A system, a device, and a method for transmitting a signal (11) comprising a preamble and a data frame (13) by preamble sampling in a communications network including a plurality of nodes (1a, 1b), said preamble including a numbered sequence of microframes (19).
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1. A method of transmitting a signal comprising a preamble and a data frame in a communications network including a plurality of nodes, each node comprising a device for sending and receiving signals which is deactivated and reactivated alternately, a time between two consecutive reactivations of the device corresponding to a predetermined deactivation period, wherein the method comprises the steps of:
generating a signal with a preamble that includes a numbered sequence of microframes, the numbering of the microframes of said sequence being such that the number of any of the microframes makes it possible to deduce the remaining number of microframes in the sequence before the data frame; and
sending the signal via the network,
wherein a time between a first microframe of said sequence of microframes and a final microframe thereof is greater than or equal to said predetermined deactivation period.
5. A signal-generating device for sending a signal comprising a preamble and a data frame in a communications network including a plurality of nodes, each node comprising a device for sending and receiving signals which is deactivated and reactivated alternately, a time between two consecutive reactivations of the device for sending and receiving signals corresponding to a predetermined deactivation period, the signal-generating device comprising:
a generator which generates a signal with a preamble that includes a numbered sequence of microframes, the numbering of the microframes of said sequence being such that the number of any of the microframes makes it possible to deduce the remaining number of microframes in the sequence before the data frame,
wherein a time between a first microframe of said sequence of microframes and a final microframe thereof is greater than or equal to said predetermined deactivation period.
8. A device for receiving a signal sent via a communications network, said signal comprising a preamble including a numbered sequence of microframes and a data frame, the device being deactivated and reactivated alternately, a time between two consecutive reactivations of the device corresponding to a predetermined deactivation period, the numbering of the microframes of said sequence being such that the number of any of the microframes makes it possible to deduce the remaining number of microframes in the sequence before the data frame, comprising:
a controller which, on reception of a microframe of a signal, reads the sequence number of the received microframe, determines from the read sequence number the time of arrival of the data frame of the signal, and commands deactivation of the device following reception of the microframe and then its reactivation in order to receive said data frame,
wherein a time between a first microframe of said sequence of microframes and a final microframe thereof is greater than or equal to said predetermined deactivation period.
6. A computer program stored on a computer memory and executing on a processor of a signal-generating device, which causes the processor to execute steps for sending a signal comprising a preamble and a data frame in a communications network including a plurality of nodes, each node comprising a device for sending and receiving signals which is deactivated and reactivated alternately, a time between two consecutive reactivations of the device for sending and receiving signals corresponding to a predetermined deactivation period, the computer program comprising program instructions for:
generating a signal with a preamble that includes a numbered sequence of microframes, the numbering of the microframes of said sequence being such that the number of any of the microframes makes it possible to deduce the remaining number of microframes in the sequence before the data frame when the program is executed by the signal-generating device,
wherein a time between a first microframe of said sequence of microframes and a final microframe thereof is greater than or equal to said predetermined deactivation period.
9. A computer program stored on a computer memory and executing on a processor of a device, which causes the processor to execute steps for receiving a signal sent via a communications network, the device being deactivated and reactivated alternately, a time between two consecutive reactivations of the device corresponding to a predetermined deactivation period, said signal comprising a preamble including a numbered sequence of microframes and a data frame, the numbering of the microframes of said sequence being such that the number of any of the microframes makes it possible to deduce the remaining number of microframes in the sequence before the data frame, the computer program comprising program instructions for:
reading, on reception of a microframe of a signal, the sequence number of the received microframe,
determining the time of arrival of the data frame of the signal, and
deactivating the device following reception of the microframe and then its reactivation in order to receive said data frame,
wherein a time between a first microframe of said sequence of microframes and a final microframe thereof is greater than or equal to said predetermined deactivation period.
2. The method according to
3. The method according to
wherein a node is reactivated to listen to the channel; and
wherein if the node receives a microframe indicating that the channel is occupied by another node, the said node:
reads the sequence number of the microframe to deduce the time for which said channel will be busy, and
is deactivated and reactivated in order to access said channel only after the end of that time.
4. The method according to
7. A non-transitory computer-readable medium including the program according to
10. A non-transitory computer-readable program medium including a component configured to store the program according to
11. A system for transmitting data frames including at least a sender node and a receiver node, wherein the sender node includes a signal-generating device according to
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This is a U.S. National Phase Application under 35 USC 371 of International Application PCT/FR2006/050877, filed on Sep. 12, 2006.
This application claims the priority of French application no. 05/09312 filed Sep. 13, 2005 the entire content of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
The invention relates to transmitting a signal comprising a preamble and a data frame by preamble sampling in a communications network, more particularly in a wireless network using the radio medium.
To transmit a signal on a channel of a communications network, the protocols for access to a standard medium (for example a medium conforming to the IEEE 802.11 DCF standard), require that a radio transceiver is switched on at all times and always ready to receive the signal. This “ready to receive” mode consumes a lot of energy. If there is no transmission on the channel that energy is wasted in passive listening. This problem is clearly apparent in ad hoc low-traffic sensor networks, in which the channel is unoccupied most of the time.
To solve this problem there are preamble sampling transmission methods that reduce the passive listening overhead.
The time axis 125 of the receiver node 101b is divided into brief periods represented by small squares 129 during which the radio is switched on (i.e. during which the receiver node 101b is active). These brief listening periods 129 are spaced by long periods 127 during which the radio is switched off (i.e. during which the receiver node 101b is inactive). The time axis 125 of the sender node 101a shows the sending of the signal 111 comprising the data frame 113 preceded by the preamble 115.
Accordingly, in protocols of this kind, a node has its radio switched off most of the time in order to reduce passive listening and therefore save energy.
Generally speaking, the node must periodically verify whether there is a signal (or a message) intended for it, for example once every Tw seconds (period 127). For this purpose, the node is activated during a short period 129 to listen to the channel.
If the node finds that the channel is free, it is deactivated again (its radio is switched off). In contrast, if it detects the presence of a preamble (known bit pattern) on the channel, it remains active (period 117) to receive the data frame 113 that follows the preamble 115. After receiving the data frame 113 the node is deactivated again. The preamble 115 is a long frame that contains repeating known bit patterns. This enables an active node to recognize a pattern and therefore to tell that it is a preamble 115.
Moreover, when a node wishes to send a data frame it listens to the channel first. If it finds that the channel is busy, it continues to listen until the channel is released. In contrast, if it finds that the channel is free, it sends a preamble before sending a data frame. To ensure that all potential receiver nodes are active during sending of the preamble, so that they do not miss the data that follows the preamble, the duration of the preamble must be at least equal to Tw.
A known method of reducing the size of the preamble is proposed by Enz C C., El-Hoiydi A., Decotignie J., and Peiris V. in their paper “WiseNET: An Ultra Low-Power Wireless Sensor Network Solution” (IEEE Computer, 37(8): 62-70, August 2004). That document describes an algorithm which uses small size preamble sampling to reduce the cost of point-to-point (unicast) messages. That reduces the transmission and reception time and therefore saves energy.
However, that method does not reduce the cost of multipoint (broadcast) communication, where listening to the preamble is of no utility.
Moreover, when a node wishes to send and finds the channel busy, it continues to listen until the channel is released, in order to send its frame. The node cannot tell when the channel will next be released. Such unnecessary listening consumes energy.
Moreover, in that method, a node can receive redundant data frames because it has no means for verifying whether it has already received the same data frames, and thus a lot of energy is wasted to no purpose.
One object of the invention is to optimize the consumption of energy by the nodes of a communications network, in particular an ad hoc network.
This and other objects are attained in accordance with one aspect of the invention directed to a method of transmitting a signal comprising a preamble and a data frame in a communications network including a plurality of nodes. The method comprises:
generating a signal whose preamble includes a numbered sequence of microframes, the numbering of the microframes of said sequence being such that the number of any of the microframes makes it possible to deduce the remaining number of microframes in the sequence before the data frame; and
sending the signal via the network.
On receiving a microframe, a node recognizes that it is a preamble. From the sequence number contained in the received microframe, the receiver node can determine the remaining number of microframes in the sequence before the data frame, and consequently the arrival time of the data frame (i.e. the time remaining before the arrival of the data frame following reception of the microframe concerned).
The time between the first and last microframes of said sequence of microframes is greater than or equal to a particular period corresponding to a time of deactivation of a node between two successive reactivations.
It is therefore always certain that the node can receive at least one microframe.
In a first particular embodiment of the invention, on reception of a microframe by a node, said node reads the sequence number of the received microframe, deduces the time of arrival of the data frame, and is deactivated in the meantime. The receiver node can therefore be deactivated after it has received the microframe and until the data frame arrives. This greatly reduces the consumption of energy caused by unnecessary listening while also guaranteeing reception of the data frame.
This saves energy and reduces the cost of receiving a data frame in multipoint (broadcast) or point-to-point (unicast) mode.
In a second particular implementation of the invention, in order to access a channel of the communications network:
a) a node is reactivated to listen to the channel;
b) if the node receives a microframe indicating that the channel is occupied by another node, the said node:
reads the sequence number of the microframe to deduce the time for which said channel will be busy; and
is deactivated and reactivated in order to access said channel only after the end of that time.
This saves energy by reducing the unnecessary listening time for accessing the channel if another node has busied the channel.
For microframes including a signature of the data frame, when a node receives a microframe, said node advantageously reads the signature of the data frame in order to verify whether it has already received that data frame.
This further reduces the cost of unnecessary listening to redundant frames, further saving energy.
This signature can be obtained by applying a hashing function to the data frame. This creates imprints of fixed small size from data frames of variable size.
A microframe advantageously includes a destination address. This enables a node to recognize immediately if the data frame is intended for another node, further reducing the cost of unnecessary listening to frames.
The invention also consists in a device for sending a signal comprising a preamble and a data frame in a communications network, the device being characterized in that it includes generator means adapted to generate a signal whose preamble includes a numbered sequence of microframes, the numbering of the microframes of said sequence being such that the number of any of the microframes makes it possible to deduce the remaining number of microframes in the sequence before the data frame.
Another aspect of the invention is directed to a device for receiving a signal sent via a communications network, said signal comprising a preamble including a numbered sequence of microframes and a data frame, the numbering of the microframes of said sequence being such that the number of any of the microframes makes it possible to deduce the remaining number of microframes in the sequence before the data frame. The device includes control means adapted on reception of a microframe of a signal to read the sequence number of the received microframe, to determine from the read sequence number the time of arrival of the data frame of the signal, and to command deactivation of the receiver device following reception of the microframe and then its reactivation in order to receive said data frame.
Another aspect of the invention is directed to a system for transmitting data frames including at least a sender node and a receiver node, the system being characterized in that the sender node includes a sender device as defined above and the receiver node includes a receiver device as defined above.
Another aspect of the invention is directed to a signal comprising a preamble and a data frame, the signal being characterized in that the preamble includes a numbered sequence of microframes, the numbering of the microframes of said sequence being such that the number of any of the microframes makes it possible to deduce the remaining number of microframes in the sequence before the data frame. A microframe can further include:
a signature of the data frame and/or
a destination address.
Other features and advantages of the invention emerge on reading the description given below by way of non-limiting example and with reference to the appended drawings, in which:
For example, the network 3 is an ad hoc network and more particularly a network of sensors in which the nodes 1 include low energy consumption sensors, for example temperature, pressure, airspeed, or vibration sensors or probes to warn of natural disasters. Another example is a ubiquitous computing network.
In the particular example described, each node 1 includes a device 5 for sending and receiving signals, each comprising a preamble and a data frame as explained below. The device 5 includes a radio transceiver. It can be a sensor, a computer, a mobile telephone, or any other device that can receive and/or send a signal.
The sequence 17 of microframes 19 is numbered, i.e. each microframe 19 has a sequence number, corresponding to the reference 45 in
The microframes 19 can be numbered sequentially from 1 to m, for example. The number m designates the number of microframes required for the duration Tw of the preamble 15 to be at least equal to the period between activations of a receiver node. Accordingly, the duration Tw of the preamble contains m microframes each having a duration f and intermicroframe intervals each having a duration s.
The duration Tw of the preamble can then be expressed as a function of m, s, and f according to the following formula:
Tw=(s+f)·m
In other words, the time between a first microframe 19 and a final microframe 19 of the sequence 17 of microframes is equal to the particular period Tw corresponding to a duration greater than or equal to a period 27 of the deactivation of a node 1 between two consecutive reactivations 29 (see
Referring to
The sending of the signal 11 by the sender node 1a can be simultaneous sending of the general broadcast type to a very large number of (intended recipient) nodes.
Referring to
reading the sequence number 45 of the received microframe 19;
determining from the read sequence number the time of arrival of the data frame 13 of the signal 11; and
commanding deactivation of the node 1b, to be more precise of its send/receive device 5b, following reception of the microframe 19, and then its reactivation so as to receive the data frame 13.
The control means 23b can consist of a microprocessor, microcontroller, or other programmable component. The programmable component executes a computer program including instructions necessary for executing the method of the invention for transmitting data frames by sampling the preamble.
Computer programs can be executed in the nodes 1 of the transmission system 3 to execute the method of the invention for transmitting data frames by sampling the preamble. Accordingly, the invention also provides:
a computer program for a device for sending a signal comprising a preamble and a data frame, the program including program instructions for commanding the generation of a signal whose preamble includes a numbered sequence of microframes, the numbering of the microframes of said sequence being such that the number of any of the microframes makes it possible to deduce the remaining number of microframes in the sequence before the data frame when the program is executed by the sender device; and
a computer program for a device for receiving a signal as described above, including program instructions for commanding, on reception of a microframe of the signal, reading the sequence number of the received microframe, determining the time of arrival of the data frame of the signal, and deactivating the receiver device following reception of the microframe and then its reactivation in order to receive said data frame.
These programs can be stored in or transmitted by data media, which can be hardware storage media, for example a CD-ROM, a magnetic diskette or a hard disk, or transmissible media such as an electrical, optical or radio signal.
The receiver node 1b reads the sequence number in the microframe 19a and deduces from it the remaining number of microframes in the sequence before the data frame 13 and then the corresponding duration of the period 31 in
To calculate the energy saving of the microframe sampling method of the invention compared to a standard preamble sampling method, the average listening time MT according to the invention is compared with the standard average listening time EP for receiving a data frame of duration T.
The energy saving is then given by the following formula:
Given that the number m of microframes is very high compared to the durations f (microframe period) and s (period between two consecutive microframes), the above formula indicates a saving in the cost of receiving data, as applies in particular for general broadcasting.
This example shows that using microframes 19 reduces the otherwise unnecessary listening time needed to access the channel 4 if another node 1 that wishes to send data finds it to be busy.
When a node 1b is reactivated, its send/receive device 5b listens to the channel 4. If the receiver means 21b receive a microframe 19a, then the control means 23b deduce that the channel 4 is busy by virtue of its use by another send/receive device 5b, and read the sequence number of the microframe 19a in order to determine the time 35 for which the channel will be busy to enable the send/receive device 5b to be deactivated and then reactivated in order to access said channel 4 only after this time 35. In other words, this enables the node 1b to switch off its radio for the time 35 during which the channel 4 is going to be busy and to be reactivated only after the end of that time, in order to attempt access to the channel 4 again in order to send the signal 11.
Assuming each node has n neighbors that can detect and decode the signal 11, the energy saving is then given by the following formula:
This formula shows that the saving depends on the duration T of the data frame 13. The longer the duration T, the greater the saving.
In this example, the microframes 19 can be used to enable a node 1b to filter the data frames 13 before receiving them.
A microframe 19 can include a signature 47 (see
The control means 23b can then control deactivation and reactivation of the send/receive device 5b depending on the signature of the data frame 13 included in the received micro frame 19a.
The signature of the data frame 13 enables a node 1b to avoid receiving redundant and therefore useless frames. If its send/receive device 5b receives a microframe 19a when a node 1b is reactivated to listen to the channel 4, then the control means 23b read the signature of the data frame 13 in order to verify whether the node 1b has already received that data frame 13. For example, the control means 23b can compare this signature with the signatures already received, and if it finds this signature among those already received it can then deduce that the node 1b has already received the next data frame 13 and can therefore be deactivated during the period 27.
The energy saving is then given by the following formula:
Note that the saving is the same in the above two formulas because in both situations receiving the same quantity of microframes 19 and data frames 13 is avoided.
A microframe 19 can advantageously also include a field for a destination address 43 (see
This enables a node 1 to recognize immediately if the data frame 13 is intended for another node, thus further reducing the cost of unnecessary listening to frames.
Accordingly, as well as preventing passive listening and collisions, the signal 11 of the invention prevents unnecessary listening (overhearing) by preventing reception and decoding of a data frame intended for another node, a redundant data frame whose content is of no interest for routing or to the application, since it has already been received, or data frames occupying the channel pending its release.
Barthel, Dominique, Bachir, Abdelmalik
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