The subject invention pertains to a spray nozzle apparatus and method of use. The subject spray nozzle can be used to spray atomized fluid. The atomized fluid can then be incident on a heated surface such that heat is transferred from the heated surface to the atomized fluid. The subject invention also relates to a spray-cooling system and method of use. The subject spray-cooling system can incorporate a spray nozzle and a heat transfer plate. A device to be cooled, such as a laser diode, microwave amplifier, or other high power electrical device, can be placed in direct thermal contact with the heat transfer plate. The spray from the spray nozzle can then be sprayed onto the heat transfer plate. In a specific embodiment, a cellular transfer plate can be used and the spray from the spray nozzle can be sprayed into a cellular cavity or compartment, within the heat transfer plate. heat is transferred from the heat source to the sprayed liquid via the wall of the heat transfer plate. The heat transfer plate can be attached to the spray nozzle housing, such that as the sprayed liquid exits the spray nozzle housing, the sprayed liquid enters a cellular cavity of the cellular heat transfer plate. removing the cellular heat transfer plate from the spray-cooling assembly can allow the apparatus to be used as a conventional spray nozzle.
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32. A method of removing heat from a heated surface, comprising:
providing a mixing chamber;
guiding a primary fluid to the mixing chamber;
guiding a secondary fluid to the mixing chamber, wherein the secondary fluid enters the mixing chamber with a direction of travel which causes the secondary fluid to interact with the primary fluid, wherein the interaction of the secondary fluid with the primary fluid causes destabilization of the primary and/or the secondary fluid,
discharging combined flow of the primary fluid and the secondary fluid through a discharge port of the mixing chamber, wherein the combined flow of the primary fluid and the secondary fluid is atomized upon exiting the discharge port; and
spraying the combined flow of the primary fluid and the secondary fluid exiting mixing chamber through the discharge port onto a heated surface, wherein the combined flow sprayed onto the heated surface absorbs heat from the heated surface and carries the absorbed heat away as the combined flow leaves the heated surface, further comprising:
destabilizing the primary fluid prior to guiding the primary fluid to the mixing chamber.
1. A method of removing heat from a heated surface, comprising:
providing a mixing chamber;
guiding a primary fluid to the mixing chamber;
guiding a secondary fluid to the mixing chamber, wherein the secondary fluid enters the mixing chamber with a direction of travel which causes the secondary fluid to interact with the primary fluid, wherein the interaction of the secondary fluid with the primary fluid causes destabilization of the primacy and/or the secondary fluid;
discharging a combined flow of the primary fluid and the secondary fluid through a discharge port of the mixing chamber, wherein the combined flow of the primary fluid and the secondary fluid is atomized upon exiting the discharge port; and
spraying the combined flow of the primary fluid and the secondary fluid exiting the mixing chamber through the discharge port onto a heated surface, wherein the combined flow sprayed onto the heated surface absorbs heat from the heated surface and carries the absorbed heat away as the combined flow leaves the heated surface,
wherein guiding a primary fluid to the mixing chamber comprises guiding the primary fluid to the mixing chamber via at least one primary fluid channel, wherein guiding a secondary fluid to the mixing chamber comprises guiding the secondary fluid to the mixing chamber via at least one secondary fluid channel, further comprising:
providing an inner nozzle portion, wherein the at least one primary fluid channel allows primary fluid to flow through the inner nozzle portion; and
providing an outer nozzle portion,
wherein an outer surface of the inner nozzle portion has at least one groove cut into the outer surface, wherein the inner nozzle portion is inserted into a cavity of the outer nozzle portion such that an inner surface of the outer nozzle covers a portion of each groove cut into the outer surface of the inner nozzle portion to form one of the at least one secondary fluid channel, wherein a portion of the cavity of the outer nozzle portion remaining after insertion of the inner nozzle portion into the outer nozzle portion, surrounded by the inner surface of the outer nozzle portion and the outer surface of the inner nozzle portion, forms the mixing chamber.
2. The method according to
wherein the combined flow of the primary fluid and the secondary fluid has an axis of atomization around which the combined flow is centered upon exiting the discharge port, wherein the secondary fluid enters the mixing chamber at an angle to the axis of atomization so as to generate a swirl effect in the mixing chamber.
8. The method according to
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24. The method according to
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27. The method according to
28. The method according to
29. The method according to
30. The method according to
providing at least one additional mixing chamber;
guiding the primary fluid to each of the at least one additional mixing chamber;
guiding the secondary fluid to each of the at least one additional mixing chamber, wherein the secondary fluid enters each of the at least one additional mixing chamber with a direction of travel which causes the secondary fluid to interact with the primary fluid, wherein the interaction of the secondary fluid with the primary fluid causes atomization of the primary and/or the secondary fluids; and
discharging a combined flow of the primary fluid and the secondary fluid via a corresponding at least one additional discharge port, wherein the combined flow of the primary fluid and the secondary fluid is atomized upon exiting each of the corresponding at least one additional discharge port.
31. The method according to
33. The method according to
wherein destabilizing the primary fluid prior to guiding the primary fluid to the mixing chamber is accomplished via a pressure atomizer.
34. The method according to
providing a second mixing chamber;
guiding a first portion of the primary fluid to the second mixing chamber; guiding a second portion of the primary fluid to the second mixing chamber;
wherein interaction of the first portion of the primary fluid and the second portion of the primary fluid in the mixing chamber destabilizes the first portion of the primary fluid and/or the second portion of the primary fluid; and
discharging a combined flow of the first portion of the primary fluid the second portion of the primary fluid through a second discharge port of the second mixing chamber, wherein the combined flow of the first portion of the primary fluid and the second portion of the primary fluid is destabilized upon exiting the second discharge port, wherein the combined flow exiting the second discharge port is inputted to the mixing chamber.
35. The method according to
wherein guiding the first portion of the primary fluid to the second mixing chamber comprises guiding the first portion of the primary fluid to the second mixing chamber via a channel, wherein guiding a second portion of the primary fluid to the second mixing chamber comprises guiding the second portion of the primary fluid to the second mixing chamber via a plurality of channels that cause the second portion of the primary fluid to enter the second mixing chamber so as to generate a swirl effect in the second mixing chamber.
36. The method according to
wherein the combined flow of the primary fluid and the secondary fluid has an axis of atomization around which the combined flow is centered upon exiting the discharge port, wherein the secondary fluid enters the mixing chamber at an angle to the axis of atomization so as to generate a swirl effect in the mixing chamber.
41. The method according to
42. The method according to
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46. The method according to
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59. The method according to
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62. The method according to
63. The method according to
64. The method according to
65. The method according to
66. The method according to
providing at least one additional mixing chamber;
guiding the primary fluid to each of the at least one additional mixing chamber;
guiding the secondary fluid to each of the at least one additional mixing chamber, wherein the secondary fluid enters each of the at least one additional mixing chamber with a direction of travel which causes the secondary fluid to interact with the primary fluid, wherein the interaction of the secondary fluid with the primary fluid causes atomization of the primary and/or the secondary fluids; and
discharging a combined flow of the primary fluid and the secondary fluid via a corresponding at least one additional discharge port, wherein the combined flow of the primary fluid and the secondary fluid is atomized upon exiting each of the corresponding at least one additional discharge port.
67. The method according to
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The present application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/929,587, filed on Oct. 30, 2007, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/342,669, filed on Jan. 14, 2003, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/398,244, filed Jul. 24, 2002 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/353,291, filed Feb. 1, 2002, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
In recent years, attention has been focused on methods of high heat flux removal at low surface temperatures. This is due to the advancing requirements of the electronics industry that prevent high temperature heat transfer due to the operating conditions of electronics. Though the heat transfer process is very complex and still not completely understood, many evaporative spray cooling experiments have been performed which indicated the high heat removal capability of this cooling technique. The spray technique generally works in the following way; a spray nozzle is use to atomize a pressurized liquid, and the resulting droplets are impinged onto the heated surface. A thin film of liquid is formed on the heat transfer surface in which nucleate boiling takes place. The droplet impingement simultaneously causes intense convection and free surface evaporation. When a liquid with high latent heat of vaporization (such as water) is used, over 1 kW/cm2 of heat removal capability has been demonstrated.
The temperature of the cooled surface is determined by the boiling point of the liquid. Since the resulting heat transfer coefficient is very large (50,000 to 500,000 W/m2 C) the surface temperature will be only a few ° C. above the boiling point of the liquid.
This type of cooling technique is most appropriately implemented when used to cool high heat flux devices such as power electronics, microwave and radio frequency generators, and diode laser arrays.
As stated above, diode laser arrays and microwave generators are devices that can be cooled with this type of impinging spray technology. Current market forces are driving these devices to increased power and size requirements. As a result, high heat flux devices are now being designed with surface areas much larger than 2 cm2. New high heat flux devices may be 10 cm2 to 1000 cm2, or larger. Spray cooling techniques offer the ability to provide superior cooling if atomizer nozzle and nozzle arrays can be developed that provide optimal cooling characteristics. Typical atomizer nozzles for painting, fuel atomization, and humidification do not meet the cooling need of these next generation high power electronic devices.
The subject invention pertains to a spray nozzle apparatus and method of use. The subject spray nozzle can be used to spray atomized fluid. The atomized fluid can then be incident on a heated surface such that heat is transferred from the heated surface to the atomized fluid. The subject spray nozzle can incorporate a means to initially destabilize a primary fluid inputted into the spray nozzle. A secondary fluid can then interact with the initial destabilized primary fluid so as to further destabilize the primary fluid such a combined flow of the primary fluid and the secondary fluid exits the spray nozzle and is atomized upon exiting the spray nozzle.
The subject invention also relates to a spray-cooling system and method of use. The subject spray-cooling system can incorporate a spray nozzle and a heat transfer plate. A device to be cooled, such as a laser diode, microwave amplifier, or other high power electrical device, can be placed in direct thermal contact with the heat transfer plate. The spray from the spray nozzle can then be sprayed onto the heat transfer plate. In a specific embodiment, a cellular transfer plate can be used and the spray from the spray nozzle can be sprayed into a cellular cavity or compartment, within the heat transfer plate. Heat is transferred from the heat source to the sprayed liquid via the wall of the heat transfer plate. The heat transfer plate can be attached to the spray nozzle housing, such that as the sprayed liquid exits the spray nozzle housing, the sprayed liquid enters a cellular cavity of the cellular heat transfer plate. Removing the cellular heat transfer plate from the spray-cooling assembly can allow the apparatus to be used as a conventional spray nozzle.
In a specific embodiment, the subject spray nozzle housing can house an inner nozzle portion and an outer nozzle portion. In a specific embodiment, the inner nozzle portion can incorporate swirl-developing channels. The inner spray nozzle can be placed within the outer nozzle portion. In a specific embodiment, the outer nozzle portion can be integral with the nozzle housing. A primary fluid can enter the inner nozzle via a connection to a primary fluid manifold or other fluid delivery means, flow through the inner nozzle, and exit the inner nozzle via, for example, one or more openings at, or near, the tip of the inner nozzle. In a specific embodiment, the primary fluid can flow through the inner nozzle portion via one or more fluid channels, such as holes drilled through the inner nozzle portion. The primary fluid exiting the inner nozzle portion can be initial destabilized as the primary fluid is inputted to a mixing chamber.
A secondary fluid can interact with the primary fluid as the primary fluid exits the tip, or near the tip, of the inner nozzle and enters the mixing chamber such that the primary fluid is further destabilized by the interaction with the secondary fluid. In a specific embodiment, secondary fluid can enter an outer cavity, or mixing chamber, surrounding the outside of the inner nozzle via a secondary fluid inlet port. The secondary fluid can flow from the outer cavity in channels cut on the outside of the inner nozzle such that the secondary fluid flows between the outside nozzle portion and the inner nozzle within the channels. Near the tip of the inner nozzle, the channels can spiral around the outside of the inner nozzle as the channels approach the tip of the inner nozzle. The channels can terminate near the tip of the inner nozzle near where the outer nozzle portion separates from the outside of the inner nozzle to form a small mixing chamber proximate to the tip of the inner nozzle portion where the primary fluid exits the inner nozzle portion. The secondary fluid can interact with the primary fluid exiting the tip of inner nozzle portion such that the primary fluid and secondary fluid leave the housing through a discharge port as a combined fluid flow. The combined fluid flow can be atomized upon exiting the discharge port.
Various alternative embodiments can be utilized to enable the interaction of a primary fluid and a secondary fluid creating a swirl in a mixing chamber so as to produce an atomized spray. A specific embodiment can have secondary fluid channels drilled into an inner nozzle portion from the proximal end of the inner nozzle portion, matching up with holes drilled from the distal end of the inner nozzle, such that the fluid exiting the secondary fluid channels exit the channels with a velocity having a radical component and a component tangent to the outer wall of the inner nozzle portion such that the secondary fluid exits in a spiral fashion. Additional alternative embodiments can deliver the secondary fluid via one or more tubes positioned to project spiraling secondary fluid into the mixing chamber. Other embodiments can incorporate alternative means for delivery of the secondary fluid in accordance with means known to those skilled in the art.
The subject spray nozzle can incorporate a primary fluid manifold which can function as an inlet port for the primary fluid to enter the one or more fluid channels of the inner nozzle. In alternative embodiments, each fluid channel of the inner nozzle portion can be individually served with primary fluid. In a specific embodiment, the subject invention can relate to a vapor atomizer which incorporates a pressure atomizer to initially destabilize a primary fluid wherein the initially destabilized primary fluid then enter a mixing chamber into which a secondary fluid is introduced which further destabilizes the primary fluid such that a combined flow of the primary and secondary fluids is atomized upon exiting the mixing chamber
The subject invention pertains to a spray nozzle apparatus and method of use. The subject invention also relates to a spray-cooling system and method of use. The subject spray-cooling system can incorporate a spray nozzle and a heat transfer plate. A device to be cooled, such as a laser diode, microwave amplifier, or other high power electrical device, can be placed in direct thermal contact with the heat transfer plate. The transfer of heat between the coolant fluids and the heating device takes place through the heat transfer plate. In a specific embodiment, a cellular heat transfer plate 1, as shown in
The assembly can be fastened together with a fastening device, such as a bolt, which can be held together with fastener holder 5, such as a threaded bore. Fastener holder 5 can be a simple through hole and another fastener holding mechanism can be used. In an alternative embodiment, the fastening system can be completely external to the assembly in which case fastener holder 5 would not be required. Other methods of fastening may also be utilized, such as brazing, welding, or other means known in the art. To prevent leaking between the parts in the assembly an o-ring 10 or other gasket mechanism can be used.
A heat source 20 can attach to the heat transfer plate 1. The nozzle assembly can then spray coolant fluid into cavity 25. The spray interacts with the rear wall of cavity 25 of the heat transfer plate 1, and heat is transferred from the heat source 20 into the coolant fluid being sprayed.
The spray enters the cavity 25 after exiting the discharge port 40 of the outer nozzle portion 38 as shown in
The inner nozzle portion housing 55, shown in
In alternative embodiments, more or fewer exits ports 125 can be used. Exit ports can also be positioned at other positions, for example near tip 75, in order to introduce initially destabilized primary fluid into mixing chamber 42 such that the secondary fluid introduced into mixing chamber 42 further destabilizes the primary.
The secondary fluid can enter the secondary fluid cavity 85 via inlet port 80. The secondary fluid then flows into one or more channels 70 cut into the outside of the inner nozzle.
In a specific embodiment, as the secondary fluid flows in the channels toward the tip of the inner nozzle, the channels can turn from an axial direction, to a more radial direction as shown in
The secondary fluid exiting the end section of channel 115 can further destabilize the primary fluid so as to further increase the surface to volume ratio of the primary fluid. Initial destabilization of the primary fluid can happen when, for example, the primary fluid is separated into a plurality of streams, or otherwise physically destabilized. This initial destabilization allows the secondary fluid to further destabilize the primary fluid with less energy. The physical geometry of the subject mixing chamber allows the further destabilization of the primary fluid with much less energy, supplied by the secondary fluid, than prior techniques. In a specific embodiment, channel 115 makes an angle of between about 0° and about 90° with respect to the axis of atomization as the channel terminates into the mixing chamber 42 such that the secondary fluid exiting the channel enters the mixing chamber at about the same angle. This angle is labeled θ in
The primary fluid can enter the inner nozzle portion 56 via a primary fluid manifold 90, shown in
The assembly can incorporate a single nozzle and a single spray chamber 25, or multiple nozzle housings and inner nozzles, for example if the heat transfer plate incorporates multiple spray chambers 25. In alternative embodiments, the secondary fluid manifold can be replaced with a tube connection. In a specific embodiment, the secondary fluid is delivered via a tube for a single nozzle.
Referring to
Referring to
As the secondary fluid nears the distal end of inner nozzle portion, the outer wall of the inner nozzle portion tapers in toward tip 75 creating mixing chamber 42 between the inside wall of outer nozzle portion 38 and the tapered or cone-shaped portion and tip of inner nozzle portion 56. In the embodiments shown in
Although a variety of droplet sizes and velocities can be produced in accordance with the subject invention, in a specific embodiment an atomizing spray nozzle can produce droplets having mean diameters in a range from about 10 microns to about 200 microns and provides the droplets a velocity in a range from about 5 meters per second to about 50 meters per second. Preferably, the size and velocity of the particles are such that the effects of gravity are negligible. Producing small droplets at high velocity can allow the method and apparatus of the subject invention to be used with heated surfaces 2 oriented in a variety of directions (e.g. vertical or horizontal) and can make it easier to provide coverage of the surface 2 with the spray coolant.
Referring to
Although the nozzle array assembly shown in
Referring to
This atomized fluid then enters a corresponding compartment 16 of cellular heat transfer plate 15. The atomized fluid then interacts with the walls of compartment 16 and heat is transferred to the atomized fluid. In this way, heat from heat source 20 can be transferred through a wall of heat transfer plate 15 to the atomized fluid. The heated fluid is then discharged via one or more discharge ports 50. In alternative embodiments, the heated fluid can flow to the atmosphere such that discharge ports 50 are not needed. In addition, the atomized spray can be sprayed onto other types of surfaces from which heat is to be removed or can just be sprayed into the air.
With respect to the subject invention, for example in the embodiment shown in
In a specific embodiment of the subject invention, a pressure-vapor atomizer can incorporate two separate nozzles, or nozzle stages where a first nozzle, such as a pressure atomizer, can initial destabilize a primary fluid. The output from this first nozzle stage can then be inputted to the second nozzle stage for further destabilization. Referring to
In a specific embodiment, the subject nozzle sprays evenly onto an essentially circular area having a diameter of about 10 mm at a distance of about 13 mm from the tip of the nozzle. Table I provides comparison data for two of the best commercially available vapor atomizers two nozzles and a specific embodiment (RTI) of the subject invention. The subject nozzle (RTI) provides a much higher quality spray at much lower energy costs. The energy required for producing a spray comes from the pressures and flow rate of the vapor and liquid entering the nozzle. Therefore, the lower the pressure and flow rate the more efficient the nozzle operates, providing that the performance of the atomization is similar.
TABLE I
SU12
SU22B
RTI
Hole size (mm)
0.762
1.067
0.356
Overall size H × D (mm)
25.4 × 22.8
25.4 × 22.8
13.1 × 6.2
Pressure Drop (psi)
10
10
10
Vapor Flow rate at 10 psi
29
87
4
(scfh)
Mass flux (g/sec)
1.05
1.05
1.05
Nozzle performance can be quantified by the distribution of the sprayed liquid on a particular target. The three nozzles characterized in Table I were tested for spray distribution. Ideally, the distribution of the sprayed liquid would be perfectly even over the target area.
The SU22B nozzle produces an uneven distribution, with the highest mass flux rate (˜2.2 g/cm2 sec) in the center of the spray pattern. The spray pattern has decreasing mass flux moving away from the center of the spray toward the edge of the spray pattern and approaching essentially zero at the edge of the spray pattern. In contrast, the specific embodiment of the subject nozzle (RTI) referenced in Table I produces a more even spray pattern. Although, the mass flux is higher in the center of the spray pattern, which is cone-shaped, the variation of mass flux is less than about 40% across the spray pattern. The results of spray cooling with the specific embodiment and a prior art nozzle are shown in
The subject invention also relates to a heat transfer apparatus having an enhanced surface which can increase the rate of heat transfer from the surface to an impinging fluid. The subject enhanced surface can be incorporated with any of the heat transferred surfaces disclosed in the subject patent application or incorporated with other heat transfer surfaces. The subject invention also pertain to heat transfer apparatus, such as heat transfer plates, which incorporate the subject enhanced surfaces. The subject enhanced surfaces can also be utilized for heat desorbtion from a surface. In a specific embodiment, the subject system can comprise: a housing, a fluid pump or compressor, a nozzle array consisting of one or more nozzles, and a high heat flux source interface plate. The process begins with the housing. The housing contains the working fluid. The process as shown in
Evaporative spray cooling is enhanced by maintaining the thinnest liquid layer possible on the heat transfer surface. Pressure atomizer nozzles use high pressure liquid and vapor atomizer nozzles use compressed vapor to atomize the liquid coolant. Both types of nozzles can be used to produce a high velocity and lower droplet density spray. The result is a spray of liquid coolant onto the extended surface area which takes advantage of the additional surface area.
The pump 346 draws in the liquid coolant and pressurizes it to the desired pressure. The pressurized liquid goes to the liquid inlet port of spray nozzle 353. Compressor 350 draws in coolant vapor and pressurizes it to the desired pressure. The pressurized coolant vapor is sent to the vapor inlet port on spray nozzle 353. The compressed vapor and the pressurized liquid coolant combine in nozzle 353 to form small liquid droplets with a high velocity.
The spray nozzle 353 can be a vapor atomizer nozzle as shown using both compressed vapor and liquid coolant or a pressure atomizer nozzle, not shown, which uses only pressurized liquid.
The droplets impinge on cooling plate 360. Multiple surface area enhancements 370 are connected to cooling plate 360 as shown in
In a specific embodiment, protrusions, and/or indentations, having a height and/or depth, to diameter ratio of between about 0 to about 10 can be utilized. In further specific embodiments, a height, and/or depth, to diameter ratio of between about 1 and about 5 can be utilized. In another embodiment, protrusions, and/or indentations, having a height to spacing between adjacent protrusions, and/or indentations, ratio of between about 2 and 4 can be utilized. In a further embodiment, a height, and/or depth, to diameter ratio of about 3 can be utilized. In a specific embodiment, the number of protrusions, and/or indentations, density/spray cooling area is between about 1 and about 100 per square centimeter. In a further specific embodiment, the number of protrusions, and/or indentations, density/spray cooling area is between about 10 and about 20 per square centimeter. In a specific embodiment, the subject surface enhancements can increase the surface area, as compared to a smooth surface, by about 1 to about 5 times. In a further specific embodiment, the subject surface enhancements can increase the surface area by about 1.1 to about 2. In a specific embodiment, the center to center spacing of the subject protrusions, and/or indentations is between about (0.1) d and about 10 d, where d is the diameter (or mean diameter) of the protrusions, and/or indentations. In a further specific embodiment, the center to center spacing is about d. In a specific embodiment, the roughness of the subject enhanced surface can have a RMS of between about optically smooth and about 100 micrometers.
The vapor coolant can then flow to a condenser, such as coil 342. The vapor condenses on the condenser coil 342 and forms liquid. The liquid then flows into reservoir 345. A heat extractors 341, removes the heat from the condenser 342 via thermal connection 340. The heat extraction can be a refrigeration cycle or an ambient heat exchanger.
A series of control devices including thermocouples, flow meters and level indicators are used to control the process in order to maintain the desired operating conditions.
Sample and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application and the scope of the appended claims.
Rini, Daniel P., Anderson, H. Randolph, Zhao, Guochang
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