An abstraction for storage class memory is provided that hides the details of the implementation of storage class memory from a program, and provides a standard channel programming interface for performing certain actions, such as controlling movement of data between main storage and storage class memory or managing storage class memory.
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1. A method of executing a start subchannel instruction in a computing environment comprising main storage and storage class memory, said method comprising:
based on determining that a subchannel identified by the start subchannel instruction is an asynchronous data mover (ADM) subchannel, performing:
obtaining an operation request block from main storage, the operation request block comprising an address of an operation block;
based on the address of the operation block, obtaining the operation block from main storage, the operation block consisting of a request block, a response block, and one or more first move specification blocks (msbs), wherein the request block comprises an msb count field having a value indicating a number of msbs associated with a request associated with the operation request block, wherein the response block is configured to hold exception conditions, wherein each first move specification block is configured to include a first operation code field, a first block count field, a first main storage address field, a first storage class memory address field, a first block size field and a first flags field;
obtaining a first move specification block of the one or more first move specification blocks, wherein the first flags field of the first move specification block comprises a branch-to-next msb (bnm) indicator;
based on the bnm indicator having a first bnm value, performing an operation based on a first operation code in the obtained first move specification block, the operation being performed on a number of blocks of storage class memory of a size determined by the first block size field,
wherein the number of blocks is determined from the first block count field; and
based on the bnm indicator having a second bnm value:
branching to a second non-contiguous msb located at an address specified by the first main storage address field of the first msb, wherein the second msb comprises a second block size field, a second block count field and a second operation code; and
performing an operation based on the second operation code in the obtained second msb, the operation being performed on a number of blocks of storage class memory of a size determined by the second block size field, wherein the number of blocks is determined from the second block count field.
2. The method of
based on determining that all of the first msbs in the operation block have not been used based on the value indicating the number of one or more first msbs that are included in the operation, repeating the method using a next first msb beginning with the obtaining the first msb operation.
3. The method of
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7. The computer program product of
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This application is a continuation of co-pending U.S. Ser. No. 13/157,723 entitled, “CHAINING MOVE SPECIFICATION BLOCKS,” filed Jun. 10, 2011, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
One or more aspects of the present invention relate, in general, to auxiliary storage of a computing environment, and in particular, to managing aspects of auxiliary storage.
A computing environment may include main storage (a.k.a., main memory), as well as auxiliary storage. Main storage is storage accessible to a processor which is randomly addressable by, for instance, an absolute address. Main storage is considered fast access storage compared to auxiliary storage, such as direct access storage devices (DASD) or storage class memory. Further, the addressing of main storage is considered simpler than the addressing of DASD or storage class memory.
Storage class memory, which is an external storage space outside of classical main storage, provides faster access than direct access storage devices. Unlike DASD, storage class memory is not typically implemented as mechanical-arm spinning disks, but instead, non-mechanical solid state parts. Typically, storage class memory is implemented as groups of solid state devices connected to a computing system via several input/output (I/O) adapters, which are used to map technology of an I/O device to the memory bus of the central processing unit(s).
The shortcomings of the prior art are overcome and advantages are provided through the provision of a method of executing a Start Subchannel instruction in a computing environment comprising main storage and storage class memory. The method includes, for instance, based on determining that a subchannel identified by the Start Subchannel instruction is an Asynchronous Data Mover (ADM) subchannel, performing: obtaining an operation request block from main storage, the operation request block comprising an address of an operation block; based on the address of the operation block, obtaining the operation block from main storage, the operation block consisting of a request block, a response block, and one or more first move specification blocks (MSBs), wherein the request block comprises an MSB count field having a value indicating a number of MSBs associated with a request associated with the operation request block, wherein the response block is configured to hold exception conditions, wherein each first move specification block is configured to include a first operation code field, a first block count field, a first main storage address field, a first storage class memory address field, a first block size field and a first flags field; obtaining a first move specification block of the one or more first move specification blocks, wherein the first flags field of the first move specification block comprises a branch-to-next MSB (BNM) indicator; based on the BNM indicator having a first BNM value, performing an operation based on a first operation code in the obtained first move specification block, the operation being performed on a number of blocks of storage class memory of a size determined by the first block size field, wherein the number of blocks is determined from the first block count field; and based on the BNM indicator having a second BNM value: branching to a second non-contiguous MSB located at an address specified by the first main storage address field of the first MSB, wherein the second MSB includes a second block size field, a second block count field and a second operation code; and performing an operation based on the second operation code in the obtained second MSB, the operation being performed on a number of blocks of storage class memory of a size determined by the second block size field, wherein the number of blocks is determined from the second block count field.
Computer program products and systems relating to one or more aspects of the present invention are also described and may be claimed herein. Further, services relating to one or more aspects of the present invention are also described and may be claimed herein.
Additional features and advantages are realized through the techniques of the present invention. Other embodiments and aspects of the invention are described in detail herein and are considered a part of the claimed invention.
One or more aspects of the present invention are particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed as examples in the claims at the conclusion of the specification. The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of the invention are apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
In accordance with one or more embodiments, an abstraction for storage class memory is provided that hides the details of the implementation of storage class memory from a program (e.g., operating system), and provides a standard channel programming interface for performing certain actions, such as controlling movement of data between main storage and storage class memory.
In one example, a facility is provided, referred to as an Extended Asynchronous Data Mover (EADM) Facility, which allows programs to request the transfer of blocks of data between main storage and storage class memory, as well as request other operations. Aspects of this facility are described in detail below.
Further, associated with the EADM Facility is an optional facility referred to as an EADM Release Facility. When installed, the EADM Release Facility provides a means for the program to specify that it no longer requires the retention of the data in one or more blocks of storage class memory. It is model dependent whether the release operation is supported for all blocks of storage class memory or for only a subset of the storage class memory.
Once a block of storage class memory has been released, the program may transfer new data into the block, otherwise subsequent requests to transfer data from the block to main storage will be unsuccessful.
One embodiment of a computing environment to incorporate and/or use one or more aspects of the present invention is described with reference to
As one example, computing environment 100 includes one or more central processing units 102 coupled to main memory 104 via one or more buses 106. One or more of the central processing units may execute an operating system 108, such as the z/OS® operating system offered by International Business Machines Corporation. In other examples, one or more of the central processing units may execute other operating systems or no operating system. z/OS® is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation, Armonk, N.Y., USA.
Central processing units 102 and main memory 104 may be further coupled to an I/O hub 120 via one or more connections 122 (e.g., buses or other connections). The I/O hub provides connectivity to one or more I/O adapters 130, which are further coupled to one or more solid state devices 140. The adapters and solid state devices are an implementation of storage class memory (e.g., flash memory). The I/O hub is part of an I/O subsystem 145 facilitating one or more aspects of an embodiment.
In a further embodiment, as depicted in
Each logical partition 154 is capable of functioning as a separate system. That is, each logical partition can be independently reset, initially loaded with an operating system or other control code, if desired, and operate with different programs. An operating system or application program running in a logical partition appears to have access to a full and complete system, but in reality, only a portion of it is available. A combination of hardware and licensed internal code (LIC), referred to as firmware, keeps a program in one logical partition from interfering with a program in a different logical partition. This allows several different logical partitions to operate on a single or multiple physical processors in a time-slice manner. As used herein, firmware includes, e.g., the microcode, millicode and/or macrocode of the processor (or entity performing the processing). It includes, for instance, the hardware -level instructions and/or data structures used in implementation of higher level machine code. In one embodiment, it includes, for instance, proprietary code that is typically delivered as microcode that includes trusted software or microcode specific to the underlying hardware and controls operating system access to the system hardware.
In this example, several of the logical partitions have a resident operating system (OS) 170, which may differ for one or more logical partitions. In one embodiment, at least one logical partition is executing the z/OS® operating system, offered by International Business Machines Corporation, Armonk, N.Y.
Logical partitions 154 are managed by hypervisor 156, which is implemented by firmware running on central processors 158. Logical partitions 154 and hypervisor 156 each comprises one or more programs residing in respective portions of main memory 159 associated with the central processors. One example of hypervisor 156 is the Processor Resource/Systems Manager (PR/SM™), offered by International Business Machines Corporation, Armonk, N.Y.
Central processors 158 are physical processor resources that are allocated to the logical partitions. For instance, a logical partition 154 includes one or more logical processors, each of which represents all or a share of a physical processor resource 158 allocated to the partition. The logical processors of a particular partition 154 may be either dedicated to the partition, so that the underlying processor resource is reserved for that partition; or shared with another partition, so that the underlying processor resource is potentially available to another partition.
Input/output subsystem 160 (of which only a portion is depicted) provides connectivity to storage class memory 180. In this example, an address space is provided for the storage class memory which presents the memory as flat, hiding the details of the physical implementation from the program. As one example, there is one address space system-wide for the storage class memory, but from the view of a configuration (e.g., LPAR or in another embodiment, a virtualized guest) there is one address space into which storage class memory increments are populated for each configuration of the system. The storage class memory address space is separate and apart from the main storage address space.
In one particular example of the z/Architecture®, the I/O subsystem includes a channel subsystem, which, not only directs the flow of information between I/O peripheral control units (and devices) and main memory, but also between the storage class memory and main memory. However, the I/O subsystem may be other than a channel subsystem.
In the case of a channel subsystem, subchannels are used to perform EADM operations. These subchannels are referred to as Asynchronous Data Mover (ADM)-type subchannels and are associated with EADM operations, and not I/O devices, like other I/O-type subchannels. An ADM-type subchannel does not contain a device number, nor does it contain channel path information. The number of ADM-type subchannels provided for a configuration is model dependent. ADM-type subchannels are addressed by a subsystem identification word (SID).
The ADM-type subchannels are used by the Extended Asynchronous Data Mover Facility, which is an extension to the channel subsystem. As described herein, the EADM Facility allows a program to request the transfer of blocks of data between main storage and storage class memory, as well as perform other operations, such as clear a block of storage class memory or release a block of storage class memory. In one embodiment, when the EADM Facility is installed:
The EADM ORB includes the specification of a subchannel key and the address of the AOB to be used. The AOB is designated, for instance, on a 4 K-byte boundary and may be up to 4 K-byte in size. If more MSBs are needed than fit into a 4 K-byte AOB, the AOB may specify an MSB list that is extended into additional storage areas by using MSBs that designate the address of the next MSB in the list, instead of designating a storage area to be used for data transfer.
The first EADM operation is started by the channel subsystem using information in the designated EADM ORB and ARQB in the designated AOB to fetch an MSB. The MSB includes the information that specifies and controls the EADM operation to be processed.
Each EADM operation is represented by one MSB. An MSB may specify, for instance, a transfer of blocks of data from main storage to storage class memory; a transfer of blocks of data from storage class memory to main storage; a clearing of blocks of storage class memory; and the releasing of blocks of storage class memory.
If the blocks of storage to be transferred are not contiguous in main storage, a new MSB may be used or the MSB may use indirect addressing by specifying a list of EADM indirect data address words (AIDAWs) to designate the noncontiguous blocks.
Since an MSB specifies the transfer of data in only one direction, a new MSB is to be used when there is a change in the direction of the transfer.
The conclusion of an EADM operation is normally indicated by the combined status conditions of channel end and device end. This status combination represents the combination of primary and secondary status indicating that the subchannel is available for another start function after the status is cleared.
An EADM operation may be terminated prematurely by a Clear Subchannel instruction. Execution of the Clear Subchannel instruction terminates execution of the AOB at the subchannel, clears the subchannel of indications of the AOB in execution, and asynchronously performs the clear function.
Further details regarding the EADM ORB and related control structures are described below with reference to
As one example, an EADM ORB 200 includes:
The EADM operation block (AOB) specified by EADM AOB address 206 of the EADM ORB includes the information used to invoke EADM operations. An AOB is allocated, in one example, on a 4K -byte boundary and is variable in length.
In one example, as shown in
One embodiment of an EADM request block (ARQB) 222 is described with reference to
In addition to the EADM request block, the EADM ORB also specifies an EADM response block (ARSB). The EADM response block is meaningful, in this embodiment, only when an exception condition is recognized. Specifically, an ARSB is meaningful only when alert status is present in the EADM subchannel status word (SCSW), the EADM extended status word (ESW) is meaningful, and the EADM response block stored (R) bit is one in the EADM extended report word (ERW), each of which is described below. When an ARSB is not meaningful, the contents of the ARSB in the AOB are unpredictable.
If a program stores into the ARSB while the associated subchannel is subchannel active, unpredictable results may occur.
When an ARSB is stored, the amount of data that has been transferred, if any, is unpredictable.
One embodiment of an EADM response block is described with reference to
In addition to the EADM request block and EADM response block, the EADM operation block (AOB) also specifies one or more EADM move specification blocks (MSBs). The AOB may contain up to, for instance, 124 MSBs. However, the program may specify more than 124 MSBs by designating a larger number of MSBs in the count field of the ARQB and by using the branch-to-next-MSB (BNM) flag to branch to a continuation of the MSB list. There may be multiple continuations of the MSB list, but, in one embodiment, none of these continuations may cross a 4K-byte boundary without using BNM to cross that boundary. Continuations of the MSB list are not required to be contiguous. Each continuation of the MSB list, if designated to begin on a 4K-byte boundary, may contain up to 128 MSBs. The total number of MSBs in an MSB list is specified by the MSB count field in the ARQB.
An EADM move specification block describes, for instance, the blocks of storage to be moved between main storage and storage class memory or an operation to be performed on a block of storage. One embodiment of MSB 226 is described with reference to
When the BNM flag is set, this field is reserved and not checked.
As indicated above, an EADM indirect data address word may be specified. The EADM indirect data address word (AIDAW) allows the program to specify the transfer of blocks of data between storage class memory and non-contiguous blocks of main storage. An AIDAW or list of AIDAWs is designated by an MSB when the indirect addressing flag in the MSB is set.
The amount of data transferred by a single AIDAW is specified by the block size field in the MSB. The number of AIDAWs in an AIDAW list is the sum of the number specified by the block count field in the MSB plus the number of AIDAWs that specify branch-to-next-AIDAW. Data transfers may be processed in orders that are different from that specified in an AIDAW list. Furthermore, data transfers specified by multiple AIDAWs in an AIDAW list may be processed concurrently.
An AIDAW is allocated on, for instance, a quadword boundary. A list of AIDAWs may be any length, but in one example, are not to cross a 4K-byte boundary unless a branch to next AIDAW (BNA) is specified to cross the boundary. There is no requirement that the AIDAW that is the target of a branch be contiguous with the AIDAW specifying BNA. However, the program should create an AIDAW list in as few 4K-byte blocks as possible; otherwise, performance degradation may occur.
Referring to
As described above, EADM operations are specified by a Start Subchannel instruction. That is, the program initiates EADM operations by issuing a Start Subchannel instruction that designates an ADM-type subchannel and an EADM ORB. The execution of the instruction passes the contents of the EADM ORB to the designated subchannel. The EADM ORB includes the specification of the subchannel key (used for protection) and the address of the AOB to be used.
In one example, as depicted in
Subsequent to the execution of Start Subchannel for an ADM-type subchannel, the channel subsystem asynchronously performs the start function to initiate EADM operations with the EADM facility. The start function includes, for instance, the following:
In one embodiment, referring to
Execution of an EADM operation (e.g., the first operation) includes using information from the EADM ORB to obtain the AOB, STEP 328, and information is used in the AOB to obtain the EADM request block (ARQB) and a designation of one or more EADM move specification blocks (MSBs), STEP 330. The one or more designated MSBs are then fetched from main storage, STEP 332, and information specified in the MSBs are used to control the requested EADM operation. The first operation is considered to be started when the channel subsystem attempts to initiate data transfer or attempts a clear or release operation.
The channel subsystem performs the operation(s) requested in the MSB(s), STEP 334. This processing is asynchronous to execution of the start command.
When EADM operations initiated by Start Subchannel end, STEP 336, the channel subsystem generates status conditions, STEP 338. The generation of these conditions is brought to the attention of the program by means of an I/O interruption, STEP 339. The program may also query these conditions by the execution of a Test Pending Interruption instruction.
The status conditions generated are presented to the program in the form of an EADM subchannel status word (SCSW). The EADM SCSW is stored as part of the EADM interruption response block (IRB) by the execution of the Test Subchannel instruction.
When the EADM operations specified in the EADM operation block (AOB) are ended, the channel subsystem generates primary and secondary interruption status. EADM operations can be terminated by Clear Subchannel or an abnormal condition recognized while performing the start function.
The processing of an MSB by the channel subsystem, for a move operation, controls the flow of a unit of information to or from main storage. To change the direction of data movement during MSB processing, a new MSB is needed. The ARQB designates the count of MSBs that comprise the request.
Each EADM operation is represented by one MSB. An MSB may specify any of the following:
If the blocks of storage to be transferred for a move operation are not contiguous in main storage, a new MSB may be used or the MSB may use indirect addressing by specifying a list of EADM indirect data address words (AIDAWs) to designate the noncontiguous blocks. Since an MSB can specify the transfer of data in only one direction, a new MSB is to be used when there is a change in the direction of data transfer.
The following are characteristics of EADM data transfers:
When all of the blocks designated by all of the MSBs specified by the AOB have been transferred or cleared or released, the subchannel generates status, which is stored at the subchannel, and requests an I/O interruption for the ADM-type subchannel.
The conclusion of an EADM operation is normally indicated by the combined status conditions of channel end and device end. This status combination represents the combination of primary and secondary status indicating that the subchannel is available for another start function after the status is cleared.
As described above, an MSB may specify a data transfer operation, a clear operation, or a release operation, each of which is described below.
When a move operation is requested, one or more blocks of data are moved between main storage and storage class memory. For instance, for a read operation, SCM data is obtained from the SSDs that provide the content designated by the specified SCM address, and then that content is stored to main memory. The process is reversed for a write operation. The adapter(s) controlling the SSDs perform the storing. In further detail, to perform a move operation, the system firmware first translates a given SCM address into an adapter address (e.g., logical volume address, in which a logical volume includes one or more SSDs). For instance, a translation table is used that correlates the SCM address to an adapter address. System firmware then submits one or more corresponding adapter move commands (e.g., read or write) to one or more of the I/O adapters. An adapter move command contains a main storage address, an adapter address, and a transfer size. The adapter then uses another translation table to locate one or more physical SSD addresses that correspond to the adapter address. The I/O adapter effects the move operation by either fetching data from main storage and storing it on the SSDs, or fetching data from the SSDs and storing it in main memory. Additional details are further provided in a co-filed patent application entitled “Firmware Management of Storage Class Memory”, POU920110090US1, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
When a clear operation is performed, the designated increments of storage class memory are cleared by setting the contents to zeros.
Further, when a release operation is performed, one or more standard TRIM commands may be submitted to the SSDs containing the corresponding SCM addresses. The TRIM command allows a program to give hints about block usage, allowing better garbage collection by the SSDs. The TRIM command allows an operating system to inform an SSD of which blocks of storage are no longer considered in use and can be wiped.
An EADM operation may be terminated prematurely by a Clear Subchannel instruction. Execution of the Clear Subchannel instruction terminates execution of the AOB at the subchannel, clears the subchannel of indications of the AOB in execution, and asynchronously performs the clear function. When the clear function is performed, prior to the subchannel becoming status pending, data transfer is terminated and the amount of data transferred is unpredictable. Execution of the clear function does not result in the generation of status, but does cause the channel subsystem to make an I/O interruption pending.
In one embodiment, referring to
The clear function for an ADM-type subchannel includes:
Other instructions may also be issued that can specify an ADM-type subchannel, including Test Subchannel, Modify Subchannel and Store Subchannel, each of which is described below.
Referring to
When Test Subchannel is executed specifying an ADM-type subchannel, the subchannel is status pending, and information is stored in the designated EADM IRB (Interruption Response Block), a specified condition code is set. When the subchannel is not status pending and status information is stored in the designated EADM IRB, a defined condition code is set. When the subchannel is not provided or not enabled, no action is taken.
In one example, the EADM IRB includes a Subchannel Status Word (SSW) and an Extended Status Word (ESW), as well as an Extended Control Word that may provide additional model dependent information describing conditions that may exist in the facility. Each of these words is described further below after discussion of the various instructions that can specify an ADM-type subchannel.
Referring to
When Modify Subchannel is executed specifying an ADM-type subchannel, and information from the specified Subchannel Information Block (SCHIB) is placed in the subchannel, a specific condition code is set. When the subchannel is status pending, no action is taken and a defined condition code is set. When the subchannel is busy for a start or clear function, no action is taken.
Referring to
When Store Subchannel is issued specifying an ADM-type subchannel, and a SCHIB is stored, a specified condition code is set. When the designated subchannel is not provided in the channel subsystem, no action is taken.
One example of a subchannel information block for an ADM-type subchannel EADM SCHIB) is described with reference to
In one example, EADM PMCW 402 includes, for instance, the following fields as shown in
Returning to
When ESW format 422 of the subchannel status word is set and the subchannel is status pending, an EADM subchannel extended status word (EADM ESW) is provided that specifies additional information about the ADM-type subchannel.
In one example, referring to
EADM Subchannel Logout 452: The EADM subchannel logout includes, in one example:
When the extended control indicator of the SCSW and the extended status word format indicator of the SCSW are set, the EADM extended control word provides additional information of a model dependent nature that describes conditions that may exist at the EADM facility.
Additionally, the following channel report words (CRWs) may be reported for ADM-type subchannels: subchannel installed parameters initialized; subchannel installed parameters restored; subchannels available; channel event information pending.
Unsolicited events and malfunctions that occur in the EADM Facility may be reported by the channel event information pending CRW.
Described in detail above is an Extended Asynchronous Data Mover Facility used to move data blocks between main storage and storage class memory and to perform other operations on the storage class memory. In one embodiment, information about the EADM Facility and storage class memory is obtained using an EADM command. In particular, since storage class memory is not directly accessible, a capability is provided to determine whether storage class memory is allocated, and if so, to obtain information regarding the configuration. In particular, in one example, a capability is provided to communicate to a control program (e.g., operating system) whether or not any storage class memory has been allocated, and if so, how much and at what locations. The capability for determining available storage class memory is referred to herein as discovery and one example of a discovery function is provided by a Store Storage Class Memory (SCM) Information (SSI) command.
The Store Storage Class Memory Information (SSI) command is used to obtain information about the storage class memory and the Extended Asynchronous Data Mover Facility. The SSI command returns the following information obtained from, for instance, the channel subsystem. This information is described in further detail below:
Execution of the Store SCM Information command, which is synchronous, does not change any information contained in the channel subsystem.
Further details regarding the SSI command are described with reference to
One embodiment of a response block 520 of the SSI command is described with reference to
One embodiment of a SALE is described with reference to
Further details regarding the configuration states of the storage class memory, and the operation and data states of the storage class memory address list are described below.
Initially, referring to
Referring to
An error (E) may cause transition to the temporary error (TE) state or the permanent error state (PE), depending on the model dependent specifics of the error. Acquisition (A) of connectivity may cause transition from the temporary error state to the operational (Op) state. A deconfigure of an SCM increment can occur regardless of its operation state.
When not in the operational state, the data state is invalid.
When first configured and prior to the first write, the data of an SCM increment is in the zeroed state, meaning that its contents are all zeros.
While the data content of an SCM increment is not changed when moving to or in the temporary error state, the increment is not accessible. Thus, saying that the data is valid might be descriptive, but not overly meaningful due to lack of program accessibility. Therefore, the data state is invalid in this scenario. Also, based on the error that causes the transition from operational to temporary error, if data integrity is affected, the permanent error state is entered, the data state remains invalid, and the data is lost. If a concurrent repair can move an SCM increment in the permanent error state to the operational state without being both deconfigured and then configured again, the original data is still lost, and it is model dependent whether the data state is either unpredictable or zeroed.
The persistence of an SCM increment and its RAS (reliability, accessibility and serviceability) characteristics can also determine a change from valid to unpredictable data state. If persistence is exceeded, it is expected that the data state transitions from valid to unpredictable.
A transition from either zeroed or unpredictable data states to the valid data state occurs with the first successful write. Due to any difference between size of data written and size of the target SCM increment, the change to valid does not describe the actual condition of any data location not yet written. Such a location, previous to a first write access, is effectively still described as zeroed or unpredictable.
After an SCM increment is configured, an unsolicited notification is made pending when any one or more events occur that are observable in the response of the Store SCM Information command. Examples are:
When a notification is pending, the program observes the notification and may issue the Store SCM Information command to obtain the information. The Store SCM Information command may also be issued at other times in which the program would like information about the SCM and/or SALE.
In one example, a notification includes a machine check interruption being issued to the program, with a corresponding CRW indicating an event report. The program issues the CHSC Store Event Information command and obtains a response block with a content code signaling a storage class memory change notification.
In one embodiment, the Store SCM Information (SSI) command is a channel subsystem command issued by the program (e.g., operating system) to obtain information about the storage class memory and/or an SCM address list entry. In one example, the program issues a Channel Subsystem Call instruction and the SSI command is indicated in a command block of the instruction, which is sent to the channel subsystem. The command is performed at the channel subsystem and a response is returned in a response block, which is the remaining portion of the 4K-byte control block (i.e., the requested information is stored in the main storage area designated for the response block). Further details regarding operation of the command are described with reference to
Initially, the program generates the request block indicated above to request the Store SCM Information command, STEP 580. The request block is obtained by the channel subsystem, STEP 582, and one or more validity checks are made as to the validity of the request block (e.g., valid length field, valid command request block format, command installed, etc.). If the request is not valid, INQUIRY 584, then a response code indicating the problem is placed in the response block, STEP 586, and the response block is returned, STEP 592.
However, if the request is valid, INQUIRY 584, then the channel subsystem obtains the information from the machine (e.g., processors, etc.), STEP 588, and fills in the response block, STEP 590. The response block is returned, STEP 592. For instance, the information is contained in non-volatile storage of the machine and is loaded by firmware into main storage only accessible by firmware during system initialization. The channel subsystem (i.e., firmware in this case) obtains the information by reading it from main storage only accessible by firmware, and populates the response block.
Responsive to receiving the information about the storage class memory or otherwise, a decision may be made to change the configuration of the storage class memory. This decision may be made manually or automatically by the program or other entity. The configuration may be changed by adding increments or deleting increments, as described below.
In one example, to configure the storage class memory, a Configure Storage Class Memory command is used. This command requests an amount of storage class memory to be configured from the available pool of the system. The amount is specified as a size, encoded as a count of SCM increments.
Unless stated otherwise, the number of SCM increments used to satisfy the request is in the initialized state. If the number of SCM increments requested would cause the maximum configurable SCM increments limit to be exceeded, a specific response code is provided.
The contents of each increment are zeros with valid CBC. The applicable persistence rule associated with each configured SCM increment is set by, for instance, manual controls.
One embodiment of a command request block for the Configure Storage Class Memory command is depicted in
One embodiment of a command response block for the Configure Storage Class Memory command is depicted in
The Configure Storage Class Memory command is issued by the program to request an amount of storage class memory to be configured into the SCM address space. One embodiment of the logic used to configure the SCM is described with reference to
Initially, the program issues a Channel Subsystem Call instruction that includes a Configure SCM command, STEP 740. The request block of the Configure SCM command is obtained by the channel subsystem, STEP 742, and the channel subsystem attempts to execute the command, STEP 744. If the attempt to execute the command produces a response code that does not indicate success, INQUIRY 746, then the response code is placed in the response block of the Configure SCM command, STEP 748, and the response block is returned, STEP 750.
If a successful response code is indicated, INQUIRY 746, then the response code is placed in the response block, STEP 752, and the response block is returned, STEP 754. In this example, a successful response code indicates that the length field of the request block is valid; the command is available in the system; the command request block has a valid format; the channel subsystem is able to perform the command (i.e., not busy); the total size requested does not exceed the maximum configurable SCM increments limit of the requested configuration; and the total size requested does not exceed the number of SCM increments in the initialized state.
Additionally, an asynchronous process to complete the configuration is initiated, STEP 756. Further details regarding this processing is described with reference to
In one embodiment, the asynchronous processing performs the configuration to allocate the one or more increments, STEP 760. For instance, for each configured SCM increment, internal controls are changed to allow the newly-configured increment to be accessible to I/O move requests to that partition. In particular, responsive to the channel subsystem receiving the CHSC Configure command, the firmware of the channel subsystem examines internal tables to confirm there are enough increments to satisfy the request and to ensure the request does not exceed the maximum configurable SCM increments for the configuration. If the request is valid, firmware updates one or more tables to allocate the increment(s) to the configuration and place the increment(s) in the operational state for the configuration. The increments are then accessible to I/O move requests (described above) from the configuration. Completion of the asynchronous process is indicated in a notification response, STEP 762.
Notification response data for the Configure Storage Class Memory command is returned in a response block of a Store Event Information (SEI) command. One embodiment of the format of the notification response block used for the Configure Storage Class Memory command is described with reference to
In one embodiment, a notification response block 800 of the Configure Storage Class Memory command includes:
One embodiment of the Store Event Information command used to return the notification response block for the Configure Storage Class Memory command is described with reference to
The Store Event Information command is used to store event information that has been made pending by the channel subsystem. Normally, this command is executed as a result of the program having received an event information pending channel report.
The execution of the Store Event Information command may change information contained in the channel subsystem. The Store Event Information command is executed synchronously.
One embodiment of a command request block for the Store Event Information command is described with reference to
In one embodiment, referring to
Successful notification of a configuration change may prompt the program to issue the Store SCM Information command to obtain details regarding the configuration.
In addition to increasing storage class memory, the storage class memory may be decreased. A Deconfigure Storage Class Memory command requests an amount of storage class memory to be removed from the SCM address space of the requesting configuration. An SCM increment to be deconfigured is to be in the configured state.
The SCM increments to be deconfigured are specified in an SCM increment request list, described herein. One or more contiguous SCM increments may be specified in an SCM increment request list entry (SIRLE). A separate SIRLE may be specified for each list of increments (a.k.a., an extent) that is not contiguous with any other list of increments.
Regardless of persistence rules, a successful deconfigure of an SCM increment places the increment into the uninitialized state. When zeroing is complete, an SCM increment transitions from the unitialized state to the initialized state.
One embodiment of a command request block for the Deconfigure Storage Class Memory command is depicted in
Upon successful completion, each deconfigured SCM increment has entered the reserved state and is then zeroized before being placed into the standby state.
A command response block for the Deconfigure Storage Class Memory command is depicted in
One embodiment of the logic associated with the Deconfigure SCM command is described with reference to
Initially, the program issues a Channel Subsystem Call instruction that includes a Deconfigure SCM command, STEP 970. The request block of the Deconfigure SCM command is obtained by the channel subsystem, STEP 972, and the channel subsystem attempts to execute the command, STEP 974. If the attempt to execute the command produces a response code that does not indicate success, INQUIRY 976, then the response code is placed in the response block of the Deconfigure SCM command, STEP 978, and the response block is returned, STEP 980.
If a successful response code is indicated, INQUIRY 976, then the response code is placed in the response block, STEP 982, and the response block is returned, STEP 984. In this example, a successful response code indicates that the length field of the request block is valid; the command is available in the system; the command request block has a valid format; the channel subsystem is able to perform the command (i.e., not busy); and the SCM increments were originally in the configured state.
Additionally, an asynchronous process to complete the deconfiguration is initiated, STEP 986. Further details regarding this processing is described with reference to
In one embodiment, the asynchronous processing performs the deconfiguration, STEP 990. For instance, the one or more increments are deallocated. An SCM increment is moved from the configured state to the reserved state. Upon entry of the reserved state, a zeroing process ensues, and when complete, the SCM increment transitions to the standby state. Completion of the asynchronous process is indicated in a notification response, STEP 992.
The notification response data for the Deconfigure Storage Class Memory command is returned in the response block of the Store Event Information (SEI) CHSC command. One example of this response block is described with reference to
In a further embodiment, allocation and deallocation of storage increments may be requested via a panel presented to a user. For instance, a service element is used to provide a graphical interface through which a user may specify parameters to the system. For storage class memory, a panel called the storage class memory allocation panel allows the user to perform the following operations:
The panel also allows viewing of configuration increment allocations and MCI, and the number of increments in the available, unavailable, and unitialized pools. When, due to an action at the SE, an increments allocation changes or when the size of the one of the pools changes, a notification is sent to the configurations.
Described in detail above is a facility to manage storage class memory. It provides an abstraction to allow the program to access the memory without specific knowledge of the memory. In accordance with one or more aspects of the present invention, a capability is provided to move data between main storage and SCM; to clear or release SCM; to configure or deconfigure SCM; and to discovery the configuration of SCM. Other capabilities are also provided.
In one embodiment, storage class memory is presented as a flat memory space to user-level programs, independent of its physical implementation across multiple devices and I/O adapters.
Details regarding channel subsystems and/or an ADM facility are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,377,337, entitled “Method and Means for Enabling Virtual Addressing Control By Software Users Over A Hardware Page Transfer Control Entity,” Antognini et al., issued Dec. 27, 1994; U.S. Ser. No. 5,442,802, entitled “Asynchronous Co-Processor Data Mover Method and Means,” Brent et al., issued Aug. 15, 1995; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,526,484, entitled “Method and System for Pipelining the Processing of Channel Command Words,” issued Jun. 11, 1996, each of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Additionally, further information relating to a channel subsystem and instructions associated therewith (for a particular implementation of the z/Architecture®) is provided below:
Input/Output (I/O)
The terms “input” and “output” are used to describe the transfer of data between I/O devices and main storage. An operation involving this kind of transfer is referred to as an I/O operation. The facilities used to control I/O operations are collectively called the channel subsystem. (I/O devices and their control units attach to the channel subsystem.)
The Channel Subsystem
The channel subsystem directs the flow of information between I/O devices and main storage. It relieves CPUs of the task of communicating directly with I/O devices and permits data processing to proceed concurrently with I/O processing. The channel subsystem uses one or more channel paths as the communication link in managing the flow of information to or from I/O devices. As part of I/O processing, the channel subsystem also performs a path-management operation by testing for channel-path availability, chooses an available channel path, and initiates the performance of the I/O operation by the device.
Within the channel subsystem are subchannels. One subchannel is provided for and dedicated to each I/O device accessible to the program through the channel subsystem.
The multiple-subchannel-set facility is an optional facility. When it is installed, subchannels are partitioned into multiple subchannel sets, and each subchannel set may provide one dedicated subchannel to an I/O device. Depending on the model and the interface used, some I/O devices may only be allowed to be accessed via certain subchannel sets.
Each subchannel provides information concerning the associated I/O device and its attachment to the channel subsystem. The subchannel also provides information concerning I/O operations and other functions involving the associated I/O device. The subchannel is the means by which the channel subsystem provides information about associated I/O devices to CPUs, which obtain this information by executing I/O instructions. The actual number of subchannels provided depends on the model and the configuration; the maximum addressability is 0-65,535 in each subchannel set.
I/O devices are attached through control units to the channel subsystem by means of channel paths. Control units may be attached to the channel subsystem by more than one channel path, and an I/O device may be attached to more than one control unit. In all, an individual I/O device may be accessible to the channel subsystem by as many as eight different channel paths via a subchannel, depending on the model and the configuration. The total number of channel paths provided by a channel subsystem depends on the model and the configuration; the maximum addressability is 0-255.
The performance of a channel subsystem depends on its use and on the system model in which it is implemented. Channel paths are provided with different data-transfer capabilities, and an I/O device designed to transfer data only at a specific rate (a magnetic-tape unit or a disk storage, for example) can operate only on a channel path that can accommodate at least this data rate.
The channel subsystem contains common facilities for the control of I/O operations. When these facilities are provided in the form of separate, autonomous equipment designed specifically to control I/O devices, I/O operations are completely overlapped with the activity in CPUs. The only main-storage cycles required by the channel subsystem during I/O operations are those needed to transfer data and control information to or from the final locations in main storage, along with those cycles that may be required for the channel subsystem to access the subchannels when they are implemented as part of nonaddressable main storage. These cycles do not delay CPU programs, except when both the CPU and the channel subsystem concurrently attempt to reference the same main-storage area.
Subchannel Sets
When the multiple-subchannel-set facility is installed, subchannels are partitioned into multiple subchannel sets. There may be up to four subchannel sets, each identified by a subchannel-set identifier (SSID). When the multiple-subchannel-set facility is not installed, there is only one subchannel set with an SSID of zero. When the multiple-subchannel-set facility is not enabled, only subchannel set zero is visible to the program.
Subchannels
A subchannel provides the logical appearance of a device to the program and contains the information required for sustaining a single I/O operation. The subchannel consists of internal storage that contains information in the form of a channel-program designation, channel-path identifier, device number, count, status indications, and I/O-interruption-subclass code, as well as information on path availability and functions pending or being performed. I/O operations are initiated with a device by the execution of I/O instructions that designate the subchannel associated with the device.
Each device is accessible by means of one subchannel in each channel subsystem to which it is assigned during configuration at installation time. The device may be a physically identifiable unit or may be housed internal to a control unit. For example, in certain disk-storage devices, each actuator used in retrieving data is considered to be a device. In all cases, a device, from the point of view of the channel subsystem, is an entity that is uniquely associated with one subchannel and that responds to selection by the channel subsystem by using the communication protocols defined for the type of channel path by which it is accessible.
On some models, subchannels are provided in blocks. On these models, more subchannels may be provided than there are attached devices. Subchannels that are provided but do not have devices assigned to them are not used by the channel subsystem to perform any function and are indicated by storing the associated device -number-valid bit as zero in the subchannel-information block of the subchannel.
The number of subchannels provided by the channel subsystem is independent of the number of channel paths to the associated devices. For example, a device accessible through alternate channel paths still is represented by a single subchannel. Each subchannel is addressed by using a 16-bit binary subchannel number and a two-bit SSID when the subchannel-set facility is installed.
After I/O processing at the subchannel has been requested by the execution of START SUBCHANNEL, the CPU is released for other work, and the channel subsystem assembles or disassembles data and synchronizes the transfer of data bytes between the I/O device and main storage. To accomplish this, the channel subsystem maintains and updates an address and a count that describe the destination or source of data in main storage. Similarly, when an I/O device provides signals that should be brought to the attention of the program, the channel subsystem transforms the signals into status information and stores the information in the subchannel, where it can be retrieved by the program.
Attachment of Input/Output Devices
Channel Paths
The channel subsystem communicates with I/O devices by means of channel paths between the channel subsystem and control units. A control unit may be accessible by the channel subsystem by more than one channel path. Similarly, an I/O device may be accessible by the channel subsystem through more than one control unit, each having one or more channel paths to the channel subsystem.
Devices that are attached to the channel subsystem by multiple channel paths configured to a subchannel, may be accessed by the channel subsystem using any of the available channel paths. Similarly, a device having the dynamic-reconnection feature and operating in the multipath mode can be initialized to operate such that the device may choose any of the available channel paths configured to the subchannel, when logically reconnecting to the channel subsystem to continue a chain of I/O operations.
The channel subsystem may contain more than one type of channel path. Examples of channel-path types used by the channel subsystem are the ESCON I/O interface, FICON I/O interface, FICON-converted I/O interface, and IBM System/360 and System/370 I/O interface. The term “serial-I/O interface” is used to refer the ESCON I/O interface, the FICON I/O interface, and the FICON-converted I/O interface. The term “parallel -I/O interface” is used to refer to the IBM System/360 and System/370 I/O interface.
The ESCON I/O interface is described in the System Library publication IBM Enterprise Systems Architecture/390 ESCON I/O Interface, SA22-7202, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The FICON I/O interface is described in the ANSI standards document Fibre Channel—Single-Byte Command Code Sets-2 (FC-SB-2).
The IBM System/360 and System/370 I/O interface is described in the System Library publication IBM System/360 and System/370 I/O Interface Channel to Control Unit OEMI, GA22-6974, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Depending on the type of channel path, the facilities provided by the channel path, and the I/O device, an I/O operation may occur in one of three modes, frame-multiplex mode, burst mode, or byte-multiplex mode.
In the frame-multiplex mode, the I/O device may stay logically connected to the channel path for the duration of the execution of a channel program. The facilities of a channel path capable of operating in the frame-multiplex mode may be shared by a number of concurrently operating I/O devices. In this mode the information required to complete an I/O operation is divided into frames that may be interleaved with frames from I/O operations for other I/O devices. During this period, multiple I/O devices are considered to be logically connected to the channel path.
In the burst mode, the I/O device monopolizes a channel path and stays logically connected to the channel path for the transfer of a burst of information. No other device can communicate over the channel path during the time a burst is transferred. The burst can consist of a few bytes, a whole block of data, a sequence of blocks with associated control and status information (the block lengths may be zero), or status information that monopolizes the channel path. The facilities of the channel path capable of operating in the burst mode may be shared by a number of concurrently operating I/O devices.
Some channel paths can tolerate an absence of data transfer for about a half minute during a burst-mode operation, such as occurs when a long gap on magnetic tape is read. An equipment malfunction may be indicated when an absence of data transfer exceeds the prescribed limit.
In the byte-multiplex mode, the I/O device stays logically connected to the channel path only for a short interval of time. The facilities of a channel path capable of operating in the byte-multiplex mode may be shared by a number of concurrently operating I/O devices. In this mode, all I/O operations are split into short intervals of time during which only a segment of information is transferred over the channel path. During such an interval, only one device and its associated subchannel are logically connected to the channel path. The intervals associated with the concurrent operation of multiple I/O devices are sequenced in response to demands from the devices. The channel-subsystem facility associated with a subchannel exercises its controls for any one operation only for the time required to transfer a segment of information. The segment can consist of a single byte of data, a few bytes of data, a status report from the device, or a control sequence used for the initiation of a new operation.
Ordinarily, devices with high data-transfer-rate requirements operate with the channel path in the frame-multiplex mode, slower devices operate in the burst mode, and the slowest devices operate in the byte -multiplex mode. Some control units have a manual switch for setting the desired mode of operation.
An I/O operation that occurs on a parallel-I/O-interface type of channel path may occur in either the burst mode or the byte-multiplex mode depending on the facilities provided by the channel path and the I/O device. For improved performance, some channel paths and control units are provided with facilities for high -speed transfer and data streaming. See the System Library publication IBM System/360 and System/370 I/O Interface Channel to Control Unit OEMI, GA22-6974, for a description of those two facilities, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
An I/O operation that occurs on a serial-I/O-interface-type of channel path may occur in either the frame-multiplex mode or the burst mode. For improved performance, some control units attaching to the serial-I/O interface provide the capability to provide sense data to the program concurrent with the presentation of unit-check status, if permitted to do so by the program.
Depending on the control unit or channel subsystem, access to a device through a subchannel may be restricted to a single channel-path type.
The modes and features described above affect only the protocol used to transfer information over the channel path and the speed of transmission. No effects are observable by CPU or channel programs with respect to the way these programs are executed.
Control Units
A control unit provides the logical capabilities necessary to operate and control an I/O device and adapts the characteristics of each device so that it can respond to the standard form of control provided by the channel subsystem.
Communication between the control unit and the channel subsystem takes place over a channel path. The control unit accepts control signals from the channel subsystem, controls the timing of data transfer over the channel path, and provides indications concerning the status of the device.
The I/O device attached to the control unit may be designed to perform only certain limited operations, or it may perform many different operations. A typical operation is moving a recording medium and recording data. To accomplish its operations, the device needs detailed signal sequences peculiar to its type of device. The control unit decodes the commands received from the channel subsystem, interprets them for the particular type of device, and provides the signal sequence required for the performance of the operation.
A control unit may be housed separately, or it may be physically and logically integrated with the I/O device, the channel subsystem, or a CPU. In the case of most electromechanical devices, a well-defined interface exists between the device and the control unit because of the difference in the type of equipment the control unit and the device require. These electromechanical devices often are of a type where only one device of a group attached to a control unit is required to transfer data at a time (magnetic-tape units or disk-access mechanisms, for example), and the control unit is shared among a number of I/O devices. On the other hand, in some electronic I/O devices, such as the channel-to-channel adapter, the control unit does not have an identity of its own.
From the programmer's point of view, most functions performed by the control unit can be merged with those performed by the I/O device. Therefore, normally no specific mention of the control-unit function is made in this description; the performance of I/O operations is described as if the I/O devices communicated directly with the channel subsystem. Reference is made to the control unit only when emphasizing a function performed by it or when describing how the sharing of the control unit among a number of devices affects the performance of I/O operations.
I/O Devices
An input/output (I/O) device provides external storage, a means of communication between data -processing systems, or a means of communication between a system and its environment. I/O devices include such equipment as magnetic-tape units, direct-access-storage devices (for example, disks), display units, typewriter-keyboard devices, printers, teleprocessing devices, and sensor-based equipment. An I/O device may be physically distinct equipment, or it may share equipment with other I/O devices.
Most types of I/O devices, such as printers, or tape devices, use external media, and these devices are physically distinguishable and identifiable. Other types are solely electronic and do not directly handle physical recording media. The channel-to-channel adapter, for example, provides for data transfer between two channel paths, and the data never reaches a physical recording medium outside main storage. Similarly, communication controllers may handle the transmission of information between the data-processing system and a remote station, and its input and output are signals on a transmission line.
In the simplest case, an I/O device is attached to one control unit and is accessible from one channel path. Switching equipment is available to make some devices accessible from two or more channel paths by switching devices among control units and by switching control units among channel paths. Such switching equipment provides multiple paths by which an I/O device may be accessed. Multiple channel paths to an I/O device are provided to improve performance or I/O availability, or both, within the system. The management of multiple channel paths to devices is under the control of the channel subsystem and the device, but the channel paths may indirectly be controlled by the program.
I/O Addressing
Four different types of I/O addressing are provided by the channel subsystem for the necessary addressing of the various components: channel-path identifiers, subchannel numbers, device numbers, and, though not visible to programs, addresses dependent on the channel-path type. When the multiple-subchannel-set facility is installed, the subchannel-set identifier (SSID) is also used in I/O addressing.
Subchannel-Set Identifier
The subchannel-set identifier (SSID) is a two-bit value assigned to each provided subchannel set.
Channel-Path Identifier
The channel-path identifier (CHPID) is a system-unique eight-bit value assigned to each installed channel path of the system. A CHPID is used to address a channel path. A CHPID is specified by the second-operand address of RESET CHANNEL PATH and used to designate the channel path that is to be reset. The channel paths by which a device is accessible are identified in the subchannel-information block (SCHIB), each by its associated CHPID, when STORE SUBCHANNEL is executed. The CHPID can also be used in operator messages when it is necessary to identify a particular channel path. A system model may provide as many as 256 channel paths. The maximum number of channel paths and the assignment of CHPIDs to channel paths depends on the system model.
Subchannel Number
A subchannel number is a system-unique 16-bit value used to address a subchannel. This value is unique within a subchannel set of a channel subsystem. The subchannel is addressed by eight I/O instructions: CANCEL SUBCHANNEL, CLEAR SUBCHANNEL, HALT SUBCHANNEL, MODIFY SUBCHANNEL, RESUME SUBCHANNEL, START SUBCHANNEL, STORE SUBCHANNEL, and TEST SUBCHANNEL. All I/O functions relative to a specific I/O device are specified by the program by designating a subchannel assigned to the I/O device. Subchannels in each subchannel set are always assigned subchannel numbers within a single range of contiguous numbers. The lowest-numbered subchannel is subchannel 0. The highest-numbered subchannel of the channel subsystem has a subchannel number equal to one less than the number of subchannels provided. A maximum of 65,536 subchannels can be provided in each subchannel set. Normally, subchannel numbers are only used in communication between the CPU program and the channel subsystem.
Device Number
Each subchannel that has an I/O device assigned to it also contains a parameter called the device number. The device number is a 16-bit value that is assigned as one of the parameters of the subchannel at the time the device is assigned to the subchannel. The device number uniquely identifies a device to the program.
The device number provides a means to identify a device, independent of any limitations imposed by the system model, the configuration, or channel-path protocols. The device number is used in communications concerning the device that take place between the system and the system operator. For example, the device number is entered by the system operator to designate the input device to be used for initial program loading.
Programming Note
The device number is assigned at device-installation time and may have any value. However, the user must observe any restrictions on device-number assignment that may be required by the control program, support programs, or the particular control unit or I/O device.
Device Identifier
A device identifier is an address, not apparent to the program, that is used by the channel subsystem to communicate with I/O devices. The type of device identifier used depends on the specific channel -path type and the protocols provided. Each subchannel contains one or more device identifiers.
For a channel path of the parallel-I/O-interface type, the device identifier is called a device address and consists of an eight-bit value. For the ESCON I/O interface, the device identifier consists of a four-bit control-unit address and an eight-bit device address. For the FICON I/O interface, the device identifier consists of an eight-bit control-unit-image ID and an eight-bit device address. For the FICON-converted I/O interface, the device identifier consists of a four-bit control-unit address and an eight-bit device address.
The device address identifies the particular I/O device (and, on the parallel-UO interface, the control unit) associated with a subchannel. The device address may identify, for example, a particular magnetic-tape drive, disk-access mechanism, or transmission line. Any number in the range 0-255 can be assigned as a device address.
Fibre-Channel Extensions
The fibre-channel-extensions (FCX) facility is an optional facility that provides for the formation of a channel program that is composed of a transport-control word (TCW) that designates a transport -command-control block (TCCB) and a transport-status block (TSB). The TCCB includes a transport-command area (TCA) which contains a list of up to 30 I/O commands that are in the form of device-command words (DCWs). A TCW and its TCCB may specify either a read or a write operation. In addition to the IRB, the TSB contains the completion status and other information related to the TCW channel program.
The FCX facility provides the ability to directly or indirectly designate any or all of the TCCB, the input data storage area, and the output data storage area. When a storage area is designated directly, the TCW specifies the location of a single, contiguous block of storage. When a storage area is designated indirectly, the TCW designates the location of a list of one or more transport-indirect-data-address words (TIDAWs). TIDAW lists and the storage area designated by each TIDAW in a list are restricted from crossing 4K-byte boundaries
The FCX facility also provides an interrogate operation that may be initiated by the CANCEL SUBCHANNEL instruction to determine the state of an I/O operation.
I/O-Command Words
An I/O-command word specifies a command and contains information associated with the command. When the FCX facility is installed, there are two elemental forms of I/O command words which are the channel-command word (CCW) and the device-command word (DCW).
A CCW is 8-bytes in length and specifies the command to be executed. For commands that initiate certain operations the CCW also designates the storage area associated with the operation, the count of data bytes, the action to be taken when the command completes, and other options. All I/O devices recognize CCWs.
A DCW is 8-bytes in length and specifies the command to be executed. the count of data bytes, and other options. I/O devices that support FCX recognize DCWs.
Transport Command Word (TCW)
A TCW designates a transport-command-control block (TCCB) which contains a list of commands to be transported to and executed by an I/O device. The TCW also designates the storage areas for the commands in the TCCB as well as a transport-status block (TSB) to contain the status of the I/O operation.
Channel Program Organization
When the FCX facility is not installed, there is a single form of channel program which is the CCW channel program. When the FCX facility is installed, there is an additional form of channel program which is the TCW channel program. Both forms of channel programs are described below.
CCW Channel Program
A channel program that is composed of one or more CCWs is called a CCW channel program (CCP). Such a channel program contains one or more CCWs that are logically linked and arranged for sequential execution by the channel subsystem.
TCW Channel Program
A channel program that is composed of a single TCW is called a TCW channel program. A TCW designates a transport-command-control block (TCCB) that contains from 1 to 30 DCWs. The DCWs within the TCCB are logically linked and arranged for sequential execution. For DCWs that specify control information, the TCCB also contains the control information for those commands. The TCW also designates the storage area or areas for the DCWs that specify the transfer of data from or to the device and the location of a transport-status block (TSB) for completion status. The TCCB and the storage areas for the transfer of data may be specified as either contiguous or noncontiguous storage.
The TCW also designates a TSB for completion status.
Execution of I/O Operations
I/O operations are initiated and controlled by information with four types of formats: the instruction START SUBCHANNEL, transport-command words, I/O-command words, and orders. The START SUBCHANNEL instruction is executed by a CPU and is part of the CPU program that supervises the flow of requests for I/O operations from other programs that manage or process the I/O data.
When START SUBCHANNEL is executed, parameters are passed to the target subchannel requesting that the channel subsystem perform a start function with the I/O device associated with the subchannel. The channel subsystem performs the start function by using information at the subchannel, including the information passed during the execution of the START SUBCHANNEL instruction, to find an accessible channel path to the device. Once the device has been selected, the execution of an I/O operation is accomplished by the decoding and execution of a CCW by the channel subsystem and the I/O device, for CCW channel programs, or for TCW channel programs, by transporting the TCCB to the I/O device by the channel subsystem and the decoding and execution of a DCW by the device. I/O-command words, and transport-command words are fetched from main storage, although the modifier bits in the command code of a CCW DCW may specify device-dependent conditions for the execution of an operation at the device.
Operations peculiar to a device, such as rewinding tape or positioning the access mechanism on a disk drive, are specified by orders that are decoded and executed by I/O devices. Orders may be transferred to the device as modifier bits in the command code of a control command, may be transferred to the device as data during a control or write operation, or may be made available to the device by other means.
Start-Function Initiation
CPU programs initiate I/O operations with the instruction START SUBCHANNEL. This instruction passes the contents of an operation-request block (ORB) to the subchannel.
If the ORB specifies a CCW channel program, the contents of the ORB include the subchannel key, the address of the first CCW to be executed, and a specification of the format of the CCWs. The CCW specifies the command to be executed and the storage area, if any, to be used. If the ORB specifies a TCW channel program, the contents of the ORB include the subchannel key and the address of the TCW to be executed. The TCW designates the TCCB which contains the commands to be transported to the device for execution, the storage area or areas, if any, to be used for data transfer, and the TSB to contain the status of the I/O operation.
When the ORB contents have been passed to the subchannel, the execution of START SUBCHANNEL is complete. The results of the execution of the instruction are indicated by the condition code set in the program-status word.
When facilities become available and the ORB specifies a CCW channel program, the channel subsystem fetches the first CCW and decodes it according to the format bit specified in the ORB. If the format bit is zero, format-0 CCWs are specified. If the format bit is one, format-1 CCWs are specified. Format-0 and format-1 CCWs contain the same information, but the fields are arranged differently in the format-1 CCW so that 31-bit addresses can be specified directly in the CCW. When facilities become available and the ORB specifies a TCW channel program, the channel subsystem fetches the designated TCW and transports the designated TCCB to the device. Storage areas designated by the TCW for the transfer of data to or from the device are 64-bit addresses.
Subchannel Operation Modes
There are two modes of subchannel operation. A subchannel enters transport mode when the FCX facility is installed and the start function is set at the subchannel as the result of the execution of a START SUBCHANNEL instruction that specifies a TCW channel program. The subchannel remains in transport mode until the start function is reset at the subchannel. At all other times, the subchannel is in command mode.
Path Management
If ORB specifies a CCW channel program and the first CCW passes certain validity tests and does not have the suspend flag specified as one or if the ORB specifies a TCW channel program and the designated TCW passes certain validity tests, the channel subsystem attempts device selection by choosing a channel path from the group of channel paths that are available for selection. A control unit that recognizes the device identifier connects itself logically to the channel path and responds to its selection.
If the ORB specifies a CCW channel program, the channel subsystem sends the command-code part of the CCW over the channel path, and the device responds with a status byte indicating whether the command can be executed. The control unit may logically disconnect from the channel path at this time, or it may remain connected to initiate data transfer.
If the ORB specifies a TCW channel program, the channel subsystem uses information in the designated TCW to transfer the TCCB to the control unit. The contents of the TCCB are ignored by the channel subsystem and only have meaning to the control unit and I/O device.
If the attempted selection does not occur as a result of either a busy indication or a path -not-operational condition, the channel subsystem attempts to select the device by an alternate channel path if one is available. When selection has been attempted on all paths available for selection and the busy condition persists, the operation remains pending until a path becomes free. If a path-not-operational condition is detected on one or more of the channel paths on which device selection was attempted, the program is alerted by a subsequent I/O interruption. The I/O interruption occurs either upon execution of the channel program (assuming the device was selected on an alternate channel path) or as a result of the execution being abandoned because path-not-operational conditions were detected on all of the channel paths on which device selection was attempted.
Channel-Program Execution
If the command is initiated at the device and command execution does not require any data to be transferred to or from the device, the device may signal the end of the operation immediately on receipt of the command code. In operations that involve the transfer of data, the subchannel is set up so that the channel subsystem will respond to service requests from the device and assume further control of the operation.
An I/O operation may involve the transfer of data to or from one storage area, designated by a single CCW or TCW or to or from a number of noncontiguous storage areas. In the latter case, generally a list of CCWs is used for the execution of the I/O operation, with each CCW designating a contiguous storage area and the CCWs are coupled by data chaining. Data chaining is specified by a flag in the CCW and causes the channel subsystem to fetch another CCW upon the exhaustion or filling of the storage area designated by the current CCW. The storage area designated by a CCW fetched on data chaining pertains to the I/O operation already in progress at the I/O device, and the I/O device is not notified when a new CCW is fetched.
Provision is made in the CCW format for the programmer to specify that, when the CCW is decoded, the channel subsystem request an I/O interruption as soon as possible, thereby notifying a CPU program that chaining has progressed at least as far as that CCW in the channel program.
To complement dynamic address translation in CPUs, CCW indirect data addressing and modified CCW indirect data addressing are provided.
When the ORB specifies a CCW channel program and CCW-indirect-data addressing is used, a flag in the CCW specifies that an indirect-data-address list is to be used to designate the storage areas for that CCW. Each time the boundary of a block of storage is reached, the list is referenced to determine the next block of storage to be used. The ORB specifies whether the size of each block of storage is 2K bytes or 4K bytes.
When the ORB specifies a CCW channel program and modified-CCW-indirect-data addressing is used, a flag in the ORB and a flag in the CCW specify that a modified-indirect-data-address list is to be used to designate the storage areas for that CCW. Each time the count of bytes specified for a block of storage is reached, the list is referenced to determine the next block of storage to be used. Unlike when indirect data addressing is used, the block may be specified on any boundary and length up to 4K, provided a data transfer across a 4K-byte boundary is not specified.
When the ORB specifies a TCW channel program and transport-indirect-data addressing is used, flags in the TCW specify whether a transport-indirect-data-address list is to be used to designate the storage areas containing the TCCB and whether a transport-indirect-data-address list is used to designate the data storage areas associated with the DCWs in the TCCB. Each time the count of bytes specified for a block of storage is reached, the corresponding transport-indirect-data-address list is referenced to determine the next storage block to be used.
CCW indirect data addressing and modified CCW indirect data addressing permit essentially the same CCW sequences to be used for a program running with dynamic address translation active in the CPU as would be used if the CPU were operating with equivalent contiguous real storage. CCW indirect data addressing permits the program to designate data blocks having absolute storage addresses up to 264−1 independent of whether format-0 or format-1 CCWs have been specified in the ORB. Modified CCW indirect data addressing permits the program to designate data blocks having absolute storage addresses up to 264−1, independent of whether format-0 or format-1 CCWs have been specified in the ORB.
In general, the execution of an I/O operation or chain of operations involves as many as three levels of participation:
1. Except for effects due to the integration of CPU and channel-subsystem equipment, a CPU is busy for the duration of the execution of START SUBCHANNEL, which lasts until the addressed subchannel has been passed the ORB contents.
2. The subchannel is busy for a new START SUBCHANNEL from the receipt of the ORB contents until the primary interruption condition is cleared at the subchannel.
3. The I/O device is busy from the initiation of the first operation at the device until either the subchannel becomes suspended or the secondary interruption condition is placed at the subchannel. In the case of a suspended subchannel, the device again becomes busy when the execution of the suspended channel program is resumed.
Conclusion of I/O Operations
The conclusion of an I/O operation normally is indicated by two status conditions: channel end and device end. The channel-end condition indicates that the I/O device has received or provided all data associated with the operation and no longer needs channel-subsystem facilities. This condition is called the primary interruption condition, and the channel end in this case is the primary status. Generally, the primary interruption condition is any interruption condition that relates to an I/O operation and that signals the conclusion at the subchannel of the I/O operation or chain of I/O operations.
The device-end signal indicates that the I/O device has concluded execution and is ready to perform another operation. This condition is called the secondary interruption condition, and the device end in this case is the secondary status. Generally, the secondary interruption condition is any interruption condition that relates to an I/O operation and that signals the conclusion at the device of the I/O operation or chain of operations. The secondary interruption condition can occur concurrently with, or later than, the primary interruption condition.
Concurrent with the primary or secondary interruption conditions, both the channel subsystem and the I/O device can provide indications of unusual situations.
The conditions signaling the conclusion of an I/O operation can be brought to the attention of the program by I/O interruptions or, when the CPUs are disabled for I/O interruptions, by programmed interrogation of the channel subsystem. In the former case, these conditions cause storing of the I/O-interruption code, which contains information concerning the interrupting source. In the latter case, the interruption code is stored as a result of the execution of TEST PENDING INTERRUPTION.
When the primary interruption condition is recognized, the channel subsystem attempts to notify the program, by means of an interruption request, that a subchannel contains information describing the conclusion of an I/O operation at the subchannel. For command-mode interruptions, the information identifies the last CCW used and may provide its residual byte count, thus describing the extent of main storage used. For transport -mode interruptions, the information identifies the current TCW and the TSB associated with the channel program that contains additional status about the I/O operation, such as residual byte count. In addition to information about the channel program, both the channel subsystem and the I/O device may provide additional indications of unusual conditions as part of either the primary or the secondary interruption condition. The information contained at the subchannel may be stored by the execution of TEST SUBCHANNEL or the execution of STORE SUBCHANNEL. This information, when stored, is called a subchannel-status word (SCSW).
Chaining when Using a CCW Channel Program
When the ORB specifies a CCW channel program, facilities are provided for the program to initiate the execution of a chain of I/O operations with a single START SUBCHANNEL instruction. When the current CCW specifies command chaining and no unusual conditions have been detected during the operation, the receipt of the device-end signal causes the channel subsystem to fetch a new CCW. If the CCW passes certain validity tests and the suspend flag is not specified as a one in the new CCW, execution of a new command is initiated at the device. If the CCW fails to pass the validity tests, the new command is not initiated, command chaining is suppressed, and the status associated with the new CCW causes an interruption condition to be generated. If the suspend flag is specified as a one and this value is valid because of a one value in the suspend control, bit 4 of word 1 of the associated ORB, execution of the new command is not initiated, and command chaining is concluded.
Execution of the new command is initiated by the channel subsystem in the same way as in the previous operation. The ending signals occurring at the conclusion of an operation caused by a CCW specifying command chaining are not made available to the program. When another I/O operation is initiated by command chaining, the channel subsystem continues execution of the channel program. If, however, an unusual condition has been detected, command chaining is suppressed, the channel program is terminated, an interruption condition is generated, and the ending signals causing the termination are made available to the program.
The suspend-and-resume function provides the program with control over the execution of a channel program. The initiation of the suspend function is controlled by the setting of the suspend -control bit in the ORB. The suspend function is signaled to the channel subsystem during channel-program execution when the suspend-control bit in the ORB is one and the suspend flag in the first CCW or in a CCW fetched during command chaining is one.
Suspension occurs when the channel subsystem fetches a CCW with the suspend flag validly (because of a one value of the suspend-control bit in the ORB) specified as one. The command in this CCW is not sent to the I/O device, and the device is signaled that the chain of commands is concluded. A subsequent RESUME SUBCHANNEL instruction informs the channel subsystem that the CCW that caused suspension may have been modified and that the channel subsystem must refetch the CCW and examine the current setting of the suspend flag. If the suspend flag is found to be zero in the CCW, the channel subsystem resumes execution of the chain of commands with the I/O device.
Chaining when Using a TCW Channel Program
When the ORB specifies a TCW channel program, facilities are also provided for the program to initiate the execution of a chain of device operations with a single START SUBCHANNEL instruction. Command chaining may be specified for those DCWs designated by a single TCW. When the current DCW specifies command chaining and no unusual conditions have been detected during the operation, recognition of the successful execution of the DCW causes the next DCW in the current TCCB to be processed.
If the next DCW passes certain validity tests, execution of a new command is initiated at the device and the DCW becomes the current DCW. If the DCW fails to pass the validity tests, the new command is not initiated, command chaining is suppressed, the channel program is terminated, and the status associated with the new DCW causes an interruption condition to be generated.
Execution of the new command is initiated in the same way as in the previous operation. The ending signals occurring at the conclusion of an operation caused by a DCW that is not the last specified DCW are not made available to the program. When another I/O operation is initiated by command chaining, execution of the channel program continues. If, however, an unusual condition has been detected, command chaining is suppressed, the channel program is terminated, an interruption condition is generated, and status is made available to the program that identifies the unusual condition.
Premature Conclusion of I/O Operations
Channel-program execution may be terminated prematurely by CANCEL SUBCHANNEL, HALT SUBCHANNEL or CLEAR SUBCHANNEL. The execution of CANCEL SUBCHANNEL causes the channel subsystem to terminate the start function at the subchannel if the channel program has not been initiated at the device. When the start function is terminated by the execution of CANCEL SUBCHANNEL, the channel subsystem sets condition code 0 in response to the CANCEL SUBCHANNEL instruction. The execution of HALT SUBCHANNEL causes the channel subsystem to issue the halt signal to the I/O device and terminate channel -program execution at the subchannel. When channel-program execution is terminated by the execution of HALT SUBCHANNEL, the program is notified of the termination by means of an I/O-interruption request. When the subchannel is in command mode, the interruption request is generated when the device presents status for the terminated operation. When the subchannel is in transport mode, the interruption request is generated immediately. If, however, the halt signal was issued to the device during command chaining after the receipt of device end but before the next command was transferred to the device, the interruption request is generated after the device has been signaled. In the latter case, the device-status field of the SCSW will contain zeros. The execution of CLEAR SUBCHANNEL clears the subchannel of indications of the channel program in execution, causes the channel subsystem to issue the clear signal to the I/O device, and causes the channel subsystem to generate an I/O-interruption request to notify the program of the completion of the clear function.
I/O Interruptions
Conditions causing I/O-interruption requests are asynchronous to activity in CPUs, and more than one condition can occur at the same time. The conditions are preserved at the subchannels until cleared by TEST SUBCHANNEL or CLEAR SUBCHANNEL, or reset by an I/O-system reset.
When an I/O-interruption condition has been recognized by the channel subsystem and indicated at the subchannel, an I/O-interruption request is made pending for the I/O-interruption subclass specified at the subchannel. The I/O-interruption subclass for which the interruption is made pending is under programmed control through the use of MODIFY SUBCHANNEL. A pending I/O interruption may be accepted by any CPU that is enabled for interruptions from its I/O-interruption subclass. Each CPU has eight mask bits, in control register 6, that control the enablement of that CPU for each of the eight I/O-interruption subclasses, with the I/O mask, bit 6 in the PSW, being the master I/O-interruption mask for the CPU.
When an I/O interruption occurs at a CPU, the I/O-interruption code is stored in the I/O -communication area of that CPU, and the I/O-interruption request is cleared. The I/O-interruption code identifies the subchannel for which the interruption was pending. The conditions causing the generation of the interruption request may then be retrieved from the subchannel explicitly by TEST SUBCHANNEL or by STORE SUBCHANNEL.
A pending I/O-interruption request may also be cleared by TEST PENDING INTERRUPTION when the corresponding I/O-interruption subclass is enabled but the PSW has I/O interruptions disabled or by TEST SUBCHANNEL when the CPU is disabled for I/O interruptions from the corresponding I/O-interruption subclass. A pending I/O-interruption request may also be cleared by CLEAR SUBCHANNEL. Both CLEAR SUBCHANNEL and TEST SUBCHANNEL clear the preserved interruption condition at the subchannel as well.
Normally, unless the interruption request is cleared by CLEAR SUBCHANNEL, the program issues TEST SUBCHANNEL to obtain information concerning the execution of the operation.
Clear Subchannel
The designated subchannel is cleared, the current start or halt function, if any, is terminated at the designated subchannel, and the channel subsystem is signaled to asynchronously perform the clear function at the designated subchannel and at the associated device.
General register 1 contains a subsystem-identification word (SID) that designates the subchannel to be cleared.
If a start or halt function is in progress, it is terminated at the subchannel.
The subchannel is made no longer status pending. All activity, as indicated in the activity -control field of the SCSW, is cleared at the subchannel, except that the subchannel is made clear pending. Any functions in progress, as indicated in the function-control field of the SCSW, are cleared at the subchannel, except for the clear function that is to be performed because of the execution of this instruction.
When the subchannel is operating in transport mode and condition code 2 is set, the CPU may signal the channel subsystem to asynchronously perform the interrogate function, and end the instruction.
The channel subsystem is signaled to asynchronously perform the clear function. The clear function is summarized below in the section “Associated Functions” and is described in detail in thereafter.
Condition code 0 is set to indicate that the actions described above have been taken.
Associated Functions
Subsequent to the execution of CLEAR SUBCHANNEL, the channel subsystem asynchronously performs the clear function. If conditions allow, the channel subsystem chooses a channel path and attempts to issue the clear signal to the device to terminate the I/O operation, if any. The subchannel then becomes status pending. Conditions encountered by the channel subsystem that preclude issuing the clear signal to the device do not prevent the subchannel from becoming status pending.
When the subchannel becomes status pending as a result of performing the clear function, data transfer, if any, with the associated device has been terminated. The SCSW stored when the resulting status is cleared by TEST SUBCHANNEL has the clear-function bit stored as one. If the channel subsystem can determine that the clear signal was issued to the device, the clear-pending bit is stored as zero in the SCSW. Otherwise, the clear-pending bit is stored as one, and other indications are provided that describe in greater detail the condition that was encountered.
Measurement data is not accumulated, and device-connect time is not stored in the extended -status word for the subchannel, for a start function that is terminated by CLEAR SUBCHANNEL.
Special Conditions
Condition code 3 is set, and no other action is taken, when the subchannel is not operational for CLEAR SUBCHANNEL. A subchannel is not operational for CLEAR SUBCHANNEL when the subchannel is not provided in the channel subsystem, has no valid device number assigned to it, or is not enabled.
CLEAR SUBCHANNEL can encounter the program exceptions described or listed below.
When the multiple-subchannel-set facility is not installed, bits 32-47 of general register 1 must contain 0001 hex; otherwise, an operand exception is recognized.
When the multiple-subchannel-set facility is installed, bits 32-44 of general register 1 must contain zeros, bits 45-46 must contain a valid value, and bit 47 must contain the value one; otherwise, an operand exception is recognized.
Resulting Condition Code:
0 Function initiated
1—
2—
3 Not operational
Program Exceptions:
Clear Function
Subsequent to the execution of CLEAR SUBCHANNEL, the channel subsystem performs the clear function. Performance of the clear function consists in (1) performing a path-management operation, (2) modifying fields at the subchannel, (3) issuing the clear signal to the associated device, and (4) causing the subchannel to be made status pending, indicating the completion of the clear function.
Clear-Function Path Management
A path-management operation is performed as part of the clear function in order to examine channel-path conditions for the associated subchannel and to attempt to choose an available channel path on which the clear signal can be issued to the associated device.
Channel-path conditions are examined in the following order:
1. If the channel subsystem is actively communicating or attempting to establish active communication with the device to be signaled, the channel path that is in use is chosen.
2. If the channel subsystem is in the process of accepting a no-longer-busy indication (which will not cause an interruption condition to be recognized) from the device to be signaled, and the associated subchannel has no allegiance to any channel path, the channel path that is in use is chosen.
3. If the associated subchannel has a dedicated allegiance for a channel path, that channel path is chosen.
4. If the associated subchannel has a working allegiance for one or more channel paths, one of those channel paths is chosen.
5. If the associated subchannel has no allegiance for any channel path, if a last-used channel path is indicated, and if that channel path is available for selection, that channel path is chosen. If that channel path is not available for selection, either no channel path is chosen or a channel path is chosen from the set of channel paths, if any, that are available for selection (as though no last-used channel path were indicated).
6. If the associated subchannel has no allegiance for any channel path, if no last-used channel path is indicated, and if there exist one or more channel paths that are available for selection, one of those channel paths is chosen.
If none of the channel-path conditions listed above apply, no channel path is chosen.
For item 4, for item 5 under the specified conditions, and for item 6, the channel subsystem chooses a channel path from a set of channel paths. In these cases, the channel subsystem may attempt to choose a channel path, provided that the following conditions do not apply:
1. A channel-path-terminal condition exists for the channel path.
2. For a parallel or ESCON channel path: Another subchannel has an active allegiance for the channel path.
For a FICON channel path: The channel path is currently being used to actively communicate with the maximum number of subchannels that can have concurrent active communications.
3. The device to be signaled is attached to a type-1 control unit, and the subchannel for another device attached to the same control unit has an allegiance to the same channel path, unless the allegiance is a working allegiance and primary status has been accepted by that subchannel.
4. The device to be signaled is attached to a type-3 control unit, and the subchannel for another device attached to the same control unit has a dedicated allegiance to the same channel path.
Clear-Function Subchannel Modification
Path-management-control indications at the subchannel are modified during performance of the clear function. Effectively, this modification occurs after the attempt to choose a channel path, but prior to the attempt to select the device to issue the clear signal. The path-management-control indications that are modified are as follows:
1. The state of all eight possible channel paths at the subchannel is set to operational for the subchannel.
2. The last-path-used indication is reset to indicate no last-used channel path.
3. Path-not-operational conditions, if any, are reset.
Clear-Function Signaling and Completion
Subsequent to the attempt to choose a channel path and the modification of the path -management-control fields, the channel subsystem, if conditions allow, attempts to select the device to issue the clear signal. Conditions associated with the subchannel and the chosen channel path, if any, affect (1) whether an attempt is made to issue the clear signal, and (2) whether the attempt to issue the clear signal is successful. Independent of these conditions, the subchannel is subsequently set status pending, and the performance of the clear function is complete. These conditions and their effect on the clear function are described as follows:
No Attempt Is Made to Issue the Clear Signal: The channel subsystem does not attempt to issue the clear signal to the device if any of the following conditions exist:
1. No channel path was chosen.
2. The chosen channel path is no longer available for selection.
3. A channel-path-terminal condition exists for the chosen channel path.
4. For parallel and ESCON channel paths: The chosen channel path is currently being used to actively communicate with a different device. For FICON channel paths: The chosen channel path is currently being used to actively communicate with the maximum number of devices that can have concurrent active communications.
5. The device to be signaled is attached to a type-1 control unit, and the subchannel for another device attached to the same control unit has an allegiance to the same channel path, unless the allegiance is a working allegiance and primary status has been accepted by that subchannel.
6. The device to be signaled is attached to a type-3 control unit, and the subchannel for another device attached to the same control unit has a dedicated allegiance to the same channel path.
If any of the conditions above exist, the subchannel remains clear pending and is set status pending, and the performance of the clear function is complete.
The Attempt to Issue the Clear Signal is not Successful: When the channel subsystem attempts to issue the clear signal to the device, the attempt may not be successful because of the following conditions:
1. The control unit or device signals a busy condition when the channel subsystem attempts to select the device to issue the clear signal.
2. A path-not-operational condition is recognized when the channel subsystem attempts to select the device to issue the clear signal.
3. An error condition is encountered when the channel subsystem attempts to issue the clear signal.
If any of the conditions above exists and the channel subsystem either determines that the attempt to issue the clear signal was not successful or cannot determine whether the attempt was successful, the subchannel remains clear pending and is set status pending, and the performance of the clear function is complete.
The Attempt to Issue the Clear Signal is Successful: When the channel subsystem determines that the attempt to issue the clear signal was successful, the subchannel is no longer clear pending and is set status pending, and the performance of the clear function is complete. When the subchannel becomes status pending, the I/O operation, if any, with the associated device has been terminated.
Programming Note: Subsequent to the performance of the clear function, any nonzero status, except control unit end alone, that is presented to the channel subsystem by the device is passed to the program as unsolicited alert status. Unsolicited status consisting of control unit end alone or zero status is not presented to the program.
Modify Subchannel
The information contained in the subchannel-information block (SCHIB) is placed in the program-modifiable fields at the subchannel. As a result, the program influences, for that subchannel, certain aspects of I/O processing relative to the clear, halt, resume, and start functions and certain I/O support functions.
General register 1 contains a subsystem-identification word (SID) that designates the subchannel that is to be modified as specified by certain fields of the SCHIB. The second-operand address is the logical address of the SCHIB and must be designated on a word boundary; otherwise, a specification exception is recognized.
The channel-subsystem operations that may be influenced due to placement of SCHIB information in the subchannel are:
Bits 0, 1, 6, and 7 of word 1, and bits 0-28 of word 6 of the SCHIB operand must be zeros, and bits 9 and 10 of word 1 must not both be ones. When the extended-I/O-measurement-block facility is installed and a format-1 measurement block is specified, bits 26-31 of word 11 must be specified as zeros. When the extended-I/O-measurement-block facility is not installed, bit 29 of word 6 must be specified as zero; otherwise, an operand exception is recognized. When the extended-I/O-measurement-word facility is not installed, or is installed but not enabled, bit 30 of word 6 must be specified as zero; otherwise, an operand exception is recognized. The remaining fields of the SCHIB are ignored and do not affect the processing of MODIFY SUBCHANNEL.
Condition code 0 is set to indicate that the information from the SCHIB has been placed in the program-modifiable fields at the subchannel, except that, when the device-number-valid bit (V) at the designated subchannel is zero, then condition code 0 is set, and the information from the SCHIB is not placed in the program-modifiable fields.
Special Conditions
Condition code 1 is set, and no other action is taken, when the subchannel is status pending.
Condition code 2 is set, and no other action is taken, when a clear, halt, or start function is in progress at the subchannel.
Condition code 3 is set, and no other action is taken, when the subchannel is not operational for MODIFY SUBCHANNEL. A subchannel is not operational for MODIFY SUBCHANNEL when the subchannel is not provided in the channel subsystem.
MODIFY SUBCHANNEL can encounter the program exceptions described or listed below.
In word 1 of the SCHIB, bits 0, 1, 6, and 7 must be zeros and, when the address-limit-checking facility is installed, bits 9 and 10 must not both be ones. In word 6 of the SCHIB, bits 0-28 must be zeros. Otherwise an operand exception is recognized.
When the extended-I/O-measurement-block facility is installed and a format-1 measurement block is specified, bits 26-31 of word 11 must be specified as zeros; otherwise, an operand exception is recognized. When the extended-I/O-measurement-block facility is not installed, bit 29 of word 6 must be specified as zero; otherwise, an operand exception is recognized. When the extended-I/O-measurement-word facility is not installed, or is installed but not enabled, bit 30 of word 6 must be specified as zero; otherwise, an operand exception is recognized.
When the multiple-subchannel-set facility is not installed, bits 32-47 of general register 1 must contain 0001 hex; otherwise, an operand exception is recognized.
When the multiple-subchannel-set facility is installed, bits 32-44 of general register 1 must contain zeros, bits 45-46 must contain a valid value, and bit 47 must contain the value one; otherwise, an operand exception is recognized.
The second operand must be designated on a word boundary; otherwise, a specification exception is recognized. The execution of MODIFY SUBCHANNEL is suppressed on all addressing and protection exceptions.
Resulting Condition Code:
0 Function completed
1 Status pending
2 Busy
3 Not operational
Program Exceptions:
Programming Notes:
1. If a device signals 1/O-error alert while the associated subchannel is disabled, the channel subsystem issues the clear signal to the device and discards the 1/O-error-alert indication without generating an I/O-interruption condition.
2. If a device presents unsolicited status while the associated subchannel is disabled, that status is discarded by the channel subsystem without generating an I/O-interruption condition. However, if the status presented contains unit check, the channel subsystem issues the clear signal for the associated subchannel and does not generate an I/O-interruption condition. This should be taken into account when the program uses MODIFY SUBCHANNEL to enable a subchannel. For example, the medium on the associated device that was present when the subchannel became disabled may have been replaced, and, therefore, the program should verify the integrity of that medium.
3. It is recommended that the program inspect the contents of the subchannel by subsequently issuing STORE SUBCHANNEL when MODIFY SUBCHANNEL sets condition code 0. Use of STORE SUBCHANNEL is a method for determining if the designated subchannel was changed or not. Failure to inspect the subchannel following the setting of condition code 0 by MODIFY SUBCHANNEL may result in conditions that the program does not expect to occur.
Start Subchannel
The channel subsystem is signaled to asynchronously perform the start function for the associated device, and the execution parameters that are contained in the designated ORB are placed at the designated subchannel.
General register 1 contains a subsystem-identification word that designates the subchannel to be started. The second-operand address is the logical address of the ORB and must be designated on a word boundary; otherwise, a specification exception is recognized.
The execution parameters contained in the ORB are placed at the subchannel.
When START SUBCHANNEL is executed, the subchannel is status pending with only secondary status, and the extended-status-word-format bit (L) is zero, the status-pending condition is discarded at the subchannel.
The subchannel is made start pending, and the start function is indicated at the subchannel. If the second operand designates a command-mode ORB, the subchannel remains in command mode. If the second operand designates a transport-mode ORB, the subchannel enters transport mode. When the subchannel enters transport mode, the LPUM is set to zero if no previous dedicated allegiance exists; otherwise the LPUM is not changed.
Logically prior to the setting of condition code 0, path-not-operational conditions at the subchannel, if any, are cleared.
The channel subsystem is signaled to asynchronously perform the start function. The start function is summarized below in the section “Associated Functions” and is described in detail thereafter.
Condition code 0 is set to indicate that the actions described above have been taken.
Associated Functions
Subsequent to the execution of START SUBCHANNEL, the channel subsystem asynchronously performs the start function.
The contents of the ORB, other than the fields that must contain all zeros, are checked for validity. On some models, the fields of the ORB that must contain zeros are checked asynchronously, instead of during the execution of the instruction. When invalid fields are detected asynchronously, the subchannel becomes status pending with primary, secondary, and alert status and with deferred condition code 1 and program check indicated. In this situation, the I/O operation or chain of I/O operations is not initiated at the device, and the condition is indicated by the start-pending bit being stored as one when the SCSW is cleared by the execution of TEST SUBCHANNEL.
On some models, path availability is tested asynchronously, instead of during the execution of the instruction. When no channel path is available for selection, the subchannel becomes status pending with primary and secondary status and with deferred condition code 3 indicated. The I/O operation or chain of I/O operations is not initiated at the device, and this condition is indicated by the start-pending bit being stored as one when the SCSW is cleared by the execution of TEST SUBCHANNEL.
If conditions allow, a channel path is chosen, and execution of the channel program that is designated in the ORB is initiated.
Special Conditions
Condition code 1 is set, and no other action is taken, when the subchannel is status pending when START SUBCHANNEL is executed. On some models, condition code 1 is not set when the subchannel is status pending with only secondary status; instead, the status-pending condition is discarded.
Condition code 2 is set, and no other action is taken, when a start, halt, or clear function is currently in progress at the subchannel.
Condition code 3 is set, and no other action is taken, when the subchannel is not operational for START SUBCHANNEL. A subchannel is not operational for START SUBCHANNEL if the subchannel is not provided in the channel subsystem, has no valid device number associated with it, or is not enabled.
A subchannel is also not operational for START SUBCHANNEL, on some models, when no channel path is available for selection. On these models, the lack of an available channel path is detected as part of the START SUBCHANNEL execution. On other models, channel-path availability is only tested as part of the asynchronous start function.
START SUBCHANNEL can encounter the program exceptions described or listed below.
In word 1 of the command-mode ORB, bits 26-30 must be zeros, and, in word 2 of the command -mode ORB, bit 0 must be zero. Otherwise, on some models, an operand exception is recognized. On other models, an I/O-interruption condition is generated, indicating program check, as part of the asynchronous start function.
START SUBCHANNEL can also encounter the program exceptions listed below.
When the multiple-subchannel-set facility is not installed, bits 32-47 of general register 1 must contain 0001 hex; otherwise, an operand exception is recognized.
When the multiple-subchannel-set facility is installed, bits 32-44 of general register 1 must contain zeros, bits 45-46 must contain a valid value, and bit 47 must contain the value one; otherwise, an operand exception is recognized.
The second operand must be designated on a word boundary; otherwise, a specification exception is recognized. The execution of START SUBCHANNEL is suppressed on all addressing and protection exceptions.
Resulting Condition Code:
0 Function initiated
1 Status pending
2 Busy
3 Not operational
Program Exceptions:
Start Function and Resume Function
The start and resume functions initiate I/O operations as described below. The start function applies to subchannels operating in either command mode or transport mode. The resume function applies only to subchannels operating in command mode.
Subsequent to the execution of START SUBCHANNEL and RESUME SUBCHANNEL, the channel subsystem performs the start and resume functions, respectively, to initiate an I/O operation with the associated device. Performance of a start or resume function consists of: (1) performing a path-management operation, (2) performing an I/O operation or chain of I/O operations with the associated device, and (3) causing the subchannel to be made status pending, indicating the completion of the start function. The start function initiates the execution of a channel program that is designated in the ORB, which in turn is designated as the operand of START SUBCHANNEL, in contrast to the resume function that initiates the execution of a suspended channel program, if any, beginning at the CCW that caused suspension; otherwise, the resume function is performed as if it were a start function.
Start-Function and Resume-Function Path Management
A path-management operation is performed by the channel subsystem during the performance of either a start or a resume function to choose an available channel path that can be used for device selection to initiate an I/O operation with that device. The actions taken are as follows:
1. If the subchannel is currently start pending and device active, the start function remains pending at the subchannel until the secondary status for the previous start function has been accepted from the associated device and the subchannel is made start pending alone. When the status is accepted and does not describe an alert interruption condition, the subchannel is not made status pending, and the performance of the pending start function is subsequently initiated. If the status describes an alert interruption condition, the subchannel becomes status pending with secondary and alert status, the pending start function is not initiated, deferred condition code 1 is set, and the start-pending bit remains one. If the subchannel is currently start pending alone, the performance of the start function is initiated as described below.
2. If a dedicated allegiance exists at the subchannel for a channel path, the channel subsystem chooses that path for device selection. If a busy condition is encountered while attempting to select the device and a dedicated allegiance exists at the subchannel, the start function remains pending until the internal indication of busy is reset for that channel path. When the internal indication of busy is reset, the performance of the pending start function is initiated on that channel path.
3. If no channel path is available for selection and no dedicated allegiance exists in the subchannel for a channel path, a channel path is not chosen.
4. If all channel paths that are available for selection have been tried and one or more of them are being used to actively communicate with other devices, or, alternatively, if the channel subsystem has encountered either a control-unit-busy or a device-busy condition on one or more of those channel paths, or a combination of those conditions on one or more of those channel paths, the start function remains pending at the subchannel until a channel path, control unit, or device, as appropriate, becomes available.
5. If (1) the start function is to be initiated on a channel path with a device attached to a type-1 control unit and (2) no other device is attached to the same control unit whose subchannel has either a dedicated allegiance to the same channel path or a working allegiance to the same channel path where primary status has not been received for that subchannel, then that channel path is chosen if it is available for selection; otherwise, that channel path is not chosen. If, however, another channel path to the device is available for selection and no allegiances exist as described above, that channel path is chosen. If no other channel path is available for selection, the start or resume function, as appropriate, remains pending until a channel path becomes available.
6. If the device is attached to a type-3 control unit, and if at least one other device is attached to the same control unit whose subchannel has a dedicated allegiance to the same channel path, another channel path that is available for selection may be chosen, or the start function remains pending until the dedicated allegiance for the other device is cleared.
7. If a channel path has been chosen and a busy indication is received during device selection to initiate the execution of the first command of a pending CCW channel program or to transport the TCCB of a pending TCW channel program, the channel path over which the busy indication is received is not used again for that device or control unit (depending on the device-busy or control-unit-busy indication received) until the internal indication of busy is reset.
8. If, during an attempt to select the device in order to initiate the execution of the first command specified for the start or implied for the resume function for a CCW channel program, or to initiate the transportation of the TCCB for the start function for a TCW channel program, (as described in action 7 above), the channel subsystem receives a busy indication, it performs one of the following actions:
a. If the device is specified to be operating in the multipath mode and the busy indication received is device busy, then the start or resume function remains pending until the internal indication of busy is reset.
b. If the device is specified to be operating in the multipath mode and the busy indication received is control unit busy, or if the device is specified to be operating in the single-path mode, the channel subsystem attempts selection of the device by choosing an alternate channel path that is available for selection and continues the path-management operation until either the start or the resume function is initiated or selection of the device has been attempted on all channel paths that are available for selection. If the start or resume function has not been initiated by the channel subsystem after all channel paths available for selection have been chosen, the start or resume function remains pending until the internal indication of busy is reset.
c. If the subchannel has a dedicated allegiance, then action 2 on page 15-20 applies.
9. When, during the selection attempt to transfer the first command for a CCW channel program, or to transport the TCCB for a TCW channel program, the device appears not operational and the corresponding channel path is operational for the subchannel, a path-not-operational condition is recognized, and the state of the channel path changes at the subchannel from operational for the subchannel to not operational for the subchannel. The path-not-operational conditions at the subchannel, if any, are preserved until the subchannel next becomes clear pending, start pending, or resume pending (if the subchannel was suspended), at which time the path-not -operational conditions are cleared. If, however, the corresponding channel path is not operational for the subchannel, a path-not-operational condition is not recognized. When the device appears not operational during the selection attempt to transfer the first command or TCCB on a channel path that is available for selection, one of the following actions occurs:
a. If a dedicated allegiance exists for that channel path, then it is the only channel path that is available for selection; therefore, further attempts to initiate the start or resume function are abandoned, and an interruption condition is recognized.
b. If no dedicated allegiance exists and there are alternate channel paths available for selection that have not been tried, one of those channel paths is chosen to attempt device selection and transfer the first command for a CCW channel program, or the TCCB for a TCW channel program.
c. If no dedicated allegiance exists, no alternate channel paths are available for selection that have not been tried, and the device has appeared operational on at least one of the channel paths that were tried, the start or resume function remains pending at the subchannel until a channel path, a control unit, or the device, as appropriate, becomes available.
d. If no dedicated allegiance exists, no alternate channel paths are available for selection that have not been tried, and the device has appeared not operational on all channel paths that were tried, further attempts to initiate the start or resume function are abandoned, and an interruption condition is recognized.
10. When the subchannel is active and an I/O operation is to be initiated with a device, all device selections occur according to the LPUM indication if the multipath mode is not specified at the subchannel. For example, if command chaining is specified for a CCW channel program, the channel subsystem transfers the first and all subsequent commands describing a chain of I/O operations over the same channel path.
Execution of I/O Operations
After a channel path is chosen, the channel subsystem, if conditions allow, initiates the execution of an I/O operation with the associated device. Execution of additional I/O operations may follow the initiation and execution of the first I/O operation.
For subchannels operating in command mode, the channel subsystem can execute seven types of commands: write, read, read backward, control, sense, sense ID, and transfer in channel. Each command, except transfer in channel, initiates a corresponding I/O operation. Except for periods when channel-program execution is suspended at the subchannel, the subchannel is active from the acceptance of the first command until the primary interruption condition is recognized at the subchannel. If the primary interruption condition is recognized before the acceptance of the first command, the subchannel does not become active. Normally, the primary interruption condition is caused by the channel-end signal or, in the case of command chaining, the channel-end signal for the last CCW of the chain. The device is active until the secondary interruption condition is recognized at the subchannel. Normally, the secondary interruption condition is caused by the device-end signal or, in the case of command chaining, the device-end signal for the last CCW of the chain.
For subchannels operating in transport mode, the channel subsystem can transport six types of commands for execution: write, read, control, sense, sense ID, and interrogate. Each command initiates a corresponding device operation. When one or more commands are transported to the I/O device in a TCCB, the subchannel remains start pending until primary status is presented.
Programming Notes:
In the single-path mode, all transfers of commands, data, and status for the I/O operation or chain of I/O operations occur on the channel path over which the first command was transferred to the device.
When the device has the dynamic-reconnection feature installed, an I/O operation or chain of I/O operations may be performed in the multipath mode. To operate in the multipath mode, MODIFY SUBCHANNEL must have been previously executed for the subchannel with bit 13 of word 1 of the SCHIB specified as one. In addition, the device must be set up for the multipath mode by the execution of certain model-dependent commands appropriate to that type of device. The general procedures for handling multipath-mode operations are as follows:
1. Setup
a. A set-multipath-mode type of command must be successfully executed by the device on each channel path that is to be a member of the multipath group being set up; otherwise, the multipath mode of operation may give unpredictable results at the subchannel. If, for any reason, one or more physically available channel paths to the device are not included in the multipath group, these channel paths must not be available for selection while the subchannel is operating in the multipath mode. A channel path can be made not available for selection by having the corresponding LPM bit set to zero either in the SCHIB prior to the execution of MODIFY SUBCHANNEL or in the ORB prior to the execution of START SUBCHANNEL.
b. When a set-multipath-mode type of command is transferred to a device, only a single channel path must be logically available in order to avoid alternate channel-path selection for the execution of that start function; otherwise, device-busy conditions may be detected by the channel subsystem on more than one channel path, which may cause unpredictable results for subsequent multipath-mode operations. This type of setup procedure should be used whenever the membership of a multipath group is changed.
2. Leaving the Multipath Mode
To leave the multipath mode and continue processing in the single-path mode, either of the following two procedures may be used:
a. A disband-multipath-mode type of command may be executed for any channel path of the multipath group. This command must be followed by either (1) the execution of MODIFY SUBCHANNEL with bit 13 of word 1 of the SCHIB specified as zero, or (2) the specification of only a single channel path as logically available in the LPM. A start function must not be performed at a subchannel operating in the multipath mode with multiple channel paths available for selection while the device is operating in single-path mode; otherwise, unpredictable results may occur at the subchannel for that function or subsequent start functions.
b. A resign-multipath-mode type of command is executed on each channel path of the multipath group (the reverse of the setup). This command must be followed by either (1) the execution of MODIFY SUBCHANNEL with bit 13 of word 1 of the SCHIB specified as zero, or (2) the specification of only a single channel path as logically available in the LPM. No start function may be performed at a subchannel operating in the multipath mode with multiple channel paths available for selection while the device is operating in single-path mode; otherwise, unpredictable results may occur at the subchannel for that or subsequent start functions.
Blocking of Data
Data recorded by an I/O device is divided into blocks. The length of a block depends on the device; for example, a block can be a card, a line of printing, or the information recorded between two consecutive gaps on magnetic tape.
The maximum amount of information that can be transferred in one I/O operation is one block. An I/O operation is terminated when the associated main-storage area is exhausted or the end of the block is reached, whichever occurs first. For some operations, such as writing on a magnetic-tape unit or at an inquiry station, blocks are not defined, and the amount of information transferred is controlled only by the program.
Operation-Request Block
The operation-request block (ORB) is the operand of START SUBCHANNEL. The ORB specifies the parameters to be used in controlling that particular start function. These parameters include the interruption parameter, the subchannel key, the address of first CCW or the TCW, operation-control bits, priority-control numbers, and a specification of the logical availability of channel paths to the designated device.
The contents of the ORB are placed at the designated subchannel during the execution of START SUBCHANNEL, prior to the setting of condition code 0. If the execution will result in a nonzero condition code, the contents of the ORB are not placed at the designated subchannel.
The two rightmost bits of the ORB address must be zeros, placing the ORB on a word boundary; otherwise, a specification exception is recognized. When the fibre-channel-extensions (FCX) facility is installed, the channel-program-type control (B) (word 1, bit 13) of the ORB specifies the type of channel program that is designated by the ORB. When B is zero, the ORB designates a CCW channel program. When the B is one, the ORB designates a TCW channel program. Only I/O-devices that support FCX recognize TCW channel programs.
If the contents of an ORB that designates a CCW channel program are placed at the designated subchannel during the execution of START SUBCHANNEL, the subchannel remains in command mode. Thus, such an ORB is also known as a command-mode ORB. If the contents of an ORB that designates a TCW channel program are placed at the designated subchannel during execution of START SUBCHANNEL, the subchannel enters transport mode. Thus, such an ORB is also known as a transport-mode ORB.
Test Pending Interruption
The I/O-interruption code for a pending I/O interruption at a subchannel is stored at the location designated by the second-operand address, and the pending I/O-interruption request is cleared.
The second-operand address, when nonzero, is the logical address of the location where the two-word I/O-interruption code, consisting of words 0 and 1, is to be stored. The second-operand address must be designated on a word boundary; otherwise, a specification exception is recognized.
If the second-operand address is zero, the three-word I/O-interruption code, consisting of words 0-2, is stored at real locations 184-195. In this case, low-address protection and key-controlled protection do not apply.
In the access-register mode when the second-operand address is zero, it is unpredictable whether access-register translation occurs for access register B2. If the translation occurs, the resulting address -space-control element is not used; that is, the interruption code still is stored at real locations 184-195.
Pending I/O-interruption requests are accepted only for those I/O-interruption subclasses allowed by the I/O-interruption-subclass mask in control register 6 of the CPU executing the instruction. If no I/O-interruption requests exist that are allowed by control register 6, the I/O-interruption code is not stored, the second-operand location is not modified, and condition code 0 is set.
If a pending I/O-interruption request is accepted, the I/O-interruption code is stored, the pending I/O-interruption request is cleared, and condition code 1 is set. The I/O-interruption code that is stored is the same as would be stored if an I/O interruption had occurred. However, PSWs are not swapped as when an I/O -interruption occurs. execution of the instruction is defined as follows:
Subsystem-Identification Word (SID):
Bits 32-63 of the SID are placed in word 0.
Interruption Parameter: Word 1 contains a four-byte parameter that was specified by the program and passed to the subchannel in word 0 of the ORB or the PMCW. When a device presents alert status and the interruption parameter was not previously passed to the subchannel by an execution of START SUBCHANNEL or MODIFY SUBCHANNEL, this field contains zeros.
Interruption-Identification Word: Word 2, when stored, contains the interruption -identification word, which further identifies the source of the I/O-interruption. Word 2 is stored only when the second -operand address is zero.
The interruption-identification word is defined as follows:
A bit (A): Bit 0 of the interruption-identification word specifies the type of pending I/O -interruption request that was cleared. When bit 0 is zero, the I/O-interruption request was associated with a subchannel.
I/O-Interruption Subclass (ISC): Bit positions 2-4 of the interruption-identification word contain an unsigned binary integer, in the range 0-7, that specifies the I/O-interruption subclass associated with the subchannel for which the pending I/O-interruption request was cleared. The remaining bit positions are reserved and stored as zeros.
Special Conditions
TEST PENDING INTERRUPTION can encounter the program exceptions described or listed below.
The second operand must be designated on a word boundary; otherwise, a specification exception is recognized.
The execution of TEST PENDING INTERRUPTION is suppressed on all addressing and protection exceptions.
Resulting Condition Code:
0 Interruption code not stored
1 Interruption code stored
2—
3—
Program Exceptions:
Programming Notes:
1. TEST PENDING INTERRUPTION should only be executed with a second-operand address of zero when I/O interruptions are masked off. Otherwise, an I/O-interruption code stored by the instruction may be lost if an I/O interruption occurs. The I/O-interruption code that identifies the source of an I/O interruption taken subsequent to TEST PENDING INTERRUPTION is also stored at real locations 184-195, replacing an I/O-interruption code that was stored by the instruction.
2. In the access-register mode when the second-operand address is zero, an access exception is recognized if access-register translation occurs and the access register is in error. This exception can be prevented by making the B2 field zero or by placing 00000000 hex, 00000001 hex, or any other valid contents in the access register.
Store Subchannel
Control and status information for the designated subchannel is stored in the designated SCHIB.
General register 1 contains a subsystem-identification word that designates the subchannel for which the information is to be stored. The second-operand address is the logical address of the SCHIB and must be designated on a word boundary; otherwise, a specification exception is recognized.
When the extended-I/O-measurement-block facility is not installed, the information that is stored in the SCHIB consists of a path-management-control word, a SCSW, and three words of model-dependent information. When the extended-I/O-measurement-block facility is installed, the information that is stored in the SCHIB consists of a path-management-control word, a SCSW, the measurement-block-address field, and one word of model-dependent information.
The execution of STORE SUBCHANNEL does not change any information at the subchannel.
Condition code 0 is set to indicate that control and status information for the designated subchannel has been stored in the SCHIB. When the execution of STORE SUBCHANNEL results in the setting of condition code 0, the information in the SCHIB indicates a consistent state of the subchannel.
Special Conditions
Condition code 3 is set, and no other action is taken, when the designated subchannel is not operational for STORE SUBCHANNEL. A subchannel is not operational for STORE SUBCHANNEL if the subchannel is not provided in the channel subsystem.
STORE SUBCHANNEL can encounter the program exceptions described or listed below.
When the multiple-subchannel-set facility is not installed, bits 32-47 of general register 1 must contain 0001 hex; otherwise, an operand exception is recognized.
When the multiple-subchannel-set facility is installed, bits 32-44 of general register 1 must contain zeros, bits 45-46 must contain a valid value, and bit 47 must contain the value one; otherwise, an operand exception is recognized.
The second operand must be designated on a word boundary; otherwise, a specification exception is recognized.
Resulting Condition Code:
0 SCHIB stored
1—
2—
3 Not operational
Program Exceptions:
Programming Notes:
1. Device status that is stored in the SCSW may include device-busy, control-unit-busy, or control-unit-end indications.
2. The information that is stored in the SCHIB is obtained from the subchannel. The STORE SUBCHANNEL instruction does not cause the channel subsystem to interrogate the addressed device.
3. STORE SUBCHANNEL may be executed at any time to sample conditions existing at the subchannel, without causing any pending status conditions to be cleared.
4. Repeated execution of STORE SUBCHANNEL without an intervening delay (for example, to determine when a subchannel changes state) should be avoided because repeated accesses of the subchannel by the CPU may delay or prohibit access of the subchannel by a channel subsystem to update the subchannel.
Test Subchannel
Control and status information for the subchannel is stored in the designated IRB.
General register 1 contains a subsystem-identification word that designates the subchannel for which the information is to be stored. The second-operand address is the logical address of the IRB and must be designated on a word boundary; otherwise, a specification exception is recognized.
The information that is stored in the IRB consists of a SCSW, an extended-status word, and an extended-control word.
If the subchannel is status pending, the status-pending bit of the status-control field is stored as one. Whether or not the subchannel is status pending has an effect on the functions that are performed when TEST SUBCHANNEL is executed.
When the subchannel is status pending and TEST SUBCHANNEL is executed, information, as described above, is stored in the IRB, followed by the clearing of certain conditions and indications that exist at the subchannel. If the subchannel is in transport mode, the clearing of these conditions, specifically the start function, places the subchannel in command mode. If an I/O-interruption request is pending for the subchannel, the request is cleared. Condition code 0 is set to indicate that these actions have been taken.
When the subchannel is not status pending and TEST SUBCHANNEL is executed, information is stored in the IRB, and no conditions or indications are cleared. Condition code 1 is set to indicate that these actions have been taken.
Special Conditions
Condition code 3 is set, and no other action is taken, when the subchannel is not operational for TEST SUBCHANNEL. A subchannel is not operational for TEST SUBCHANNEL if the subchannel is not provided, has no valid device number associated with it, or is not enabled.
TEST SUBCHANNEL can encounter the program exceptions described or listed below.
When the multiple-subchannel-set facility is not installed, bits 32-47 of general register 1 must contain 0001 hex; otherwise, an operand exception is recognized.
When the multiple-subchannel-set facility is installed, bits 32-44 of general register 1 must contain zeros, bits 45-46 must contain a valid value, and bit 47 must contain the value one; otherwise, an operand exception is recognized.
The second operand must be designated on a word boundary; otherwise, a specification exception is recognized.
When the execution of TEST SUBCHANNEL is terminated on addressing and protection exceptions, the state of the subchannel is not changed.
Resulting Condition Code:
0 IRB stored; subchannel status pending
1 IRB stored; subchannel not status pending
2—
3 Not operational
Program Exceptions:
Programming Notes:
1. Device status that is stored in the SCSW may include device-busy, control-unit-busy, or control-unit-end indications.
2. The information that is stored in the IRB is obtained from the subchannel. The TEST SUBCHANNEL instruction does not cause the channel subsystem to interrogate the addressed device.
3. When an I/O interruption occurs, it is the result of a status-pending condition at the subchannel, and typically TEST SUBCHANNEL is executed to clear the status. TEST SUBCHANNEL may also be executed at any other time to sample conditions existing at the subchannel.
4. Repeated execution of TEST SUBCHANNEL to determine when a start function has been completed should be avoided because there are conditions under which the completion of the start function may or may not be indicated. For example, if the channel subsystem is holding an interface-control-check (IFCC) condition in abeyance (for any subchannel) because another subchannel is already status pending, and if the start function being tested by TEST SUBCHANNEL has as the only path available for selection the channel path with the IFCC condition, then the start function may not be initiated until the status-pending condition in the other subchannel is cleared, allowing the IFCC condition to be indicated at the subchannel to which it applies.
5. Repeated execution of TEST SUBCHANNEL without an intervening delay, for example, to determine when a subchannel changes state, should be avoided because repeated accesses of the subchannel by the CPU may delay or prohibit accessing of the subchannel by the channel subsystem. Execution of TEST SUBCHANNEL by multiple CPUs for the same subchannel at approximately the same time may have the same effect and also should be avoided.
6. The priority of I/O-interruption handling by a CPU can be modified by the execution of TEST SUBCHANNEL. When TEST SUBCHANNEL is executed and the designated subchannel has an I/O -interruption request pending, that I/O-interruption request is cleared, and the SCSW is stored, without regard to any previously established priority. The relative priority of the remaining I/O-interruption requests is unchanged
As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, aspects of the present invention may be embodied as a system, method or computer program product. Accordingly, aspects of the present invention may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may all generally be referred to herein as a “circuit,” “module” or “system”. Furthermore, aspects of the present invention may take the form of a computer program product embodied in one or more computer readable medium(s) having computer readable program code embodied thereon.
Any combination of one or more computer readable medium(s) may be utilized. The computer readable medium may be a computer readable storage medium. A computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer readable storage medium include the following: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD -ROM), an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. In the context of this document, a computer readable storage medium may be any tangible medium that can contain or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.
Referring now to
Program code embodied on a computer readable medium may be transmitted using an appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless, wireline, optical fiber cable, RF, etc., or any suitable combination of the foregoing.
Computer program code for carrying out operations for aspects of the present invention may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language, such as Java, Smalltalk, C++ or the like, and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language, assembler or similar programming languages. The program code may execute entirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider).
Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems) and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable medium that can direct a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer readable medium produce an article of manufacture including instructions which implement the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other devices to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide processes for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
The flowchart and block diagrams in the figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of code, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). It should also be noted that, in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts, or combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.
In addition to the above, one or more aspects of the present invention may be provided, offered, deployed, managed, serviced, etc. by a service provider who offers management of customer environments. For instance, the service provider can create, maintain, support, etc. computer code and/or a computer infrastructure that performs one or more aspects of the present invention for one or more customers. In return, the service provider may receive payment from the customer under a subscription and/or fee agreement, as examples. Additionally or alternatively, the service provider may receive payment from the sale of advertising content to one or more third parties.
In one aspect of the present invention, an application may be deployed for performing one or more aspects of the present invention. As one example, the deploying of an application comprises providing computer infrastructure operable to perform one or more aspects of the present invention.
As a further aspect of the present invention, a computing infrastructure may be deployed comprising integrating computer readable code into a computing system, in which the code in combination with the computing system is capable of performing one or more aspects of the present invention.
As yet a further aspect of the present invention, a process for integrating computing infrastructure comprising integrating computer readable code into a computer system may be provided. The computer system comprises a computer readable medium, in which the computer medium comprises one or more aspects of the present invention. The code in combination with the computer system is capable of performing one or more aspects of the present invention.
Although various embodiments are described above, these are only examples. For example, computing environments of other architectures can incorporate and use one or more aspects of the present invention. As examples, servers other than z196 servers can include, use and/or benefit from one or more aspects of the present invention. Further, other instructions and/or commands may be used; and the instructions/commands may include additional, fewer and/or different information than described herein. Many variations are possible.
Further, other types of computing environments can benefit from one or more aspects of the present invention. As an example, a data processing system suitable for storing and/or executing program code is usable that includes at least two processors coupled directly or indirectly to memory elements through a system bus. The memory elements include, for instance, local memory employed during actual execution of the program code, bulk storage, and cache memory which provide temporary storage of at least some program code in order to reduce the number of times code must be retrieved from bulk storage during execution.
Input/Output or I/O devices (including, but not limited to, keyboards, displays, pointing devices, DASD, tape, CDs, DVDs, thumb drives and other memory media, etc.) can be coupled to the system either directly or through intervening I/O controllers. Network adapters may also be coupled to the system to enable the data processing system to become coupled to other data processing systems or remote printers or storage devices through intervening private or public networks. Modems, cable modems, and Ethernet cards are just a few of the available types of network adapters.
Referring to
As noted, a computer system includes information in local (or main) storage, as well as addressing, protection, and reference and change recording. Some aspects of addressing include the format of addresses, the concept of address spaces, the various types of addresses, and the manner in which one type of address is translated to another type of address. Some of main storage includes permanently assigned storage locations. Main storage provides the system with directly addressable fast-access storage of data. Both data and programs are to be loaded into main storage (from input devices) before they can be processed.
Main storage may include one or more smaller, faster-access buffer storages, sometimes called caches. A cache is typically physically associated with a CPU or an I/O processor. The effects, except on performance, of the physical construction and use of distinct storage media are generally not observable by the program.
Separate caches may be maintained for instructions and for data operands. Information within a cache is maintained in contiguous bytes on an integral boundary called a cache block or cache line (or line, for short). A model may provide an EXTRACT CACHE ATTRIBUTE instruction which returns the size of a cache line in bytes. A model may also provide PREFETCH DATA and PREFETCH DATA RELATIVE LONG instructions which effects the prefetching of storage into the data or instruction cache or the releasing of data from the cache.
Storage is viewed as a long horizontal string of bits. For most operations, accesses to storage proceed in a left-to-right sequence. The string of bits is subdivided into units of eight bits. An eight-bit unit is called a byte, which is the basic building block of all information formats. Each byte location in storage is identified by a unique nonnegative integer, which is the address of that byte location or, simply, the byte address. Adjacent byte locations have consecutive addresses, starting with 0 on the left and proceeding in a left-to-right sequence. Addresses are unsigned binary integers and are 24, 31, or 64 bits.
Information is transmitted between storage and a CPU or a channel subsystem one byte, or a group of bytes, at a time. Unless otherwise specified, in, for instance, the z/Architecture®, a group of bytes in storage is addressed by the leftmost byte of the group. The number of bytes in the group is either implied or explicitly specified by the operation to be performed. When used in a CPU operation, a group of bytes is called a field. Within each group of bytes, in, for instance, the z/Architecture®, bits are numbered in a left-to-right sequence. In the z/Architecture®, the leftmost bits are sometimes referred to as the “high-order” bits and the rightmost bits as the “low-order” bits. Bit numbers are not storage addresses, however. Only bytes can be addressed. To operate on individual bits of a byte in storage, the entire byte is accessed. The bits in a byte are numbered 0 through 7, from left to right (in, e.g., the z/Architecture®). The bits in an address may be numbered 8-31 or 40-63 for 24-bit addresses, or 1-31 or 33-63 for 31-bit addresses; they are numbered 0-63 for 64-bit addresses. Within any other fixed-length format of multiple bytes, the bits making up the format are consecutively numbered starting from 0. For purposes of error detection, and in preferably for correction, one or more check bits may be transmitted with each byte or with a group of bytes. Such check bits are generated automatically by the machine and cannot be directly controlled by the program. Storage capacities are expressed in number of bytes. When the length of a storage-operand field is implied by the operation code of an instruction, the field is said to have a fixed length, which can be one, two, four, eight, or sixteen bytes. Larger fields may be implied for some instructions. When the length of a storage-operand field is not implied but is stated explicitly, the field is said to have a variable length. Variable-length operands can vary in length by increments of one byte (or with some instructions, in multiples of two bytes or other multiples). When information is placed in storage, the contents of only those byte locations are replaced that are included in the designated field, even though the width of the physical path to storage may be greater than the length of the field being stored.
Certain units of information are to be on an integral boundary in storage. A boundary is called integral for a unit of information when its storage address is a multiple of the length of the unit in bytes. Special names are given to fields of 2, 4, 8, and 16 bytes on an integral boundary. A halfword is a group of two consecutive bytes on a two-byte boundary and is the basic building block of instructions. A word is a group of four consecutive bytes on a four-byte boundary. A doubleword is a group of eight consecutive bytes on an eight-byte boundary. A quadword is a group of 16 consecutive bytes on a 16-byte boundary. When storage addresses designate halfwords, words, doublewords, and quadwords, the binary representation of the address contains one, two, three, or four rightmost zero bits, respectively. Instructions are to be on two-byte integral boundaries. The storage operands of most instructions do not have boundary-alignment requirements.
On devices that implement separate caches for instructions and data operands, a significant delay may be experienced if the program stores into a cache line from which instructions are subsequently fetched, regardless of whether the store alters the instructions that are subsequently fetched.
In one embodiment, the invention may be practiced by software (sometimes referred to licensed internal code, firmware, micro-code, milli-code, pico-code and the like, any of which would be consistent with the present invention). Referring to
The software program code includes an operating system which controls the function and interaction of the various computer components and one or more application programs. Program code is normally paged from storage media device 5011 to the relatively higher-speed computer storage 5002 where it is available for processing by processor 5001. The techniques and methods for embodying software program code in memory, on physical media, and/or distributing software code via networks are well known and will not be further discussed herein. Program code, when created and stored on a tangible medium (including but not limited to electronic memory modules (RAM), flash memory, Compact Discs (CDs), DVDs, Magnetic Tape and the like is often referred to as a “computer program product”. The computer program product medium is typically readable by a processing circuit preferably in a computer system for execution by the processing circuit.
The system 5021 may communicate with other computers or networks of computers by way of a network adapter capable of communicating 5028 with a network 5029. Example network adapters are communications channels, token ring, Ethernet or modems. Alternatively, the system 5021 may communicate using a wireless interface, such as a CDPD (cellular digital packet data) card. The system 5021 may be associated with such other computers in a Local Area Network (LAN) or a Wide Area Network (WAN), or the system 5021 can be a client in a client/server arrangement with another computer, etc. All of these configurations, as well as the appropriate communications hardware and software, are known in the art.
Still referring to
Referring concurrently to
Alternatively, the programming code may be embodied in the memory 5025, and accessed by the processor 5026 using the processor bus. Such programming code includes an operating system which controls the function and interaction of the various computer components and one or more application programs 5032. Program code is normally paged from storage media 5027 to high-speed memory 5025 where it is available for processing by the processor 5026. The techniques and methods for embodying software programming code in memory, on physical media, and/or distributing software code via networks are well known and will not be further discussed herein. Program code, when created and stored on a tangible medium (including but not limited to electronic memory modules (RAM), flash memory, Compact Discs (CDs), DVDs, Magnetic Tape and the like is often referred to as a “computer program product”. The computer program product medium is typically readable by a processing circuit preferably in a computer system for execution by the processing circuit.
The cache that is most readily available to the processor (normally faster and smaller than other caches of the processor) is the lowest (L1 or level one) cache and main store (main memory) is the highest level cache (L3 if there are 3 levels). The lowest level cache is often divided into an instruction cache (I-Cache) holding machine instructions to be executed and a data cache (D-Cache) holding data operands.
Referring to
A program counter (instruction counter) 5061 keeps track of the address of the current instruction to be executed. A program counter in a z/Architecture® processor is 64 bits and can be truncated to 31 or 24 bits to support prior addressing limits. A program counter is typically embodied in a PSW (program status word) of a computer such that it persists during context switching. Thus, a program in progress, having a program counter value, may be interrupted by, for example, the operating system (context switch from the program environment to the operating system environment). The PSW of the program maintains the program counter value while the program is not active, and the program counter (in the PSW) of the operating system is used while the operating system is executing. Typically, the program counter is incremented by an amount equal to the number of bytes of the current instruction. RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing) instructions are typically fixed length while CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computing) instructions are typically variable length. Instructions of the IBM z/Architecture® are CISC instructions having a length of 2, 4 or 6 bytes. The Program counter 5061 is modified by either a context switch operation or a branch taken operation of a branch instruction for example. In a context switch operation, the current program counter value is saved in the program status word along with other state information about the program being executed (such as condition codes), and a new program counter value is loaded pointing to an instruction of a new program module to be executed. A branch taken operation is performed in order to permit the program to make decisions or loop within the program by loading the result of the branch instruction into the program counter 5061.
Typically an instruction fetch unit 5055 is employed to fetch instructions on behalf of the processor 5026. The fetch unit either fetches “next sequential instructions”, target instructions of branch taken instructions, or first instructions of a program following a context switch. Modern Instruction fetch units often employ prefetch techniques to speculatively prefetch instructions based on the likelihood that the prefetched instructions might be used. For example, a fetch unit may fetch 16 bytes of instruction that includes the next sequential instruction and additional bytes of further sequential instructions.
The fetched instructions are then executed by the processor 5026. In an embodiment, the fetched instruction(s) are passed to a dispatch unit 5056 of the fetch unit. The dispatch unit decodes the instruction(s) and forwards information about the decoded instruction(s) to appropriate units 5057, 5058, 5060. An execution unit 5057 will typically receive information about decoded arithmetic instructions from the instruction fetch unit 5055 and will perform arithmetic operations on operands according to the opcode of the instruction. Operands are provided to the execution unit 5057 preferably either from memory 5025, architected registers 5059 or from an immediate field of the instruction being executed. Results of the execution, when stored, are stored either in memory 5025, registers 5059 or in other machine hardware (such as control registers, PSW registers and the like).
A processor 5026 typically has one or more units 5057, 5058, 5060 for executing the function of the instruction. Referring to
An ADD instruction for example would be executed in an execution unit 5057 having arithmetic and logical functionality while a floating point instruction for example would be executed in a floating point execution having specialized floating point capability. Preferably, an execution unit operates on operands identified by an instruction by performing an opcode defined function on the operands. For example, an ADD instruction may be executed by an execution unit 5057 on operands found in two registers 5059 identified by register fields of the instruction.
The execution unit 5057 performs the arithmetic addition on two operands and stores the result in a third operand where the third operand may be a third register or one of the two source registers. The execution unit preferably utilizes an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) 5066 that is capable of performing a variety of logical functions such as Shift, Rotate, And, Or and XOR as well as a variety of algebraic functions including any of add, subtract, multiply, divide. Some ALUs 5066 are designed for scalar operations and some for floating point. Data may be Big Endian (where the least significant byte is at the highest byte address) or Little Endian (where the least significant byte is at the lowest byte address) depending on architecture. The IBM z/Architecture® is Big Endian. Signed fields may be sign and magnitude, 1's complement or 2's complement depending on architecture. A 2's complement number is advantageous in that the ALU does not need to design a subtract capability since either a negative value or a positive value in 2's complement requires only an addition within the ALU. Numbers are commonly described in shorthand, where a 12 bit field defines an address of a 4,096 byte block and is commonly described as a 4 Kbyte (Kilo-byte) block, for example.
Referring to
The execution of a group of instructions can be interrupted for a variety of reasons including a context switch initiated by an operating system, a program exception or error causing a context switch, an I/O interruption signal causing a context switch or multi-threading activity of a plurality of programs (in a multi -threaded environment), for example. Preferably a context switch action saves state information about a currently executing program and then loads state information about another program being invoked. State information may be saved in hardware registers or in memory for example. State information preferably comprises a program counter value pointing to a next instruction to be executed, condition codes, memory translation information and architected register content. A context switch activity can be exercised by hardware circuits, application programs, operating system programs or firmware code (microcode, pico-code or licensed internal code (LIC)) alone or in combination.
A processor accesses operands according to instruction defined methods. The instruction may provide an immediate operand using the value of a portion of the instruction, may provide one or more register fields explicitly pointing to either general purpose registers or special purpose registers (floating point registers for example). The instruction may utilize implied registers identified by an opcode field as operands. The instruction may utilize memory locations for operands. A memory location of an operand may be provided by a register, an immediate field, or a combination of registers and immediate field as exemplified by the z/Architecture® long displacement facility wherein the instruction defines a base register, an index register and an immediate field (displacement field) that are added together to provide the address of the operand in memory for example. Location herein typically implies a location in main memory (main storage) unless otherwise indicated.
Referring to
Preferably addresses that an application program “sees” are often referred to as virtual addresses. Virtual addresses are sometimes referred to as “logical addresses” and “effective addresses”. These virtual addresses are virtual in that they are redirected to physical memory location by one of a variety of dynamic address translation (DAT) technologies including, but not limited to, simply prefixing a virtual address with an offset value, translating the virtual address via one or more translation tables, the translation tables preferably comprising at least a segment table and a page table alone or in combination, preferably, the segment table having an entry pointing to the page table. In the z/Architecture®, a hierarchy of translation is provided including a region first table, a region second table, a region third table, a segment table and an optional page table. The performance of the address translation is often improved by utilizing a translation lookaside buffer (TLB) which comprises entries mapping a virtual address to an associated physical memory location. The entries are created when the DAT translates a virtual address using the translation tables. Subsequent use of the virtual address can then utilize the entry of the fast TLB rather than the slow sequential translation table accesses. TLB content may be managed by a variety of replacement algorithms including LRU (Least Recently used).
In the case where the processor is a processor of a multi-processor system, each processor has responsibility to keep shared resources, such as I/O, caches, TLBs and memory, interlocked for coherency. Typically, “snoop” technologies will be utilized in maintaining cache coherency. In a snoop environment, each cache line may be marked as being in any one of a shared state, an exclusive state, a changed state, an invalid state and the like in order to facilitate sharing.
I/O units 5054 (
Further, other types of computing environments can benefit from one or more aspects of the present invention. As an example, an environment may include an emulator (e.g., software or other emulation mechanisms), in which a particular architecture (including, for instance, instruction execution, architected functions, such as address translation, and architected registers) or a subset thereof is emulated (e.g., on a native computer system having a processor and memory). In such an environment, one or more emulation functions of the emulator can implement one or more aspects of the present invention, even though a computer executing the emulator may have a different architecture than the capabilities being emulated. As one example, in emulation mode, the specific instruction or operation being emulated is decoded, and an appropriate emulation function is built to implement the individual instruction or operation.
In an emulation environment, a host computer includes, for instance, a memory to store instructions and data; an instruction fetch unit to fetch instructions from memory and to optionally, provide local buffering for the fetched instruction; an instruction decode unit to receive the fetched instructions and to determine the type of instructions that have been fetched; and an instruction execution unit to execute the instructions. Execution may include loading data into a register from memory; storing data back to memory from a register; or performing some type of arithmetic or logical operation, as determined by the decode unit. In one example, each unit is implemented in software. For instance, the operations being performed by the units are implemented as one or more subroutines within emulator software.
More particularly, in a mainframe, architected machine instructions are used by programmers, usually today “C” programmers, often by way of a compiler application. These instructions stored in the storage medium may be executed natively in a z/Architecture® IBM® Server, or alternatively in machines executing other architectures. They can be emulated in the existing and in future IBM® mainframe servers and on other machines of IBM® (e.g., Power Systems servers and System x® Servers). They can be executed in machines running Linux on a wide variety of machines using hardware manufactured by IBM®, Intel®, AMD™, and others. Besides execution on that hardware under a z/Architecture®, Linux can be used as well as machines which use emulation by Hercules, UMX, or FSI (Fundamental Software, Inc), where generally execution is in an emulation mode. In emulation mode, emulation software is executed by a native processor to emulate the architecture of an emulated processor.
The native processor typically executes emulation software comprising either firmware or a native operating system to perform emulation of the emulated processor. The emulation software is responsible for fetching and executing instructions of the emulated processor architecture. The emulation software maintains an emulated program counter to keep track of instruction boundaries. The emulation software may fetch one or more emulated machine instructions at a time and convert the one or more emulated machine instructions to a corresponding group of native machine instructions for execution by the native processor. These converted instructions may be cached such that a faster conversion can be accomplished. Notwithstanding, the emulation software is to maintain the architecture rules of the emulated processor architecture so as to assure operating systems and applications written for the emulated processor operate correctly. Furthermore, the emulation software is to provide resources identified by the emulated processor architecture including, but not limited to, control registers, general purpose registers, floating point registers, dynamic address translation function including segment tables and page tables for example, interrupt mechanisms, context switch mechanisms, Time of Day (TOD) clocks and architected interfaces to I/O subsystems such that an operating system or an application program designed to run on the emulated processor, can be run on the native processor having the emulation software.
A specific instruction being emulated is decoded, and a subroutine is called to perform the function of the individual instruction. An emulation software function emulating a function of an emulated processor is implemented, for example, in a “C” subroutine or driver, or some other method of providing a driver for the specific hardware as will be within the skill of those in the art after understanding the description of the preferred embodiment. Various software and hardware emulation patents including, but not limited to U.S. Pat. No. 5,551,013, entitled “Multiprocessor for Hardware Emulation”, by Beausoleil et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,009,261, entitled “Preprocessing of Stored Target Routines for Emulating Incompatible Instructions on a Target Processor”, by Scalzi et al; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,574,873, entitled “Decoding Guest Instruction to Directly Access Emulation Routines that Emulate the Guest Instructions”, by Davidian et al; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,308,255, entitled “Symmetrical Multiprocessing Bus and Chipset Used for Coprocessor Support Allowing Non-Native Code to Run in a System”, by Gorishek et al; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,463,582, entitled “Dynamic Optimizing Object Code Translator for Architecture Emulation and Dynamic Optimizing Object Code Translation Method”, by Lethin et al; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,790,825, entitled “Method for Emulating Guest Instructions on a Host Computer Through Dynamic Recompilation of Host Instructions”, by Eric Traut, each of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety; and many others, illustrate a variety of known ways to achieve emulation of an instruction format architected for a different machine for a target machine available to those skilled in the art.
In
The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising”, when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components and/or groups thereof.
The corresponding structures, materials, acts, and equivalents of all means or step plus function elements in the claims below, if any, are intended to include any structure, material, or act for performing the function in combination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed. The description of the present invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the invention in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention for various embodiment with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.
Yudenfriend, Harry M., Szwed, Peter K., Glassen, Steven G., Oakes, Kenneth J., Driever, Peter D., Sutton, Peter G.
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