A DC/DC converter includes an input terminal for receiving an input voltage; an output terminal for providing an output voltage; a ground terminal for providing a reference voltage; a plurality of charge pump capacitors including at least a first charge pump capacitor, a second charge pump capacitor, and a third charge pump capacitor; and a switch circuit. The switch circuit includes a plurality of switches configured to allow the plurality of charge pump capacitors connected in a hybrid parallel-series arrangement between the input terminal and the ground terminal or between the input terminal and the output terminal by selectively conducting a specified portion of the switches.
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1. A DC/DC converter, comprising:
an input terminal for receiving an input voltage;
an output terminal for providing an output voltage;
a ground terminal for providing a reference voltage;
a plurality of charge pump capacitors, comprising at least a first charge pump capacitor, a second charge pump capacitor, and a third charge pump capacitor; and
a switch circuit including a plurality of switches configured to allow the plurality of charge pump capacitors connected in a hybrid parallel-series arrangement between the input terminal and the ground terminal or between the input terminal and the output terminal by selectively conducting a specified portion of the switches.
18. A switch circuit for use with a plurality of charge pump capacitors in a DC/DC converter, the DC/DC converter including at least a first charge pump capacitor, a second charge pump capacitor, and a third charge pump capacitor, an input terminal for receiving an input voltage, an output terminal for providing an output voltage, and a ground terminal for providing a reference voltage, and the switch circuit comprising:
a first circuitry associated with the first charge pump capacitor, one electrode of the first charge pump capacitor being connectable via a first switch to the input voltage and via a second switch to the reference voltage and the other electrode of the first charge pump capacitor being connectable via a third switch to the input voltage and via a fourth switch to the output voltage;
a second circuitry associated with the second charge pump capacitor, one electrode of the second charge pump capacitor being connectable via a fifth switch to the input voltage and via a sixth switch to the reference voltage and the other electrode of the second charge pump capacitor being connectable via a seventh switch to the input voltage and via an eighth switch to the output voltage;
a third circuitry associated with the third charge pump capacitor, one electrode of the third charge pump capacitor being connectable via a ninth switch to the input voltage and via a tenth switch to the reference voltage and the other electrode of the third charge pump capacitor being connectable via an eleventh switch to the input voltage and via a twelfth switch to the output voltage;
a first further switch, via which the one electrode of the first charge pump capacitor associated with the first circuitry being connectable to the other electrode of the second charge pump capacitor associated with the second circuitry;
a second further switch, via which the one electrode of the second charge pump capacitor associated with the second circuitry being connectable to the other electrode of the third charge pump capacitor associated with the third circuitry; and
a third further switch, via which the one electrode of the first charge pump capacitor associated with the first circuitry further being connectable to the other electrode of the third charge pump capacitor associated with the third circuitry.
2. The DC/DC converter according to
3. The DC/DC converter according to
4. The DC/DC converter according to
5. The DC/DC converter according to
6. The DC/DC converter according to
7. The DC/DC converter according to
8. The DC/DC converter according to
a first circuitry associated with the first charge pump capacitor, one electrode of the first charge pump capacitor being connectable via a first switch to the input voltage and via a second switch to the reference voltage and the other electrode of the first charge pump capacitor being connectable via a third switch to the input voltage and via a fourth switch to the output voltage;
a second circuitry associated with the second charge pump capacitor, one electrode of the second charge pump capacitor being connectable via a fifth switch to the input voltage and via a sixth switch to the reference voltage and the other electrode of the second charge pump capacitor being connectable via a seventh switch to the input voltage and via an eighth switch to the output voltage;
a third circuitry associated with the third charge pump capacitor, one electrode of the third charge pump capacitor being connectable via a ninth switch to the input voltage and via a tenth switch to the reference voltage and the other electrode of the third charge pump capacitor being connectable via an eleventh switch to the input voltage and via a twelfth switch to the output voltage;
a first further switch, via which the one electrode of the first charge pump capacitor associated with the first circuitry being connectable to the other electrode of the second charge pump capacitor associated with the second circuitry; and
a second further switch, via which the one electrode of the second charge pump capacitor associated with the second circuitry being connectable to the other electrode of the third charge pump capacitor associated with the third circuitry.
9. The DC/DC converter according to
10. The DC/DC converter according to
a fourth circuitry associated with a fourth charge pump capacitor, one electrode of the fourth charge pump capacitor being connectable via a thirteenth switch to the input voltage and via a fourteenth switch to the reference voltage and the other electrode of the fourth charge pump capacitor being connectable via a fifteenth switch to the input voltage and via a sixteenth switch to the output voltage; and
a fourth further switch, via which the one electrode of the third charge pump capacitor associated with the third circuitry being connectable to the other electrode of the fourth charge pump capacitor associated with the fourth circuitry.
11. The DC/DC converter according to
12. The DC/DC converter according to
13. The DC/DC converter according to
14. An apparatus comprising a DC/DC converter according to
15. The apparatus according to
16. The apparatus according to
17. The apparatus according to
19. The switch circuit according to
connecting the plurality of charge pump capacitors in a series arrangement of all charge pump capacitors in a first mode;
connecting the plurality of charge pump capacitors in a parallel arrangement of all charge pump capacitors in a second mode; and
connecting the plurality of charge pump capacitors in a first hybrid parallel-series arrangement in a third mode, the first hybrid parallel-series arrangement comprising a first sub-arrangement of at least two of the plurality of charge pump capacitors connected in a parallel arrangement and a second sub-arrangement of the other charge pump capacitors connected in series to the first sub-arrangement; and
wherein the switch circuit further selectively connects the plurality of charge pump capacitors between:
the input terminal for receiving the input voltage and the ground terminal for charging the plurality of charge pump capacitors; and
the input terminal for receiving the input voltage and the output terminal for providing the output voltage (Vout) from discharging the plurality of charge pump capacitors.
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This patent application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/165,521, filed Apr. 1, 2009.
The invention relates to a DC/DC converter including a switch circuit configured to conduct a variety of modes for charging/discharging of the DC/DC converter. The invention also relates to a switch circuit for use in such a DC/DC converter and an apparatus including such a DC/DC converter.
A portable apparatus is usually powered from a battery. The battery delivers a battery voltage to a circuitry of the portable apparatus. However, sometimes the circuitry requires a larger voltage than the battery voltage in order to operate. Moreover, the larger voltage is typically also required to be a substantially stable pre-determined voltage, e.g. with a predetermined voltage level of 5.5 V. For this purpose, a DC/DC converter is used to convert an input voltage, such as the mentioned battery voltage, to an output voltage, such as the pre-determined voltage, provided at an output terminal.
One type of DC/DC-converter is a so-called charge-pump type. A charge-pump type DC/DC converter is operated by charging a capacitor during a charging phase, by connecting the capacitor between the input voltage and a ground voltage during a charging period, followed by a discharging of the capacitor during a discharging phase, by connecting the capacitor between an output terminal and the input voltage during a discharging period, thus providing an output voltage at the output terminal. The output voltage may, in an idealized situation without e.g. any switching losses and parasitic losses, correspond to twice the input voltage, as the input voltage loaded onto the capacitor during the charging phase is thus added to the input voltage during the discharging phase. The ratio between the output voltage and the input voltage may be referred to as a gain factor. In practice, the converter will have some losses and the ratio between the output voltage and the input voltage will be limited to a gain factor which is somewhat less than two.
Charging and discharging the capacitor is typically performed using a plurality of switches, arranged to selectively connect one electrode of the capacitor to the input terminal or ground and to selectively connect the other electrode of the capacitor to the output terminal or the input terminal. The output voltage may be adjusted by adjusting a voltage drop over the switches, e.g. by adjusting the on-resistance of a transistor when a transistor is used as a switch. This however reduces the efficiency of the converter, as the voltage drop over the switches corresponds to additional power loss. This reduced efficiency has a significant impact on power consumption which is an important point of attention in mobile applications. The ratio between the adjusted output voltage and the input voltage may be referred to as a boosting factor. The boosting factor thus corresponds to the gain factor multiplied by the efficiency of the converter. When using the above described charge-pump type DC/DC-converter, a lower boosting factor than the gain factor may be achieved by reducing the efficiency. When the gain factor is two and the required boosting factor is 1.5, the efficiency of the converter has thus to be reduced to 75% (ignoring further losses).
European patent publication No. EP 1 073 185 A2 describes a charge-pump type DC/DC converter using two capacitors C1 and C2, each arranged to be chargeable and dischargeable using four switches for each of the capacitors, i.e. switches S1, S2, S3 and S4 for the capacitor C1 and switches S5, S6, S7 and S8 for the capacitor C2, as shown in
In more detail, as shown in
In a charge phase of a first mode of the DC/DC converter, as illustrated in
As described in EP 1 073 185 A2, the first and second charge pump capacitors C1, C2 may thus be loaded to either Vin/2 or Vin in the charge phase, using either the series arrangement of the first mode of
As mentioned above, EP 1 073 185 A2 describes that when charging and discharging using the second mode with the two capacitors being connected in parallel, the gain factor is two (ignoring losses), whereas when charging using the first mode with the two capacitors being connected in series and discharging using the second mode with the two capacitors being connected in parallel, the gain factor is 1.5 (ignoring losses). Hence, two boosting factors, 2.0 and 1.5, can be provided at the maximum efficiency, by selecting the second mode for discharging after charging with the first or the second mode. It may be appreciated that, use of the circuit described in EP 1 073 185 A2, also allows to provide a boosting factor of three at maximum efficiency, by charging using the second mode with the two capacitors being connected in parallel and discharging using the first mode with the two capacitors being connected in series, as illustrated in
The charge-pump type DC/DC converter described in EP 1 073 185 A2 thus allows to provide a plurality of modes with corresponding gain factors, allowing to operate the converter with maximum efficiency for a plurality of boosting factors. However, maximum efficiency can only be achieved at three different boosting factors (ignoring losses) using such charging in either series or parallel connection and discharging in either series or parallel connection. Even when increasing the number of capacitors to a larger value, e.g. N capacitors, which can all be connected either in series or in parallel, the maximum efficiency can only be achieved at three different boosting factors (ignoring losses), corresponding to a first gain factor of 2, a second gain factor of 1+1/N, and a third gain factor of 1+N.
Therefore, it is an object of the invention to provide an increased number of different boosting factors with a charge-pump type DC/DC converter at maximum efficiency.
In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, a DC/DC converter is provided. The DC/DC converter includes an input terminal for receiving an input voltage; an output terminal for providing an output voltage; a ground terminal for providing a reference voltage; a plurality of charge pump capacitors including at least a first charge pump capacitor, a second charge pump capacitor, and a third charge pump capacitor; and a switch circuit including a plurality of switches configured to allow the plurality of charge pump capacitors connected in a hybrid parallel-series arrangement between the input terminal and the ground terminal or between the input terminal and the output terminal by selectively conducting a specified portion of the switches.
In an embodiment, the DC/DC converter further includes a controller for controlling a conductive pattern of the switches of the switch circuit so as to change the DC/DC converter between a charging phase that the plurality of charge pump capacitors are connected between the input terminal and the ground terminal and a discharge phase that the plurality of charge pump capacitors are connected between the input terminal and the output terminal, and establish one of a variety of modes including the hybrid parallel-series arrangement for use in the charging phase or the discharging phase.
In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, an apparatus including a DC/DC converter is provided. In addition to the DC/DC converter recited above, the apparatus further includes a battery and a circuit arrangement, wherein the battery is arranged to provide a battery voltage as the input voltage to the DC/DC-converter, and the DC/DC converter is arranged to provide the circuit arrangement with the output voltage.
In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, a switch circuit for use with a plurality of charge pump capacitors in a DC/DC converter is provided. The DC/DC converter includes at least a first charge pump capacitor, a second charge pump capacitor, and a third charge pump capacitor, an input terminal for receiving an input voltage, an output terminal for providing an output voltage, and a ground terminal for providing a reference voltage. The switch circuit includes a first circuitry associated with the first charge pump capacitor, one electrode of the first charge pump capacitor being connectable via a first switch to the input voltage and via a second switch to the reference voltage and the other electrode of the first charge pump capacitor being connectable via a third switch to the input voltage and via a fourth switch to the output voltage; a second circuitry associated with the second charge pump capacitor, one electrode of the second charge pump capacitor being connectable via a fifth switch to the input voltage and via a sixth switch to the reference voltage and the other electrode of the second charge pump capacitor being connectable via a seventh switch to the input voltage and via an eighth switch to the output voltage; a third circuitry associated with the third charge pump capacitor, one electrode of the third charge pump capacitor being connectable via a ninth switch to the input voltage and via a tenth switch to the reference voltage and the other electrode of the third charge pump capacitor being connectable via an eleventh switch to the input voltage and via a twelfth switch to the output voltage; a first further switch, via which the one electrode of the first charge pump capacitor associated with the first circuitry being connectable to the other electrode of the second charge pump capacitor associated with the second circuitry; a second further switch, via which the one electrode of the second charge pump capacitor associated with the second circuitry being connectable to the other electrode of the third charge pump capacitor associated with the third circuitry; and a third further switch, via which the one electrode of the first charge pump capacitor associated with the first circuitry further being connectable to the other electrode of the third charge pump capacitor associated with the third circuitry.
In an embodiment, the switch circuit selectively connects the plurality of charge pump capacitors by: connecting the plurality of charge pump capacitors in a series arrangement of all charge pump capacitors in a first mode; connecting the plurality of charge pump capacitors in a parallel arrangement of all charge pump capacitors in a second mode; and connecting the plurality of charge pump capacitors in a first hybrid parallel-series arrangement in a third mode, the first hybrid parallel-series arrangement comprising a first sub-arrangement of at least two of the plurality of charge pump capacitors connected in a parallel arrangement and a second sub-arrangement of the other charge pump capacitors connected in series to the first sub-arrangement. The switch circuit further selectively connects the plurality of charge pump capacitors between the input terminal for receiving the input voltage and the ground terminal for charging the plurality of charge pump capacitors; and the input terminal for receiving the input voltage and the output terminal for providing the output voltage (Vout) from discharging the plurality of charge pump capacitors.
These and other aspects of the invention will be further elucidated and described in detail with reference to the drawings, in which corresponding reference symbols indicate corresponding parts:
The apparatus 1 comprises a DC/DC converter 10, connected to a battery 12 for receiving an input voltage Vin supplied by the battery 12, to ground GND, and to a circuit 14 for supplying the circuit 14 with an output voltage Vout. In the example shown in
The apparatus 1 and 2, for example, can be a mobile phone, digital camera, PDA (personal digital assistant), notebook computer, desktop computer, television, car display, global positioning system (GPS), avionics display, portable DVD player or any other suitable device with a battery, a DC/DC converter and a display.
As shown in
The first, second and third charge pump capacitors C1, C2, C3 may thus be loaded to either Vin/3 or Vin in the charge phase, using the series arrangement of the first mode of
The DC/DC converter of
As a matter of fact, by using the arrangement of
In addition, by using the arrangement of
For providing more modes in the charge phase and/or discharge phase, a second embodiment of the invention provides a third further switch SXX between the first electrode C1a of the first charge pump capacitor C1 and the second electrode C3b of the third charge pump capacitor C3 as is shown in
With the addition of the third further switch SXX, new modes can be provided in the charge phase and/or discharge phase, and new combinations of modes in the charge phase with modes in the discharge phase can be provided, for providing new gain factors and thus providing new boosting factors with maximum efficiency.
Preferably but not necessarily, all charge pump capacitors that were charged during the charge phase are used in the discharge phase since it may have the advantage that all loaded charge is being transferred to the output, thus resulting in a relatively efficient converter with a relatively low output impedance.
For example,
Using the second mode for discharging according to
The exemplary DC/DC converter according to the invention, as shown in
The horizontal axis of
Dash-dotted curve 310 (
First solid curve 100 (
First dashed curve 200 corresponds to the efficiency using an embodiment of a DC/DC converter using three capacitors according to the invention, and using selections of the serial, parallel and hybrid serial-parallel modes for the charge phase and the discharging phase, allowing gain factors of 3, 2.5, 2, 1⅔ and 1⅓, as described above. The gain factors are illustrated in second dashed curve 210.
When comparing the second solid curve 200 with the first solid curve 100, it may be observed that the efficiency may reduce to below 70% around an input voltage of 2.9 V and to below 80% around an input voltage of 3.9 V for the DC/DC converter using only two capacitors, whereas the efficiency remains above 80% for the DC/DC converter using three capacitors according to the invention.
Likewise, when comparing the deviation of the second dashed curve 210 from the dash-dotted curve 310 with the deviation of the first dashed curve 110 from the dash-dotted curve 310, it may be observed that the gain factors with a DC/DC converter according to the invention deviates, on average and maximally, less from the boosting factor than the gain factors with a known DC/DC converter.
In
In
The arrangements of
Take a charging phase in a mode shown in
An alternative first further mode may be provided by connecting the four charge pump capacitors CC1, CC2, CC3 and CC4 in an alternative embodiment of a first hybrid parallel-series arrangement. E.g. the first charge pump capacitor CC1, the second charge pump capacitor CC2 and the third charge pump capacitor CC3 may be arranged in parallel for forming an alternative first sub-arrangement, the fourth charge pump capacitor CC4 may form a second sub-arrangement, and the first and second sub-arrangement may be connected in series. This charges the first, second and third charge pump capacitors CC1, CC2 and CC3 to VCC1=VCC2=VCC3=0.25*Vin, and the fourth charge pump capacitor CC4 to VCC4=0.75*Vin.
Take a discharging phase in a mode shown in
Further take a discharging phase in a mode shown in
It should be noted that the above-mentioned embodiments illustrate rather than limit the invention, and that those skilled in the art will be able to design many alternative embodiments without departing from the scope of the appended claims. For example, although the numerical examples given above use a plurality of capacitors of substantially equal capacitance value, the capacitors of the plurality of capacitors may have unequal capacitance values, allowing e.g. an increased number, of different values, boosting factors. For example, alternative types of switches may be used than those explicitly described above without departing from the scope of the invention and the appended claims. The switches S11, S12, S13, S14, S21, S22, S23, S24, S31, S32, S33, S34, S41, S42, S43, S44, SX1, SX2, SX3, SXX, SXX2 and SXX3 may be MOSFET transistors, or alternatively be e.g. IGBT transistors. The switches may be discrete switches, or the plurality of switches may be integrated in a single integrated circuit. In the claims, any reference signs placed between parentheses shall not be construed as limiting the claim. Throughout this document, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
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