A powertrain of an automatic transmission includes a first planetary gear set having first, second, and third operating members, a second planetary gear set having fourth, fifth, and sixth operating members, and a third planetary gear set having seventh, eighth, and ninth operating members, the first operating member being always stationary, the seventh and eighth operating members being selectively stopped, the second and sixth operating members being fixedly interconnected, the fifth and ninth operating members being fixedly interconnected, the fourth and seventh operating members being selectively interconnected, the sixth and seventh operating members being selectively interconnected, the third and eighth operating members being selectively interconnected, wherein an input shaft is fixedly connected to the third operating member and selectively connected to the seventh operating member, and an output shaft is fixedly connected to the ninth operating member.
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1. A powertrain of an automatic transmission comprising:
a first planetary gear set having a first operating member that is always stationary, a second operating member, and a third operating member fixedly connected to an input shaft;
a second planetary gear set having a fourth operating member, a fifth operating member, and a sixth operating member fixedly connected to the second operating member;
a third planetary gear set having a seventh operating member that is selectively stopped and selectively connected to the fourth operating member and the sixth operating member and the input shaft, an eighth operating member that is selectively stopped and selectively connected to the third operating member, and a ninth operating member that is fixedly connected to the fifth operating member and an output shaft; and
a plurality of friction members that selectively connect operating members of the first, second, and third planetary gear sets, the input shaft, and the transmission case.
2. The powertrain of
a first clutch selectively connecting the input shaft and the seventh operating member;
a second clutch selectively connecting the third operating member and the eighth operating member;
a third clutch selectively connecting the fourth operating member and the seventh operating member;
a fourth clutch selectively connecting the sixth operating member and the seventh operating member;
a first brake selectively stopping the seventh operating member; and
a second brake selectively stopping the eighth operating member.
3. The powertrain of
the third clutch and the second brake operate for a first forward speed;
the third clutch and the first brake operate for a second forward speed;
the third clutch and the fourth clutch operate for a third forward speed;
the first clutch and the third clutch operate for a fourth forward speed;
the second clutch and the third clutch operate for a fifth forward speed;
the first clutch and the second clutch operate for a sixth forward speed;
the second clutch and the fourth clutch operate for a seventh forward speed;
the second clutch and the first brake operate for an eighth forward speed;
the fourth clutch and the second brake operate for a first reverse speed; and
the first clutch and the second brake operate for a second reverse speed.
4. The powertrain of
the first sun gear acting as the first operating member, the first ring gear acting as the second operating member, and the first planet carrier acting as the third operating member.
5. The powertrain of
the second sun gear acting as the fourth operating member, the second planet carrier acting as the fifth operating member, and the second ring gear acting as the sixth operating member.
6. The powertrain of
the second sun gear acting as the fourth operating member, the second ring gear acting as the fifth operating member, and the second planet carrier acting as the sixth operating member.
7. The powertrain of
the third sun gear acting as the seventh operating member, the third ring gear acting as the eighth operating member, and the third planet carrier acting as the ninth operating member.
8. The powertrain of
the first planetary gear set is a double pinion planetary gear set having operating members of a first sun gear, a first ring gear, and a first planet carrier, the first sun gear acting as the first operating member, the first ring gear acting as the second operating member, and the first planet carrier acting as the third operating member;
the second planetary gear set is a single pinion planetary gear set having operating members of a second sun gear, a second planet carrier, and a second ring gear, the second sun gear acting as the fourth operating member, the second planet carrier acting as the fifth operating member, and the second ring gear acting as the sixth operating member; and
the third planetary gear set is a double pinion planetary gear set having operating members of a third sun gear, a third ring gear, and a third planet carrier, the third sun gear acting as the seventh operating member, the third ring gear acting as the eighth operating member, and the third planet carrier acting as the ninth operating member.
9. The powertrain of
a first clutch selectively connecting the input shaft and the third sun gear;
a second clutch selectively connecting the first planet carrier and the third ring gear;
a third clutch selectively connecting the second sun gear and the third sun gear;
a fourth clutch selectively connecting the second ring gear and the third sun gear;
a first brake selectively connecting the third sun gear and the transmission case; and
a second brake selectively connecting the third ring gear and the transmission case.
10. The powertrain of
the third clutch and the second brake operate for a first forward speed;
the third clutch and the first brake operate for a second forward speed;
the third clutch and the fourth clutch operate for a third forward speed;
the first clutch and the third clutch operate for a fourth forward speed;
the second clutch and the third clutch operate for a fifth forward speed;
the first clutch and the second clutch operate for a sixth forward speed;
the second clutch and the fourth clutch operate for a seventh forward speed;
the second clutch and the first brake operate for an eighth forward speed;
the fourth clutch and the second brake operate for a first reverse speed; and
the first clutch and the second brake operate for a second reverse speed.
11. The powertrain of
the first planetary gear set is a double pinion planetary gear set having operating members of a first sun gear, a first ring gear, and a first planet carrier, the first sun gear acting as the first operating member, the first ring gear acting as the second operating member, and the first planet carrier acting as the third operating member;
the second planetary gear set is a double pinion planetary gear set having operating members of a second sun gear, a second ring gear, and a second planet carrier, the second sun gear acting as the fourth operating member, the second ring gear acting as the fifth operating member, and the second planet carrier acting as the sixth operating member;
the third planetary gear set is a double pinion planetary gear set having operating members of a third sun gear, a third ring gear, and a third planet carrier, the third sun gear acting as the seventh operating member, the third ring gear acting as the eighth operating member, and the third planet carrier acting as the ninth operating member.
12. The powertrain of
a first clutch selectively connecting the input shaft and the third sun gear;
a second clutch selectively connecting the first planet carrier and the third ring gear;
a third clutch selectively connecting the second sun gear and the third sun gear;
a fourth clutch selectively connecting the second planet carrier and the third sun gear;
a first brake selectively connecting the third sun gear and the transmission case; and
a second brake selectively connecting the third ring gear and the transmission case.
13. The powertrain of
the third clutch and the second brake operate for a first forward speed;
the third clutch and the first brake operate for a second forward speed;
the third clutch and the fourth clutch operate for a third forward speed;
the first clutch and the third clutch operate for a fourth forward speed;
the second clutch and the third clutch operate for a fifth forward speed;
the first clutch and the second clutch operate for a sixth forward speed;
the second clutch and the fourth clutch operate for a seventh forward speed;
the second clutch and the first brake operate for an eighth forward speed;
the fourth clutch and the second brake operate for a first reverse speed; and
the first clutch and the second brake operate for a second reverse speed.
14. The powertrain of
15. The powertrain of
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The present application claims priority to Korean Patent Application Number 10-2008-0056532 filed Jun. 16, 2008, the entire contents of which application is incorporated herein for all purposes by this reference.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a powertrain of an automatic transmission. More particularly, the present invention relates to a powertrain of an automatic transmission that enables eight forward speeds and two reverse speeds by combining three simple planetary gear sets and six frictional elements.
2. Description of Related Art
A typical shift mechanism of an automatic transmission utilizes a combination of a plurality of planetary gear sets. A gear train of such an automatic transmission that includes the plurality of planetary gear sets changes rotating speed and torque received from a torque converter of the automatic transmission, and accordingly changes and transmits the changed torque to an output shaft.
It is well known that when a transmission realizes a greater number of shift speeds, speed ratios of the transmission can be more optimally designed and therefore a vehicle can have better fuel mileage and better performance. For that reason, an automatic transmission that enables more shift speeds is under constant investigation.
In addition, with the same number of speeds, features of a gear train such as durability, efficiency in power transmission, and size depend a lot on the layout of combined planetary gear sets. Therefore, designs for a combining structure of a gear train are also under constant investigation.
A manual transmission that has too many speeds causes inconvenience of excessively frequent shifting operations to a driver. Therefore, the positive features of more shift-speeds are more important for automatic transmissions because an automatic transmission automatically controls shifting operations basically without needing manual operation.
The information disclosed in this Background of the Invention section is only for enhancement of understanding of the general background of the invention and should not be taken as an acknowledgement or any form of suggestion that this information forms the prior art already known to a person skilled in the art.
Various aspects of the present invention are directed to provide a powertrain of an automatic transmission having advantages of enabling eight forward speeds and two reverse speeds by combining three simple planetary gear sets and six frictional elements.
In an aspect of the present invention, the powertrain of an automatic transmission may include a first planetary gear set having a first operating member that is always stationary, a second operating member, and a third operating member fixedly connected to an input shaft, a second planetary gear set having a fourth operating member, a fifth operating member, and a sixth operating member fixedly connected to the second operating member, a third planetary gear set having a seventh operating member that is selectively stopped and selectively connected to the fourth operating member, the sixth operating member, and the input shaft, an eighth operating member that is selectively stopped and selectively connected to the third operating member, and a ninth operating member that is fixedly connected to the fifth operating member and an output shaft, and a plurality of friction members that selectively connect operating members of the first, second, and third planetary gear sets, the input shaft, and the transmission case.
The plurality of friction members may include a first clutch selectively connecting the input shaft and the seventh operating member, a second clutch selectively connecting the third operating member and the eighth operating member, a third clutch selectively connecting the fourth operating member and the seventh operating member, a fourth clutch selectively connecting the sixth operating member and the seventh operating member, a first brake selectively stopping the seventh operating member, and a second brake selectively stopping the eighth operating member.
The first planetary gear set may be a double pinion planetary gear set having operating members of a first sun gear, a first ring gear, and a first planet carrier, the first sun gear acting as the first operating member, the first ring gear acting as the second operating member, and the first planet carrier acting as the third operating member.
The second planetary gear set may be a single pinion planetary gear set having operating members of a second sun gear, a second planet carrier, and a second ring gear, the second sun gear acting as the fourth operating member, the second planet carrier acting as the fifth operating member, and the second ring gear acting as the sixth operating member.
The second planetary gear set may be a double pinion planetary gear set having operating members of a second sun gear, a second ring gear, and a second planet carrier, the second sun gear acting as the fourth operating member, the second ring gear acting as the fifth operating member, and the second planet carrier acting as the sixth operating member.
The third planetary gear set may be a double pinion planetary gear set having operating members of a third sun gear, a third ring gear, and a third planet carrier, the third sun gear acting as the seventh operating member, the third ring gear acting as the eighth operating member, and the third planet carrier acting as the ninth operating member.
It may be configured that the third clutch and the second brake operate for a first forward speed, the third clutch and the first brake operate for a second forward speed, the third clutch and the fourth clutch operate for a third forward speed, the first clutch and the third clutch operate for a fourth forward speed, the second clutch and the third clutch operate for a fifth forward speed, the first clutch and the second clutch operate for a sixth forward speed, the second clutch and the fourth clutch operate for a seventh forward speed, the second clutch and the first brake operate for an eighth forward speed, the fourth clutch and the second brake operate for a first reverse speed, and the first clutch and the second brake operate for a second reverse speed.
When the second planetary gear set is a single pinion planetary gear set, the plurality of friction members may include a first clutch selectively connecting the input shaft and the third sun gear, a second clutch selectively connecting the first planet carrier and the third ring gear, a third clutch selectively connecting the second sun gear and the third sun gear, a fourth clutch selectively connecting the second ring gear and the third sun gear, a first brake selectively connecting the third sun gear and the transmission case, and a second brake selectively connecting the third ring gear and the transmission case.
When the second planetary gear set is a double pinion planetary gear set, the plurality of friction members may include a first clutch selectively connecting the input shaft and the third sun gear, a second clutch selectively connecting the first planet carrier and the third ring gear, a third clutch selectively connecting the second sun gear and the third sun gear, a fourth clutch selectively connecting the second planet carrier and the third sun gear, a first brake selectively connecting the third sun gear and the transmission case, and a second brake selectively connecting the third ring gear and the transmission case.
In another aspect of the present invention, when the second planetary gear set is a double pinion planetary gear set, the fourth clutch may be connected to the second planet carrier between the first planetary gear set and the second planetary gear set, and the third clutch, the fourth clutch, and the first clutch may be disposed in series in a side of the third planetary gear set opposite to the second planetary gear set with respect to the third planetary gear set.
In further another aspect of the present invention, when the second planetary gear set is a double pinion planetary gear set, the fourth clutch may be connected to the second planet carrier between the second planetary gear set and the third planetary gear set, and the fourth clutch, the third clutch, and the first clutch may be disposed in series in a side of the third planetary gear set opposite to the second planetary gear set with respect to the third planetary gear set.
According to various aspects of the automatic transmission of the present invention, eight forward speeds and two reverse speeds can be enabled by combining three simple planetary gear sets and six frictional elements. In addition, a large number of shift-speeds are enabled, and thus power delivery performance may be improved and fuel consumption may be reduced by effectively utilizing an engine power.
The methods and apparatuses of the present invention have other features and advantages which will be apparent from or are set forth in more detail in the accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein, and the following Detailed Description of the Invention, which together serve to explain certain principles of the present invention.
Reference will now be made in detail to various embodiments of the present invention(s), examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings and described below. While the invention(s) will be described in conjunction with exemplary embodiments, it will be understood that present description is not intended to limit the invention(s) to those exemplary embodiments. On the contrary, the invention(s) is/are intended to cover not only the exemplary embodiments, but also various alternatives, modifications, equivalents and other embodiments, which may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
As shown in
The input shaft 10 receives a torque from an engine (not shown) through a torque converter (not shown).
The output shaft 20 outputs a torque from the powertrain.
The first planetary gear set PG1 is a double pinion planetary gear set having operating members of a first sun gear S1, a first ring gear R1, and a first planet carrier PC1. A first pinion gear P1 is connected to the first planet carrier PC1 and gear-engaged with the first sun gear S1 and the first ring gear R1 so that the first planet carrier PC1 rotates by the rotation of the first pinion gear P1.
The second planetary gear set PG2 is a single pinion planetary gear set having operating members of a second sun gear S2, a second planet carrier PC2, and a second ring gear R2. A second pinion gear P2 is connected to the second planet carrier PC2 and gear-engaged with the second sun gear S2 and the second ring gear R2 so that the second planet carrier PC2 rotates by the rotation of the second pinion gear P2.
The third planetary gear set PG3 is a double pinion planetary gear set having operating members of a third sun gear S3, a third ring gear R3, and a third planet carrier PC3. A third pinion gear P3 is connected to the third planet carrier PC3 and gear-engaged with the third sun gear S3 and the third ring gear R3 so that the third planet carrier PC3 rotates by the rotation of the third pinion gear P3.
The first sun gear S1, the first ring gear R1, and the first planet carrier PC1 is also called first, second, and third operating members N1, N2, and N3 of a powertrain of an automatic transmission according to various embodiments of the present invention. The second sun gear S2, the second planet carrier PC2, and the second ring gear R2 is also called fourth, fifth, and sixth operating members N4, N5, and N6 of a powertrain of an automatic transmission according to various embodiments of the present invention. The third sun gear S3, the third ring gear R3, and the third planet carrier PC3 is also called seventh, eighth, and ninth operating members N7, N8, and N9 of a powertrain of an automatic transmission according to various embodiments of the present invention.
The third operating member N3 is fixedly connected with the input shaft 10 and always acts as an input member. The ninth operating member N9 is fixedly connected with the output shaft 20 and always acts as an output member. The first operating member N1 is fixedly connected with the transmission case 30 and always acts as a fixed member.
The second operating member N2 and the sixth operating member N6 are fixedly connected. The fifth operating member N5 and the ninth operating member N9 are fixedly connected.
A powertrain of an automatic transmission according to various embodiments of the present invention utilizes a plurality of friction members, in more detail, six friction members.
The plurality of friction members includes a first clutch C1 selectively connecting the input shaft 10 and the seventh operating member N7, a second clutch C2 selectively connecting the third operating member N3 and the eighth operating member N8, a third clutch C3 selectively connecting the fourth operating member N4 and the seventh operating member N7, a fourth clutch C4 selectively connecting the sixth operating member N6 and the seventh operating member, a first brake B1 selectively stopping the seventh operating member N7, and a second brake B2 selectively stopping the eighth operating member N8.
In addition, a one-way clutch OWC is arranged in parallel to the second brake B2.
In more detail, the first clutch C1 selectively connects the input shaft 10 and the third sun gear S3. The second clutch C2 selectively connects the first planet carrier PC1 and the third ring gear R3. The third clutch C3 selectively connects the second sun gear S2 and the third sun gear S3. The fourth clutch C4 selectively connects the second ring gear R2 and the third sun gear S3. The first brake B1 selectively connects the third sun gear S3 and the transmission case 30. The second brake B2 selectively connects the third ring gear R3 and the transmission case 30.
As shown in
That is, the third clutch C3 and the second brake B2 operate for the first forward speed D1. The third clutch C3 and the first brake B1 operate for the second forward speed D2. The third clutch C3 and the fourth clutch C4 operate for the third forward speed D3. The first clutch C1 and the third clutch C3 operate for the fourth forward speed D4. The second clutch C2 and the third clutch C3 operate for the fifth forward speed D5. The first clutch C1 and the second clutch C2 operate for the sixth forward speed D6. The second clutch C2 and the fourth clutch C4 operate for the seventh forward speed D7. The second clutch C2 and the first brake B1 operate for the eighth forward speed D8. The fourth clutch C4 and the second brake B2 operate for the first reverse speed Rev1. The first clutch C1 and the second brake B2 operate for the second reverse speed Rev2.
Formation of eight forward speeds and two reverse speeds by a powertrain of an automatic transmission according to various embodiments of the present invention is hereinafter described in detail.
Referring to
The fifth operating member N5 and the ninth operating member N9 always rotate at the same speed since they are fixedly connected with each other, and the second operating member N2 and the sixth operating member N6 always rotate at the same speed since they are fixedly connected with each other. That is, the sixth operating member N6 always rotates at the reduced speed of the second operating member N2.
From such a constraint, the first to eighth forward speeds and two reverse speeds are realized by selective operation of the first to fourth clutches C1 to C4 and the first and second brakes B1 and B2, which is hereinafter described in detail.
The third operating member N3 is fixedly connected to the input shaft 10 and selectively connected to the eighth operating member N8 through the second clutch C2. Therefore, when the second clutch C2 operates, the eighth operating member N8 rotates at the rotation speed of the input shaft 10.
[First Forward Speed]
The third clutch C3 and the second brake B2 operate for the first forward speed D1.
The fourth operating member N4 and the seventh operating member N7 rotate at the same speed since the third clutch C3 operates. The eighth operating member N8 stops since the second brake B2 operates.
Therefore, the speed diagram of the second and third planetary gear sets PG2 and PG3 is formed as shown in
Since the one-way clutch OWC is arranged in parallel to the second brake B2, the first forward speed may be outputted without forcedly driving the second brake B2.
[Second Forward Speed]
The third clutch C3 and the first brake B1 operate for the second forward speed D2.
The seventh operating member N7 stops since the first brake B1 operates. The fourth operating member N4 and the seventh operating member N7 rotate at the same speed since the third clutch C3 operates. Therefore, the fourth operating member N4 also stops, and thus, the speed diagram of the second planetary gear set PG2 is formed as shown in
Therefore, speed diagram of the second and third planetary gear sets PG2 and PG3 is formed as shown in
[Third Forward Speed]
The third clutch C3 and the fourth clutch C4 operate for the third forward speed D3.
The sixth operating member N6 and the seventh operating member N7 rotate at the same speed since the fourth clutch C4 operates. The fourth operating member N4 and the seventh operating member N7 rotate at the same speed since the third clutch C3 operates. Therefore, the fourth operating member N4 rotates at the reduced speed of the sixth operating member N6, and thus the second planetary gear set PG2 integrally rotate at the reduced speed.
Therefore, the reduced speed is outputted as the third forward speed D3 through the ninth operating member N9 that is fixedly connected to the fifth operating member N5.
[Fourth Forward Speed]
The first clutch C1 and the third clutch C3 operate for the fourth forward speed D4.
The seventh operating member N7 rotates at the same speed with the input shaft 10 since the first clutch C1 operates. The fourth operating member N4 and the seventh operating member N7 rotate at the same speed since the third clutch C3 operates. Therefore, the fourth operating member N4 also rotates at the same speed with the input shaft 10, the speed diagram of the second planetary gear set PG2 is formed as shown in
The fourth forward speed D4 that is faster than the reduced speed is outputted through the output member of the ninth operating member N9.
[Fifth Forward Speed]
The second clutch C2 and the third clutch C3 operate for the fifth forward speed D5.
The eighth operating member N8 rotates at the same speed with the input shaft 10 since the second clutch C2 operates. The fourth operating member N4 and the seventh operating member N7 rotate at the same speed since the third clutch C3 operates.
Therefore, the speed diagram of the second and third planetary gear sets PG2 and PG3 is formed as shown in
[Sixth Forward Speed]
The first clutch C1 and the second clutch C2 operate for the sixth forward speed D6.
The seventh operating member N7 rotates at the same speed with the input shaft 10 since the first clutch C1 operates. The eighth operating member N8 rotates at the same speed with the input shaft 10 since the second clutch C2 operates. Therefore, the third planetary gear set PG3 integrally rotates at the same speed with the input shaft 10.
Therefore, the speed diagram of the second and third planetary gear sets PG2 and PG3 is formed as shown in
[Seventh Forward Speed]
The second clutch C2 and the fourth clutch C4 operate for the seventh forward speed D7.
The eighth operating member N8 rotates at the same speed with the input shaft 10 since the second clutch C2 operates. The seventh operating member N7 rotates at the reduced speed since the fourth clutch C4 operates.
Therefore, the speed diagram of the second and third planetary gear sets PG2 and PG3 is formed as shown in
[Eighth Forward Speed]
The second clutch C2 and the first brake B1 operate for the eighth forward speed D8.
The eighth operating member N8 rotates at the same speed with the input shaft 10 since the second clutch C2 operates.
The seventh operating member N7 stops since the first brake B1 operates.
Therefore, the speed diagram of the second and third planetary gear sets PG2 and PG3 is formed as shown in
[First Reverse Speed]
The fourth clutch C4 and the second brake B2 operate for the first reverse speed Rev1.
The seventh operating member N7 rotates at the reduced speed of the sixth operating member N6 since the fourth clutch C4 operates. The eighth operating member N8 stops since the second brake B2 operates.
Therefore, the speed diagram of the second and third planetary gear sets PG2 and PG3 is formed as shown in
[Second Reverse Speed]
The first clutch C1 and the second brake B2 operate for the second reverse speed Rev2.
The seventh operating member N7 rotates at the same speed with the input shaft 10 since the first clutch C1 operates. The eighth operating member N8 stops since the second brake B2 operates.
Therefore, speed diagram of the third planetary gear set PG3 is formed as shown in
However, it should not be understood that the scope of the present invention is limited thereto. A variety of speed ratios may be obtained by modifying the number of teeth of the sun and ring gears of the first, second, and third planetary gear sets PG1, PG2, and PG3.
An example of the second planetary gear set PG2 being a single pinion planetary gear set is described in the above embodiments. However, it should not be understood that the scope of the present invention is limited thereto. An example of the second planetary gear set PG2 being a double pinion planetary gear set is hereinafter described in detail with reference with
As shown in
In
According to such a configuration, the second sun gear S2, the second ring gear R2 and the second planet carrier PC2 of various embodiments may be called fourth, fifth, and sixth operating members N4, N5, and N6 of a powertrain of an automatic transmission according to various embodiments.
Comparing
That is, the second planet carrier PC2 is fixedly connected with the first ring gear R1. The second ring gear R2 is fixedly connected with the third planet carrier PC3.
The first clutch C1 selectively connects the input shaft 10 and the third sun gear S3. The second clutch C2 selectively connects the first planet carrier PC1 and the third ring gear R3. The third clutch C3 selectively connects the second sun gear S2 and the third sun gear S3. The fourth clutch C4 selectively connects the planet carrier PC2 and the third sun gear S3. The first brake B1 selectively connects the third sun gear S3 and transmission case 30. The second brake B2 selectively connects the third ring gear R3 and transmission case 30.
According to such various embodiments, other selective or fixed interconnections of the first operating member N1 to the ninth operating member N9 are the same as in the first, above-described exemplary embodiment.
Therefore, a powertrain of an automatic transmission according to various embodiments may be controlled by the operational chart shown in
According to various embodiments, the fourth clutch C4 is connected to the second planet carrier PC2 from the left (i.e., from a side facing the first planetary gear set PG1) of the second planetary gear set PG2. However, it should be understood that the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto.
Comparing
The foregoing descriptions of specific exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings. The exemplary embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain certain principles of the invention and their practical application, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to make and utilize various exemplary embodiments of the present invention, as well as various alternatives and modifications thereof. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the Claims appended hereto and their equivalents.
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