Methods and devices for treatment of biomass comprised of crystalline structures are described that provide a combined mechanical, chemical and thermal effect (i.e., nano-hybrid pretreatment) to synergistically break down the crystalline structures. Such nano-hybrid mixing provides efficient, and cost-effective breakdown which enhances enzymatic accessibility to lignocellulosic materials. Methods and devices shown can be used to produce products such as pulp, chemicals, or biofuels.
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1. A method of treating biomass, comprising:
combining an amount of biomass with an amount of fluid, wherein said biomass contains crystalline structures; and
in a one-step process, nanomixing said biomass and said fluid in a turbine nanomixer to form a biomass slurry, wherein the nanomixing breaks down the crystalline structures and opens up pores located in the crystalline structures, wherein the open pores have a diameter of no more than 1 micron.
22. A method of treating biomass, comprising:
combining an amount of biomass with an amount of fluid, wherein said biomass contains crystalline structures; and
in a turbine nanomixer operating at turbine speeds from about 10 meters per second to about 50 meters per second, nanomixing said biomass and said fluid in a processing chamber to form a biomass slurry, wherein the nanomixing is performed at no less than 18,000 revolutions per minute and breaks down the crystalline structures and opens up pores located in the crystalline structures.
24. A method of treating biomass, comprising:
combining an amount of biomass with an amount of fluid, wherein said biomass contains crystalline structures; and
nanomixing said biomass and said fluid in a processing chamber to form a biomass slurry, wherein the nanomixing breaks down the crystalline structures and opens up pores located in the crystalline structures, wherein said fluid includes a component selected from sodium hydroxide, sodium peroxide, calcium hydroxide, aqueous ammonia, a binding agent, a surfactant, and combinations thereof, wherein the surfactant is selected from sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and combinations thereof.
23. A method of treating biomass, comprising:
combining an amount of biomass with an amount of fluid, wherein said biomass contains crystalline structures; and
nanomixing said biomass and said fluid in a processing chamber to form a biomass slurry, wherein the nanomixing breaks down the crystalline structures and opens up pores located in the crystalline structures, wherein said fluid includes a component selected from sodium hydroxide, sodium peroxide, calcium hydroxide, aqueous ammonia, a binding agent, a surfactant, and combinations thereof, wherein the binding agent is a phenolic binding agent selected from poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDAC), sulfonated poly(styrene) (SPS), poly(ethyleimine) (PEl), Poly(acrylic) acid (PAA), Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDT), polyvinylpyrolidone (PVP), and combinations thereof.
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forming glucose and xylose from the biomass slurry; and fermenting the glucose and xylose to produce a biofuel.
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This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/372,268, filed Aug. 10, 2010, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
This invention was made in part with government support under Grant No. CMMI 0832730 by the National Science Foundation. The government has certain rights in the invention.
Treated biomasses are useful in a number of industries. One industry includes pulp production for products such as paper. Another use includes production of biofuels. Alternatives for petroleum are urgently needed since the worldwide oil depletion is approaching. Due to its abundant resources, lignocellulosic biomass such as woody biomass, corn stover and switch grass can be one of the promising candidates for bioethanol production to drastically reduce the dependence of transportation fuels on petroleum, as well as to decrease the green house gas emission.
Bioethanol converted from lignocellulosic biomass is a multistep process, in which pretreatment step accounts for the majority cost portion other than the power plant investment, as high as 19%. Biomass pretreatment refers to a step to disrupt the polysaccharide-lignin shield that limits the accessibility of enzymes to cellulose and hemicellulose, before enzymatic hydrolysis takes place.
The inventors recognize that effective and efficient pretreatment processes are needed. Accordingly, a method of treating biomass is provided, which comprises combining an amount of biomass containing crystalline structures and an amount of fluid; and nanomixing the biomass and the fluid in a processing chamber to form a biomass slurry, wherein nanomixing degrades the crystalline structures and opens up pores in the crystalline structures. In one embodiment, the pores are no more than about 5 microns in diameter.
In one embodiment, conventional chemical and moderate thermal pretreatment along with in situ nanomixing pretreatment (hereinafter “hybrid nanomixing” or “nano-hybrid pretreatment”) is used. Surprisingly, the in situ combination of nanomixing together with chemical and inherent moderate thermal effects provides a synergistic effect to break down the cell wall nanostructures (i.e., crystalline structures) in the biomass. In one embodiment, in situ nanomixing expedites the conventional thermochemical biomass conversion process by up to orders of magnitude faster.
In one embodiment, a method of forming a biofuel is provided, which comprises combining an amount of biomass containing crystalline structures with an amount of fluid in a processing chamber; nanomixing the biomass and the fluid in the chamber to form a biomass slurry (i.e., at least partially breaks the lignin seals), wherein nanomixing degrades the crystalline structures and opens up pores in the crystalline structures; forming glucose from the biomass slurry; and fermenting the glucose to produce a biofuel.
The various embodiments further include products made according to the described processes.
In one embodiment, a biomass treatment device is provided, which comprises a processing chamber; a turbine nanomixer located within the processing chamber; a continuous flow inlet port coupled to the processing chamber, adjacent to the turbine nanomixer; a continuous flow outlet port coupled to the processing chamber, spaced laterally away from the turbine nanomixer; a source of fluid configured for continuous introduction to the processing chamber; a source of biomass configured for introduction at the continuous flow inlet port; and an inline fermenting device to further process material from the continuous flow outlet port.
The various methods and devices described herein provide a continuous, fast, efficient, and cost-effective breakdown which enhances enzymatic accessibility to lignocellulosic materials.
In the following Detailed Description of the invention, reference is made to the accompanying drawings that form a part hereof and in which are shown, by way of illustration, specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention. Other embodiments may be utilized and structural, chemical, and mechanical changes may be made.
The Detailed Description that follows begins with a definition section followed by a description of the embodiments, an example section and a brief conclusion.
The term “biomass” as used herein, refers in general to organic matter harvested or collected from a renewable biological resource as a source of energy. The renewable biological resource can include plant materials, animal materials, and/or materials produced biologically. The term “biomass” is not considered to include fossil fuels, which are not renewable.
The term “plant biomass” or “ligno-cellulosic biomass” as used herein, is intended to refer to virtually any plant-derived organic matter (woody or non-woody) available for energy on a sustainable basis. Plant biomass can include, but is not limited to, agricultural crop wastes and residues such as corn stover, wheat straw, rice straw, sugar cane bagasse, tobacco, and the like. Plant biomass further includes, but is not limited to, various weeds of any type, such as in the Bassicacae family (e.g., Arabidopsis), woody energy crops, wood wastes and residues such as trees (e.g., dogwood), further including fruit trees, such as fruit-bearing trees, (e.g., apple trees, orange trees, and the like), softwood forest thinnings, barky wastes, sawdust, paper and pulp industry waste streams, wood fiber, and the like. Additionally grass crops, such as various prairie grasses, including prairie cord grass, switchgrass, big bluestem, little bluestem, side oats grama, and the like, have potential to be produced large-scale as additional plant biomass sources. For urban areas, potential plant biomass feedstock includes yard waste (e.g., grass clippings, leaves, tree clippings, brush, etc.) and vegetable processing waste. Plant biomass is known to be the most prevalent form of carbohydrate available in nature.
The term “biofuel” as used herein, refers to any renewable solid, liquid or gaseous fuel produced biologically, for example, those derived from biomass. Most biofuels are originally derived from biological processes such as the photosynthesis process and can therefore be considered a solar or chemical energy source. Other biofuels, such as natural polymers (e.g., chitin or certain sources of microbial cellulose), are not synthesized during photosynthesis, but can nonetheless be considered a biofuel because they are biodegradable. There are generally considered to be three types of biofuels derived from biomass synthesized during photosynthesis, namely, agricultural biofuels (defined below), municipal waste biofuels (residential and light commercial garbage or refuse, with most of the recyclable materials such as glass and metal removed) and forestry biofuels (e.g., trees, waste or byproduct streams from wood products, wood fiber, pulp and paper industries). Biofuels produced from biomass not synthesized during photosynthesis include, but are not limited to, those derived from chitin, which is a chemically modified form of cellulose known as an N-acetyl glucosamine polymer. Chitin is a significant component of the waste produced by the aquaculture industry because it comprises the shells of seafood.
The term “agricultural biofuel”, as used herein, refers to a biofuel derived from agricultural crops (e.g., grains, such as corn), crop residues, grain processing facility wastes (e.g., wheat/oat hulls, corn/bean fines, out-of-specification materials, etc.), livestock production facility waste (e.g., manure, carcasses, etc.), livestock processing facility waste (e.g., undesirable parts, cleansing streams, contaminated materials, etc.), food processing facility waste (e.g., separated waste streams such as grease, fat, stems, shells, intermediate process residue, rinse/cleansing streams, etc.), value-added agricultural facility byproducts (e.g., distiller's wet grain (DWG) and syrup from ethanol production facilities, etc.), and the like. Examples of livestock industries include, but are not limited to, beef, pork, turkey, chicken, egg and dairy facilities. Examples of agricultural crops include, but are not limited to, any type of non-woody plant (e.g., cotton), grains such as corn, wheat, soybeans, sorghum, barley, oats, rye, and the like, herbs (e.g., peanuts), short rotation herbaceous crops such as switchgrass, alfalfa, and so forth.
The term “pretreatment step” as used herein, refers to any step intended to alter native biomass so it can be more efficiently and economically converted to reactive intermediate chemical compounds such as sugars, organic acids, etc., which can then be further processed to a variety of value added products such a value-added chemical, such as ethanol. Pretreatment can reduce the degree of crystallinity of a polymeric substrate, reduce the interference of lignin with biomass conversion and prehydrolyze some of the structural carbohydrates, thus increasing their enzymatic digestibility and accelerating the degradation of biomass to useful products. Pretreatment methods can utilize acids of varying concentrations (including sulfuric acids, hydrochloric acids, organic acids, etc.) and/or other components such as ammonia, ammonium, lime, and the like. Pretreatment methods can additionally or alternatively utilize hydrothermal treatments including water, heat, steam or pressurized steam. Pretreatment can occur or be deployed in various types of containers, reactors, pipes, flow through cells and the like. Most pretreatment methods will cause the partial or full solubilization and/or destabilization of lignin and/or hydrolysis of hemicellulose to pentose sugars.
The term “moisture content” as used herein, refers to percent of water present in the biomass. The moisture content is calculated as grams of water per gram of biomass as received (biomass dry matter plus water) times 100%.
The term “fluid” as used herein, refers to a liquid or gas. The liquid can include a liquid-based solution, which is a liquid further containing one or more additives capable of forming a solution with the liquid. For example, the liquid can include water or a water-based solution One type of liquid-based solution is a base solution which can include, but is not limited to, sodium hydroxide, sodium peroxide, calcium hydroxide, aqueous ammonia, at varying concentrations, further optionally including added oxygen, sulfur dioxide, anthraquinone (AQ) and the like, including combinations thereof. One type of liquid-based solution is an acid solution which can include, but is not limited to, a diluted or non-diluted acid, such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, and phosphoric acid, and the like, further including combinations thereof.
One type of liquid-based solution can include a solution containing other types of additives which can be either basic or acidic, such as a binding agent or any type of surfactant (e.g., sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and the like) which can facilitate biomass conversion. Examples of binding agents, include, but are not limited to, phenolic binding agents, such as various types of various polyelectrolytes (e.g., poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDAC), sulfonated poly(styrene) (SPS), poly(ethyleimine) (PEI), Poly(acrylic) acid (PAA), Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDT), polyvinylpyrolidone (PVP), and the like). A fluid can further include any type of supercritical fluid or ionic liquid (IL).
The term “nanomixing” is a type of mechanical mixing in a pretreatment process which impacts biomass on a nanoscale level causing at least a portion of a cellular crystal structure (i.e., crystalline structure) to degrade, allowing pores on an order of magnitude of microns in diameter to open.
The term “nanomixer” as used herein, refers to a mechanical device capable of performing nanomixing.
The term “nano-hybrid pretreatment” as used herein, refers to a pretreatment process which includes synergistic in situ combination of nanomixing and conventional thermochemical pretreatments simultaneously in a processing chamber.
The term “nanofibril” as used herein, refers to a nano-sized aggregate of cellulose fibers, in which cellulose linear chains are hydrogen bonded.
The term “cell wall” as used herein, refers to a nanoscale biomass composite structure surrounding the plant cell, mainly containing cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin.
Various fluids can be used, as the term is defined herein. In one embodiment, the type and concentration of fluid is chosen so as to minimize fiber degradation. In one embodiment water or various water solutions are used as the fluid. Such solutions can be basic or acidic and further include various types of surfactants and binding agents, such as phenolic binding agents. In one embodiment, the components are added substantially simultaneously. In one embodiment, the components are added sequentially.
In one embodiment, NaOH in varying concentrations is used at as the fluid, such as at least about 0.4% up to about 4%, up to about 10% or higher, such as about 20%, including any range there between, although higher concentrations can cause increased fiber degradation. In one embodiment, at least about two (2) %, such as between about two (2) and about four (4) % of a fluid, such as NaOH is used.
In one embodiment, poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDAC) and/or polyvinylpyrolidone (PVP), together with NaOH is used as the fluid. In one embodiment, dilute NaOH and PDAC are used, with the NaOH having a concentration no greater than about 0.4% and the PDAC having a concentration no greater than about 10 mM. In this embodiment, PDAC functions as a surfactant and interacts with lignin and other components to increase enzyme accessibility. Accordingly, use of PDAC has the additional benefit of reducing the amount of expensive enzyme needed.
In one embodiment, a supercritical fluid, such as water or carbon dioxide, is used in a suitable pressure and temperature, such as no more than 300 atm and 500° C.
In one embodiment, an ionic liquid (IL) is used as the fluid. Ionic liquids are also known as liquid electrolytes, ionic melts, ionic fluids, fused salts, liquid salts, or ionic glasses. In general, an ionic liquid is a salt in the liquid state (e.g., a NaCl aqueous solution). In the embodiments contemplated herein, the salts are liquid at or below room temperature. Examples of ionic liquids include, but are not limited to, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide, 1-butyl-3,5-dimethylpyridinium bromide, and the like.
Operation 112 (referred to herein as a ‘nano-hybrid’ pretreatment or “hybrid nanomixing”) comprises, in one embodiment, nanomixing the biomass and fluid in the chamber to break a lignin seal in the biomass and form a biomass slurry. By breaking a lignin seal in the cell walls of the biomass, breakdown of the biomass for subsequent processing steps (e.g., pulp production, sugar production, etc.) is increased. Additionally, subsequent processing steps can benefit from enhanced enzymatic accessibility to the lignocellulosic biomass materials after the lignin seal is broken.
As discussed above, in one embodiment, hybrid nanomixing (i.e., nano-hybrid pretreatment), i.e., a synergistic combination of nanomixing and conventional thermochemical treatment in a chamber simultaneously. Surprisingly, the combination provides a synergistic effect to break down the cell wall structures of the biomass by at least 50% more efficiently as compared with subjecting the biomass to these treatments sequentially.
In one embodiment, nanomixing breaks the lignin seal under conditions that substantially improve the enzymatic accessibility to biomass. Examples of processing conditions that enhance enzymatic accessibility include, but are not limited to, low temperatures (i.e., less than about 100° C.), low pressures (i.e., less than about 2 atm), reduced duration (i.e., less than about one (1) hr) and reduced chemical concentrations (i.e., less than about 20% w/v). In one embodiment, a temperature of less than about 50° C., such as less than about 40° C. or lower is used, down to room temperature conditions. Another example includes temperature less than about 50° C., such as less than about 40° C. and a pressure of about 1 atm. In one embodiment, the process is run under pressure at temperatures which can be less than room temperatures, such as with the use of supercritical fluids as described below.
In one embodiment, the nanomixing occurring during operation 112 degrades crystalline structures (e.g., cellular crystal structure) in the biomass and opens up small pores in the crystalline structures, i.e., crystals. In one embodiment, the pores each have a diameter of less than about 5 microns. Breakdown of the biomass in measurable quantities such as crystallinity, and an increased number of pores having reduced pore dimensions are useful for further biomass processing, such as pulp production or production of biofuels.
In one example, a supercritical fluid is added as at least a portion of the fluid. In supercritical fluid examples, a pressure of the processing chamber may need to be controlled. In such an example, the processing chamber is sealed to enable control of pressure. Operation 212 (also referred to herein as a ‘nano-hybrid’pretreatment) comprises, in one embodiment, nanomixing the biomass and fluid in the chamber to break a lignin seal in the biomass and form a biomass slurry, wherein nanomixing degrades a cellular crystal structure and opens up pores which are on the order of magnitude of micron in size, such as no more than about five (5) microns or less, such as less than about two (2) microns down to about one (1) micron or even about 0.1 microns, including any range there between. In one embodiment, the holes are no greater than about one (1) micron in size, open up in macro-sized fibers (e.g., with sizes ranging from about 10 to about 50 microns) of the biomass. (See also Example Section).
Operation 214 comprises, in one embodiment, forming glucose from the biomass slurry, and operation 216 comprises, in one embodiment, fermenting the glucose to produce a biofuel. While a number of operations in biofuel production are not discussed in the present disclosure, one of ordinary skill in the art, having the benefit of the present disclosure, will recognize that biomass, broken down as described herein, can be further processed into a biofuel or other value-added chemicals such as succinic acid, polymers, and the like.
An example turbine 314 is shown coupled to a drive shaft 316. In one embodiment, a nanomixing operation is performed at mixing speeds in a range between 10 meters per second and 50 meters per second.
In one embodiment, components, such as biomass and fluid, are introduced to the mixing chamber 312 through the inlet port 322. In one embodiment, high shear speed (e.g., in excess of about 18,000 rpm) is generated by the turbine 314 spinning at a close proximity (e.g., less than about 5 mm) to the walls of the mixing chamber 312. In one embodiment, holes in the turbine 314 on the order of magnitude of millimeters in diameter, such as about (e.g., less than about 1 cm in size and at least about 20 holes) further enhance the uniform spinning of fluid against the wall of the mixing chamber by allowing fluid to flow in a radial direction as well as in a tangential direction. As the mixing components are mixed in the mixing chamber 312, a flow of additional mixing components tends to move already mixed biomass slurry upwards into the overflow chamber 310. Once in the overflow chamber 310, in one embodiment, a rotational momentum further urges the biomass slurry out the outlet port 320.
In one embodiment, a flange 318 is included between the mixing chamber 312 and the overflow chamber 310. The flange 318 can have any suitable shape and size as long as it is capable of performing the desired function of regulating fluid flow. In one embodiment, the flange 318 regulates the amount of time the biomass slurry spends in the mixing chamber 312 before allowing it to move into the overflow chamber 310. Time spent in the mixing chamber 312 relates to an amount of mixing and an amount of breakdown of the biomass. In one embodiment, the process is a batch process with all fluid remaining inside the mixing chamber 312 before being provided to the overflow chamber 310. In one embodiment, the process is a continuous fluid flow operation such that the flange 318 regulates fluid flow by directing a portion of the fluid back into the mixing chamber 312 and a portion to the overflow chamber 310 as new fluid enters an inlet of the mixing chamber 312. In one embodiment, the flange 318 has an end plate capable of causing the desired fluid motion. In one embodiment, the flange further includes a ring-shaped portion. In one embodiment, the flange 318 is tightly fastened to an upper end so that the chamber 312 is closed during processing.
In one embodiment, the biomass slurry is mixed in the mixing chamber 312 for a duration sufficient to cause an effective breakdown to be achieved (i.e., at least 50% lignin is broken down). In one embodiment, the duration is less than about one hour, such as less than about 30 minutes or about 15 minutes or about 10 minutes or less, such as less than about five minutes, down to no more than about two minutes, including any range there between. In one embodiment, the duration is between about 1.5 and 2.5 minutes, such as no more than about 2 minutes. Such reduced durations are up to magnitudes of order shorter than conventional treatments which can require at least one hour of treatment up to 3 or 4 hours or more. (See, for example, Mosier N., et al., Features of promising technologies for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass, Bioresource Technology 96 (2005) 673-686 (hereinafter “Mosier”), which describes the well-known Kraft paper pulping pretreatment technology).
By combining mechanical, chemical and thermal pretreatments into a single combined in situ step as described herein, the overall process is more efficient and economical than if each pretreatment step was performed separately. As such, use of the one-step pretreatment method as described herein surprisingly provides a synergistic effect, i.e., the combination of the different types of pretreatment methods (e.g., mechanical, chemical and thermal, including making use of inherent thermal conditions) function together to produce a result not independently obtainable. In one embodiment, the operating temperatures are reduced to about 25 to about 100° C. as compared to higher temperatures, such as between about 140 and about 180° C.) required in multi-step processes. In one embodiment, additionally, or alternatively, the duration of treatment is reduced by at least two orders of magnitude (e.g., 200-500 min to 2 min) as compared to the duration required in multi-step processes. Additionally or alternatively, in addition to the reduced operating temperatures, in one embodiment, other process conditions are improved as compared to conventional pretreatment methods. In one embodiment, the final product, i.e., the pretreated biomass produced as a result of the one-step process, has improved properties as compared to biomass pretreated in a conventional multi-step manner including, but not limited to improved enzyme accessibility for producing biofuels and higher purity chemicals and pulp. In one embodiment, overall costs for producing biofuels, chemicals and other products using biomass as a starting material can be reduced are reduced with use of the one-step process.
Embodiments will be further described by reference to the following examples, which are offered to further illustrate various embodiments of the present invention. It should be understood, however, that many variations and modifications may be made while remaining within the scope of the present invention.
Biomass examples were gold coated (EMSCOPE SC500 Sputter coater, Ashford, Kent, UK) for 3.5 minutes. All SEM images were taken using JEOL 6400V (Japan Electron Optics Laboratories, JP) with a LaB6 emitter.
Method
Corn stover was locally harvested, washed and oven dried. Then it was milled with a Wiley mill No. 3 (Arthur H. Thomas Co.), passing a screen with a size of 1-2 mm. The milled corn stover was stored in cold room at 4° C.
Pretreatment
Two (2) g of stored corn stover was added into the vessel, suspended in 50 ml water or sodium hydroxide solutions at different concentrations. In one example a NaOH concentration up to 4% (1 M) was used. After the nanomixer was tightly shut, an operation time of two minutes was selected, with a maximum spinning speed 50 m/s (˜18000 rpm). No external removal or addition of heat to the system was provided. The shear force generated by turbine caused the degradation of the cellulose crystallinity and generated a thermal effect simultaneously due to severe friction between turbine and the viscous biomass/solvent. At various points during the testing, the vessel temperature reached 100° C. at one atmosphere at ˜45 sec. After the high shear spinning was completed, cooling water was introduced until the system temperature was brought down to 25° C. The pretreated samples were collected and provided to the washing step.
Washing
The washing step was used after the pretreatment to remove the soluble components and adjust the pH. Herein the washing was conducted via two stages in each cycle, quiescence and vacuum filtration. After 10˜15 min quiescence using 1 L beaker the supernatant was filtered until some solid was seen decanted onto the filter. Depending on the NaOH concentration, the pH of homogenized suspension reached 7 with 5˜7 cycles.
Composition Analysis
After the pretreated biomass sample was air dried for 3 days, its moisture content reaches equilibrium and remained about ˜4%. The composition analysis was then performed to determine the cellulose and hemicellulose content. The experiment was conducted according to the standard procedure provided by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL).
Table 1 shows the different dilute concentrations of NaOH up to 4%.
TABLE 1
Composition analysis of different dilute NaOH concentration up to 4%
Total
Lignin
content
Glucan
Xylan
(ASL +
Balance
Condition
content (%)
content (%)
AIR %)
(%)
Untreated corn stover
37.6 ± 0.9
18.1 ± 2.1
19.1 ± 1.6
74.8
Water nano-hybrid
46.0 ± 0.5
20.3 ± 0.3
23.2 ± 0.6
89.5
treated corn stover
0.4% NaOH nano-
50.1 ± 0.3
21.5 ± 0.4
18.8 ± 2.1
90.4
hybrid treated corn
stover
2% NaOH nano-
63.4 ± 2.0
15.3 ± 0.3
17.7 ± 2.4
96.4
hybrid treated corn
stover
4% NaOH nano-
72.7 ± 2.2
9.9 ± 0.6
9.7 ± 1.7
92.3
hybrid treated corn
stover
Enzymatic Hydrolysis
The pretreated sample was enzymatically hydrolyzed using ACCELLEASE™ 1000 (Danisco US Inc. Genencor Div., NY, US). Under 5% solid loading, pretreated corn stover was immersed in pH 4.8 citrate buffer solution, then incubated in water bath shaker (New Brunswick Scientific Co. Inc., NJ, US) at 150 rpm, 50° C. for 168 h. The hydrolysis time of 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, 24 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h were selected for kinetic study. The procedure and calculation were performed as per NREL LAP 013. At least triplicate tests were performed to produce one data point. The glucose and xylose concentration were tested using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC, Agilent Technologies Inc., CA, US) with Bio-Rad ameinex HPX-87H HPLC column (Bio-Rad Laboratories, CA, US).
Conclusions
The impact of the high shear force on the biomass can be separated into two aspects. Specifically, the high shear force nanomixing itself can degrade the cellulose crystalline structure and open up micropores on the surface in an amount sufficient to improve enzymatic hydrolysis. As the results show, an alkaline fluid, such as NaOH, further improved the process, indicating that NaOH is also useful for breaking down most (i.e., >50%) of the lignin and part of the hemicelluloses.
Additionally, use of a nanomixer reduced the reaction time of NaOH as compared to known times (e.g., Mosier, supra) for conventional mixers to just few minutes (such as no more than about two (2) minutes) without requiring added heat. Furthermore, the diffusion boundary between solid-liquid phases was eliminated so that NaOH was able to react with lignin and hemicelluloses in a very short time (i.e., less than about 2 minutes). Because the cellulose-hemicellulose and cellulose-lignin linkage were interrupted in the early stage, it is expected that the high shear force could further extend its impact on the cellulose crystalline structure, as shown in
TABLE 2
Major chemical compositions of untreated and nano-hybrid pretreateda
corn stover at different NaOHb concentrations up to 20%
Chemical compositionc (%)
Corn Stover
Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Lignind
Untreated (Raw)
37.6 ± 0.9
18.1 ± 2.1
19.1 ± 1.6
0% NaOH pretreated
46.0 ± 0.5
20.3 ± 0.3
23.2 ± 0.6
0.4% NaOH pretreated
50.1 ± 0.3
21.5 ± 0.4
18.8 ± 2.1
2% NaOH pretreated
63.4 ± 2.0
15.3 ± 0.3
17.7 ± 2.4
4% NaOH pretreated
72.7 ± 2.2
9.9 ± 0.6
9.7 ± 1.7
8% NaOH pretreated
80.0 ± 2.2
6.4 ± 0.2
7.7 ± 2.2
12% NaOH pretreated
80.7 ± 2.5
5.9 ± 0.1
7.6 ± 1.6
20% NaOH pretreated
82.7 ± 2.0
5.3 ± 0.1
7.2 ± 1.2
aNano-hybrid Pretreatment: 2 g corn stover samples were pretreated with 50 ml NaOH solutions in different concentrations under 50 m/s nanomixing for 2 min.
bThe concentration of NaOH solution was calculated by weight percentage (w/v).
cAll samples were analyzed at least three times with standard deviation (±SD) calculated.
dValues include acid soluble lignin and acid insoluble lignin.
TABLE 3
Enzymatic Hydrolysis of 4% wt NaOH Nano-Hybrid
Pretreated Corn Stover
Calculated
positive
estimated
positive
negative
Time
Cellulose
Error
negative
hemi
Error
Error
(h)
conv (%)
(%)
Error (%)
conv.
(%)
(%)
0
00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
4
68.16
0.33
0.39
73.05
0.31
0.34
8
86.89
1.45
1.35
86.76
1.24
1.22
12
89.76
0.62
0.37
88.55
0.94
1.01
24
98.57
1.20
1.39
90.04
1.00
1.32
36
99.99
1.31
0.95
92.52
1.61
2.88
48
102.26
1.08
0.60
95.20
0.19
0.19
72
102.65
1.23
1.07
103.15
0.81
0.91
168
102.65
0.32
0.24
105.04
0.35
0.19
TABLE 4
Enzymatic Hydrolysis of 2% wt NaOH Nano-Hybrid
Pretreated Corn Stover
Calculated
positive
estimated
positive
negative
Time
Cellulose
Error
negative
hemi
Error
Error
(h)
conv (%)
(%)
Error (%)
conv.
(%)
(%)
0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
4
67.14
1.82
1.36
59.46
1.50
0.98
8
84.87
3.43
2.67
76.57
4.78
3.00
12
89.45
0.60
1.05
79.63
1.18
0.82
24
93.35
0.61
0.87
84.93
0.61
0.78
36
98.17
1.49
0.93
90.95
1.32
0.88
48
100.65
0.31
0.41
94.34
0.53
0.82
72
100.47
1.26
1.50
97.29
0.45
0.40
168
100.54
0.61
1.05
103.73
0.92
0.63
TABLE 5
Enzymatic Hydrolysis Unpretreated (Raw) Corn Stover
Calculated
positive
estimated
positive
negative
Time
Cellulose
Error
negative
hemi
Error
Error
(h)
conv (%)
(%)
Error (%)
conv.
(%)
(%)
0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
4
21.37
1.00
0.91
10.35
0.45
0.28
8
22.04
0.69
0.76
11.60
0.29
0.38
12
22.97
0.59
0.60
12.32
0.26
0.33
24
23.60
0.24
0.28
13.18
0.08
0.07
36
25.25
0.42
0.57
13.93
0.13
0.16
48
25.98
0.29
0.27
14.69
0.18
0.18
72
26.87
0.79
0.73
15.46
0.34
0.23
168
28.15
0.42
0.44
18.39
0.24
0.27
Unless otherwise noted, testing was performed as described in the above examples. In this instance, NaOH was used as the fluid.
Unless otherwise noted, testing was performed as described in the above examples. In this instance, NaOH aqueous solution with and without a polyelectrolyte additive known as poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDAC) was used as the fluid.
With the addition of PDAC during pretreatment process, cellulose conversion was about 7% higher than the one pretreated without PDAC after 1 day hydrolysis. The enhancement of 5% can be seen in the hemicellulose conversion in
Methods and devices for treatment of biomass are described that include nanomixing together with chemical and thermal effects. This nano-hybrid pretreatment (i.e., hybrid nanomixing) surprisingly provides synergistic breakdown of the cell wall structures of the biomass. As such, the hybrid nanomixing provides efficient, and cost-effective breakdown which enhances enzymatic accessibility to lignocellulosic materials. In one embodiment, the process is operated continuously. Methods and devices shown can be used to produce products such as pulp, chemicals, or biofuels.
While a number of embodiments are described, the above lists are not intended to be exhaustive. Although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that any arrangement that is calculated to achieve the same purpose may be substituted for the specific embodiment shown. This application is intended to cover any adaptations or variations of the present invention. It is to be understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative and not restrictive. Combinations of the above embodiments, and other embodiments, will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon studying the above description.
Wang, Wei, Ji, Shaowen, Lee, Ilsoon
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