A nonaqueous electrolyte of nonaqueous secondary battery contains a nitrile group-containing compound at a concentration of 0.05% by mass or more. A positive electrode active material has an average particle diameter of 4.5 to 15.5 μm and a specific surface area of 0.13 to 0.80 m2/g. A positive electrode binder layer contains a silane coupling agent and/or at least one of aluminum, titanium, or zirconium based coupling agent having an alkyl or an alkoxy groups having 1 to 18 carbon atoms at a content of 0.003% by mass or more and 5% by mass or less. Thus nonaqueous secondary battery having a film resistance of the interface between a positive electrode and the electrolyte being less increased, and excellent ion conductivity and charge load characteristics in a low temperature environment is provided.
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1. A nonaqueous secondary battery comprising:
a positive electrode plate formed with a positive electrode binder layer having a lithium composite oxide as a positive electrode active material;
a negative electrode plate;
a separator; and
a nonaqueous electrolyte, the nonaqueous electrolyte containing a nitrile group-containing compound at a concentration of 0.05% by mass or more with respect to the total mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte,
the positive electrode active material having an average particle diameter of 4.5 to 15.5 μm and a specific surface area of 0.13 to 0.80 m2/g, and
the positive electrode binder layer containing at least one of a silane coupling agent and a coupling agent represented by general Formula (I) at a content of 0.003% by mass or more and 5% by mass or less with respect to the mass of the positive electrode active material:
##STR00004##
(where M is one atom selected from Al, Ti, and Zr, each of R1 and R2 is an alkyl group or an alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and n represents an integer of 1 to 4).
13. A nonaqueous secondary battery comprising:
a positive electrode plate formed with a positive electrode binder layer having a lithium composite oxide as a positive electrode active material;
a negative electrode plate;
a separator; and
a nonaqueous electrolyte,
the nonaqueous electrolyte containing a nitrile group-containing compound at a concentration of 0.05% by mass or more with respect to the total mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte,
the positive electrode active material having an average particle diameter of 4.5 to 15.5 pm and a specific surface area of 0.13 to 0.80 m2/g, and
the positive electrode binder layer containing a silane coupling agent at a content of 0.003% by mass or more and 5% by mass or less with respect to the mass of the positive electrode active material,
wherein the nitrile group-containing compound is a dinitrile compound represented by general Formula (II):
NC—R—CN (II) (where R is an alkyl chain having 2 to 8 carbon atoms).
10. A nonaqueous secondary battery comprising:
a positive electrode plate formed with a positive electrode binder layer having a lithium composite oxide as a positive electrode active material;
a negative electrode plate;
a separator; and
a nonaqueous electrolyte,
the nonaqueous electrolyte containing a nitrile group-containing compound at a concentration of 0.05% by mass or more with respect to the total mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte,
the positive electrode active material having an average particle diameter of 4.5 to 15.5 pm and a specific surface area of 0.13 to 0.80 m2/g, and
the positive electrode binder layer containing at least one of a silane coupling agent and a coupling agent represented by general Formula (I) at a content of 0.003% by mass or more and 5% by mass or less with respect to the mass of the positive electrode active material:
##STR00007##
(where M is Al, each of R1 and R2 is an alkyl group or an alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and n represents an integer of 1 to 4),
wherein the nitrile group-containing compound is a dinitrile compound represented by general Formula (II):
NC—R—CN (II) (where R is an alkyl chain having 2 to 8 carbon atoms).
2. The nonaqueous secondary battery according to
##STR00005##
(where each of R1 and R2 is an alkyl group or an alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and n represents an integer of 1 to 4).
3. The nonaqueous secondary battery according to
4. The nonaqueous secondary battery according to
##STR00006##
(where M is one atom selected from Al, Ti, and Zr, each of R1 and R2 is an alkyl group or an alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and n represents an integer of 1 to 4).
5. The nonaqueous secondary battery according to
6. The nonaqueous secondary battery according to
NC—R—CN (II) (where R is an alkyl chain having 2 to 8 carbon atoms).
7. The nonaqueous secondary battery according to
8. The nonaqueous secondary battery according to
9. The nonaqueous secondary battery according to
11. The nonaqueous secondary battery according to
12. The nonaqueous secondary battery according to
14. The nonaqueous secondary battery according to
15. The nonaqueous secondary battery according to
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The present invention relates to a nonaqueous secondary battery including a lithium composite oxide as a positive electrode active material. More particularly, the invention relates to a nonaqueous secondary battery in which, when used with a nonaqueous electrolyte containing a nitrile group-containing compound, film resistance of the interface between a positive electrode and the electrolyte is increased less, ion conductivity is good, the amount of gas generated is small when the battery is stored at high temperature in a charged state, capacity efficiency is good, and charge load characteristics are good in a low temperature environment.
Recently, as power supplies for driving portable electronic equipment, such as cell phones, portable personal computers, and portable music players, and further, as power supplies for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs), nonaqueous secondary batteries represented by lithium ion secondary batteries having a high energy density and high capacity are widely used.
As for the positive electrode active material in these nonaqueous secondary batteries, one of or a mixture of a plurality of lithium transition-metal composite oxides represented by LiMO2 (where M is at least one of Co, Ni, and Mn), (namely, LiCoO2, LiNiO2, LiNiyCo1-yO2 (y=0.01 to 0.99), LiMnO2, LiMn2O4, LiCoxMnyNizO2 (x+y+z=1)), LiFePO4, and the like, all of which can reversibly absorb and desorb lithium ions, is used.
Among them, lithium-cobalt composite oxides and other metallic element-containing lithium-cobalt composite oxides are primarily used because their battery characteristics in various aspects are especially higher than those of other oxides. However, cobalt is expensive, and the amount of cobalt is small in natural resources. Thus, in order to continue to use such lithium-cobalt composite oxides and other metallic element-containing lithium-cobalt composite oxides as the positive electrode active material of a nonaqueous secondary battery, the nonaqueous secondary battery is desired to have higher performance.
Meanwhile, when a nonaqueous secondary battery is stored in a charged state in a high temperature environment, the positive electrode is readily degraded. This is believed to be because a nonaqueous electrolyte is oxidatively decomposed on a positive electrode active material or transition-metal ions of the positive electrode active material are eluted when the nonaqueous secondary battery is stored in a charged state, and because the decomposition of a nonaqueous electrolyte and the elution of metal ions are accelerated in a high-temperature environment as compared in a normal temperature environment.
To address this issue, JP-A-2009-32653 discloses an example using a nonaqueous electrolyte containing a compound having 2 or more and 4 or less nitrile groups in the structure formula and at least one compound selected from the group consisting of a fluorinated cyclic carbonate having 2 or more fluorine atoms, a monofluorophosphate, and a difluorophosphate in order to suppress gas generation in a nonaqueous secondary battery when the battery is stored at high temperature in a charged state and to improve cycle characteristics. JP-A-2009-158464 discloses an example using a nonaqueous electrolyte containing a compound having 2 or more and 4 or less nitrile groups in the structure formula in a nonaqueous secondary battery using a negative electrode active material containing at least one of Si, Sn, and Pb in order to suppress gas generation when the battery is stored at high temperature in a charged state and to improve cycle characteristics.
JP-A-09-199112 discloses an example in which a positive electrode binder is mixed with an aluminum coupling agent in order to improve cycle characteristics when a nonaqueous secondary battery is charged and discharged at high voltage under a heavy load condition. Furthermore, JP-A-2002-319405 discloses an example in which a silane coupling agent having an organic reactive group such as an epoxy group and amino group and a bonding group such as a methoxy group and ethoxy group is dispersed in a positive electrode binder in order to improve wettability of a positive electrode with an electrolyte in a nonaqueous secondary battery at low temperature and to improve output characteristics at low temperature.
JP-A-2007-242303 discloses an example in which a positive electrode active material is treated with a silane coupling agent having a plurality of bonding groups in order to improve cycle characteristics when intermittent cycles of a nonaqueous secondary battery are repeated. JP-A-2007-280830 discloses an example in which a silane coupling agent is present near a broken surface of a positive electrode active material occurring when a positive electrode binder layer is compressed in order to improve cycle characteristics of a nonaqueous secondary battery.
By the inventions disclosed in JP-A-2009-32653 and JP-A-2009-158464, because a compound having 2 or more and 4 or less nitrile groups in the structure formula is adsorbed on a positive electrode in a charged state, it is considered that the compound has advantageous effects of protecting the surface of the positive electrode, reducing side reactions between a nonaqueous electrolyte and the positive electrode, and improving various types of battery characteristics when the battery is stored at high temperature.
It is believed that such effect is derived from the following mechanism. When a nitrile group-containing compound is contained in a nonaqueous electrolyte, the compound is coordinated with a trace amount of metal ions eluted from a positive electrode and deposited on the positive electrode surface, or a reaction product by oxidative decomposition is deposited on the positive electrode surface. Because such a film formed on the positive electrode surface works to prevent direct contact of the nonaqueous electrolyte or a separator with the positive electrode, the oxidative decomposition of the nonaqueous electrolyte or the separator is suppressed, and thus the gas generated when the battery is stored at high temperature in a charged state can be suppressed.
However, the film formed on the positive electrode surface has the following problems: because the film increases film resistance of the interface between the positive electrode and the nonaqueous electrolyte, ion conduction is inhibited; operating voltage is decreased, and capacity efficiency is decreased when the battery is stored in a charged state in a high temperature environment; and charge load characteristics are significantly decreased in a low temperature environment.
The inventions disclosed in JP-A-09-199112, JP-A-2002-319405, JP-A-2007-242303, and JP-A-2007-280830 show that mixing a silane or aluminum coupling agent in a positive electrode binder can possibly lead to an improvement in cycle characteristics and output characteristics in a low temperature environment to some extent. However, the inventions disclosed in JP-A-09-199112, JP-A-2002-319405, JP-A-2007-242303, and JP-A-2007-280830 have problems that the amount of gas generated is large when a nonaqueous secondary battery is stored at high temperature in a charged state and capacity efficiency is decreased.
The inventors of the present invention have carried out various experiments repeatedly on such a nonaqueous secondary battery in which a nitrile group-containing compound is added to a nonaqueous electrolyte in order to improve the charge load characteristics in a low temperature environment and the capacity efficiency when stored at high temperature in a charged state. As a result, the inventors have found that the problems mentioned above can be solved when a positive electrode binder contains a predetermined amount of a silane or aluminum coupling agent and the average particle diameter and the specific surface area of a positive electrode active material are maintained in a predetermined range, whereby the invention has been accomplished.
An advantage of some aspects of the invention is to provide a nonaqueous secondary battery including a lithium composite oxide as a positive electrode active material, in which the amount of gas generated is small when the battery is stored at high temperature in a charged state, capacity efficiency is good, and charge load characteristics are good in a low temperature environment.
According to an aspect of the invention, a nonaqueous secondary battery of the invention includes a positive electrode plate formed with a positive electrode binder layer having a lithium composite oxide as a positive electrode active material, a negative electrode plate, a separator, and a nonaqueous electrolyte. In the nonaqueous secondary battery, the nonaqueous electrolyte contains a nitrile group-containing compound at a concentration of 0.05% by mass or more with respect to the total mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte, the positive electrode active material has an average particle diameter of 4.5 to 15.5 μm and a specific surface area of 0.13 to 0.80 m2/g, and the positive electrode binder layer contains at least one of a silane coupling agent and a coupling agent represented by General Formula (I) at a content of 0.003% by mass or more and 5% by mass or less with respect to the mass of the positive electrode active material:
##STR00001##
(where M is one atom selected from Al, Ti, and Zr, each of R1 and R2 is an alkyl group or an alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and n represents an integer of 1 to 4).
In the nonaqueous secondary battery of the invention, when the nonaqueous electrolyte contains a nitrile group-containing compound at a concentration of 0.05% by mass or more with respect to the total mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte, the oxidative decomposition of the nonaqueous electrolyte or the separator is suppressed, and thus the gas generated when the battery is stored at high temperature in a charged state can be suppressed. When the content of the nitrile group-containing compound in the nonaqueous electrolyte is less than 0.05% by mass with respect to the total mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte, the addition effect of the nitrile group-containing compound cannot be obtained. The larger the amount of the nitrile group-containing compound is added, the larger the suppression effect of the gas generated when the battery is stored at high temperature in a charged state. However, low temperature charging characteristics and capacity efficiency when the battery is stored at high temperature in a charged state start to decline when the amount added is excessively large, and thus it is desirable that the amount added does not exceed 7.00% by mass.
In the nonaqueous secondary battery of the invention, the positive electrode active material is required to have an average particle diameter of 4.5 to 15.5 μm and a specific surface area of 0.13 to 0.80 m2/g. When the positive electrode active material has an average particle diameter of less than 4.5 μm, even when the specific surface area is within a range of 0.13 to 0.80 m2/g, the low temperature charging characteristics, the cycle characteristic specific capacity, the operating voltage, and the capacity efficiency when the battery is stored at high temperature in a charged state are decreased, and moreover the amount of gas generated when stored at high temperature in a charged state is increased. When the positive electrode active material has an average particle diameter of more than 15.5 μm, even when the specific surface area is within a range of 0.13 to 0.80 m2/g, the low temperature charging characteristics, the cycle characteristic specific capacity, the operating voltage, and the capacity efficiency when the battery is stored at high temperature in a charged state start to further decline in comparison with those of a positive electrode active material having an average particle diameter of 15.5 μm or less.
In the nonaqueous secondary battery of the invention, when the positive electrode active material has a specific surface area of less than 0.13 m2/g, even when the positive electrode active material has an average particle diameter of 4.5 to 15.5 μm, the low temperature charging characteristics, the cycle characteristic specific capacity, the operating voltage, and the capacity efficiency when the battery is stored at high temperature in a charged state are decreased. When the positive electrode active material has a specific surface area of more than 0.80 m2/g, even when the positive electrode active material has an average particle diameter of 4.5 to 15.5 μm, the cycle characteristic specific capacity, the operating voltage, and the capacity efficiency when the battery is stored at high temperature in a charged state are decreased, and moreover the amount of gas generated when stored at high temperature in a charged state is increased.
In the nonaqueous secondary battery of the invention, the positive electrode binder layer is required to contain a coupling agent including at least one of a silane coupling agent and a coupling agent represented by General Formula (I):
##STR00002##
(where M is one atom selected from Al, Ti, and Zr, each of R1 and R2 is an alkyl group or an alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and n represents an integer of 1 to 4).
When the positive electrode binder layer does not contain such a coupling agent or contains other coupling agents, even when the content of the nitrile group-containing compound in a nonaqueous electrolyte and the average particle diameter and the specific surface area of the positive electrode active material are within a predetermined range, the low temperature charging characteristics, the cycle characteristic specific capacity, the operating voltage, and the capacity efficiency when the nonaqueous secondary battery is stored at high temperature in a charged state are decreased, and moreover, the amount of gas generated when stored at high temperature in a charged state is increased.
In the nonaqueous secondary battery of the invention, the positive electrode binder layer is required to contain a coupling agent including at least one of a silane coupling agent and a coupling agent represented by General Formula (I) at a content of 0.003% by mass or more and 5% by mass or less with respect to the mass of the positive electrode active material. When the content of such a coupling agent is less than 0.003% by mass with respect to the mass of the positive electrode active material, the content is too low to provide the addition effect of the coupling agent. When the content of such a coupling agent is more than 5% by mass with respect to the mass of the positive electrode active material, positive electrode resistance becomes large to reduce initial capacity.
Preferred examples of the positive electrode active material used in the nonaqueous secondary battery of the invention include lithium composite oxides such as LiCoO2, LiNiO2, LiMn2O4, LiMnO2, LiNi1-xMnxO2 (0<x<1), LiNi1-xCoxO2 (0<x<1), and LiNixMnyCozO2 (0<x, y, z<1, x+y+z=1), and phosphoric acid compounds having an olivine structure such as LiFePO4.
A coupling agent may be contained in the positive electrode binder layer in the nonaqueous secondary battery of the invention by direct coating on the positive electrode plate or mixing in a positive electrode binder slurry. The coupling agent is not specifically limited and may be diluted in any solvent for use. Suitable examples of the solvent include organic solvents including ketones such as acetone and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), ethers such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), alcohols such as ethanol and isopropanol, and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and a silicone oil.
Examples of the negative electrode active material usable in the nonaqueous secondary battery of the invention include carbon materials such as graphite, non-graphitizable carbon, and graphitizable carbon; titanium oxides such as LiTiO2 and TiO2; metalloid elements such as silicon and tin; and an Sn—Co alloy.
Examples of the nonaqueous solvent usable in the nonaqueous secondary battery of the invention include cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), and butylene carbonate (BC); fluorinated cyclic carbonates; cyclic carboxylic acid esters such as γ-butyrolactone (BL) and γ-valerolactone (VL); chain carbonates such as dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), methyl propyl carbonate (MPC), and dibutyl carbonate (DNBC); chain carboxylic acid esters such as methyl pivalate, ethyl pivalate, methyl isobutyrate, and methyl propionate; amide compounds such as N,N′-dimethylformamide and N-methyloxazolidinone; sulfur compounds such as sulfolane; and ambient temperature molten salts such as 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate. It is best for these solvents to be used in mixtures of two or more. Among them, EC, PC, chain carbonates, and tertiary-carboxylic acid esters in particular are preferred.
As the separator used in the nonaqueous secondary battery of the invention, microporous membrane separators formed from polyolefin materials such as polypropylene and polyethylene may be selected. The separator may be mixed with a resin having a low melting point in order to ensure shutdown response of the separator, or may be laminated with a high-melting resin or be a resin supported with inorganic particles in order to obtain heat resistance.
The nonaqueous electrolyte used in the nonaqueous secondary battery of the invention may further include, as a compound for stabilizing electrodes, vinylene carbonate (VC), vinyl ethyl carbonate (VEC), succinic anhydride (SuAH), maleic anhydride (MaAH), glycolic acid anhydride, ethylene sulfite (ES), divinyl sulfone (VS), vinyl acetate (VA), vinyl pivalate (VP), catechol carbonate, biphenyl (BP), and the like. These compounds may be properly used in mixtures of two or more.
As the electrolyte salt dissolved in the nonaqueous solvent used in the nonaqueous secondary battery of the invention, lithium salts that are commonly used as the electrolyte salt in a nonaqueous secondary battery may be used. Examples of such lithium salt include LiPF6, LiBF4, LiCF3SO3, LiN(CF3SO2)2, LiN(C2F5SO2)2, LiN(CF3SO2)(C4F9SO2), LiC(CF3SO2)3, LiC(C2F5SO2)3, LiAsF6, LiClO4, Li2B10Cl10, Li2B12Cl12, and mixtures of them. Among them, LiPF6 (lithium hexafluorophosphate) in particular is preferred. The dissolution amount of an electrolyte salt is preferably 0.5 to 2.0 mol/L in the nonaqueous solvent.
As the silane coupling agent capable of being employed in the nonaqueous secondary battery of the invention, a silane coupling agent having at least one organic functional group and a plurality of bonding groups in the molecule may be used. The organic functional group may be any groups having various hydrocarbon skeletons. Examples of the organic functional group include an alkyl group, a mercaptopropyl group, and a trifluoropropyl group. Examples of the bonding group include a hydrolyzable alkoxy group.
In the coupling agent having the structure of General Formula (I), M may be one atom selected from Al, Ti, and Zr, but Al in particular is preferred. When M is Al, the coupling agent can be synthesized at low cost, and better results can be obtained than when M is Ti or Zr.
In the coupling agent having the structure of General Formula (I), when at least one of R1 and R2 is an alkoxy group (such as an ethoxy group, an iso-propoxy group, and a tert-butoxy group), the coupling agent has a large effect on improving characteristics. It is preferable that an alkoxy group (such as an iso-propoxy group and a tert-butoxy group) be bonded to atom M in General Formula (I), because the reactivity to a positive electrode active material is improved. The number of alkoxy groups bonded to atom M is preferably two or less in order to improve hydrolysis resistance of the compound.
Examples of the nitrile group-containing compound used in the nonaqueous secondary battery of the invention include acetonitrile, propionitrile, butyronitrile, valeronitrile, hexanenitrile, octanenitrile, undecanenitrile, cyclohexanecarbonitrile, benzonitrile, succinonitrile, glutaronitrile, 2-methylglutaronitrile, adiponitrile, pimelonitrile, suberonitrile, azelanitrile, sebaconitrile, undecanedinitrile, dodecanedinitrile, 1,2,3-propanetricarbonitrile, 1,2,3-tris(2-cyanoethoxy)propane, 1,3,5-cyclohexanetricarbonitrile, 1,3,5-pentanetricarbonitrile, tert-butylmalononitrile, malononitrile, 3,3′-oxydipropionitrile, 3,3′-thiodipropionitrile, 1,2-dicyanobenzene, 1,3-dicyanobenzene, and 1,4-dicyanobenzene. In particular, dinitrile compounds represented by General Formula (II), such as adiponitrile, pimelonitrile, succinonitrile, and glutaronitrile, are preferable:
NC—R—CN (II)
(where R is an alkyl chain having 2 to 8 carbon atoms).
Exemplary embodiments of the invention will now be described in detail with reference to examples and comparative examples. It should be noted that the examples described below are illustrative examples of nonaqueous secondary batteries for embodying the technical spirit of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention to these examples, and the invention may be equally applied to various modifications without departing from the technical spirit described in the claims.
First, a specific method for producing a nonaqueous secondary battery common to various examples and comparative examples will be described.
Preparation of Positive Electrode
A positive electrode binder was prepared by mixing 95% by mass of various positive electrode active materials, 2.5% by mass of amorphous carbon HS-100 (trade name) as a conductive material, and 2.5% by mass of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF). To the binder, 50% by mass of N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) with respect to the mass of the positive electrode binder was added to prepare a slurry. To the obtained slurry, a predetermined amount of various coupling agents was added. The whole was thoroughly stirred and then coated on both sides of an aluminum foil sheet having a thickness of 12 μm using the doctor blade method (coating amount: 400 g/m2). Then, the coated foil was heated and dried (70 to 140° C.) and then formed under pressure so as to have a packing density of 3.70 g/cc (for LiMn2O4, 3.12 g/cc for LiMn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3O2)). Then, the foil was cut into a predetermined size to provide a positive electrode plate.
Preparation of Negative Electrode
A mixture was prepared by mixing 97% by mass of artificial graphite (d=0.335 nm), 2% by mass of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a thickener, and 1% by mass of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) as a binder. To the mixture, water was added to make a slurry. The slurry was coated on both sides of a copper foil sheet having a thickness of 8 μm (coating amount: 210 g/m2). Then, the coated foil was dried, compressed with a compression roller, and cut into a predetermined size to prepare a negative electrode plate.
Preparation of Battery Before Pouring
A current collecting tab was welded to both the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate, each having a predetermined size. The electrode plates were wound with a polyethylene microporous membrane separator having a thickness of 16 μm interposed therebetween to prepare a wound electrode assembly. The obtained wound electrode assembly was stored in a laminated outer body that was formed into a cup shape. The outer body was sealed with heat except for a pouring hole to prepare a battery before pouring.
Preparation of Battery
A nonaqueous solvent was prepared by mixing 25% by volume of EC, 5% by volume of PC, 10% by volume of EMC, and 60% by volume of methyl pivalate. LiPF6 as an electrolyte salt was dissolved in the nonaqueous solvent to prepare a nonaqueous electrolyte having a LiPF6 concentration of 1M. 19 ml of the nonaqueous electrolyte was poured through the pouring hole, and thereafter vacuum impregnation treatment was performed. The pouring hole was then sealed with heat, and charging and discharging were performed to complete a nonaqueous secondary battery having a design capacity of 3600 mAh (1 It=3600 mA).
Measurement of Battery Characteristics
On each battery of Examples and Comparative Examples prepared as above, initial capacity, low temperature charging characteristics, cycle characteristic specific capacity, operating voltage, high-temperature charge conservation characteristics were determined by the following measurement methods.
Measurement of Initial Capacity
Each battery of Examples and Comparative Examples was charged in a constant temperature bath at 23° C. at a constant current of 0.5 It=1800 mA until the battery voltage reached 4.2 V. After the battery voltage reached 4.2 V, each battery was charged at a constant voltage of 4.2 V until the current value reached ( 1/50) It=180 mA. The charging capacity at this time was determined as a normal-temperature charging capacity. Then, the battery was discharged at a constant current of 0.5 It=1800 mA until the battery voltage reached 2.75 V. The discharging capacity at this time was determined as an initial capacity.
Measurement of Low Temperature Charging Characteristics
Each battery of Examples and Comparative Examples on which the initial capacity had been measured as described above was charged in a constant temperature bath at −5° C. at a constant current of 1 It=3600 mA until the battery voltage reached 4.2 V, and after the battery voltage reached 4.2 V, charged at a constant voltage of 4.2 V until the current value reached ( 1/50) It=180 mA. The charging capacity at this time was determined as a low-temperature charging capacity. Then, the low temperature charging characteristic (%) was calculated by the following calculation formula.
Low temperature charging characteristic (%)=(low-temperature charging capacity/normal-temperature charging capacity)×100
Measurement of Cycle Characteristic Specific Capacity
Each battery of Examples and Comparative Examples was charged in a constant temperature bath at 23° C. at a constant current of 1 It=3600 mA until the battery voltage reached 4.2 V. After the battery voltage reached 4.2 V, each battery was charged at a constant voltage of 4.2 V until the current value reached ( 1/50) It=180 mA. The battery was then discharged at a constant current of 1 It=3600 mA until the battery voltage reached 2.75 V. The discharging capacity at this time was determined as a discharging capacity at the first cycle. This charging and discharging cycle was repeated 800 times. The discharging capacity at the 800th cycle was determined as a discharging capacity at the 800th cycle, and the cycle characteristic (%) was calculated based on the following calculation formula.
Cycle characteristic (%)=(discharging capacity at the 800th cycle/discharging capacity at the first cycle)×100
Measurement of Operating Voltage
The operating voltage was determined as an average voltage when the discharging capacity at the first cycle was measured.
High-Temperature Charge Conservation Characteristics
The high-temperature charge conservation characteristics were measured as follows. Each battery of Examples and Comparative Examples was charged in a constant temperature bath at 23° C. at a constant current of 1 It=3600 mA until the battery voltage reached 4.2 V, and after the battery voltage reached 4.2 V, charged at a constant voltage of 4.2 V until the current value reached ( 1/50) It=180 mA. Then, the battery was discharged at a constant current of 1 It=3600 mA until the battery voltage reached 2.75 V. The discharging capacity at this time was determined as a discharging capacity before high temperature storage. Then, each battery of Examples and Comparative Examples was charged in a constant temperature bath at 23° C. at a constant current of 1 It=3600 mA until the battery voltage reached 4.2 V, and after the battery voltage reached 4.2 V, charged at a constant voltage of 4.2 V until the current value reached ( 1/50) It=180 mA. The full charged battery was left in a constant temperature bath at 80° C. for 10 days.
Then, each battery of Examples and Comparative Examples was left in a constant temperature bath at 23° C. to be cooled. Some of the battery outer bodies after storage were unsealed and the amount of generated gas was measured with a syringe. Next, the battery was discharged at a constant current of 1 It=3600 mA until the battery voltage reached 2.75 V.
Furthermore, each battery of Examples and Comparative Examples that had been discharged during high temperature storage was charged in a constant temperature bath at 23° C. at a constant current of 1 It=3600 mA until the battery voltage reached 4.2 V, and after the battery voltage reached 4.2 V, charged at a constant voltage of 4.2 V until the current value reached ( 1/50) It=180 mA. Then, the battery was discharged at a constant current of 1 It=3600 mA until the battery voltage reached 2.75 V. The discharging capacity at this time was determined as a discharging capacity after high temperature storage. Then, the capacity efficiency (%) was calculated based on the following calculation formula.
Capacity efficiency (%)=(discharging capacity after high temperature storage/discharging capacity before high temperature storage)×100
LiCoO2 having an average particle diameter of 13.1 μm and a specific surface area of 0.25 m2/g was used as a positive electrode active material in each nonaqueous secondary battery of Examples 1 to 18 and Comparative Examples 1 to 10.
In Comparative Example 1, the nonaqueous electrolyte contained no nitrile group-containing compound, and no coupling agent was added to the positive electrode binder layer. In Comparative Examples 2 to 7, adiponitrile (NC—(CH2)4—CN) as a nitrile group-containing compound with a varied concentration of 0.03 to 2.00% by mass was added to the nonaqueous electrolyte, while no coupling agent was added to the positive electrode binder layer.
In Comparative Examples 8 and 9, no nitrile group-containing compound was added to the nonaqueous electrolyte, and aluminum bisethylacetoacetate monoacetylacetonate (Comparative Example 8) or methyltriethoxysilane (Comparative Example 9) was added as a coupling agent to the positive electrode binder layer. In Comparative Example 11, 0.03% by mass of adiponitrile was added as a nitrile group-containing compound to the nonaqueous electrolyte, and 0.20% by mass of aluminum bisethylacetoacetate monoacetylacetonate was added as a coupling agent to the positive electrode binder layer.
In each of Examples 1 to 12, 0.20% by mass of aluminum bisethylacetoacetate monoacetylacetonate was added as a coupling agent to the positive electrode binder layer, and 1.00% by mass of various nitrile group-containing compounds was added to the nonaqueous electrolyte. The names of various nitrile compounds used in Examples 1 to 12 are listed in Table 1.
In each of Examples 13 to 18, 0.20% by mass of aluminum bisethylacetoacetate monoacetylacetonate was added as a coupling agent to the positive electrode binder layer, and adiponitrile as a nitrile group-containing compound with a varied concentration of 0.05 to 7.00% by mass was added to the nonaqueous electrolyte. The measurement results of Examples 1 to 18 and Comparative Examples 1 to 10 are listed in Table 1.
TABLE 1
High-temperature
charge
Nitrile group-
Cycle
conservation
containing compound
Coupling agent
Low
charac-
characteristics*
Amount
Amount
temperature
teristic
Amount of
added
added
Initial
charging
specific
Operating
generated
Capacity
(% by
(% by
capacity
characteristics
capacity
voltage
gas
efficiency
Name
mass)
Name
mass)
(mAh)
(%)
(%)
(V)
(ml)
(%)
Comparative
None
0
None
0
3606
89
77
3.55
13.3
44
Example 1
Comparative
Adiponitrile
0.03
None
0
3603
86
77
3.64
13.2
45
Example 2
Comparative
Adiponitrile
0.05
None
0
3600
80
74
3.58
12.2
51
Example 3
Comparative
Adiponitrile
0.10
None
0
3601
72
70
3.56
11.2
53
Example 4
Comparative
Adiponitrile
0.50
None
0
3600
53
58
3.52
8.3
54
Example 5
Comparative
Adiponitrile
1.00
None
0
3600
43
52
3.49
6.2
56
Example 6
Comparative
Adiponitrile
2.00
None
0
3606
36
44
3.47
5.5
51
Example 7
Comparative
None
0
Aluminum
0.20
3605
88
75
3.65
13.1
45
Example 8
bisethylacetoacetate
monoacetylacetonate
Comparative
None
0
Methyltriethoxysilane
1.00
3600
84
71
3.65
13.0
45
Example 9
Example 1
Propiononitrile
1.00
Aluminum
0.20
3603
90
78
3.66
4.8
79
bisethylacetoacetate
monoacetylacetonate
Example 2
Malononitrile
1.00
Aluminum
0.20
3603
90
85
3.67
4.8
82
bisethylacetoacetate
monoacetylacetonate
Example 3
Succinonitrile
1.00
Aluminum
0.20
3604
93
87
3.67
4.9
87
bisethylacetoacetate
monoacetylacetonate
Example 4
Glutaronitrile
1.00
Aluminum
0.20
3600
92
85
3.67
4.6
91
bisethylacetoacetate
monoacetylacetonate
Example 5
2-
1.00
Aluminum
0.20
3606
90
82
3.67
4.3
92
methylglutaronitrile
bisethylacetoacetate
monoacetylacetonate
Example 6
Adiponitrile
1.00
Aluminum
0.20
3601
92
86
3.67
4.2
92
bisethylacetoacetate
monoacetylacetonate
Example 7
Pimelonitrile
1.00
Aluminum
0.20
3605
92
86
3.67
4.5
91
bisethylacetoacetate
monoacetylacetonate
Example 8
Suberonitrile
1.00
Aluminum
0.20
3604
91
85
3.67
4.6
91
bisethylacetoacetate
monoacetylacetonate
Example 9
Sebaconitrile
1.00
Aluminum
0.20
3605
91
85
3.67
4.8
91
bisethylacetoacetate
monoacetylacetonate
Example 10
Undecanedinitrile
1.00
Aluminum
0.20
3601
90
83
3.66
4.9
82
bisethylacetoacetate
monoacetylacetonate
Example 11
3,3′-
1.00
Aluminum
0.20
3603
90
82
3.65
5.3
74
oxydipropionitrile
bisethylacetoacetate
monoacetylacetonate
Example 12
Benzonitrile
1.00
Aluminum
0.20
3605
90
78
3.65
5.3
72
bisethylacetoacetate
monoacetylacetonate
Comparative
Adiponitrile
0.03
Aluminum
0.20
3602
87
80
3.65
13.4
43
Example 10
bisethylacetoacetate
monoacetylacetonate
Example 13
Adiponitrile
0.05
Aluminum
0.20
3603
91
81
3.65
5.4
75
bisethylacetoacetate
monoacetylacetonate
Example 14
Adiponitrile
0.10
Aluminum
0.20
3604
92
83
3.66
4.9
87
bisethylacetoacetate
monoacetylacetonate
Example 15
Adiponitrile
0.50
Aluminum
0.20
3605
92
85
3.67
4.4
90
bisethylacetoacetate
monoacetylacetonate
Example 16
Adiponitrile
2.00
Aluminum
0.20
3602
92
85
3.67
4.3
91
bisethylacetoacetate
monoacetylacetonate
Example 17
Adiponitrile
5.00
Aluminum
0.20
3603
91
85
3.65
4.0
91
bisethylacetoacetate
monoacetylacetonate
Example 18
Adiponitrile
7.00
Aluminum
0.20
3602
88
84
3.64
4.0
94
bisethylacetoacetate
monoacetylacetonate
*80° C., 10 days
The following facts were found based on the results listed in Table 1. The results of Comparative Examples 1 to 7, in which no coupling agent was added to each positive electrode binder layer, show that, the amount of gas generated after storage at high temperature in a charged state decreased as the amount of a nitrile group-containing compound added into the nonaqueous electrolyte increase, but in association with this, the low temperature charging characteristics and the cycle characteristic specific capacity significantly decreased and the operating voltage gradually decreased. However, both the initial capacity and the capacity efficiency after storage at high temperature in a charged state were not largely changed depending on the amount of the nitrile group-containing compound in the nonaqueous electrolyte, but the capacity efficiency after storage at high temperature in a charged state was significantly decreased in comparison with the batteries of Examples 1 to 18.
In the measurement results of Comparative Examples 8 and 9, in which each nonaqueous electrolyte was added with no nitrile group-containing compound, the initial capacity, the operating voltage, the amount of generated gas, the amount of gas generated after storage at high temperature in a charged state, and the storage characteristics was almost the same result as that from the battery of Comparative Example 1, in which no coupling agent was added, but each of the low temperature charge storage characteristics and the cycle characteristics were slightly decreased in comparison with the battery of Comparative Example 1, in which no coupling agent was added.
In contrast, in the case where 0.20% by mass of aluminum bisethylacetoacetate monoacetylacetonate was added as a coupling agent to the positive electrode binder layer, when 1.00% by mass of various nitrile group-containing compounds was added to the nonaqueous electrolyte (Examples 1 to 12), the initial capacity was almost the same as that of Comparative Examples 1 to 9, the low temperature charging characteristics, the cycle characteristic specific capacity, and the operating voltage were almost the same as or slightly better than those of Comparative Example 1 that had the best result among Comparative Examples 1 to 9. Moreover, the amount of generated gas after storage at high temperature in a charged state was better than that of Comparative Examples 1 to 9, and the capacity efficiency after storage at high temperature in a charged state was significantly better than that of Comparative Examples 1 to 9.
Based on the results of Comparative Example 10 and Examples 13 to 18, it is clear that, in the case where 0.20% by mass of aluminum bisethylacetoacetate monoacetylacetonate was added as a coupling agent to the positive electrode binder layer, when the amount of the nitrile group-containing compound added into the nonaqueous electrolyte was less than 0.05% by mass with respect to the total mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte, the amount of gas generated after storage at high temperature in a charged state was increased and the addition effect of the nitrile group-containing compound was not obtained. Therefore, the amount of a nitrile group-containing compound added into the nonaqueous electrolyte is preferably 0.05% by mass or more.
Based on the results of Comparative Example 10 and Examples 13 to 18, it is preferable that the amount of a nitrile group-containing compound added into the nonaqueous electrolyte do not exceed 7.00% by mass because the effect of suppressing the gas generated when the battery is stored at high temperature in a charged state increases as the amount added increases, but the low temperature charging characteristics and the capacity efficiency when stored at high temperature in a charged state start to decline when the amount is excessively large.
In each nonaqueous secondary battery of Examples 19 to 36 and Comparative Examples 11 and 12, LiCoO2 having an average particle diameter of 13.1 μm and a specific surface area of 0.25 m2/g was used as a positive electrode active material, and adiponitrile was added as a nitrile group-containing compound to the nonaqueous electrolyte to have an adiponitrile concentration of 1.0% by mass.
In Comparative Example 11, ferric trisacetylacetonate was used as a coupling agent. In Examples 19 to 24, various compounds represented by General Formula (I) were used as a coupling agent, and in Examples 25 to 29, various silane coupling agents were used. Each of the coupling agents used in Examples 19 to 24 was a compound having an alkoxy group except for aluminum trisacetylacetonate used in Example 21 and zirconium tetrakisacetylacetonate used in Example 24. The names of the various coupling agents used in Examples 19 to 29 are listed in Table 2.
##STR00003##
(where M is one atom selected from Al, Ti, and Zr, each of R1 and R2 is an alkyl group or an alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and n represents an integer of 1 to 4.)
In Examples 30 to 36 and Comparative Example 12, aluminum bisethylacetoacetate monoacetylacetonate was used as a coupling agent with a varied concentration of 0.003 to 5.00% by mass (Examples 30 to 36) or with a concentration of 7.00% by mass (Comparative Example 12). The results of Examples 19 to 36 and Comparative Examples 11 and 12 are listed in Table 2 together with the results of Example 6 and Comparative Example 6.
TABLE 2
High-temperature
charge conservation
Coupling agent
Cycle
characteristics*
Amount
Initial
Low temperature
characteristic
Operating
Amount of
added (%
capacity
charging
specific
voltage
generated
Capacity
Name
by weight)
(mAh)
characteristics (%)
capacity (%)
(V)
gas (ml)
efficiency (%)
Comparative
None
0
3600
43
52
3.49
6.2
56
Example 6
Example 19
Aluminum ethylacetoacetate
0.20
3603
91
85
3.66
4.4
89
diisopropylate
Example 20
Aluminum trisethylacetoacetate
0.20
3604
92
86
3.67
4.3
91
Example 6
Aluminum bisethylacetoacetate
0.20
3601
92
86
3.67
4.2
92
monoacetylacetonate
Example 21
Aluminum trisacetylacetonate
0.20
3602
90
83
3.65
4.9
86
Example 22
Titanium
0.20
3602
89
81
3.64
5.4
82
bis(ethylacetoacetate)diisopropoxide
Example 23
Titanium bisethylacetoacetate
0.20
3607
89
81
3.64
5.6
79
bisacetylacetonate
Example 24
Zirconium tetrakisacetylacetonate
0.20
3603
90
79
3.65
5.8
73
Comparative
Ferric trisacetylacetonate
0.20
3589
45
47
3.46
6.5
52
Example 11
Example 25
Methyltrimethoxysilane
1.00
3604
76
79
3.63
5.7
77
Example 26
Dimethyldimethoxysilane
1.00
3605
77
78
3.63
5.6
76
Example 27
Methyltriethoxysilane
1.00
3603
73
78
3.64
5.1
79
Example 28
Hexyltrimethoxysilane
1.00
3609
81
77
3.63
5.2
79
Example 29
3-acryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane
1.00
3604
75
79
3.64
4.9
81
Example 30
Aluminum bisethylacetoacetate
0.003
3606
71
75
3.61
6.2
63
monoacetylacetonate
Example 31
Aluminum bisethylacetoacetate
0.001
3601
91
83
3.65
5.1
83
monoacetylacetonate
Example 32
Aluminum bisethylacetoacetate
0.10
3604
92
86
3.67
4.3
91
monoacetylacetonate
Example 33
Aluminum bisethylacetoacetate
0.50
3605
92
85
3.66
4.3
90
monoacetylacetonate
Example 34
Aluminum bisethylacetoacetate
1.00
3604
91
85
3.66
4.3
88
monoacetylacetonate
Example 35
Aluminum bisethylacetoacetate
2.00
3601
88
80
3.64
4.3
74
monoacetylacetonate
Example 36
Aluminum bisethylacetoacetate
5.00
3604
76
73
3.63
4.2
67
monoacetylacetonate
Comparative
Aluminum bisethylacetoacetate
7.00
3586
62
64
3.61
4.3
64
Example 12
monoacetylacetonate
*80° C., 10 days
The following facts were found based on the results listed in Table 2. When a nitrile group-containing compound was added to the nonaqueous electrolyte, the results of Examples 6 and 19 to 24, in which a compound represented by Chemical Formula (I) was used as a coupling agent, and the results of Examples 25 to 29, in which a silane coupling agent was used as a coupling agent, were significantly better than the result of Comparative Example 11, in which ferric trisacetylacetonate was used as a coupling agent. This reveals that a compound represented by Chemical Formula (I) or a silane coupling agent is preferred as a coupling agent.
Among Examples 6, 19 to 24, in which a compound represented by Chemical Formula (I) was used as a coupling agent, the results of Examples 6, 19 to 21, in which M was Al, are better in terms of the cycle characteristic specific capacity, the amount of generated gas after storage at high temperature in a charged state, and the capacity efficiency than the results of Examples 22 and 23, in which M was Ti, and the results of Example 24, in which M was Zr. This reveals that M is preferably Al when a compound represented by Chemical Formula (I) is used as a coupling agent.
In Examples 6, 19 to 21, in which M was Al, it is revealed that the results of 19, 20 and 6, in which R1 or R2 is an alkoxy group, show slightly better characteristics than those of Example 21, in which neither R1 nor R2 was an alkoxy group.
Based on the results of Examples 6, and 30 to 36 and Comparative Example 12, in which the amount of aluminum bisethylacetoacetate monoacetylacetonate as a coupling agent was varied from 0.003 to 7.00% by mass, when the added amount of the coupling agent was 0.003% by mass, sufficiently good result was obtained in comparison with the case without a coupling agent (Comparative Example 6). When the added amount of the coupling agent was increased to 7.00% by mass (Comparative Example 12), the initial capacity was largely decreased. This reveals that the added amount of a compound represented by Chemical Formula (I) or a silane coupling agent as a coupling agent is preferably 0.003% by mass or more and 5% by mass or less with respect to the mass of a positive electrode active material when a nitrile group-containing compound was added to the nonaqueous electrolyte.
In each nonaqueous secondary battery of Examples 37 to 50 and Comparative Examples 13 to 31, adiponitrile was added as a nitrile group-containing compound to the nonaqueous electrolyte, and aluminum bisethylacetoacetate monoacetylacetonate was added to the positive electrode binder layer as a coupling agent.
In Examples 37 to 45 and Comparative Examples 13 to 26, LiCoO2 having a varied average particle diameter of 3.3 to 16.4 μm and a varied specific surface area of 0.11 to 0.90 m2/g was used as the positive electrode active material, and a nitrile group-containing compound and a coupling agent were or were not added. In Examples 46 to 50 and Comparative Examples 27 to 31, various positive electrode active materials other than LiCoO2 were used, and a nitrile group-containing compound and a coupling agent were or were not added.
In Examples 37 to 50 and Comparative Examples 13 to 31, when a nitrile group-containing compound was added to the nonaqueous electrolyte, the nitrile group-containing compound was added so as to have a concentration of 1.00% by mass, and when a coupling agent was added, the coupling agent was added so as to have a concentration of 0.20% by mass. The measurement results of Examples 37 to 50 and Comparative Examples 13 to 31 are listed in Table 3 together with those of Example 6 and Comparative Examples 1 and 6.
TABLE 3
High-temperature
Physical properties
charge
of positive electrode
Added
Low
conservation
Positive
Average
Specific
Adipo-
amount of
temperature
Cycle
Oper-
characteristics*
electrode
particle
surface
nitrile
coupling
Initial
charging
characteristic
ating
Amount of
Capacity
active
diameter
area
(% by
agent (%
capacity
characteristics
specific
voltage
generated
efficiency
material
(μm)
(m2/g)
mass)
by mass)
(mAh)
(%)
capacity (%)
(V)
gas (ml)
(%)
Comparative
LiCoO2
3.3
0.85
1.00
0.20
3610
88
67
3.61
34.9
18
Example 13
Comparative
LiCoO2
3.5
0.63
None
None
3600
88
73
3.62
30.1
21
Example 14
Comparative
LiCoO2
3.5
0.63
1.00
None
3604
45
45
3.47
27.3
23
Example 15
Comparative
LiCoO2
3.5
0.63
1.00
0.20
3605
46
43
3.46
28.4
24
Example 16
Example 37
LiCoO2
4.5
0.55
1.00
0.20
3603
89
84
3.66
6.2
66
Example 38
LiCoO2
4.6
0.72
1.00
0.20
3607
90
82
3.66
6.0
67
Comparative
LiCoO2
5.2
0.90
None
None
3606
90
70
3.64
36.8
14
Example 17
Comparative
LiCoO2
5.2
0.90
1.00
None
3606
51
56
3.49
35.5
14
Example 18
Comparative
LiCoO2
5.2
0.90
1.00
0.20
3602
51
54
3.50
36.0
13
Example 19
Example 39
LiCoO2
5.5
0.80
1.00
0.20
3605
90
80
3.63
6.3
73
Example 40
LiCoO2
5.7
0.67
1.00
0.20
3605
90
81
3.65
5.6
82
Example 41
LiCoO2
6.1
0.49
1.00
0.20
3601
91
82
3.65
5.7
81
Example 42
LiCoO2
9.7
0.38
1.00
0.20
3604
91
85
3.66
5.3
86
Comparative
LiCoO2
14.3
0.11
None
None
3603
64
72
3.61
8.9
45
Example 20
Comparative
LiCoO2
14.3
0.11
1.00
None
3604
23
50
3.43
3.9
21
Example 21
Comparative
LiCoO2
14.3
0.11
1.00
0.20
3605
25
54
3.46
4.0
25
Example 22
Comparative
LiCoO2
13.1
0.25
None
None
3606
89
77
3.65
13.3
44
Example 1
Comparative
LiCoO2
13.1
0.25
1.00
None
3600
43
52
3.49
6.2
56
Example 6
Example 6
LiCoO2
13.1
0.25
1.00
0.20
3601
92
86
3.67
4.2
92
Example 43
LiCoO2
14.6
0.22
1.00
0.20
3602
92
85
3.67
4.0
91
Example 44
LiCoO2
15.2
0.18
1.00
0.20
3604
88
79
3.67
3.9
79
Example 45
LiCoO2
15.5
0.13
1.00
0.20
3606
87
78
3.66
4.0
77
Comparative
LiCoO2
16.4
0.16
None
None
3600
81
69
3.62
12.8
48
Example 23
Comparative
LiCoO2
16.4
0.16
1.00
None
3603
43
62
3.52
6.5
53
Example 24
Comparative
LiCoO2
16.4
0.16
1.00
0.20
3602
62
63
3.56
5.9
56
Example 25
Comparative
LiCoO2
16.6
0.12
1.00
0.20
3604
80
65
3.62
5.8
52
Example 26
Comparative
Li1/3Ni1/3Co1/3O2
10.3
0.49
None
None
3605
82
80
3.64
11.6
52
Example 27
Example 46
Li1/3Ni1/3Co1/3O2
10.3
0.49
1.00
0.20
3602
86
82
3.66
5.5
84
Comparative
LiMn2O2
12.7
0.58
None
None
3607
90
81
3.66
22.4
31
Example 28
Example 47
LiMn2O2
12.7
0.58
1.00
0.20
3609
91
85
3.66
4.1
90
Comparative
LiNiO2
10.8
0.32
None
None
3608
84
73
3.62
29.8
21
Example 29
Example 48
LiNiO2
10.8
0.32
1.00
0.20
3609
90
81
3.63
6.8
82
Comparative
Li0.85Co0.15O2
10.2
0.31
None
None
3605
86
77
3.62
21.5
49
Example 30
Example 49
Li0.85Co0.15O2
10.2
0.31
1.00
0.20
3604
91
85
3.63
5.7
90
Comparative
LiCo0.99Al0.01O2
9.3
0.44
None
None
3606
87
83
3.65
10.6
56
Example 31
Example 50
LiCo0.99Al0.01O2
9.3
0.44
1.00
0.20
3603
92
87
3.66
5.9
90
Coupling agent: aluminum bisethylacetoacetate monoacetylacetonate.
*80° C., 10 days
The following facts were found based on the results listed in Table 3. In Comparative Example 13, in which LiCoO2 having an average particle diameter of 3.3 μm and a specific surface area of 0.85 m2/g was used as the positive electrode active material, even the nitrile group-containing compound and the coupling agent were added, the amount of gas generated after storage at high temperature in a charged state was very high and the capacity efficiency was extremely low. However, in Comparative Example 13, the initial capacity and the low temperature charging characteristics were good, and the cycle characteristic specific capacity and the operating voltage were slightly lower than those of Examples.
In Comparative Examples 14 to 16, in which LiCoO2 having an average particle diameter of 3.5 μm and a specific surface area of 0.63 m2/g was used as the positive electrode active material, when only a nitrile group-containing compound was added (Comparative Example 15) and both a nitrile group-containing compound and a coupling agent were added (Comparative Example 16), each initial capacity and both of the amount of generated gas and the capacity efficiency when the battery was stored at high temperature in a charged state were slightly better but each of the low temperature charging characteristics, the cycle characteristics, and the operating voltage was largely decreased than those in the case where neither a nitrile group-containing compound nor a coupling agent was added (Comparative Example 14). Furthermore, in Comparative Examples 17 to 19, in which LiCoO2 having an average particle diameter of 5.2 μm and a specific surface area of 0.90 m2/g was used as the positive electrode active material, when only a nitrile group-containing compound was added (Comparative Example 18), both a nitrile group-containing compound and a coupling agent were added (Comparative Example 19), and neither of them was added (Comparative Example 17), each amount of generated gas when the battery was stored at high temperature in a charged state was extremely high and each capacity efficiency was extremely decreased.
In Comparative Examples 20 to 22, in which LiCoO2 having an average particle diameter of 14.3 μm and a specific surface area of 0.11 m2/g was used as the positive electrode active material, when only a nitrile group-containing compound was added (Comparative Example 21) and both a nitrile group-containing compound and a coupling agent were added (Comparative Example 22), each initial capacity and both the amount of generated gas and the capacity efficiency when the battery was stored at high temperature in a charged state were slightly better but each of the low temperature charging characteristics, the cycle characteristics, and the operating voltage was largely decreased than those in the case where neither a nitrile group-containing compound nor a coupling agent was added (Comparative Example 20). In Comparative Examples 21 and 22, the amount of generated gas when the battery was stored at high temperature in a charged state was very good.
In Comparative Examples 23 to 25, in which LiCoO2 having an average particle diameter of 16.4 μm and a specific surface area of 0.16 m2/g was used as the positive electrode active material, when only a nitrile group-containing compound was added (Comparative Example 24) and both a nitrile group-containing compound and a coupling agent were added (Comparative Example 25), each initial capacity and both the amount of generated gas and the capacity efficiency when the battery was stored at high temperature in a charged state were slightly better but each of the low temperature charging characteristics, the cycle characteristics, and the operating voltage was largely decreased than those in the case where neither a nitrile group-containing compound nor a coupling agent was added (Comparative Example 23). In Comparative Examples 24 and 25, the amount of generated gas when the batter was stored at high temperature in a charged state was very good. Furthermore, when LiCoO2 having an average particle diameter of 16.6 μm and a specific surface area of 0.12 m2/g was used as the positive electrode active material, and both a nitrile group-containing compound and a coupling agent were added (Comparative Example 26), the initial capacity and the amount of generated gas and the capacity efficiency when the battery was stored at high temperature in a charged state were good, and the low temperature charge storage characteristics and the operating voltage were almost the same, but the cycle characteristics was slightly decreased, in comparison with Comparative Example 23. In Comparative Example 26, the amount of generated gas when the battery was stored at high temperature in a charged state was very good.
In contrast, in Examples 37 to 45, in which LiCoO2 having an average particle diameter of 4.5 μm to 15.5 μm and a specific surface area of 0.13 to 0.80 m2/g was used as the positive electrode active material and both of a nitrile group-containing compound and a coupling agent were added, superior effects were obtained as follows: the initial capacities were 3601 mAh or more; the low temperature charging characteristics were 87% or more; the cycle characteristic specific capacities were 78% or more; the operating voltages were 3.63 V or more; the amounts of generated gas when the battery was stored at high temperature in a charged state were 6.3 ml or less; and the capacity efficiencies were 66% or more.
The following facts were found by comparing the results of Comparative Examples 16, 19, 22, 25, and 26, in which both a nitrile group-containing compound and a coupling agent were added, with the results of Examples 37 to 43 in the cases where the positive electrode active material was LiCoO2. When the positive electrode active material has an average particle diameter of less than 4.5 μm, even if the specific surface area is within a range of 0.13 to 0.80 m2/g, the low temperature charging characteristics, the cycle characteristic specific capacity, the operating voltage, and the capacity efficiency when the battery is stored at high temperature in a charged state are decreased, and the amount of gas generated when stored at high temperature in a charged state is increased. Furthermore, when the positive electrode active material has an average particle diameter of more than 15.5 μm, even if the specific surface area is within a range of 0.13 to 0.80 m2/g, the low temperature charging characteristics, the cycle characteristic specific capacity, the operating voltage, and the capacity efficiency when the battery is stored at high temperature in a charged state start to further decline in comparison with those of a positive electrode active material having an average particle diameter of 15.5 μm or less.
When the positive electrode active material has a specific surface area of less than 0.13 m2/g, even when the positive electrode active material has an average particle diameter of 4.5 to 15.5 μm, the low temperature charging characteristics, the cycle characteristic specific capacity, the operating voltage, and the capacity efficiency when the battery is stored at high temperature in a charged state are decreased. Furthermore, when the positive electrode active material has a specific surface area of more than 0.80 m2/g, even when the positive electrode active material has an average particle diameter of 4.5 to 15.5 μm, the cycle characteristic specific capacity, the operating voltage, and the capacity efficiency when the battery is stored at high temperature in a charged state are decreased, and the amount of gas generated when stored at high temperature in a charged state is increased.
Accordingly, in the nonaqueous secondary batteries of the invention, it is clear that both a nitrile group-containing compound and a coupling agent are preferably contained and the positive electrode active material preferably has an average particle diameter of 4.5 to 15.5 μm and a specific surface area of 0.13 to 0.80 m2/g.
The measurement results of Examples 46 to 50 and Comparative Examples 27 to 31 will now be discussed. In Examples 46 to 50 and Comparative Examples 27 to 31, Li1/3Ni1/3Co1/3O2, LiMn2O4, LiNiO2, LiNi0.85Co0.15O2, or LiCo0.99Al0.01O2 was used, and neither a nitrile group-containing compound nor a coupling agent was contained (Comparative Examples 27 to 31), or both a nitrile group-containing compound and a coupling agent were contained (Examples 46 to 50). In Examples 46 to 50 and Comparative Examples 27 to 31, the average particle diameter of the positive electrode active material was within a range of 4.5 to 15.5 μm and the specific surface area was within a range of 0.13 to 0.80 m2/g.
Based on the results listed in Table 3, with any of Li1/3Ni1/3Co1/3O2, LiMn2O4, LiNiO2, LiNi0.85Co0.15O2, and LiCo0.99Al0.01O2 used as the positive electrode active material, when both a nitrile group-containing compound and a coupling agent were contained (Examples 46 to 50), the low temperature charging characteristics, the cycle characteristic specific capacities, the operating voltages, the amounts of generated gas and the capacity efficiency after storage at high temperature in a charged state were better than those in the case in which neither a nitrile group-containing compound nor a coupling agent was contained (Comparative Examples 27 to 31), while the initial capacities were slightly decreased. Therefore, it is clear that the results of the study on using LiCoO2 as the positive electrode active material can be equally applied to positive electrode active materials that are commonly used in nonaqueous secondary batteries.
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