Techniques are disclosed to regulate the output power of a power supply. An example feedback circuit for use in a power supply regulator includes a voltage regulation circuit coupled to sense an output voltage of the power supply regulator. The voltage regulation circuit is coupled to generate a first regulation signal to regulate an output of the power supply regulator if an output current of the power supply is less than a first transition current. A current regulation circuit is coupled to sense an output current of the power supply regulator. The current regulation circuit is coupled to generate a second regulation signal to regulate the output of the power supply regulator if the output voltage of the power supply is less than a second transition voltage. A transition region regulation circuit is coupled to sense the output voltage and the output current of the power supply regulator. The transition region regulation circuit is coupled to generate a third regulation signal to regulate the output of the power supply regulator if the output current of the power supply is between the first transition current and a second transition current. The feedback circuit is coupled to generate a feedback signal output in response to the first, second and third regulation signals.
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1. A feedback circuit for use in a power supply regulator, comprising:
a voltage regulation circuit coupled to sense an output voltage of the power supply regulator, wherein the voltage regulation circuit is coupled to generate a first regulation signal to regulate an output of the power supply regulator if an output current of the power supply is less than a first transition current;
a current regulation circuit coupled to sense an output current of the power supply regulator, wherein the current regulation circuit is coupled to generate a second regulation signal to regulate the output of the power supply regulator if the output voltage of the power supply is less than a second transition voltage; and
a transition region regulation circuit coupled to sense the output voltage and the output current of the power supply regulator, wherein the transition region regulation circuit is coupled to generate a third regulation signal to regulate the output of the power supply regulator if the output current of the power supply is between the first transition current and a second transition current,
wherein the feedback circuit is coupled to generate a feedback signal output in response to the first, second and third regulation signals.
2. The feedback circuit of
4. The feedback circuit of
a first Zener diode;
a first resistor coupled to bias the first Zener diode and coupled to receive the output voltage;
a transistor coupled to the first Zener diode and the first resistor; and
a second resistor coupled to the transistor and coupled to receive the output voltage.
5. The feedback circuit of
a current sense resistor coupled to sense the output current;
a current summation resistor coupled to the current sense resistor; and
a light emitting diode (LED) of an optocoupler coupled between the current summation resistor and the current sense resistor.
6. The feedback circuit of
a second Zener diode coupled to receive the output voltage;
a second resistor coupled to bias the second Zener diode;
a second transistor coupled to the second Zener diode and to the second resistor; and
a third resistor coupled to the second transistor.
7. The feedback circuit of
a third transistor;
a fourth resistor coupled to the third transistor and coupled to receive the output voltage;
a fourth transistor coupled to the third transistor, the fourth resistor and coupled to receive the output voltage;
a fifth transistor coupled to the fourth transistor;
a fifth resistor coupled to the fifth transistor and coupled to receive the output voltage;
a sixth transistor coupled to the fifth transistor;
a sixth resistor coupled to the sixth transistor and coupled to receive the output voltage;
a seventh resistor coupled to the third, fourth and fifth transistors;
an eighth resistor coupled to the third transistor and the seventh resistor; and
a ninth resistor coupled to the fifth and sixth transistors and the eighth resistor.
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This application is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. application Ser. No. 11/966,882, filed Dec. 28, 2007, now pending, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 11/651,675, filed Jan. 9, 2007, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,332,900, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/150,329 filed Jun. 10, 2005, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,180,280. U.S. application Ser. No. 11/966,882 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,332,900 and 7,180,280 are hereby incorporated by reference.
1. Technical Field
The present invention relates generally to electronic circuits, and more specifically, the invention relates to switch mode power supplies.
2. Background Information
A common application for a switch mode power supply is a battery charger. The output power of a battery charger is usually controlled to provide regulated output voltage and regulated output current. The output voltage is regulated between a maximum and a minimum voltage over a range of output current. The output current is regulated between a maximum and a minimum current over a range of output voltage. A feedback signal is used to regulate the output of a switch mode power supply such that the output voltage and output current stay within the specified limits.
The switch mode power supply typically has a fault protection feature that prevents excessive output voltage and/or excessive output current in the absence of a feedback signal. Without this fault protection feature, the loss of the feedback signal could cause the output voltage and/or output current to go high enough to damage the output load (which could be a battery) and/or the switch mode power supply. With this fault protection feature, the absence of a feedback signal typically causes the switch mode power supply to operate in an auto-restart cycle that substantially reduces the average output voltage and/or output current until the feedback signal is restored.
Battery chargers usually exhibit an abrupt transition between the regulated output voltage and the regulated output current. That is, the locus of output voltage and output current plotted in Cartesian coordinates usually has a sharp corner of approximately 90 degrees at the point of transition that corresponds to the point of maximum output power.
The typical practice of designing a battery charger with a sharp transition between the regulated output voltage and the regulated output current can result in a product that costs more than necessary to meet the requirements. A controlled regulated transition from a regulated output voltage to a regulated output current can allow the use of lower cost components.
Low cost circuits that regulate output current typically have loose tolerances. Battery chargers that use such circuits must guarantee a minimum output current at one end of the tolerance range, and they must guarantee a maximum output current at the other end of the tolerance range. The need to consider the addition of tolerances in other parameters can cause the design to be capable of substantially higher power than necessary. Failure to deliver all the power required by the load will cause the power supply to lose regulation and to enter a self-protection mode. Higher power capability typically requires a larger magnetic component or a larger power switch, which raises the cost of the power supply.
The present invention detailed illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the accompanying Figures.
Techniques are disclosed to provide a regulated transition between the regulated output voltage and regulated output current of a power supply, allowing a switch mode power supply to perform as a battery charger at a reduced cost. In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, to one having ordinary skill in the art that the specific detail need not be employed to practice the present invention. Well-known methods related to the implementation have not been described in detail in order to avoid obscuring the present invention.
Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.
It is possible to avoid the higher cost associated with higher power capability by using a regulated transition between the regulated output voltage and the regulated output current in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. The regulated transition maintains a feedback signal to avoid entering an auto-restart mode while it allows a reduction in the maximum power capability.
Every switched mode power supply has a maximum power capability that describes a boundary on the plot of output voltage and output current. In conventional designs, the maximum capability boundary is set beyond the point of maximum specified output power, which is the intersection of maximum specified output voltage and maximum specified output current. In embodiments of the present invention, the maximum capability boundary is set below the point of maximum specified output power, and uses a regulated transition between regulated output voltage and regulated output current to avoid loss of feedback signal that would cause the power supply to operate in a self-protection mode. As a result, the locus of output voltage and output current in the regulated transition can be made to follow a path below the maximum capability boundary to reduce the cost of the design according to embodiments of the present invention.
To illustrate, the broken lines in
In a typical switch mode power supply, a capability boundary 100 that describes maximum power capability of the power supply is set beyond the outer maximum power point 105 to guarantee regulated operation within the specified outer and inner boundaries 110 and 150 respectively. The use of a smaller transformer or a reduced peak current in the primary of the transformer can reduce the cost of the power supply, but these measures also reduce the maximum power capability of the power supply. The capability boundary for a reduced cost power supply can be within the boundaries of specified operation 110 and 150 as illustrated by the capability boundary 115 in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
In
As shown in
For embodiments of the present invention, simultaneous regulation of output voltage and output current allows a power supply with reduced power capability to satisfy requirements of battery chargers at lower cost than traditional designs. A regulated transition region between a voltage regulation region and a current regulation region allows the power supply to operate below the boundary of its maximum power capability. Signals from a voltage regulation circuit, a current regulation circuit, and a regulated transition circuit are summed to obtain a regulated transition region of the desired shape. Switch mode power supplies that operate with a regulated transition region can use smaller components to reduce the cost of power supply applications such as for example battery chargers or the like in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
As shown in
In the example of
Switch SW1 310 is switched on and off in response to the controller 396 in accordance with the teachings of the present invention to regulate the output of the switched mode power supply. For one embodiment, switch SW1 310 is a transistor. For one embodiment, switch SW1 310 is a power metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET). For one embodiment, the controller 396 includes an integrated circuit or discrete electrical components or both an integrated circuit and discrete electrical components. For one embodiment, an integrated circuit includes controller 396 and switch SW1 310.
The operation of switch SW1 310 produces pulsating current through the energy transfer element to a rectifier D1 325 that is filtered by a capacitor C1 330 to produce a substantially constant output that may be an output voltage VO 340 or a substantially constant output current TO 335 or a combination of output VO 340 and IO 335 to the load 345.
As shown in
A regulation signal S1 365 from the current regulation block 350, a regulation signal S2 370 from the transition region regulation block 355, and a regulation signal S3 375 from the voltage regulation block 360 are combined in a summation block 385. For embodiments of the present invention, transition region regulation block 355 provides regulated operation of the power supply with feedback in the transition region of operation along for example line segments 130 of
Isolation block 390 transmits signals across the electrical isolation barrier that separates circuits referenced to the primary of transformer T1 320 from circuits referenced to the secondary of transformer T1 320. Accordingly, for one embodiment, isolation block 390 provides isolation between the input and the output of the power supply illustrated in
As shown in the illustrated examples, the output current regulation circuit 420 includes a current sense resistor RS 425, current summation resistor RSUM 424, and light emitting diode LED 422 of optocoupler 421. The current regulation circuit 420 provides an output I1 427 that may correspond to signal S1 365 in the functional block diagram of
Output voltage regulation circuit 410 includes a Zener diode 414 having a Zener voltage VZO at a Zener current IZ, a Zener diode bias resistor RBX 413, a PNP bipolar transistor 412, and an emitter resistor RE 411. Voltage regulation circuit 410 provides an output current I3 429 that may correspond to signal S3 375 in the functional block diagram of
Various embodiments of transition region regulation circuits 400 receive an input voltage at a terminal X 401 with respect to a return terminal Z 403 to provide a current to an output terminal Y 402. The output current I2 428 from transition regulation circuit 400 may correspond to signal S2 370 in the functional block diagram of
Node 432 of
Optocoupler 421 is used for one embodiment to isolate the output circuits and output load from the input circuits of the switch mode power supply. Optocoupler 421 in
In
Examples of transition region regulation circuits 400 in
To illustrate,
As shown, the example circuit of
For an embodiment that uses the circuits of
VT1=VZO+VBE (1)
VT2=VZT+VBE+VF (2)
Appropriate values for VZO and VZT may be chosen to obtain the desired values for VT1 and VT2 in the presence of VBE and VF for an embodiment of the present invention. For a given VT1, IT1, and ISC, the designer chooses a slope mT of the line segment 230 to achieve a desired regulated transition region. Resistor RSUM 424 in
and the value of RS is computed approximately from the expression:
where ISC may be a short circuit output current value chosen by the designer.
The values of IT1 and IT2 may be determined from the slopes mT and m1 of the line segments 230 and 240 respectively as shown in
The slope mT of line segment 230 in the regulated transition region for the embodiment of
The voltage VNL, which is the value of VO when IO is zero, is determined from VT1 with IT1 and the slope of line segment 220 in the regulated voltage region. The slope mV of line segment 240 in the regulated voltage region is given approximately by the expression:
where the notation A∥B represents the equivalent parallel combination of components A and B. The designer adjusts parameters with the aid of Equations 1 through 6 to achieve the desired characteristics of the regulated output in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
The example circuit of
In an embodiment that uses the circuits of
where the slope mT is a negative quantity. Resistors R1 620 and R2 650 are selected for linear operation of transistor 630 throughout the regulated transition region. Typically R1=2R2 with values as high as practical to guarantee the desired operation.
Resistors R3 635 and R4 645 are selected with the ratio computed from Equation 8 with values typically as high as practical to guarantee the desired operation.
The voltage VNL, which is the value of VO when IO is zero, is determined from VT1 and IT1 with the slope mV of line segment 220 in the regulated voltage region. Slope mV is given approximately by Equation 6. Resistor R5 605 provides a path for the leakage current of transistor 615. One skilled in the art will choose an appropriate value for R5 605 when it is necessary for a particular application.
In the foregoing detailed description, the methods and apparatuses of the present invention have been described with reference to a specific exemplary embodiment thereof. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the present invention. The present specification and figures are accordingly to be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive.
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