This invention relates to the use of at least one compound of the following formula (I):
##STR00001##
or its pharmaceutically acceptable salts,
for the preparation of a medicinal compound having neuroprotective activity intended to prevent or treat neurone deteriorations.
|
9. A method for promoting neurone growth in an individual, comprising administering to said individual an effective quantity of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of formula (III):
##STR00020##
(III); and formula (IV):
##STR00021##
or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
1. A method for treating neurone deteriorations in an individual, comprising administering to said individual a therapeutically effective quantity of at least one compound having neuroprotective activity selected from the group consisting of formula (III):
##STR00018##
and formula (IV):
##STR00019##
or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts;
in which neurone deteriorations are linked to diseases selected from the group consisting of:
epilepsy,
ischaemic cerebral vascular accidents,
neuropathic diseases selected from the group consisting of polyneuropathy, alcoholic polyneuropathy, toxic or drug-induced neuropathy, vincristine-induced neuropathy, neuropathy associated with a metabolic disturbance, neuropathy associated with diabetes, neuropathy associated with an inflammatory process, neuropathy associated with Guillain-Barre syndrome, infectious neuropathic diseases, Herpes zoster, and radiculoneuropathic diseases,
multiple sclerosis,
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,
schizophrenia,
depression,
brain tumours,
Parkinson's disease
Alzheimer's disease, and
Pick's disease.
2. The method of
3. The method of
4. The method of
5. The method of
6. The method of
7. The method of
8. The method of
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
This invention relates to the use of neuroprotective compounds in the context of the prevention of the treatment of neuronal deteriorations due to diseases of the nervous system.
Neuronal deterioration, in particular neurone death, plays an essential part in almost all diseases involving acute or chronic neuronal degeneration. It is thought that many neurochemical modulators are involved in the occurrence of lesions in the nervous system. For example, in epilepsy neurotransmission with excess glutamate, the deterioration of inhibition associated with GABA and changes in acid-base equilibrium can result in a series of events leading to neuronal damages and cell death.
Several biochemical pathways resulting in neurone death have been elucidated in recent years. One of the most documented cases relates to the excitotoxicity of glutamate. This neurotransmitter amino acid is released excessively for example in the case of ischaemia, and this, through excessive activation of its neuronal receptors, gives rise to an inflow of calcium ions into the neurones and leads to cell death through necrosis or apoptosis.
By definition, neuroprotection is an activity whose consequence is the preservation, recovery, cure or regeneration of the nervous system, its cells, its structure and function (Vajda et al. (2002) J Clin Neurosci. 9:4-8). As indicated in
The presumed mechanisms of neurone death, which are both complex and varied, such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, protein aggregation, apoptosis and inflammation (Youdim et al. (2005), TIPS 26:27-35), suggest that neuroprotective treatments act at several levels both neurologically and biochemically (Youdim M B et al. (2005) J. Neural. Transm. 112:519-537) (Sellal et al. (2005) Therapie, 60:89-107).
Thus in the context of the treatment of cerebral ischaemic accidents it has been demonstrated that many agents which inhibit some stages in the process of neurone death, such as glutamate antagonists, anti-inflammatory agents, ion channel modulator agents, anti-free-radical agents, or again GABA antagonists, have a neuroprotective action in animals.
However the clinical trials which have been carried out hitherto have not been able to confirm the potential of these compounds as neuroprotective agents in man.
One object of this invention is therefore to provide pharmaceutical compositions having neuroprotective effectiveness greater than that of the compositions already known.
This invention derives in particular from the discovery by the Inventors that etifoxine and desethyl-etifoxine have a neuroprotective action in animals in vitro and in vivo.
This invention thus relates to the use of at least one compound having the following formula (I):
##STR00002##
in which:
By “neuroprotective activity” is meant an action which has the consequence of the preservation, recovery, cure or regeneration of the nervous system, its cells, its structure and function (Vajda et al. (2002) J Clin Neurosci 9:4-8).
By “neurone deteriorations” is meant the microscopic lesions in cells observed in various neurological diseases. These lesions may in particular be in the nature of ischaemic lesions, atrophic lesions, neuronal loss, intracytoplasmic or intranuclear inclusions, neurofibril or granulo-vacuolar degeneration.
By way of example neuronal lesions observed in Alzheimer's disease associate neurofibril degeneration with the loss of synapses in the hippocampus and adjacent regions of the temporal lobe, intracortical foci of neuronal extensions which are thickened both axonally and dendritically (neuritis), and granulo-vacuolar degeneration. The ischaemic lesions observed in the course of ischaemic vascular accidents associate a dark core with a very basophilic and shrunken cytoplasm. Neurodegenerative diseases accompany lesions of the neuronal atrophy type with depopulation of areas characteristic of the disease (Augustinack et al. (2002); Acta Neuropathol. 103:26-35)—(Harrison—Arnett Blackwell Ed 1995)—(Cambier—Masson Ed 2000).
In a particular embodiment of the use as defined above, neurone deteriorations are associated with diseases selected from the list comprising:
The compounds of formula (I) defined above may easily be synthesised using the teaching in French patent no. 1 571 287.
Pharmaceutically acceptable salts according to the invention will be obvious according to those skilled in the art, in particular the hydrochloride salts of compounds of formula (I) according to the invention are preferred.
As understood here, this invention also relates to the use as defined above of optically active forms of the compound of formula (I), such as the following enantiomers (when R5 and R6 are different):
##STR00003##
or their mixtures, in particular their racemic mixture.
In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above of a compound of formula (VIII) as follows:
##STR00004##
in which:
This invention also relates to the use as defined above of optically active forms of the compound of formula (VIII), such as the following enantiomers:
##STR00005##
or their mixtures, in particular their racemic mixture.
In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above of a compound of the following formula (II):
##STR00006##
in which R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R9 and R10 are as defined above.
This invention also relates to the use as defined above of optically active forms of the compound of formula (II), such as the following enantiomers (when R5 and R6 are different):
##STR00007##
or their mixtures, in particular their racemic mixture.
In another particular embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above of compounds of the following formulae (III) and (IV):
##STR00008##
The compound of formula (III) is etifoxine, or 6-chloro-2-ethylamino-4-methyl-4-phenyl-4H-[3,1]benzoxazine hydrochloride.
The compound of formula (IV), desethyl-etifoxine or 2-amino-6-chloro-4-methyl-4-phenyl-4H-[3,1]benzoxazine, is a metabolite of etifoxine.
This invention also relates to the use as defined above of optically active forms of the compound of formula (III), such as the following enantiomers:
##STR00009##
or their mixtures, in particular their racemic mixture, particularly in their hydrochloride form, and the use as defined above, of optically active forms of the compound of formula (IV), such as the following enantiomers:
##STR00010##
or their mixtures, in particular their racemic mixture.
In another embodiment, the invention relates to the use as defined above of a compound of the following formula (V):
##STR00011##
in which R1, R2, R3, R5, R6, and R7 are as defined above.
This invention also relates to the use as defined above of optically active forms of the compound of formula (V), such as the following enantiomers (when R5 and R6 are different):
##STR00012##
or their mixtures, in particular their racemic mixture.
In another particular embodiment the invention relates to the use as defined above of compounds of the following formulae (VI) and (VII):
##STR00013##
The compounds of formula (VI) (6-chloro-4-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-4-methyl-3,4-dihydro-1H-quinazolin-2-one) and (VII) (6-chloro-3-ethyl-7-hydroxy-4-methyl-4-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-1H-quinazolin-2-one) are metabolites of etifoxine.
This invention also relates to the use as defined above of optically active forms of the compound of formula (VI), such as the following enantiomers:
##STR00014##
or their mixtures, in particular their racemic mixture, and the use as defined above of optically active forms of the compound of formula (VII), such as the following enantiomers:
##STR00015##
or their mixtures, in particular their racemic mixture.
In a particular embodiment of the invention, the medicinal product defined above is suitable for administration to an individual in need thereof of a unit dose of from approximately 50 mg to approximately 1500 mg, in particular from approximately 150 to 200 mg of the compound as defined above.
In another particular embodiment of the invention, the medicinal product defined above is suitable for administration to an individual in need thereof of a dose of from approximately 50 mg/d to approximately 1500 mg/d, in particular from approximately 150 mg/d to approximately 200 mg/d, of the compound as defined above.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the medicinal product defined above is suitable for oral administration.
In accordance with another preferred embodiment of the invention, the medicinal product defined above takes the form of a powder, patches, capsules or sachets.
In a particular embodiment of the invention, the compound defined above is associated with at least one additional compound which is intended to prevent or treat the diseases defined above.
This invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising as the active ingredient:
This invention also relates to products containing:
In a preferred embodiment of the invention the additional compound defined above is selected from the list comprising:
Advantageously compounds of general formula (I) or its pharmaceutically acceptable salts are used as an adjuvant intended to increase the effects of the compounds intended for treatment of the diseases specified above, such as the additional compounds defined above.
The principle of the investigation consisted of evaluating the survival of cortical neurones in co-culture with astrocytes after the application of a neurotoxic agent, excess glutamate.
In fact glutamate is responsible for excitotoxicity (excessive activation of neuronal receptors) involved in neurone death following many disturbances including cerebral vascular accidents, epileptic crises or some neurodegenerative conditions such as Huntington's disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Neurone survival is quantified by the density of the system of neuritic extensions marked by an anti-neurofilament antibody in the absence or presence of glutamate.
1. Material and Methods
1.1. Cell cultures
The cortical neurones were obtained from the cortex of 14 day rat embryos cultured in platelet culture medium 96 and then in a stove at 37° C. and 5% CO2 with saturated humidity. After 2 days culture astrocytes obtained from newborn rat cortex were seeded in the wells (in a ratio of 1 astrocyte to 4 neurones). After 10 days culture the mature neurones synthesised neurofilaments (structural protein specific to mature neurones); in addition to this these neurones expressed functional receptors to glutamate on their surfaces and could therefore be intoxicated.
On the 12th day of culture the medium was replaced by survival medium with or without etifoxine in 3 concentrations and the neurones were or were not intoxicated with glutamate (Sigma G1501) at a strength of 2 mM and 10 mM. Each culture condition was applied to 4 wells. The cultures were incubated for 2 periods (6 and 24 hours).
A positive control was carried out in the survival culture medium containing Nerve Growth Factor (NGF; 10 ng/ml) and basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGFb; 5 ng/ml) and the cells were intoxicated under the same conditions.
At the end of the two incubation periods (6 and 24 hours) the cell layers were fixed and marked with a anti-68- and 200 kD neurofilament monoclonal antibody (DAKO M0762) and then developed using a mouse anti-immunoglobulin goat antibody conjugate Alexia fluor 488 (Interchim A-11029). Controls without primary antibody were performed. All the controls were negative (no non-specific labelling). After extensive washing with PBS the preparations were observed under epi-fluorescence (Nikon Diaphot 300 microscope).
2 images were obtained for each culture well (4 wells per experimental condition) using a Nikon DXM1200F camera controlled by LUCIA 6.0 software.
All the images were obtained under the same conditions and with identical camera settings.
The densities of the networks of extensions marked with anti-neurofilament antibody were examined using LUCIA 6.0 software. Initial image processing made it possible to increase the intensity of the specific marking on the extensions. Areas in which marking was positive were binarised and the percentage marking per image was determined (marked surface area/total surface area examined).
1.4. Product Investigated
Etifoxine (6-chloro-2-ethylamino-4-methyl-4-phenyl-4H-[3,1]benzoxazine hydrochloride) was dissolved in a concentration of 100 mM in DMSO and then diluted successively in culture medium (DMSO concentration ≦0.1%, v/v).
##STR00016##
1.5. Expression and Statistical Analysis of the Results
The results (mean values±standard error with respect to the mean (SEM) were expressed as percentage marking per microscope field (n=8 measurements/culture conditions). 2-factor analysis of variance (Etifoxine and glutamate), followed by the Student Newman-Keuls multiple comparisons test was used for statistical comparison of the results.
The results obtained with the positive control (FGF) were compared with the controls using Student's t test or the Mann and Whitney test as appropriate. The significance threshold was set at p<0.05 (SigmaStat software—V3.1, SPSS inc).
2. Results
2.1 Cytotoxicity of Etifoxine
A first experiment was carried out (conventional test used to measure the level of cell survival) in order to investigate the cytotoxicity of etifoxine in relation to cortical neurones in the presence of astrocytes in culture and thus to determine the maximum non-toxic concentration of etifoxine.
Visual examination carried out with a microscope after 48 hours incubation showed neurone mortality at a concentration of 33 and 100 μM of etifoxine, whereas astrocyte mortality was observed at a concentration of 100 μM. The etifoxine concentrations adopted for the investigation proper were 1, 3 and 10 μM.
2.2 Effects of Etifoxine on Neurofilament Density in the Presence of Glutamate after 6 Hours Incubation (
In the control culture medium (without glutamate), etifoxine increased the density of marked neurofilaments in a dose-dependent way with a statistically significant effect at a dose of 10 μM.
In concentrations of 2 and 10 mM glutamate reduced the density of neurofilaments in a statistically significant way. In concentrations of 3 and 10 μM, etifoxine and FGF opposed the decrease in density of neurofilaments induced by glutamate in a statistically significant way.
2.3 Effects of Etifoxine on Neurofilament Density in the Presence of Glutamate after 24 Hours (
As previously, in control culture medium etifoxine increased the density of neurofilaments at a dose of 10 μM in a statistically significant way. The concentrations of 1 and 3 μM were without effect.
At concentrations of 2 and 10 mM glutamate significantly reduced the marking of neurofilaments, which was close to 0.
Etifoxine in a concentration of 10 μM and FGF opposed the effects of 2 mM of glutamate in a statistically significant way.
The results reveal that etifoxine has an effect on neurone growth or a neurotrophic effect as shown by the increase in the density of the neurofilament networks in the control culture after 6 and 24 hours incubation.
In addition to this they also show that etifoxine has a neuroprotector effect after intoxication by glutamate. In fact, etifoxine, like growth factors, opposes the reduction in neurofilament networks induced by an excess of glutamate.
The procedure in Example 1 was applied to an active metabolite of etifoxine, namely desethyl-etifoxine (2-amino-6-chloro-4-methyl-4-phenyl-4H-[3,1]benzoxazine), which was dissolved in DMSO to a concentration of 100 mM and then successively diluted with culture medium (DMSO concentration ≦0.1%, v/v).
##STR00017##
Cytotoxicity of Desethyl-Etifoxine
Visual examination carried out under a microscope after 48 hours incubation showed neurone mortality at concentrations of 33 and 100 μM of desethyl-etifoxine, whereas astrocyte mortality was observed at a concentration of 100 μM. The desethyl-etifoxine concentrations adopted for the investigation proper were 1, 3 and 10 μM.
Effects of Desethyl-Etifoxine on Neurofilament Density in the Presence of Glutamate after 6 Hours Incubation (
In control culture medium (without glutamate), desethyl-etifoxine increased the density of labelled neurofilaments in a statistically significant way at a dose of 10 μM. Glutamate in a concentration of 2 mM reduced the density of neurofilaments in a statistically significant way. Only the concentration of 10 μM of desethyl-etifoxine opposes the effect of glutamate. On the other hand, desethyl-etifoxine in concentrations of 1, 3 and 10 μM opposes the decrease in the density of marked neurofilaments induced by 10 μM of glutamate in a statistically significant way.
Many pathological situations, such as epileptic crises or cerebrovascular accidents, take the form of local or general hypoxia of the nervous tissues, resulting in their partial or total destruction, in particular through neurone death. In animals placed in conditions of severe hypoxia the destruction of nervous tissue rapidly leads to death of the animal. The effects of etifoxine on the survival time of mice or rats placed in a situation of hypoxia was therefore investigated in order to evaluate its neuroprotective effectiveness.
1. Material and Methods
1.1 Hypobaric Hypoxia in Mice
Animals
NMRI male mice from Janvier weighing between 25 and 30 grams were used after acclimatisation in the animal house for at least 7 days (t°=22±2° C.; humidity 50±20%; feed UAR “A04” SAFE (Augy, France) and tap water ad libitum; 12 hour night and day cycle (light from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m.).
Protocol
The unfasting rats were distributed at random into lots of 10.
The protocol of Nakaniski et al. (1973) Life Sciences, 13, 467-474 was adapted for the purposes of the model.
Each mouse was placed in a dessicator (hermetically sealed enclosure) in which atmospheric pressure was reduced from 760 to 160 mmHg using a water pump. This pressure reduction was carried out in one minute and caused death of the control animals in approximately 1 minute.
The survival time of the animal, which corresponded to the difference between the time to death of the mouse assessed by respiratory arrest less the time required to induce the hypoxia was then noted.
The products under investigation were administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) (0.1 ml/10 g), 30 minutes before inducing hypobaric hypoxia, or orally (0.1 ml/10 g p.o.) 1 hour before hypoxia.
1.2 KCN Hypoxia (i.p.) in Mice
Animals
CD1 male mice from Charles River weighing between 20 and 25 grams were used after acclimatisation in the animal house for at least 7 days (t°=22±2° C.; humidity 50±20% feed UAR “A04”; 12 hour night and day cycle (light from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m.)
Protocol
The unfasting mice were subdivided into lots of 10 at random.
Each mouse received a freshly prepared solution of potassium cyanide (KCN) in 0.9% NaCl (1.5 mg/ml) intraperitoneally (i.p.) (0.1 ml/10 g). This was equivalent to a dose of 15 mg/kg of KCN which caused death of the control animals within a few minutes.
The time to death for each mouse, assessed by cardiac arrest, was noted.
The products under investigation were administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) (0.1 ml/10 g), 30 minutes before the injection of KCN, or orally (0.1 ml/10 g p.o.) 1 hour before the KCN.
1.3 KCN (i.v.) Hypoxia in Rats
Animals
Wistar male rats from Janvier weighing between 180 and 200 grams were used after acclimatisation in the animal house for at least 7 days (t°=22±2° C.; humidity 50±20%; feed UAR “A04” SAFE (Augy, France); 12 hour night and day cycle (light from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m.).
Protocol
The unfasting rats were subdivided into lots of 10 at random.
The protocol was adapted from after Lamar et al. (1988) Drug Develop. Res., 14, 297-304.
Each rat received a freshly prepared solution of potassium cyanide (KCN) in 0.9% NaCl (4 mg/ml) intravenously (i.v.) (0.1 ml/100 g). This was equivalent to a dose of 4 mg/kg of KCN which caused death of the control animals within a few minutes.
The time to death was noted for each rat, assessed by cardiac arrest.
The products under investigation were administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) (0.5 ml/100 g), 30 minutes before the injection of CN, or orally (0.5 ml/100 g p.o.) 1 hour before the KCN.
1.4 Products
Etifoxine hydrochloride was dissolved in 1% Tween 80. The potassium cyanide (Merck) was dissolved in 0.9% NaCl.
1.5 Statistics
The statistical test used was a one-factor analysis of variance to determine the treated groups, which differed from the control group receiving the vehicle, at a threshold of 5%.
2. Results
2.1 Hypobaric Hypoxia in Mice
Pressure reduction to bring about hypobaric hypoxia resulted in death of the mice not receiving treatment or receiving the vehicle liquid within 40 to 60 seconds.
Etifoxine significantly increased the time to death over 30 mg/1 kg i.p. or p.o. (Table 1 and
TABLE 1
Effects of etifoxine on survival time in hypobaric hypoxia induced
by reducing atmospheric pressure to 160 mmHg in mice (n number
of animals, m mean, sem standard deviation from the mean).
Survival time
Dose
in seconds
Percentage
ANOVA
Route
(mg/kg)
n
(m ± sem)
variation
statistical test
i.p.
0
20
57.5 ± 2.0
3
10
64.5 ± 3.4
+12
ns
10
19
66.1 ± 3.0
+15
ns
30
19
81.8 ± 4.6
+42
p < 0.05
50
10
138.5 ± 23.3
+141
p < 0.05
75
10
132.0 ± 21.6
+130
p < 0.05
p.o.
0
20
55.5 ± 2.3
30
10
81.5 ± 4.5
+47
p < 0.05
100
20
95.3 ± 5.6
+72
p < 0.05
200
10
99.5 ± 2.7
+79
p < 0.05
300
20
115.5 ± 8.6
+108
p < 0.05
2.2 KCN (i.p.) Hypoxia in Mice
Administration of 15 mg/kg i.p. of KCN resulted in death of the mice without treatment or receiving the liquid vehicle within 90 to 120 seconds.
Etifoxine significantly increased the time to death over 50 mg/kg i.p., but did not significantly affect survival time following oral administration (Table 2 and
TABLE 2
Effects of etifoxine on survival time in histotoxic hypoxia induced
by potassium cyanide (15 mg/kg i.p.) in mice (n number of animals,
m mean, sem standard deviation from the mean).
Survival time
in seconds
Percentage
ANOVA
Route
Dose
n
(m ± sem)
variation
statistical test
i.p.
0
19
106 ± 9
3
19
122 ± 7
+15
ns
10
20
113 ± 5
+7
ns
30
18
129 ± 11
+22
ns
i.p.
0
19
91 ± 4
30
16
108 ± 4
+19
ns
50
18
124 ± 8
+36
p < 0.05
75
17
133 ± 6
+46
p < 0.05
p.o.
0
9
108 ± 11
100
9
94 ± 6
−13
ns
200
10
123 ± 12
+14
ns
300
10
102 ± 7
−6
ns
2.3 KCN Hypoxia (i.v.) in Rats
Administration of 4 mg/kg i.v. of KCN resulted in death of the untreated rats or rats receiving the liquid vehicle in 50 to 60 seconds.
Etifoxine significantly increased the time to death from 50 mg/kg i.p. and 200 mg/kg p.o. (Table 3 and
TABLE 3
Effects of etifoxine on survival time in histotoxic hypoxia
induced by potassium cyanide (4 mg/kg i.v.) in rats (n number
of animals, m mean, sem standard deviation from the mean).
Survival time
in seconds
Percentage
ANOVA
Route
Dose
n
(m ± sem)
variation
statistical test
i.p.
0
10
56.6 ± 2.6
30
10
60.3 ± 2.0
+7
ns
50
10
107.3 ± 6.1
+90
p < 0.05
75
10
144.3 ± 11.5
+155
p < 0.05
p.o.
0
9
55.4 ± 1.1
50
10
59.5 ± 2.1
+7
ns
100
10
60.1 ± 1.2
+8
ns
200
10
63.9 ± 2.0
+15
p < 0.05
The procedure in Example 3 was applied to desethyl-etifoxine which was dissolved in 1% Tween 80.
1 Hypobaric Hypoxia in Mice
Desethyl-etifoxine showed anti-hypoxic activity over 30 mg/kg i.p. In oral administration it gave rise to a significant increase in survival time from 200 mg/kg (Table 4 and
TABLE 4
Effects of desethyl-etifoxine on survival time in
hypobaric hypoxia induced by reducing atmospheric
pressure to 160 mmHg in mice (n number of animals,
m mean, sem standard deviation from the mean).
Survival time
in seconds
Percentage
ANOVA
Route
Dose
n
(m ± sem)
variation
statistical test
i.p.
0
10
53.5 ± 2.2
30
9
71.7 ± 4.8
+34
p < 0.05
50
9
70.7 ± 4.3
+32
p < 0.05
75
10
69.8 ± 2.7
+30
p < 0.05
p.o.
0
10
42.0 ± 2.3
100
10
61.0 ± 2.6
+45
ns
200
10
94.9 ± 9.9
+126
p < 0.05
300
10
94.8 ± 11.2
+126
p < 0.05
2 KCN (i.p.) Hypoxia in Rats
In this test, desethyl-etifoxine increased survival time in a non-significant manner at 75 mg/kg i.p., because of high variability. In oral administration it showed anti-hypoxic activity over 100 mg/kg p.o. (Table 5 and
TABLE 5
Effects of desethyl-etifoxine on survival time in histotoxic hypoxia
induced by potassium cyanide (4 mg/kg i.p.) in rats (n number of
animals, m mean, sem standard deviation from the mean).
Survival time
in seconds
Percentage
ANOVA
Route
Dose
n
(m ± sem)
variation
statistical test
i.p.
0
10
57.1 ± 1.2
30
10
55.0 ± 1.5
−4
ns
50
10
55.6 ± 1.5
−3
ns
75
10
72.7 ± 5.5
+27
ns
p.o.
0
10
57.3 ± 1.0
50
10
58.8 ± 1.9
+3
ns
100
10
81.3 ± 3.8
+42
p < 0.05
200
10
81.7 ± 4.1
+43
p < 0.05
Verleye, Marc, Le Guern, Marie-Emmanuelle, Girard, Philippe, Gillardin, Jean-Marie, Berthon-Cedille, Laurence, Hublot, Bernard
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