The disclosure provides a catalyst carrier, including a nano carbon material; and a polymer grafted on the nano carbon material, wherein the polymer has a repetitive unit comprising a phosphorous atom. The disclosure further provides a catalyst deposited on the catalyst carrier of the disclosure. The catalyst of the disclosure has high reactivity, and is easy to be recovered in C—C coupling reactions such as a Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction.
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1. A catalyst carrier, comprising:
a nano carbon material; and a polymer grafted on the nano carbon material, wherein the polymer has a repetitive unit comprising a phosphorous atom, and wherein the polymer further comprises polymeric vinyl-based monomers.
2. The catalyst carrier of
3. The catalyst carrier of
##STR00017##
wherein R1 and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of C1-C10alkyl, C3-C8cycloalkyl, C6-C10aryl, C1-C4alkyl or C2-C4alkenyl substituted C6-C10aryl and C6-C10-heteroaryl;
R3 is one selected from the group consisting of C1-C10alkylene, C3-C8cycloalkylene, C3-C8cycloalkylene or C6-C12arylene having a carbon atom bound to P and substituted with a hetero atom, C6-C12arylene, a halo substituted C6-C12arylene, fused C6-C12arylene, fused C6-C12arylene substituted with C6-C12aryl and a metal complex having cyclo-olefins as ligands, in which one of the cyclo-olefins is bound to the main chain of the polymer and bound to P;
P is phosphorous; and
n is a positive integer.
5. The catalyst carrier of
##STR00018##
##STR00019##
wherein Ph is phenyl; and n is a positive integer.
6. The catalyst carrier of
##STR00020##
wherein R4 and R6 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, ester, C1-C10alkyl, C2-C8alkene, C3-C8cycloalkyl, 4- to 8-membered heterocycloalkyl and C6-C10aryl;
R5 is H or C1-C10alkyl; and
m is a positive integer.
##STR00021##
wherein Ph is phenyl; PPh2 is diphenylphosphine; and both m and n are positive integers.
8. A catalyst carried on the catalyst carrier of
a nano carbon material;
a polymer grafted on the nano carbon material, wherein the polymer has a repetitive unit comprising a phosphorous atom; and a transition metal element is coordinated is coordinated onto the phosphorous atom.
9. The catalyst of
10. The catalyst of
##STR00022##
wherein R1 and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of C1-C10alkyl, C3-C8cycloalkyl, C6-C10aryl, C1-C4alkyl or C2-C4alkenyl substituted C6-C10aryl and C6-C10heteroaryl;
R3 is one selected from the group consisting of C1-C10alkylene, C3-C8cycloalkylene, C3-C8cycloalkylene or C6-C12arylene having a carbon atom bound to P and substituted with a hetero atom, C6-C12arylene, a halo substituted C6-C12arylene, fused C6-C12arylene, fused C6-C12arylene substituted with C6-C12aryl, and a metal complex having cyclo-olefins as ligands, in which one of the cyclo-olefins is bound to the main chain of the polymer and bound to P;
P is a phosphorous; and
n is a positive integer.
12. The catalyst of
##STR00023##
##STR00024##
wherein P is phosphorous; Ph is phenyl; and n is a positive integer.
14. The catalyst of
##STR00025##
wherein R4 and R6 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, ester, C1-C10alkyl, C2-C8alkene, C3-C8cycloalkyl, 4- to 8-membered heterocycloalkyl and C6-C10aryl;
R5 is H or C1-C10alkyl; and
m is a positive integer.
16. The catalyst of
MXpLq (III), wherein M is one of nickel, rhodium, palladium and platinum;
X is a halogen, acetate, nitrate or cyanide;
L is triphenylphosphine, trialkylphosphine, cyano, phenyl cyanide or 1,5-cyclooctadiene; and
p and q are independently zero or an positive integer.
##STR00026##
wherein Ph is phenyl; PPh2 is diphenylphosphine; and both m and n are positive integers.
18. A method for performing a C—C coupling reaction, comprising the step of using the catalyst of one of
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The disclosure relates to a catalyst carrier and a catalyst thereon, and C—C coupling method using the same.
In the chemical industry, a catalyst plays a critical role for enhancing reaction activity, reducing reaction time and reducing production cost. In general, catalysts may be classified into homogeneous catalysts and heterogeneous catalysts. Homogeneous catalysts usually have high activity and selectivity, but are not easy to be recycled, resulting in high production cost. Heterogeneous catalysts are easy to be recycled, but have lower conversion rate, poor selectivity, and need stricter reaction conditions in comparison with homogeneous catalysts.
Heterogeneous catalysts can be used in C—C coupling reactions. U.S. Pat. No. 6,603,013 discloses a C—C coupling reaction of α-bromostyrene and phenylboronic acid using a heterogeneous palladium catalyst deposited on a carbon black. This kind of heterogeneous catalyst can be easily separated out from the product, but has slower reaction rate, and may have problems of having metal ion leaching out from the carbon black. US Patent Application Publication No. 2008/177,112A discloses a palladium nano particle for catalyzing a C—C coupling reaction. However, this nano particle has slower reaction rate, thus the reaction needs to be performed at higher temperature and pressure and takes longer time to obtain a desired conversion rate.
In addition, in the chemical industry, homogeneous catalysts are also widely used. For example, CN1,686,972 discloses an organic palladium (Pd) catalyst for catalyzing a C—C coupling reaction to produce a liquid crystal compound used for TFT-LCD. The requirement of high purity liquid crystal compound demanded a costly purification process. In addition the homogeneous catalyst used cannot be recovered, resulting in high production cost.
Hence, there is still a need from the industries to develop a catalyst, which has high reactivity and being easy to be recovered.
The disclosure provides a catalyst carrier, including a nano carbon material; and a polymer grafted on the nano carbon material, wherein the polymer has a repetitive unit comprising a phosphorous atom.
The disclosure further provides a catalyst deposited on the catalyst carrier of the disclosure. The catalyst of the disclosure includes a nano carbon material; a polymer grafted on the nano carbon material, wherein the polymer has a repetitive unit comprising a phosphorous atom; and a transition metal element is coordinated onto the phosphorous atom.
In the catalyst carrier and the catalyst of the disclosure, a main chain of the polymer has an end group grafted on the nano carbon material, wherein the end group of the main chain containing a carbon atom.
There are various methods such as free radical reactions, atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT), ring-opening polymerization (ROP), cation/anion polymerization or condensation polymerization for grafting the polymer onto the nano carbon material. In the above-mentioned methods, the addition reaction of the nano carbon material and the polymer chain may be performed in the presence of free radicals, so as to graft the polymer on the surface of the nano carbon material. The polymer grafted on the nano carbon material may be formed by mixing the monomer, radical initiator and the nano particle.
In the catalyst carrier and the catalyst of some embodiments, the polymer has functional groups which can be coordinated onto the transition metal catalyst. In one embodiment, a reaction of the polymer and a nano carbon tube is performed to form the polymer grafted on the nano carbon tube via a radical pathway. The polymer is consisted of a repetitive unit containing a phosphorous atom. The repetitive unit has a structure of formula (I):
##STR00001##
wherein R1 and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of C1-C10alkyl, C3-C8cycloalkyl, C6-C10aryl, C1-C4alkyl or C2-C4alkenyl substituted C6-C10aryl and C6-C10heteroaryl; R3 is one selected from the group consisting of a C1-C10alkylene, C3-C8cycloalkylene, C3-C8cycloalkylene or C6-C12arylene having a carbon atom bound to P and substituted with a hetero atom, C6-C12arylene, a halo substituted C6-C12arylene, fused C6-C12arylene, fused C6-C12arylene substituted with C6-C12aryl and, a metal complex having cyclo-olefins as ligands, in which one of the cyclo-olefins is bound to the main chain of the polymer and bound to P; P is a phosphorous; and n is a positive integer
With regard to the structure of formula (I), the repetitive unit may be one of the following formulae (Ia) to (Ih):
##STR00002##
##STR00003##
wherein Ph is phenyl, and n is a positive integer.
The polymer may further include a repetitive unit not containing a phosphorous atom. In one embodiment, the repetitive unit inert to the metal ligands is comprised of polymeric vinyl-based monomers. Specifically, the repetitive unit comprised of polymeric vinyl-based monomers has a structure of formula (II):
##STR00004##
wherein R4 and R6 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, ester, C1-C10alkyl, C2-C8alkene, C3-C8cycloalkyl, 4- to 8-membered heterocycloalkyl and C6-C10aryl; R5 is H or C1-C10alkyl; and m is a positive integer.
In the disclosure, the ratio of the phosphorous atom-containing unit is adjusted to control the amount of catalyst coordinated onto the polymer. Further, the polymer grafted on the nano carbon material, and the nano carbon material has high surface area and great mechanical strength, such that the catalyst of the disclosure is easy to be recovered. Moreover, the catalyst of the disclosure has great conversion rate and yield and significantly eliminates the leaching of the metals from the carrier, so that the amount of the metal leaching in the product is less than 5%.
The detailed description of the disclosure is illustrated by the following specific examples. Persons ordinarily skilled in the art can conceive the other advantages and effects of the disclosure based on the disclosure contained in the specification of the disclosure.
In the catalyst carrier and the catalyst of the disclosure, the nano carbon material is selected from the group consisting of a single-layer carbon nano-tube, a multi-layer carbon nano-tube, a nano carbon fiber, a nano carbon ball, an active carbon and a carbon black.
In the disclosure, “polymer” refers to a polymer having functional groups, wherein the functional groups of the polymer contain phosphorous atom(s) in one of the repetitive unit of the polymer. The repetitive unit of the polymer has a structure of formula (I):
##STR00005##
wherein R1 and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of C1-C10alkyl, C3-C8cycloalkyl, C6-C10aryl, C1-C4alkyl or C2-C4alkenyl substituted C6-C10aryl and C6-C10heteroaryl; R3 is one selected from the group consisting of a C1-C10alkylene, C3-C8cycloalkylene, C3-C8cycloalkylene or C6-C12arylene having a carbon atom bound to P and substituted with a hetero atom, C6-C12arylene, a halo substituted C6-C12arylene, fused C6-C12arylene, fused C6-C12arylene substituted with C6-C12aryl, and a metal complex having cyclo-olefins as ligands, in which one of the cyclo-olefins is bound to the main chain of the polymer and bound to P; P is phosphorous; and n is a positive integer.
With regard to the structure of formula (I), the repetitive unit may be one of the following formulae (Ia) to (Ih):
##STR00006##
##STR00007##
wherein Ph is phenyl, and n is a positive integer.
The fused C6-C12 arylene may be, but not limited to, fused to form a heterocyclic group, and the heterocyclic group may be further fused with other aryl groups. R3 also could be a metal complex having cyclo-olefins as ligands, which may be a complex formed by cyclopentadiene and iron (Fe), wherein one cyclo-olefin of the metal complex is bound to the main chain of the polymer and bound to P.
The polymer may further include a repetitive unit, inert to the metal ligands, not containing a phosphorous atom. In one embodiment, the repetitive unit is comprised of polymeric vinyl-based monomers. Specifically, the repetitive unit comprised of polymeric vinyl-based monomers has a structure of formula (II):
##STR00008##
wherein R4 and R6 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, ester, C1-C10alkyl, C2-C8alkene, C3-C8cycloalkyl, 4- to 8-membered heterocycloalkyl and C6-C10aryl; R5 is H or C1-C10alkyl; and m is a positive integer.
In the disclosure, the polymer or random copolymer may be formed by living radical polymerization methods. In one embodiment, the polymer has a structure of formula (IV):
##STR00009##
wherein Ph is phenyl; PPh2 is diphenylphosphine; and both m and n are positive integers.
When heating the polymer with nano carbon materials, the carbon oxygen bond of the polymer will cleavage to form 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl and a polymer with a radical on the chain end. The polymer thus can be attached onto the nano carbon material through the radical on the chain end.
In the disclosure, the free radical initiator used for the living radical polymerization to produce the polymers is not specifically limited, and may be, but not limited to, peroxides, peroxide esters and azo compounds. In one embodiment, the free radical initiator is benzoyl peroxide (BPO). In addition, the nitroxide compound used in radical polymerization is not limited to 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO). Included is any nitroxide compound which may be bound to the end group of the main chain, and make the chain end of the polymer to form free radicals to be bound to the nano carbon material upon thermal treatment in the grafting reaction.
In the disclosure, the grafting reactions of the polymers onto the nano carbon materials are not specifically limited. The polymer grafted onto the nano carbon material may be obtained by the free radical reaction of the nano carbon material and the polymer containing a fragment of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl, or by the reaction of the nano carbon material and monomers in the presence of a radical initiator.
With regard to the catalyst of the disclosure, in the catalytic reaction, C—C coupling reaction, the catalyst carrier and the transition metal element are added into the reaction system, so as to obtain the catalyst of the disclosure.
In the disclosure, the molecular weight of the polymer grafted onto the nano carbon materials is in a range from 300 to 100,000. Preferably, the molecular weight of the polymer grafted onto the nano carbon materials is in a range from 5,000 to 50,000.
In the catalyst of the disclosure, the transition metal element may be a metal complex, wherein the metal complex has a structure of formula (III):
MXpLq (III), wherein M is transition metal element; X is a halogen, acetate, nitrate or cyanide; L is triphenylphosphine, trialkylphosphine, cyanogen, phenyl cyanide or 1,5-cyclooctadiene; and p and q are the same or different and are independently zero or an positive integer.
In the disclosure, the transition metal element may be nickel (Ni), rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd) or platinum (Pt). Preferably, the transition metal element is Pd. In one embodiment, the metal complex is Pd(OAc)2.
The catalyst of the disclosure can be used in the C—C coupling reaction, wherein the C—C coupling reaction can be a Heck coupling reaction, a Suzuki coupling reaction, a Stille coupling reaction or a Sonogashira coupling reaction.
The disclosure is described by, but not limited to, the following embodiments for illustrating the features and advantages of the disclosure.
The preparation of the catalyst carrier of the disclosure
2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO; 0.75 g; 4.8 mmol), benzoyl peroxide (BPO; 0.97 g; 4 mmol) and diphenyl(4-vinylphenyl)phosphine (DPVP; 8.6 g; 30 mmol) were added into a reaction flask (500 mL), and styrene (34.4 mL, 31.2 g, 300 mmol) and xylene (50 mL, deoxygenated) were added under a nitrogen atmosphere. The solution was under a vigorous stirring at 95° C. for 3 hours, and the color of the solution gradually turned to dark brown from orange red. The solution was then stirred at 130 for another 16 hours. After the solution was cooled down to room temperature, methanol (1000 mL, deoxygenated) was added to precipitate out the polymer. The solid was filtered and dried at 45 under vacuum overnight to afford a light yellow polymer powder (PDPVP; 28 g). GPC analysis of the polymer (as shown in
Multi-wall Carbon Nanotubes (2.70 g; CTube-100, CTube-200, CTube-300, CNT Co., Ltd. KOREA) and the polymer (27.01 g) obtained in Embodiment 1 were added in a reaction flask. Xylene (100 mL, deoxygenated) was then added under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at 130 for 24 hours. After the resulting mixture was cooled down to room temperature, THF (50 mL) was added to dilute the mixture, followed by filtration. The filtered solid was washed with THF for three times (50 mL), and dried under vacuum to obtain black powders (2.43 g; MWNT-PDPVP). TGA analysis of the product indicated that the amount of the polymer grafted onto the carbon tube was 28 wt %. In the ESCA analysis of the product (Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis), a signal of P3p (132 eV) indicates the product contains phosphorous atoms.
In Embodiments 3-7, the reactants (phenzyl halide (0.88 mmol; 1 equiv.), phenzylboronic acid (1.32 mmol; 1.5 equiv.)) according to Table 1 and the product MWNT-PDPVP (50 mg) of Embodiment 2, Pd(OAc)2 (2 mg, 0.0088 mol, 1 mol %) and potassium carbonate (365 mg, 2.64 mmol) were added into a reaction flask, and then toluene (2 mL, deoxygenated) was added under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at 110 for 1 hours. After cooling down to room temperature, the resulting mixture was subject to filtration, and the filtrate was analyzed by GC-MS. The conversion rate of the reagents, and the yields and structures of the products were shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1
Conversion
yield
Molecular
Embodiment
reactants
rate (%)
(%)
Structure
weight
3
bromobenzene
>99
99
##STR00010##
154.1
4
4-bromotoluene
>99
96
##STR00011##
168.1
5
4- bromobenzaldehyde
>99
96
##STR00012##
196.1
6
4-bromoanisole
>99
96
##STR00013##
184.1
7
1- bromonaphthalene
>99
96
##STR00014##
204.1
MWNT-PDPVP (50 mg), 4′-bromo-acetophenone (175 mg; 0.88 mmol; 1 equiv.), phenylboronic acid (161 mg; 1.32 mmol; 1.5 equiv.), Pd(OAc)2 (2 mg; 0.0088 mol; 1 mol %) and potassium carbonate (365 mg; 2.64 mmol) were added in a reaction flask, and then toluene (2 mL) was added under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at 110 for 100 minutes. After cooling down to room temperature, the resulting mixture was subject to filtration, and the filtrate was analyzed by GC and ICP-MS. The results were shown in Table 2. The solids filtered out were washed with THF (15 mL×3), water and methanol (15 mL×3), and vacuum dried. The ESCA analysis of the resulting solids shows signals of P3p (134 eV) and Pd3d5 (340 eV), indicating that the nano carbon tubes still contain phosphorous atoms and Pd metal.
Typical procedure: The catalyst recovered as in embodiment 8 was used (50 mg), 4′-bromo-acetophenone (175 mg; 0.88 mmol; 1 equiv.), phenylboronic acid (161 mg; 1.32 mmol; 1.5 equiv.) and potassium carbonate (365 mg; 2.64 mmol) were added into a reaction flask, and then toluene (2 mL) was added under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at 110 for 100 minutes. After cooling down to room temperature, the resulting mixture was subject to filtration, and the filtrate was analyzed by GC and ICP-MS. The results were shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2
Embodi-
Conversion
Yield
Leaching of
ment
rate (%)
(%)
Pd (%)
8
>99
99
0.2
9
>99
99
0.4
10
>99
99
0.3
11
>99
96
0.3
12
>99
89
0.3
13
>99
91
0.4
14
94
78
0.3
15
90
79
0.2
MWNT-PDPVP (50 mg), phenyl halide listed in Table 3 (0.88 mmol, 1 equiv.), phenylboronic acid (161 mg; 1.32 mmol; 1.5 equiv.), Pd(OAc)2 (2 mg; 0.0088 mol; 1 mol %) and potassium carbonate (365 mg; 2.64 mmol) were added into a reaction flask, and then toluene (2 mL) was added under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at 110 for 100 minutes. After cooling down to room temperature, the resulting mixture was subject to filtration, and the filtrate was analyzed by GC. The results were shown in Table 3
TABLE 3
Catalytic results for different halides
Conversion
Yield
Phenyl halide
rate (%)
(%)
Embodiment 3
##STR00015##
>99
99
Embodiment 16
##STR00016##
>99
98
MWNT-PDPVP (210 mg) and Pd(OAc)2 (10 mg) were added in a 50 mL Schlenk flask. Then THF (10 mL) was added into a reaction flask under a nitrogen atmosphere, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The resulting mixture was subject to filtration. The resulting solid was washed with THF (15 mL×5), and dried under vacuum to obtain black powders (MWNT-PDPVP-Pd). The signals of P3p (135 eV) and Pd3d5 (338 eV) in ESCA analysis indicates the powders containing phosphorous atoms and Pd metal.
Phenylbromide (137 mg, 0.88 mmol; 1 equiv.), phenylboronic acid (162 mg, 1.32 mmol; 1.5 equiv.), MWNT-PDPVP-Pd (50 mg) from Embodiment 18 and potassium carbonate (365 mg; 2.64 mmol) were added into a reaction flask, and then toluene (2 mL) was added under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at 110 for 1 hr. After cooling down to room temperature, the resulting mixture was subject to filtration, and the filtrate was analyzed by GC (conversion >99%, yield 99%, leaching of Pd 0.3%).
In the disclosure, the metal are easily coordinated onto the polymer. Further, the polymer grafted on the nano carbon material, and the nano carbon material has high surface area and great mechanical strength, such that the catalyst of the disclosure is easy to be recovered. Moreover, the catalyst of the disclosure has great conversion rate and yield, and significantly eliminates the leaching of the metals from the carrier, so that the amount of the metal leaching into the product is minimal.
The disclosure has been described using exemplary preferred embodiments. However, it is to be understood that the scope of the disclosure is not limited to the disclosed arrangements. The scope of the claims, therefore, should be accorded the broadest interpretation, so as to encompass all such modifications and similar arrangements.
Shih, Kuo-Chen, Hsueh, Mao-Lin, Chen, Yi-Zhen, Yeh, Cheng-Wei, Yeh, Hsiao-Chun
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