Semiconductor devices can be fabricated using conventional designs and process but including specialized structures to reduce or eliminate detrimental effects caused by various forms of radiation. Such semiconductor devices can include the one or more parasitic isolation devices and/or buried guard ring structures disclosed in the present application. The introduction of design and/or process steps to accommodate these novel structures is compatible with conventional CMOS fabrication processes, and can therefore be accomplished at relatively low cost and with relative simplicity.
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1. A method for making a radiation-hardened integrated circuit (RHIC) product, said method comprising:
forming a first well of a first conductivity type in a substrate region of a first substrate impurity concentration and of the first conductivity type;
forming a drain region and a source region for a first transistor within the first well;
forming a second well of a second conductivity type opposite the first conductivity type;
forming a buried layer having the first conductivity type and having a buried layer impurity concentration greater than the first substrate impurity concentration, said buried layer disposed within the substrate below the first well and extending continuously beneath the drain and source regions of the first transistor and extending continuously beneath a portion of both the first and second wells; and
forming a conductive region disposed between the buried layer and one of a first well contact region and a substrate surface terminal within the first well, said conductive region having a smaller lateral extent than that of the first well, and providing a higher conductance between the buried layer and said one of the first well contact region and the substrate surface terminal than a conductance that otherwise would be provided by the first well and the substrate region in the absence of said conductive region.
2. The method as recited in
3. The method as recited in
4. The method of
5. The method of
6. The method of
forming an epitaxial layer of semiconductor material on a substrate material; wherein the epitaxial layer of semiconductor material includes the substrate region having the first substrate impurity concentration, and wherein at least one of the first well, the buried layer, and conductive region are at least partially located in the epitaxial layer of semiconductor material.
8. The method of
forming an insulator film on a substrate material; and
forming a semiconductor film on the insulator film; wherein the semiconductor film includes the substrate region having the first substrate impurity concentration, and wherein at least one of the first well, the buried layer, and conductive region are at least partially located in the semiconductor film.
9. The method of
forming a buried insulator layer beneath the buried layer.
10. The method of
11. The method of
12. The method of
13. The method as recited in
forming a drain region and a source region for a second transistor within the second well;
forming the buried layer to extend continuously beneath both the first and second transistors; and
connecting the first and second transistors to form a CMOS inverter circuit.
14. The method as recited in
15. The method as recited in
the first depth is deeper than the depth of a retrograde impurity concentration peak, if any, disposed within remaining portions of the first well outside the vertical impurity region.
16. The method as recited in
the first depth is at least 0.8 microns below the surface of the first well contact region.
17. The method as recited in
the vertical impurity region further comprises a second retrograde impurity concentration peak at a second depth greater than the first depth but less than the buried layer depth below the surface of the first well contact region.
18. The method as recited in
the vertical impurity region provides a higher peak impurity concentration than the first well impurity concentration would provide in the absence of the vertical impurity region.
19. The method as recited in
the impurity concentration of the vertical impurity region, over a vertical extent from the first well contact to the buried layer, is greater than the first well peak impurity concentration.
20. The method as recited in
the vertical impurity region is formed by one or more high-energy ion implantation steps performed at one or more respective energy levels.
21. The method as recited in
the vertical impurity region is located entirely beneath the first well contact region, thereby having a lateral extent not substantially wider than the first well contact region.
22. The method as recited in
the impurity concentration of the vertical impurity region is at least 1×1018 cm−3 for its entire vertical extent between the first well contact region and the buried layer.
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This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/951,283, filed Sep. 27, 2004, entitled “Buried Guard Ring And Radiation Hardened Isolation Structures And Fabrication Methods” and naming Wesley H. Morris as the inventor, which application claims the benefit, under 35 U.S.C. §119(e), of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/545,271, filed Feb. 17, 2004, entitled “Buried Guard Ring And Radiation Hardened Isolation Structures And Fabrication Methods” and naming Wesley H. Morris as the inventor. Each of the above-referenced applications is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to integrated circuits, and particularly to integrated circuits with partial and/or complete immunity to failure modes associated with radiation exposure.
2. Description of the Related Art
The high radiation environments, including the upper atmosphere, near-earth orbit, outer space, and certain terrestrial environments (e.g., proximity to devices producing significant amounts of radiation) provide the most hostile environments for reliable operation of microelectronic solid-state devices. Exposure to radiation causes electrical degradation of both transistors and circuit-isolation elements, which can lead to sporadic device behavior and/or complete destructive failure of integrated circuits (ICs). Because of the complexities of designing and fabricating integrated circuits tolerant of radiation environments, during the 1980s a number of large commercial semiconductor companies began to specialize in the production of radiation-hardened ICs, primarily for military and aerospace systems.
At the same time, the high manufacturing costs of non-radiation-hardened commercial ICs has generally been offset by progress in high volume production, growing from less than $40 B to more than $200 B in 2004. To remain competitive, commercial IC manufacturers have deployed new state-of-the art silicon IC manufacturing facilities every 3-5 years.
The more limited low-volume demand for radiation-hardened ICs cannot justify the expense of dedicated leading-edge manufacturing facilities, despite the very attractive margins in the military and aerospace electronics market. These financial constraints have severely limited the ability of radiation-hardened IC suppliers to utilize leading-edge IC manufacturing technology. Consequently, the number of companies producing radiation-hardened IC components has been dramatically reduced, and their capabilities have fallen far behind those of the commercial sector.
During the 1990s, the combination of rising costs for new IC manufacturing facilities, military budget reductions, and a dwindling number of suppliers widened the technological disparity between commercial and radiation-hardened microelectronics. Commercial and military satellite manufacturers attempting to bridge this gap were forced to employ a new concept called “COTS” (commercial off-the-shelf) to procure the high-performance ICs required for building their electronic platforms.
The COTS approach uses extensive laboratory testing of commodity (unhardened) commercial ICs to screen and “qualify” them for applications where they are likely to be exposed to damaging radiation. COTS was considered the only practical solution to obtain space-qualified high-performance ICs. Despite greatly diluted radiation standards, qualified product could not reliably be found using COTS. Therefore, those few nominally acceptable ICs typically offered no significant cost savings. Satellites manufactured using COTS ICs have suffered significant reductions in capability and mission lifetime due to destructive radiation exposure. The advancing miniaturization of CMOS technology increases sensitivity to certain forms of radiation, further widening the gap between COTS capabilities and space electronics market requirements. After more than ten years of system failures, the COTS approach has failed to provide a viable solution for the supply of radiation-hardened ICs.
Accordingly, it is desirable to bring high-performance and cost-effective radiation-hardened integrated circuits (RHICs) to military, aerospace, and certain terrestrial electronics markets using the readily accessible leading-edge infrastructure of high-volume commercial microelectronics manufacturers. More specifically, it is further desirable to systematically address at the silicon process level each of the degradation mechanisms caused by radiation and to thereby develop new radiation hardened solutions that can be integrated into commercial microelectronic fabrication processes without impacting significantly the commercial baseline electrical spice parameters. This methodology offers the promise of circuit intellectual property (IP) re-use which would create new and distinct radiation hard circuit products from existing commercial circuit designs while avoiding costly circuit redesigns.
It has been discovered that semiconductor devices can be fabricated using conventional designs and process but including specialized structures to reduce or eliminate detrimental effects caused by various forms of radiation. Such semiconductor devices can include the one or more parasitic isolation devices and/or buried guard ring structures disclosed in the present application. The introduction of design and/or process steps to accommodate these novel structures is compatible with conventional CMOS fabrication processes, and can therefore be accomplished at relatively low cost and with relative simplicity.
Accordingly, one aspect of the present invention provides a method which includes: exposing an operating semiconductor device to ionizing radiation, and thereby generate charge within a substrate region; collecting the charge onto a buried layer formed within the substrate region and below at least a portion of a first well and a second well, each of said first and second wells having a respective transistor therein; shunting the collected charge from the buried layer to a surface terminal through a conductive path comprising a conductive region disposed between the buried layer and the surface terminal, said conductive path having a higher conductance than otherwise would be provided by the first well and the substrate region in the absence of said conductive region; and dispersing the collected charge from the surface terminal into a voltage source operably coupled to the surface terminal.
In another aspect, the invention provides a method for making a radiation-hardened integrated circuit (RHIC) product. In exemplary embodiments, such a method includes: (i) forming a first well of a first conductivity type in a substrate region of a first substrate impurity concentration and of the first conductivity type; (ii) forming a drain region and a source region for a first transistor within the first well; (iii) forming a second well of a second conductivity type opposite the first conductivity type; (iv) forming a buried layer having the first conductivity type and having a buried layer impurity concentration greater than the first substrate impurity concentration, said buried layer disposed within the substrate below the first well and extending continuously beneath the drain and source regions of the first transistor; and (v) forming a conductive region disposed between the buried layer and one of a first well contact region and a substrate surface terminal within the first well, said conductive region having a smaller lateral extent than that of the first well, and providing a higher conductance between the buried layer and said one of the first well contact region and the substrate surface terminal than a conductance that otherwise would be provided by the first well and the substrate region in the absence of said conductive region.
The foregoing is a summary and thus contains, by necessity, simplifications, generalizations and omissions of detail; consequently, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be in any way limiting. As will also be apparent to one skilled in the art, the operations disclosed herein may be implemented in a number of ways, and such changes and modifications may be made without departing from this invention and its broader aspects. Other aspects, inventive features, and advantages of the present invention, as defined solely by the claims, will become apparent in the non-limiting detailed description set forth below.
A more complete understanding of the present invention and advantages thereof may be acquired by referring to the following description and the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numbers indicate like features.
The following sets forth a detailed description of at least the best contemplated mode for carrying out the one or more devices and/or processes described herein. The description is intended to be illustrative and should not be taken to be limiting.
The devices and techniques described in the present application can deliver a complete radiation solution, or in some cases a specialized radiation solution, by directly addressing one or more of the primary degradation radiation effects of ICs: Total Ionizing Dose (TID), Single Event Latch-up (SEL), and Single-Event Upset (SEU). Moreover, the solutions to these degradation mechanisms are accomplished at the silicon process level with modifications to existing foundry baseline process. These unique approaches can be integrated into any CMOS process flow without affecting the performance of the underlying baseline technology. These approaches can further take advantage of a variety of different IC fabrication technologies, such as silicon-on-insulator (SOI) and the like. Additionally, although the examples of the present application will focus on MOS (and particularly CMOS) implementations, it will be understood by those having ordinary skill in the art that the devices and techniques disclosed herein can be extended to other semiconductor architectures such as BiCMOS, etc.
This disclosure describes various structures and techniques that each generally provide some manner of protection from one or more of the degradation effects associated with radiation, and particularly ionizing radiation. When combined, these structures and techniques provide novel radiation hardened process isolation (RHPI) schemes. When integrated into a CMOS process silicon structure, the RHPI structures can significantly reduce the sensitivity of the silicon electrical devices to ionizing radiation, single event latch up, and single event soft error. The RHPI structures can generally be applied to any MOS or BiCMOS silicon process and will directly improve radiation hardening properties of the integrated circuit both during and after exposure to a radiation environment. Moreover, this is accomplished with little or no penalty to circuit size and or electrical performance. As such, the RHPI schemes can be used as an “add on” feature, which can be applied to existing MOS or BiCMOS process technology, improving radiation isolation properties without the need for extensive process or circuit changes. The RHPI structures enable radiation hardening of commercial digital process by leveraging existing solid state processing technology and re-use of leading edge circuit IP for the creation of radiation hardened circuit product.
Ionizing radiation occurs naturally in the form of high-energy photons or charged particles that possess enough energy to break atomic bonds and create electron hole pairs in an absorbing material. These particles can include protons, electrons, atomic ions, and photons with energies greater than a bandgap of the absorbing material. When typical integrated circuits, such as CMOS integrated circuits, are exposed to the charged particles over a period of months or even years, the ionizing radiation can contribute to a total ionizing dose (TID). For example, as an ionizing particle passes through a MOS device, it generates one or more electron-hole pairs which can be trapped in the gate oxides and the field oxides. Electrons in the semiconductor's valence band are raised to the conduction band. A fraction of the electron-hole pairs will undergo initial recombination and cause no damage, but such recombination decreases as the electric field increases, and the electrons and holes that survive it are free to diffuse and drift within the oxide where they will be swept from the insulator, recombine, or be trapped.
Mobile electrons typically move through both gate and field oxides quickly, but the holes have a relatively low effective mobility and are easily trapped in gate oxides and field oxides. Because the trapped holes create a positive oxide charge, the resulting space-charge fields cause negative shifts in the threshold voltages of corresponding transistors. As a threshold voltage shifts negatively, a transistor biased in the off-state lets more and more current pass. If enough holes are trapped, an n-channel transistor will remain fully conducting even with zero applied gate bias, causing, for example, an enhancement-mode device to become a depletion-mode device. In many cases, the edge or field region of the device becomes depletion-mode. Should that happen, leakage currents passing around a device (or from device to device) can cause parameter degradation and, ultimately, device and circuit failure.
Ionizing radiation also boosts the interface trap density in MOS structures. Interface traps are localized electronic states close to the interface between silicon and silicon dioxide and can exchange charge with the silicon conduction and valence bands. They shift threshold voltage and can also degrade mobility by acting as scattering centers. More specifically, the increase in interface states shifts the threshold voltages in the negative direction (more depletion Vt) for n-channel devices and in the positive direction (more enhancement Vt) for p-channel devices. In addition to the positive oxide shift and the interface states shift described above with respect to n-channel and p-channel devices, threshold voltage shifts caused by ionizing radiation further affect parasitic MOS elements, giving rise, for example, to leakage currents that may cause parametric failure and/or functional failure.
Even more specialized devices can be susceptible to TID. For example, SOI transistors can also be affected by TID through charge buildup in the insulator such as a buried oxide. For partially depleted transistors, charge buildup can invert the back surface causing a source-to-drain (back-channel) leakage current. Moreover, this leakage current is relatively unaffected by gate bias. For fully-depleted transistors, there is significant sensitivity to radiation-induced oxide and interface-trap charge buildup. Positive oxide charge buildup tends to deplete the back-channel interface causing a decrease in the threshold voltage of the front-channel gate oxide and increased back-channel leakage current. Thus, a wide variety of threshold voltage instabilities can result.
Thus, the effects of ionizing radiation lead to the degradation of performance and ultimate failure of the CMOS devices. The additional radiation-induced interface states degrade the circuit performance by reducing the channel mobility, which as a result decreases channel conductance and transistor gain. Over time, the threshold voltages of the n-channel and p-channel devices may shift to such a degree where the n-channel transistors cannot be turned off and the drive capability of the p-channel transistors is not sufficient for the circuit to continue operating at the system clock rate. Such a shift in threshold voltages of either the n-channel or p-channel transistors can cause a circuit to fail.
Each of channel region extensions 135 have a width x and a length y (
In a typical implementation, the PID structure effectively increases the local channel length by more than a factor of two. The geometry of the PID provides for selective doping within specific regions 140 as shown in
As shown in
Thus, the PID structure reduces or eliminates parasitic field transistor inversion which reduces or eliminates a major source of Ioff leakage caused by charge build up at the silicon/SiO2 (160) boundary. Moreover, the PID structure doped region provides for local minority carrier lifetime reduction, reduced sensitivity to substrate noise and body voltage effects, and enhances the transistor snap-back voltage. The PID structures described herein can be fabricated in both bulk silicon and silicon films, such as silicon-on-insulator (SOI).
Latch-up generally, and in the case of circuits in radiation environments SEL, is a serious failure mode in CMOS circuits. In the best case, latch-up results in soft failure with a loss of data or logic state. In the worst case, latch-up causes a destructive hard failure with permanent loss of the circuit. Thus, from a circuit reliability perspective, latch-up is to be avoided at all costs. As isolation widths shrink, device structures become even more susceptible to both latch-up failure modes. Prevention of both transient and destructive failures is very important in advanced CMOS IC's since most conventional CMOS technologies have largely converged on the use of p− bulk substrates. As noted above, radiation environments present special problems to CMOS circuits in that high-energy particles deposit significant electrical charge to the bulk substrate. The instantaneous appearance of static charge deposited by a high-energy particle passing through an IC can immediately induce large displacement currents on the pico-second time scale accompanied with rapid potential shifts away from initial logic states. The deposition of energy by the particle typically causes diodes to forward bias, followed by large transient injection currents which reinforce the transient upset and can cause the CMOS circuit to latch-up.
Latch-up in a conventional CMOS inverter circuit is illustrated in
The network parasitic devices forms a pnpn silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) power device which can be unintentionally biased into a high current, low impedance state, thereby causing latch-up. The circuit elements RS1, RS2, and RS3 are the net effective bulk p− substrate resistors, while RNW1 is the n-well series resistance and RPW1 is the p-well series resistance. In conventional technology substrate resistors would have resistances on the order of 1 kΩ or greater. In a typical example of CMOS circuit operation, the bulk substrate represents ground potential (0 volts) and is referred to as VSS. If current is injected from any source available to the p− substrate, the local potential (within the p− substrate) will increase in magnitude above zero volts as a function of the high value substrate resistance. The n+/p− diffusion diodes located in the p-well, and which were previously undisturbed, would then enter a forward biased conduction as the P− substrate potential increases above approximately 0.3 volts. It is this second contribution by the previously undisturbed n+/p− diffusion diodes which now positively enhances the initial small signal upset event, and can lead to latch-up. Likewise the same event is possible starting with forward biased p+/n− diffusion diodes which are located within the n-well isolation doping region that is caused by either an over voltage of the p+ diffusion or a transient under voltage condition existing within the n-well local potential, which typically equals the circuit supply voltage or terminal voltage (VDD, or VCC).
Thus, the network of series resistors plays a direct role in the transient bias states of the different impurity doped regions, which then directly influences the bias and conduction state of the diodes. Latch-up can be prevented by keeping the diodes in their reversed bias (off) states. A first step in reducing or preventing latch-up is reducing the effective resistance of p− substrate resistors RS1, and RS2. The p− substrate resistance can be reduced using a high-dose buried layer (HDBL) 300 as illustrated in
In the example of
For example, in the case of
A second step in addressing latch-up and other substrate current transients is to reduce the significant vertical resistance. Addition of a vertical conductor 310 extending between the buried layer 300 and a p-well contact region (as shown) or some other substrate surface terminal significantly reduces this resistance. In one embodiment, the vertical conductor 310 is formed as a vertical impurity region having the same conductivity type as the substrate, but typically having an impurity concentration greater than that of the substrate. For example, where the substrate is a p− substrate, vertical conductor 310 can be formed from one or more p+ implants into the region extending between p-well contact 320 and buried layer 300. High-energy ion-implantation combined with photoresist masking and/or multiple energy implantation can provide a vertical p+ doped region with high aspect ratio doping profile to bridge the uplink path from an ohmic VSS surface contact or Schottky diode to buried layer 300 or other p+ bulk layers as is typical for p− epi on p+ bulk substrates. For example, in one implementation vertical conductor 310 is formed by multiple ion-implant steps at one or more energy levels.
When buried layer 300 and vertical conductor 310 are used in conjunction with each other, a new structure referred to as a buried guard ring (BGR) is formed. The BGR offers several isolation attributes. Since the low resistance deep buried layer is now locally connected via a vertical doping region or other conductor: (1) minimum impedance is provided for most or all of the accumulated, deposited or injected charge occurring within the silicon substrate region; (2) transient times for charge termination are reduced thereby improving overall isolation by reducing or minimizing the duration of any n+/p− diode forward biasing which reduces injected currents; (3) the BGR forms a low-resistance circuit leg back to the p-well contact terminal, thereby creating a current divider which effectively shunts and sinks a majority of any injected or deposited current away from the RS4 and RS5 resistor legs, thereby significantly reducing base current feedback to the parasitic npn devices shown and limiting voltage transients for the p-bulk silicon region associated with the CMOS structure. The BGR structure, by effectively shunting injected current or stray charge promptly to the VSS terminal, reduces or prevents voltage transients which could subsequently forward bias either or both of the n−/p− diodes (n-well/p-substrate diode inherent in CMOS twin well isolation) and the n+/p− diodes (inherent in NMOS transistor) and eliminates subsequent triggering of the pnpn SCR network. Latch-up with the BGR isolation structure present then becomes difficult or impossible to initiate, thereby preserving the circuit from ever entering destructive latch-up.
In still other examples, the vertical conductor could be formed much the way vias or other vertical conductors are formed. For example, a deep trench that terminates at or near the top of a buried layer could be used. With appropriate spacer formation, silicide formation, and filling with polysilicon or metal, such a conductor could extend to the substrate surface where it would be capped in a conventional manner and terminated as appropriate in a metallization scheme. Conductor formation can also utilize emerging technologies, such as atomic layer deposition (ALD), or any other techniques as are well known by those having skill in the art.
As shown in
Finally,
If the overvoltage transient condition persists the vertical pnp (VPNP) will continue to inject holes into the p-substrate, which is terminated at the VSS (ground) body tie. The VPNP collector current quickly drives the local potential in the p-well up from zero volts to +0.3 V above VSS, which then forward biases the n+/p− diode since the n+ diffusion potential is fixed at VSS. This n+/p− diode, which has been inactive so far, now begins to inject electrons into the p− substrate as the potential of the p-well continues to increase. The electrons (minority carriers) injected into the p-well will be collected at the CMOS n-well, since this is the highest available local potential node. The n-well is now acting as an npn sub-collector. The lateral npn (LNPN) collector current now provides significant current to the n-well base of the VPNP. LNPN collector current flows across n-well series resistors (
A transitional phase or negative resistance occurs once the trigger point is passed and the pnpn network transitions from the low current blocking state to the high current, low impedance state. Finally, the I-V curve reaches its minimum voltage value (vertical portion of
With this in mind,
The three dimensional heavily doped BGR layers extend both horizontally and vertically thus creating low ohmic regions of contiguous and/or connected to isolation doping regions which stand separated from the transistor doping regions. As can be seen in FIGS. 3 and 9A-9B, the BGR structure can be integrated into any existing CMOS twin well isolation structure with no adverse impact to existing structures, thus enabling the improvements necessary to provide robust isolation for both conventional circuit noise initiated latch up and single event latch up. Moreover, BGR structures and techniques can be used to prevent latch-up in both radiation-hardened and conventional microelectronic circuits. BGR structures and techniques can also be implemented on a variety of different process variations, such as epitaxial silicon on bulk silicon (either with or without a heavily doped substrate), SOI, SOS, and the like.
The BGR structures and techniques can also be used to reduce or eliminate both single-event upset (SEU) and single-event transient (SET) events. SEU and SET can be caused by a high-energy particle, e.g., a single heavy ion or nuclear particle such as a neutron or alpha particle, passing through a critical node in an IC. Immediately after being struck by such a particle electrons and holes will be separated from the silicon lattice as a function of the particle's energy which is expressed as the linear energy transfer (LET Mev/mg-cm) of the particular particle. If the charge deposited and ultimately collected as free electrons and holes is greater than the critical charge of a memory cell or some other state-related device, a single-event upset can occur. The susceptibility of ICs to single-event upsets typically depends on the amount of critical charge required to “flip” a bit and the probability that a particle with a LET large enough to deposit that critical charge will strike a sensitive node. The production of large numbers of electron/hole charges also creates a potential dipole within the particle track passing through the silicon material. The Hall effect segregates the holes and electron charges to opposite sides of the electrostatic field. Some electrons and holes can recombine in the lattice via SRH and Auger mechanisms. However, as a result of their higher mobility, electrons are quickly collected at the positive terminals, whereas the net concentration of holes, which have lower mobility and remain with the silicon body as static charge while unrecombined because of depleted electrons. The positive charges cause the local potential of the p− substrate to increase in voltage to a positive value and continues to influence the local potential of the p− substrate positively for several nano-seconds after the high energy particle strike. As a result of the potential upset within the p− substrate, other unstruck diodes are now activated which creates secondary currents and enhances the initial upset more significantly, an effect often referred to as single event transient (SET). While soft error results in data corruption, it is not destructive to the physical circuit.
Since CMOS logic typically uses inverter gates and cross coupled logic gates to store binary bits in any digital circuit, the aforementioned BGR devices and techniques will prove useful in reducing SEU and SET. The BGR structure serves a similar role with regards to soft error as in the latch-up isolation. In both cases the BGR structure effectively sinks excess positive charge generated by the upset event, while maintaining node potential, and limiting the transient voltage swing and duration following an SEU, SEL, or SET event. Process and device simulations are used to quantify the effectiveness of the BGR structure using what is known as mixed-mode simulation. Test cases for SEU upset have been simulated for heavy ions (krypton) with LET of 110 Mev/mg-cm. In these simulations, where an inverter is brought to either a digital “one” state or a digital “zero” state and the mixed-mode SEU simulation is executed. In 21 different cases (21 different ion strike points, or angles of strike), the conventional CMOS inverter was shown to fail, i.e., an SEU occurred 9 times out of 21, or 43% of the time. In the simulations, the SEU charge transfer is completed within by 50 ps of the event, however the simulation was continued to 1 ns to observe charge recovery and circuit response.
Results from the same simulations using a CMOS inverter with a similar structure but now including the aforementioned BGR structure show marked improvement. In this example, there are no failures in the same 21 cases. While the BGR structure demonstrated no failure in 21 SEU tests, the contrast with the bulk silicon simulations is even more significant. In several cases of the BGR structure simulations, significant improvement both in voltage stability and transient response were seen. The BGR structures, when compared to the bulk example, appear to “clamp” the node potential for certain SEU strikes and completely eliminates the possibility of secondary injection by the unstruck nodes since the p− substrate potential is maintained at or very near zero during SEU events. Moreover, simulation studies indicate that the BGR structure would significantly improve SEU and SET soft error when compared to conventional CMOS without BGR protection. The simulation studies also indicate that BGR effectiveness in reducing SEU events depends at least in part on the net resistance of the structure. For example, reducing the resistance of the HDBL in the BGR improved performance of the structure. Such resistance reduction can be optimized, for example, by using shallower HDBL implants, by increasing the implant dose, and/or by optimizing the vertical doping profile.
Regarding terminology used herein, it will be appreciated by one skilled in the art that any of several expressions may be equally well used when describing the operation of a circuit including the various signals and nodes within the circuit. Any kind of signal, whether a logic signal or a more general analog signal, takes the physical form of a voltage level (or for some circuit technologies, a current level) of a node within the circuit. Such shorthand phrases for describing circuit operation used herein are more efficient to communicate details of circuit operation, particularly because the schematic diagrams in the figures clearly associate various signal names with the corresponding circuit blocks and nodes.
An insulated gate field effect transistor (IGFET) may be conceptualized as having a control terminal which controls the flow of current between a first current handling terminal and a second current handling terminal. Although IGFET transistors are frequently discussed as having a drain, a gate, and a source, in most such devices the drain is interchangeable with the source. This is because the layout and semiconductor processing of the transistor is frequently symmetrical (which is typically not the case for bipolar transistors). For an N-channel IGFET transistor, the current handling terminal normally residing at the higher voltage is customarily called the drain. The current handling terminal normally residing at the lower voltage is customarily called the source. A sufficient voltage on the gate (relative to the source voltage) causes a current to therefore flow from the drain to the source. The source voltage referred to in N-channel IGFET device equations merely refers to whichever drain or source terminal has the lower voltage at any given point in time. For example, the “source” of the N-channel device of a bi-directional CMOS transfer gate depends on which side of the transfer gate is at the lower voltage. To reflect this symmetry of most N-channel IGFET transistors, the control terminal may be deemed the gate, the first current handling terminal may be termed the “drain/source”, and the second current handling terminal may be termed the “source/drain”. Such a description is equally valid for a P-channel IGFET transistor, since the polarity between drain and source voltages, and the direction of current flow between drain and source, is not implied by such terminology. Alternatively, one current-handling terminal may arbitrarily deemed the “drain” and the other deemed the “source”, with an implicit understanding that the two are not distinct, but interchangeable. It should be noted that IGFET transistors are commonly referred to as MOSFET transistors (which literally is an acronym for “Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor”), even though the gate material may be polysilicon or some material other than metal, and the dielectric may be oxynitride, nitride, or some material other than oxide. The casual use of such historical legacy terms as MOS and MOSFET should not only be interpreted to literally specify a metal gate FET having an oxide dielectric.
Regarding power supplies, a single positive power supply voltage (e.g., a 1.5 volt power supply) used to power a circuit is frequently named the “VDD” power supply. In an integrated circuit, transistors and other circuit elements are actually connected to a VDD terminal or a VDD node, which is then operably connected to the VDD power supply. The colloquial use of phrases such as “tied to VDD” or “connected to VDD” is understood to mean “connected to the VDD node”, which is typically then operably connected to actually receive the VDD power supply voltage during use of the integrated circuit. The reference voltage for such a single power supply circuit is frequently called “VSS.” Transistors and other circuit elements are actually connected to a VSS terminal or a VSS node, which is then operably connected to the VSS power supply during use of the integrated circuit. Frequently the VSS terminal is connected to a ground reference potential, or just “ground.” Generalizing somewhat, the first power supply terminal is frequently named “VDD”, and the second power supply terminal is frequently named “VSS.” Historically the nomenclature “VDD” implied a DC voltage connected to the drain terminal of an MOS transistor and VSS implied a DC voltage connected to the source terminal of an MOS transistor. For example, old PMOS circuits used a negative VDD power supply, while old NMOS circuits used a positive VDD power supply. Common usage, however, frequently ignores this legacy and uses VDD for the more positive supply voltage and VSS for the more negative (or ground) supply voltage unless, of course, defined otherwise. Describing a circuit as functioning with a “VDD supply” and “ground” does not necessarily mean the circuit cannot function using other power supply potentials. Other common power supply terminal names are “VCC” (a historical term from bipolar circuits and frequently synonymous with a +5 volt power supply voltage, even when used with MOS transistors which lack collector terminals) and “GND” or just “ground.”
Moreover, implementation of the disclosed devices and techniques is not limited by CMOS technology, and thus implementations can utilize NMOS, PMOS, and various bipolar or other semiconductor fabrication technologies. While the disclosed devices and techniques have been described in light of the embodiments discussed above, one skilled in the art will also recognize that certain substitutions may be easily made in the circuits without departing from the teachings of this disclosure. Also, many circuits using NMOS transistors may be implemented using PMOS transistors instead, as is well known in the art, provided the logic polarity and power supply potentials are reversed. In this vein, the transistor conductivity type (i.e., N-channel or P-channel) within a CMOS circuit may be frequently reversed while still preserving similar or analogous operation. Moreover, other combinations of output stages are possible to achieve similar functionality.
Although the present invention has been described with respect to a specific preferred embodiment thereof, various changes and modifications may be suggested to one skilled in the art and it is intended that the present invention encompass such changes and modifications that fall within the scope of the appended claims.
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