1 whereas at least one other bit may be changed from a 1 to a 0 during a given write operation. There is no general limitation to size of bit pattern (e.g. 4-bit, 16-bit, 128-bit, etc.) that can be used, and multiple bits can be stored per cell. The existing and new bit patterns 160, 162 are equal in number of bits, although such is not necessarily required.
An exemplary flow diagram for a READ-MASK-WRITE OPERATION routine 166 is set forth by
A write data mask D(M) is next generated at step 172 in relation to the respective data D(W) and D(R). As noted above, this is carried out in some embodiments using an XOR operation (i.e., D(M)=D(W) XOR D(R)), although other suitable methodologies can be used as desired. The resultant write data mask is utilized at step 174 to write those bits necessary at the selected location such that, at the completion of the data write operation 174, the write data D(W) are stored in the selected location. The routine then returns to step 168 as shown and continues as new write data are presented for storage.
In some embodiments, the device 100 further includes predictive read look ahead circuitry 176 as generally depicted
An increment circuit 182, such as a counter, identifies the next address (e.g., address N) for the next set of write data D(WN). This new address N may be a prediction of the next address based on previous address sequencing, or may be based on write data that has been physically received by the device 100, such as data pending in buffer 112 (
It should be noted that the increment block can search various locations or bit pattern sizes to accommodate the most efficient read ahead operation. In an alternative embodiment, the increment block can designate a read operation for non-sequential data. Likewise, a range of bit sectors can be read, written with the write data mask, and concurrently incremented and read. For example, small blocks, such as 8 bits of data, as well as large blocks, such as 512 byte sectors, can undergo the operation of
The various embodiments illustrated herein provide advantages in both time and power savings. The ability to concurrently read data ahead while writing a bit pattern using a write data mask allows more efficient use time spent reading data. Moreover, the writing of the minimum number of bit values necessary to render a new bit pattern associated with the use of the write data mask significantly reduces the power consumption over conventional data write processes. For many solid state data storage devices such as MRAM, STRAM, and RRAM, the power consumption is considerably greater for a write operation than for a read operation. Thus, a minimization of the number of bit values to be written for a given amount of data allows for extensive power savings over conventional data write operations. However, it will be appreciated that the various embodiments discussed herein have numerous potential applications and are not limited to a certain field of electronic media or type of data storage devices.
In various embodiments, the plurality of memory cells are capable of being individually written to without having to reset a block of memory cells and concurrently write said block of memory cells, such as so-called resistive sense memory (RSM) cells which include MRAM, STRAM and RRAM cells. This excludes other types of erasable cells such as EEPROM and flash, which require an erase operation to reset the storage state of the cells prior to a write operation. Moreover, erasable cells can only be written to a single value (e.g., all cells are initially set to logical 0 and then selectively written to 1) whereas RSM cells can be alternatively written from any first state (e.g., logical state 0 or 1) to a second state (e.g., logical state 1 or 0).
It is to be understood that even though numerous characteristics and advantages of various embodiments of the present invention have been set forth in the foregoing description, together with details of the structure and function of various embodiments of the invention, this detailed description is illustrative only, and changes may be made in detail, especially in matters of structure and arrangements of parts within the principles of the present invention to the full extent indicated by the broad general meaning of the terms in which the appended claims are expressed.
Lu, Yong, Huang, Henry F., Li, Hai (Helen)
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