Method of making EU2+ activated inorganic red phosphor

Abstract

A method of manufacturing an Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor is provided, wherein the phosphor exhibits an emission spectrum resolvable into a first gaussian emission curve and a second gaussian emission curve; wherein the first gaussian emission curve has a first gaussian emission curve peak, P₁; wherein the first gaussian emission curve peak, P₁, has a peak 1 height, H_P1, a peak 1 peak wavelength, Pλ_P1, and a peak 1 area, A_P1; wherein the second gaussian emission curve has a second gaussian emission curve peak, P₂; wherein the second gaussian emission curve peak, P₂, has a peak 2 height, H_P2, a peak 2 peak wavelength, Pλ_P2, a peak 2 full width at half max, FWHM_P2, and a peak 2 area, A_P2; wherein Pλ_P1<Pλ_P2; and, wherein the peak 2 full width at half max, FWHM_P2, is minimized.

Description

The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing an Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor, wherein the phosphor exhibits an emission spectrum resolvable into a first Gaussian emission curve and a second Gaussian emission curve; wherein the first Gaussian emission curve has a first Gaussian emission curve peak, P₁; wherein the first Gaussian emission curve peak, P₁, has a peak 1 height, H_P1, a peak 1 peak wavelength, Pλ_P1, and a peak 1 area, A_P1; wherein the second Gaussian emission curve has a second Gaussian emission curve peak, P₂; wherein the second Gaussian emission curve peak, P₂, has a peak 2 height, H_P2, a peak 2 peak wavelength, Pλ_P2, a peak 2 full width at half max, FWHM_P2, and a peak 2 area, A_P2; wherein Pλ_P1<Pλ_P2; and, wherein the peak 2 full width at half max, FWHM_P2, is minimized.

Phosphor-converted LEDs (pcLEDs) utilize a blue LED chip as a light source and one or more phosphors to produce white light. Devices based on pcLED technology are poised to become fundamental devices for general use in solid state lighting applications. Nevertheless, significant advances are required in order to achieve the performance specifications set by the solid state lighting market.

The pcLED devices create their white light emissions from a single LED by exciting the included phosphor(s) using the emission spectrum produced by the blue LED chip. The emission spectrum produced by the blue LED chip excites the included phosphor(s) which then produce an emission spectrum that combines with that of the blue LED chip to yield white light. It is important to recognize that color tuning of the blue LED chip and the included phosphor(s) is critical for the effectiveness and optimization of the pcLED devices. Accordingly, there is a continuing need for phosphor development to provide pcLED device manufactures with enhanced color tuning capabilities.

Also, the phosphors used in conventional pcLED device designs are located in close proximity to the blue LED light source. As a result, during light generation these phosphors are subjected to elevated temperatures. The junction temperatures exhibited by high power LED chips are typically in the range of 100 to 150° C. At such elevated temperatures, the crystal of the phosphors are at a high vibrationally excited state. When placed in such a high vibrationally excited state, the excitation energy can result in the generation of additional heat through non-luminescent relaxation rather than resulting in the desired luminescence emission from the phosphor. This heat generation exacerbates the situation resulting in a vicious cycle that contributes to the inability of current pcLED devices to achieve the industry established performance specifications for the solid state lighting market. Accordingly, successful development of pcLED devices for general illumination requires the identification of phosphors that can operate highly efficiently at temperatures of 100 to 150° C.

Nitride based phosphors have been proposed for use in pcLED devices because of their excellent luminescence performance at the high temperatures developed in pcLED devices. Examples of such nitride based phosphors include metal silicon nitride based phosphors. The host crystals of these phosphor materials consist mainly of chemical bonds of Si—N, Al—N, as well as hybrid bonds thereof, as the backbone of the structure. While these bonds are stable, the chemical bond between silicon and carbon (Si—C) has a higher bond energy, and therefore higher thermal and chemical stability. Furthermore, carbon forms very stable chemical bonds with many metal atoms.

Carbidonitride phosphors can be comprised of carbon, silicon, germanium, nitrogen, aluminum, boron and other metals in the host crystal and one or more metal dopants as a luminescent activator. This class of phosphors has recently emerged as a color converter capable of converting near UV (nUV) or blue light to other light in the visible spectral range, e.g., blue, green, yellow, orange and red light. The host crystal of carbidonitride phosphors is comprised of —N—Si—C—, —N—Si—N—, and —C—Si—C— networks in which the strong covalent bonds of Si—C and Si—N serve as the main building blocks of the structure.

In certain carbidonitride phosphors, the carbon can enhance, rather than quench, the luminescence of the phosphor, in particular when the phosphor is subjected to relatively high temperatures (e.g. 200° C. to 400° C.). The reflectance of certain silicon carbidonitride phosphors in the wavelength range of the desired emission spectrum increases as the amount of carbon increases. These carbidonitride phosphors have been reported to exhibit excellent thermal stability of emission and high emission efficiency.

One family of carbidonitride based phosphors designed for use in pcLED devices is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,535,566 to Li et al. Li et al. describe stoichiometric silicon carbidonitride phosphors and light emitting devices which utilize the same, wherein the family of carbidonitride based phosphors are expressed as follows:
Sr₂Si₅N_8-[(4x/3)+z]C_xO_3z/2:A;

wherein 0<x≦5, 0≦z≦3, and ((4x/3)+z)<8;
M(II)₂Si₅N_8-((4x/3)+z)C_xO_3z/2:A;

wherein 0<x≦5, 0≦z≦3, and ((4x/3)+z)<8;
M(II)_2-wM(I)_2wSi₅N_8-((4x/3)+z)C_xO_3z/2:A;

wherein 0<x≦5, 0≦w≦0.6, 0≦z≦3, and ((4x/3)+z)<8;
M(II)_2-wM(I)_2wSi_5-mM(III)_mN_{8-((4x/3)+z+m)}C_xO_(3z/2)+m:A; and

wherein 0<x≦5, 0≦w≦0.6, 0≦z≦3, 0≦m<2, and ((4x/3)+z+m)<8;
M(II)_aM(I)_bM(III)_cD_dE_eC_fF_gH_h:A;

wherein 0<a<2, 0≦b≦0.6, 0≦c<2, 0<d≦5, 0<e≦8, 0<f≦5, 0≦g<2.5, and 0≦h<0.5.

wherein M(II) is at least one divalent cation; wherein M(I) is at least one monovalent cation; M(III) is at least one trivalent cation; wherein D is at least one tetravalent cation; wherein E is at least one trivalent anion; wherein F is at least one divalent anion; wherein H is at least one monovalent anion; and, wherein A is a luminescence activator doped in the crystal structure.

Notwithstanding, there is a continuing need for phosphors that provide pcLED device manufactures with enhanced color tuning capabilities and methods of making the same. Particularly, there is a continuing need for a method of making red phosphor offerings that exhibit tunable emission spectra having an overall emission peak wavelength of between 600 nm and 660 nm coupled with a high luminescence efficiency and low thermal quenching.

The present invention provides a method of manufacturing an Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor, comprising: (i) providing a firing container having an internal surface defining a cavity; wherein the internal surface is a virgin material selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, tungsten, tantalum, niobium, chromium, platinum, titanium, zirconium, lanthanum, yttrium, cerium and alloys thereof; (ii) providing a mixture of starting materials for the preparation of the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic phosphor, wherein the mixture of starting materials includes an initial source of Eu²⁺ cations; (iii) loading the mixture of starting materials from step (ii) into the firing container, wherein the mixture of starting materials contacts the internal surface of the firing container; (iv) placing the loaded firing container from step (iii) into a furnace; (v) firing the mixture of starting materials under a reducing atmosphere in the furnace at a temperature of 1300 to 2000° C. for a period of 2 to 36 hours, then removing the firing container from the furnace; (vi) removing and grinding the contents of the firing container to provide a ground material, loading the ground material back into the firing container, and placing the reloaded firing container back into the furnace; (vii) firing the ground material under the reducing atmosphere in the furnace at a temperature of 1300 to 2000° C. for a period of 2 to 36 hours, then removing the firing container from the furnace; (viii) repeating steps (vi) through (vii) zero to three times; (ix) removing and grinding the contents of the firing container from step (viii) to provide an intermediate, providing an additional source of Eu²⁺ cations, mixing the ground intermediate and the additional source of Eu²⁺ cations to provide an intermediate mixture, and loading the intermediate mixture into the firing container; (x) placing loaded firing container containing the intermediate mixture into the furnace, firing the intermediate mixture under the reducing atmosphere in the furnace at a temperature of 1300 to 2000° C. for a period of 2 to 36 hours, and then removing the firing container from the furnace; (xi) removing and grinding the contents of the firing container to provide a ground substance; (xii) optionally, providing a further source of Eu²⁺ cations; (xiii) mixing the ground substance from step (xi) with any further source of Eu²⁺ cations from step (xii) to provide a substance mixture, loading the substance mixture back into the firing container from step (xi), placing the firing container containing the substance mixture into the furnace, firing the substance mixture under the reducing atmosphere in the furnace at a temperature of 1300 to 2000° C. for a period of 2 to 36 hours, and then removing the firing container from the furnace; (xix) repeating steps (xi) through (xiii) zero to three times; and, (xx) removing and grinding the contents of the firing container from step (xix) to provide an Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor.

The present invention provides a method of manufacturing an Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor, comprising: (i) providing a firing container having an internal surface defining a cavity; wherein the internal surface is a virgin material selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, tungsten, tantalum, niobium, chromium, platinum, titanium, zirconium, lanthanum, yttrium, cerium and alloys thereof; (ii) providing a mixture of starting materials for the preparation of the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic phosphor, wherein the mixture of starting materials includes an initial source of Eu²⁺ cations; (iii) loading the mixture of starting materials from step (ii) into the firing container, wherein the mixture of starting materials contacts the internal surface of the firing container; (iv) placing the loaded firing container from step (iii) into a furnace; (v) firing the mixture of starting materials under a reducing atmosphere in the furnace at a temperature of 1300 to 2000° C. for a period of 2 to 36 hours, then removing the firing container from the furnace; (vi) removing and grinding the contents of the firing container to provide a ground material, loading the ground material back into the firing container, and placing the reloaded firing container back into the furnace; (vii) firing the ground material under the reducing atmosphere in the furnace at a temperature of 1300 to 2000° C. for a period of 2 to 36 hours, then removing the firing container from the furnace; (viii) repeating steps (vi) through (vii) zero to three times; (ix) removing and grinding the contents of the firing container from step (viii) to provide an intermediate, providing an additional source of Eu²⁺ cations, mixing the ground intermediate and the additional source of Eu²⁺ cations to provide an intermediate mixture, and loading the intermediate mixture into the firing container; (x) placing loaded firing container containing the intermediate mixture into the furnace, firing the intermediate mixture under the reducing atmosphere in the furnace at a temperature of 1300 to 2000° C. for a period of 2 to 36 hours, and then removing the firing container from the furnace; (xi) removing and grinding the contents of the firing container to provide a ground substance; (xii) optionally, providing a further source of Eu²⁺ cations; (xiii) mixing the ground substance from step (xi) with any further source of Eu²⁺ cations from step (xii) to provide a substance mixture, loading the substance mixture back into the firing container from step (xi), placing the firing container containing the substance mixture into the furnace, firing the substance mixture under the reducing atmosphere in the furnace at a temperature of 1300 to 2000° C. for a period of 2 to 36 hours, and then removing the firing container from the furnace; (xix) repeating steps (xi) through (xiii) zero to three times; (xx) removing and grinding the contents of the firing container from step (xix) to provide an Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor; and, (xxi) washing the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor.

The present invention provides a method of manufacturing an Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor, comprising: (i) providing a firing container having an internal surface defining a cavity; wherein the internal surface is a virgin material selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, tungsten, tantalum, niobium, chromium, platinum, titanium, zirconium, lanthanum, yttrium, cerium and alloys thereof; (ii) providing a mixture of starting materials for the preparation of the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic phosphor, wherein the mixture of starting materials includes an initial source of Eu²⁺ cations; (iii) loading the mixture of starting materials from step (ii) into the firing container, wherein the mixture of starting materials contacts the internal surface of the firing container; (iv) placing the loaded firing container from step (iii) into a furnace; (v) firing the mixture of starting materials under a reducing atmosphere in the furnace at a temperature of 1300 to 2000° C. for a period of 2 to 36 hours, then removing the firing container from the furnace; (vi) removing and grinding the contents of the firing container to provide a ground material, loading the ground material back into the firing container, and placing the reloaded firing container back into the furnace; (vii) firing the ground material under the reducing atmosphere in the furnace at a temperature of 1300 to 2000° C. for a period of 2 to 36 hours, then removing the firing container from the furnace; (viii) repeating steps (vi) through (vii) zero to three times; (ix) removing and grinding the contents of the firing container from step (viii) to provide an intermediate, providing an additional source of Eu²⁺ cations, mixing the ground intermediate and the additional source of Eu²⁺ cations to provide an intermediate mixture, and loading the intermediate mixture into the firing container; (x) placing loaded firing container containing the intermediate mixture into the furnace, firing the intermediate mixture under the reducing atmosphere in the furnace at a temperature of 1300 to 2000° C. for a period of 2 to 36 hours, and then removing the firing container from the furnace; (xi) removing and grinding the contents of the firing container to provide a ground substance; (xii) optionally, providing a further source of Eu²⁺ cations; (xiii) mixing the ground substance from step (xi) with any further source of Eu²⁺ cations from step (xii) to provide a substance mixture, loading the substance mixture back into the firing container from step (xi), placing the firing container containing the substance mixture into the furnace, firing the substance mixture under the reducing atmosphere in the furnace at a temperature of 1300 to 2000° C. for a period of 2 to 36 hours, and then removing the firing container from the furnace; (xix) repeating steps (xi) through (xiii) zero to three times; (xx) removing and grinding the contents of the firing container from step (xix) to provide an Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor; (xxi) washing the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor; (xxii) providing a surface treating material; and, (xxiii) applying the surface treating material to a surface of the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor.

The present invention provides a method of manufacturing an Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor, comprising: (i) providing a firing container having an internal surface defining a cavity; wherein the internal surface is a virgin material selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, tungsten, tantalum, niobium, chromium, platinum, titanium, zirconium, lanthanum, yttrium, cerium and alloys thereof; (ii) providing a mixture of starting materials for the preparation of the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic phosphor, wherein the mixture of starting materials includes an initial source of Eu²⁺ cations; (iii) loading the mixture of starting materials from step (ii) into the firing container, wherein the mixture of starting materials contacts the internal surface of the firing container; (iv) placing the loaded firing container from step (iii) into a furnace; (v) firing the mixture of starting materials under a reducing atmosphere in the furnace at a temperature of 1300 to 2000° C. for a period of 2 to 36 hours, then removing the firing container from the furnace; (vi) removing and grinding the contents of the firing container to provide a ground material, loading the ground material back into the firing container, and placing the reloaded firing container back into the furnace; (vii) firing the ground material under the reducing atmosphere in the furnace at a temperature of 1300 to 2000° C. for a period of 2 to 36 hours, then removing the firing container from the furnace; (viii) repeating steps (vi) through (vii) zero to three times; (ix) removing and grinding the contents of the firing container from step (viii) to provide an intermediate, providing an additional source of Eu²⁺ cations, mixing the ground intermediate and the additional source of Eu²⁺ cations to provide an intermediate mixture, and loading the intermediate mixture into the firing container; (x) placing loaded firing container containing the intermediate mixture into the furnace, firing the intermediate mixture under the reducing atmosphere in the furnace at a temperature of 1300 to 2000° C. for a period of 2 to 36 hours, and then removing the firing container from the furnace; (xi) removing and grinding the contents of the firing container to provide a ground substance; (xii) optionally, providing a further source of Eu²⁺ cations; (xiii) mixing the ground substance from step (xi) with any further source of Eu²⁺ cations from step (xii) to provide a substance mixture, loading the substance mixture back into the firing container from step (xi), placing the firing container containing the substance mixture into the furnace, firing the substance mixture under the reducing atmosphere in the furnace at a temperature of 1300 to 2000° C. for a period of 2 to 36 hours, and then removing the firing container from the furnace; (xix) repeating steps (xi) through (xiii) zero to three times; (xx) removing and grinding the contents of the firing container from step (xix) to provide an Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor; (xxi) washing the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor; providing a liquid carrier; and, dispersing the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor in the liquid carrier to form a phosphor composition.

The present invention provides a method of manufacturing an Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor, comprising: (i) providing a firing container having an internal surface defining a cavity; wherein the internal surface is a virgin material selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, tungsten, tantalum, niobium, chromium, platinum, titanium, zirconium, lanthanum, yttrium, cerium and alloys thereof; (ii) providing a mixture of starting materials for the preparation of the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic phosphor, wherein the mixture of starting materials includes an initial source of Eu²⁺ cations; (iii) loading the mixture of starting materials from step (ii) into the firing container, wherein the mixture of starting materials contacts the internal surface of the firing container; (iv) placing the loaded firing container from step (iii) into a furnace; (v) firing the mixture of starting materials under a reducing atmosphere in the furnace at a temperature of 1300 to 2000° C. for a period of 2 to 36 hours, then removing the firing container from the furnace; (vi) removing and grinding the contents of the firing container to provide a ground material, loading the ground material back into the firing container, and placing the reloaded firing container back into the furnace; (vii) firing the ground material under the reducing atmosphere in the furnace at a temperature of 1300 to 2000° C. for a period of 2 to 36 hours, then removing the firing container from the furnace; (viii) repeating steps (vi) through (vii) zero to three times; (ix) removing and grinding the contents of the firing container from step (viii) to provide an intermediate, providing an additional source of Eu²⁺ cations, mixing the ground intermediate and the additional source of Eu²⁺ cations to provide an intermediate mixture, and loading the intermediate mixture into the firing container; (x) placing loaded firing container containing the intermediate mixture into the furnace, firing the intermediate mixture under the reducing atmosphere in the furnace at a temperature of 1300 to 2000° C. for a period of 2 to 36 hours, and then removing the firing container from the furnace; (xi) removing and grinding the contents of the firing container to provide a ground substance; (xii) optionally, providing a further source of Eu²⁺ cations; (xiii) mixing the ground substance from step (xi) with any further source of Eu²⁺ cations from step (xii) to provide a substance mixture, loading the substance mixture back into the firing container from step (xi), placing the firing container containing the substance mixture into the furnace, firing the substance mixture under the reducing atmosphere in the furnace at a temperature of 1300 to 2000° C. for a period of 2 to 36 hours, and then removing the firing container from the furnace; (xix) repeating steps (xi) through (xiii) zero to three times; (xx) removing and grinding the contents of the firing container from step (xix) to provide an Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor; (xxi) washing the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor; providing a liquid carrier; dispersing the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor in the liquid carrier to form a phosphor composition; providing an additive; and, incorporating the additive into the phosphor composition.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The term “ES₄₅₅” as used herein and in the appended claims is the emission spectrum exhibited by a given luminescent material upon excitation with monochromatic light having a wavelength of 455 nm.

The term “ES₄₅₃” as used herein and in the appended claims is the emission spectrum exhibited by a given luminescent material upon excitation with monochromatic light having a wavelength of 453 nm.

The terms “first Gaussian emission curve” and “second Gaussian emission curve” as used herein and in the appended claims refer to two Gaussian emission curves resolved using GRAMS peak fitting software with 2 symmetric Gaussian bands from the emission spectrum, ES₄₅₅, exhibited by a given luminescent material upon excitation with monochromatic light having a wavelength of 455 nm observed using a spectrometer having a spectral resolution of ≦1.5 nm.

The term “first Gaussian emission curve peak” as used herein and in the appended claims is the peak of the first Gaussian emission curve at a higher energy relative to the second Gaussian emission curve peak.

The term “peak 1 height” or “H_P1” as used herein and in the appended claims is the height of the first Gaussian emission curve at the first Gaussian emission curve peak.

The term “peak 1 peak wavelength” or “Pλ_P1” as used herein and in the appended claims is the wavelength corresponding to the first Gaussian emission curve peak.

The term “peak 1 area” or “A_P1” as used herein and in the appended claims is the area under the first Gaussian emission curve peak.

The term “second Gaussian emission curve peak” as used herein and in the appended claims is the peak of the second Gaussian emission curve at a lower energy relative to the first Gaussian emission curve peak.

The term “peak 2 height” or “H_P2” as used herein and in the appended claims is the height of the second Gaussian emission curve at the second Gaussian emission curve peak.

The term “peak 2 peak wavelength” or “Pλ_P2” as used herein and in the appended claims is the wavelength corresponding to the second Gaussian emission curve peak.

The term “peak 2 full width half max” or “FWHM_P2” as used herein and in the appended claims is the full width at half max of the second Gaussian emission curve, wherein Pλ_P1<Pλ_P2.

The term “peak 2 area” or “A_P2” as used herein and in the appended claims is the area under the second Gaussian emission curve.

The term “peak ratio” or “P_R” as used herein and in the appended claims is the ratio of the peak 1 height, H_P1, to the peak 2 height, H_P2, as determined by the following equation
H_R=H_P1/H_P2;
wherein Pλ_P1<Pλ_P2.

The term “area ratio” or “A_R” as used herein and in the appended claims is the ratio of the peak 1 area, A_P1, to the peak 2 area, A_P2, as determined by the following equation
A_R=A_P1/A_P2;
wherein Pλ_P1<Pλ_P2.

The term “overall full width at half max” or “FWHM_overall” as used herein and in the appended claims is the full width at half max of the emission spectrum (e.g., ES₄₅₃) exhibited by a given luminescent material upon excitation with a light source (i.e., monochromatic light having a wavelength of 453 nm for ES₄₅₃).

The term “overall peak wavelength” or “Pλ_overall” as used herein and in the appended claims is the peak wavelength of the emission spectrum (e.g., ES₄₅₃) exhibited by a given luminescent material upon excitation with a light source (i.e., monochromatic light having a wavelength of 453 nm for ES₄₅₃).

The term “CIE_X” as used herein and in the appended claims means the x chromaticity coordinate of an emission spectrum (i.e., iES₄₅₅, iES₄₅₃, pES₄₅₅, or pES₄₅₃) of a luminescent material based on the CIE 1931 Chromaticity Diagram.

The term “CIE_Y” as used herein and in the appended claims means the y chromaticity coordinate of an emission spectrum (i.e., iES₄₅₅, iES₄₅₃, pES₄₅₅, or pES₄₅₃) of a luminescent material based on the CIE 1931 Chromaticity Diagram.

The term “virgin material” as used herein and in the appended claims means a material that has not previously been exposed to a silicon source at high temperatures (i.e., >1,000° C.).

It is known that each Eu²⁺ cation incorporated into an inorganic substance generically represented by formula (II)
M(I)_pcM(II)_paSi₅N_pxC_pyO_pz:Eu²⁺_pb  (II)
wherein M(I) is a monovalent species selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, F, Cl, Br and I; wherein M(II) is a divalent cation selected from the group consisting of at least one of Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba; wherein 1.7≦pa≦2; 0<pb≦0.3; 0≦pc≦0.1; 5≦px≦8; 0≦py≦1.5; 0≦pz≦5; can occupy either a substitutional or interstitial position within the host lattice. For example, the Eu²⁺ cations incorporated into the inorganic substance generically represented by formula (II) can substitute into the host lattice sites otherwise occupied by a M(II) divalent cation (i.e., Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺ or Ba²⁺). Such site specific substitution is a result of the Eu²⁺ cation having the same oxidation state as the displaced M(II) divalent cation as well as the Eu²⁺ cation having a similar ionic radii (6-coordinate Sr²⁺, 1.18 Å; 6-coordinate Eu²⁺, 1.17 Å).

The designers of pcLED devices are acutely aware of how the human eye responds to the electromagnetic spectrum and how that response translates into the performance and efficiency of the pcLED devices. That is, the designers of pcLED devices will recognize that the human eye will not be sensitive to emission spectrum emitted from the device that falls outside the area beneath the photopic response curve. Accordingly, these designers will recognize the desirability of phosphors for use in pcLED devices that provide as much emission spectrum under the photopic response curve as possible while still providing suitable color coordinates CIE_X and CIE_Y based on the CIE 1931 Chromaticity Diagram for a given device design. For example, the designers of white light emitting pcLED devices desire red emitting phosphors that provide a maximum red luminescence to enable a high color rendering index (CRI) at a low correlated color temperature (CCT) and with a minimized loss of emission energy into the near infrared spectral region.

It has surprisingly been found that conventional substances generically represented by formula (II) exhibit an emission spectrum, ES₄₅₅, upon excitation with monochromatic light having a wavelength of 455 nm; wherein the emission spectrum, ES₄₅₅, is resolvable into a first Gaussian emission curve and a second Gaussian emission curve; wherein the first Gaussian emission curve has a first Gaussian emission curve peak, P₁; wherein the first Gaussian emission curve peak, P₁, has a peak 1 height, H_P1, a peak 1 peak wavelength, Pλ_P1, and a peak 1 area, A_P1; wherein the second Gaussian emission curve has a second Gaussian emission curve peak, P₂; wherein the second Gaussian emission curve peak, P₂, has a peak 2 height, H_P2, a peak 2 peak wavelength, Pλ_P2, a peak 2 area, A_P2, and a peak 2 full width half max, FWHM_P2; wherein Pλ_P1<Pλ_P2. It is believed that the first Gaussian emission curve and the second Gaussian emission curve correspond to different positions occupied by the Eu²⁺ in the conventional substances generically represented by formula (II). In view of this realization, it becomes apparent that the modification of these substances to provide a minimized peak 2 full width at half max, FWHM_P2, can result in a significant increase in the brightness of the light emitted from the modified substances upon excitation with monochromatic light having a wavelength of 455 nm by maximizing the emission in the region visible to the human eye.

Conventional substances generically represented by formula (II) are prepared by firing of the constituent raw material powders in a crucible, wherein the internal surfaces of the crucible coming into contact with the raw material powders have previously been seasoned through repeated exposure to a silicon source at high temperatures. Alternatively, as noted in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,277,687 and 7,833,436. Also, conventional substances generically represented by formula (II) exhibit an emission spectrum, ES₄₅₅, upon excitation with monochromatic light having a wavelength of 455 nm; wherein the emission spectrum is resolvable into a first Gaussian emission curve and a second Gaussian emission curve; wherein the first Gaussian emission curve has a first Gaussian emission curve peak, P₁; wherein the first Gaussian emission curve peak, P₁, has a peak 1 height, H_P1, a peak 1 peak wavelength, Pλ_P1, and a peak 1 area, A_P1; wherein the second Gaussian emission curve has a second Gaussian emission curve peak, P₂; wherein the second Gaussian emission curve peak, P₂, has a peak 2 height, H_P2, a peak 2 peak wavelength, Pλ_p2, a peak 2 area, A_P2, and a peak 2 full width half max, FWHM_P2; wherein Pλ_P1<Pλ_P2; and, wherein the peak 2 full width half max, FWHM_P2, of the second Gaussian emission curve is >100 nm. It has surprisingly been found that Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphors represented by formula (II) when prepared by the method of the present invention; wherein firing of the constituent raw material powder is performed in a firing container having an internal surface defining a cavity; wherein the internal surface, which contacts the raw material powder loaded into the cavity, is a virgin material; exhibit an overall emission band narrowing with a significant increase in brightness. It is believed that the increase in brightness is due, at least in part, to a structural modification of the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor produced by the method of the present invention through manipulation of the location and bonding environment of the Eu²⁺ in the crystal structure, evinced by a phosphor peak 2 full width half max, pFWHM_P2, of <100 nm.

Preferably, the method of the present invention for manufacturing an Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor, comprises: (i) providing a firing container having an internal surface defining a cavity; wherein the internal surface is a virgin material selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, tungsten, tantalum, niobium, chromium, platinum, titanium, zirconium, lanthanum, yttrium, cerium and alloys thereof; (ii) providing a mixture of starting materials for the preparation of the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic phosphor, wherein the mixture of starting materials includes an initial source of Eu²⁺ cations; (iii) loading the mixture of starting materials from step (ii) into the firing container, wherein the mixture of starting materials contacts the internal surface of the firing container; (iv) placing the loaded firing container from step (iii) into a furnace; (v) firing the mixture of starting materials under a reducing atmosphere in the furnace at a temperature of 1300 to 2000° C. (preferably, 1300 to 1850° C.; more preferably, 1400 to 1850° C.; most preferably, 1500 to 1850° C.) for a period of 2 to 36 hours (preferably, 4 to 24 hours; more preferably, 6 to 18 hours; most preferably 8 to 12 hours), then removing the firing container from the furnace; (vi) removing and grinding the contents of the firing container to provide a ground material, loading the ground material back into the firing container, and placing the reloaded firing container back into the furnace; (vii) firing the ground material under the reducing atmosphere in the furnace at a temperature of 1300 to 2000° C. (preferably, 1300 to 1850° C.; more preferably, 1400 to 1850° C.; most preferably, 1500 to 1850° C.) for a period of 2 to 36 hours (preferably, 4 to 24 hours; more preferably, 6 to 18 hours; most preferably 8 to 12 hours), then removing the firing container from the furnace; (viii) repeating steps (vi) through (vii) zero to three times; (ix) removing and grinding the contents of the firing container from step (viii) to provide an intermediate, providing an additional source of Eu²⁺ cations, mixing the ground intermediate and the additional source of Eu²⁺ cations to provide an intermediate mixture, and loading the intermediate mixture into the firing container; (x) placing loaded firing container containing the intermediate mixture into the furnace, firing the intermediate mixture under the reducing atmosphere in the furnace at a temperature of 1300 to 2000° C. (preferably, 1300 to 1850° C.; more preferably, 1400 to 1850° C.; most preferably, 1500 to 1850° C.) for a period of 2 to 36 hours (preferably, 4 to 24 hours; more preferably, 6 to 18 hours; most preferably 8 to 12 hours), and then removing the firing container from the furnace; (xi) removing and grinding the contents of the firing container to provide a ground substance; (xii) optionally, providing a further source of Eu²⁺ cations; (xiii) mixing the ground substance from step (xi) with any further source of Eu²⁺ cations from step (xii) to provide a substance mixture, loading the substance mixture back into the firing container from step (xi), placing the firing container containing the substance mixture into the furnace, firing the substance mixture under the reducing atmosphere in the furnace at a temperature of 1300 to 2000° C. (preferably, 1300 to 1850° C.; more preferably, 1400 to 1850° C.; most preferably, 1500 to 1850° C.) for a period of 2 to 36 hours (preferably, 4 to 24 hours; more preferably, 6 to 18 hours; most preferably 8 to 12 hours), and then removing the firing container from the furnace; (xix) repeating steps (xi) through (xiii) zero to three times; (xx) removing and grinding the contents of the firing container from step (xix) to provide an Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor.

In the method of the present invention for manufacturing an Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor, the firing container is selected to have an internal surface defining a cavity, wherein the internal surface is a virgin material selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, tungsten, tantalum, niobium, chromium, platinum, titanium, zirconium, lanthanum, yttrium, cerium and alloys thereof. Preferably, the firing container provided has a uniform composition throughout. More preferably, the firing container provided has a virgin material applied as a coating to form the internal surface of the firing container. Most preferably, the firing container provided is an insert or liner made of the virgin material. Preferably, the firing container is an insert or liner, wherein the insert or liner is made of a virgin material selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, tungsten, tantalum, niobium, chromium, platinum and alloys thereof. Preferably, the virgin material is selected from the group consisting of molybdenum and molybdenum alloyed with at least one of an oxide and a carbide; wherein the oxide is selected from the group consisting of titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, hafnium oxide, lanthanum oxide, tungsten oxide, rhenium oxide and yttrium oxide; and, wherein the carbide is selected from the group consisting of titanium carbide, zirconium carbide, hafnium carbide, lanthanum carbide, tungsten carbide, rhenium carbide, yttrium carbide, tantalum carbide and copper carbide. More preferably, the virgin material is molybdenum. Most preferably, the firing container is a liner, wherein the liner is made of molybdenum.

Preferably, in the method of the present invention for manufacturing an Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor, the step of providing a mixture of starting materials in (ii) includes: (a) providing a source of a divalent cation M(II)(preferably, wherein the divalent cation M(II) is selected from the group consisting of at least one of Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba; more preferably, wherein the divalent cation M(II) is selected from the group consisting of at least one of Ca, Sr and Ba; still more preferably, wherein the divalent cation M(II) is selected from the group consisting of Ca and Sr; most preferably, wherein the divalent cation M(II) is Sr); (b) providing a source of Si; (c) providing a source of N; and, (d) providing an initial source of Eu²⁺ cations. Preferably, the step of providing a mixture of starting materials in (ii) further includes: (e) providing a source of C (preferably, wherein the source of C is an anionic source of C (i.e., C⁴⁻)). Preferably, the step of providing a mixture of starting materials in (ii) further includes: (f) providing a source of a monovalent species M(I)(preferably, wherein the monovalent species M(I) is selected from the group consisting of at least one of Li, Na, K, F, Cl, Br and I; more preferably, wherein the monovalent species M(I) is selected from the group consisting of at least one of Li, Na and F; most preferably, wherein the monovalent species M(I) is selected from the group consisting of at least one of Li and F).

Most preferably, in the method of the present invention for manufacturing an Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor, the step of providing a mixture of starting materials in (ii) includes: (a) providing a source of a divalent cation M(II)(preferably, wherein the divalent cation M(II) is selected from the group consisting of at least one of Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba; more preferably, wherein the divalent cation M(II) is selected from the group consisting of at least one of Ca, Sr and Ba; still more preferably, wherein the divalent cation M(II) is selected from the group consisting of Ca and Sr; most preferably, wherein the divalent cation M(II) is Sr); (b) providing a source of Si; (c) providing a source of N; (d) providing an initial source of Eu²⁺ cations; (e) providing a source of C (preferably, wherein the source of C is an anionic source of C (i.e., C⁴⁻)); and, (f) providing a source of a monovalent species M(I)(preferably, wherein the monovalent species M(I) is selected from the group consisting of at least one of Li, Na, K, F, Cl, Br and I; more preferably, wherein the monovalent species M(I) is selected from the group consisting of at least one of Li, Na and F; most preferably, wherein the monovalent species M(I) is selected from the group consisting of at least one of Li and F).

Given the teachings provided in this application, one of ordinary skill in the art will be able to select an appropriate mixture of starting materials for use in the method of the present invention to produce an Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor. Materials included in the mixture of starting materials can include silicon nitride, silicon carbide, metal oxides, metal halides, metal nitrides and metals in molar ratios selected to provide a given target Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor compositions. Preferred elements contained in the product Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor and corresponding starting materials are listed in TABLE 1.

TABLE 1

Elements      Starting materials

Li, Na, K, F, metals, nitrides, silicides, amides, azides,
Cl, Br, I     halides, carbides, oxides and carbonates
Ca, Sr, Ba,   nitrides, metals, silicides, alloys, carbides, amides,
Mg            azides, oxides and carbonates
Si            silicon nitride (Si3N4), silicon oxynitride, silicon,
              silicon carbide, silicide, silicon amide,
              silicon carbodiimide, silicon oxide
Al            Aluminum nitride, aluminum oxynitride,
              aluminum oxide, aluminum carbide,
              aluminum carbonitride, aluminum metal,
              aluminum halide
B             boron nitride, boron carbide, boron oxide, boric acid
N             nitride, nitrogen gas, ammonia gas, amide, azide
C             carbide, carbon nitrides, carbon, carbidonitride, Si—,
              C—and N— containing organic precursors, amide, azide
              (e.g., Si(NCN)2, C2N2H4, C2N2(NH), C3N3(NH2)3)
Eu2+          europium nitride, europium oxide, europium metal,
              europium halide, europium hydride, europium amide,
              europium azide

Preferably, in the method of the present invention for manufacturing an Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor, the mixture of starting materials provided in step (ii) and the firing conditions in steps (v) through (viii) are selected such that the intermediate in step (ix) is an inorganic luminescent compound represented by formula (I)
M(I)_icM(II)_iaSi₅N_ixC_iyO_iz:Eu²⁺_ib  (I)
wherein M(I) is a monovalent species selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, F, Cl, Br and I (preferably, Li, Na and F; most preferably, Li and F); wherein M(II) is a divalent cation selected from the group consisting of at least one of Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba (preferably, Ca, Sr and Ba; more preferably, Ca and Sr; most preferably, Sr); wherein 1.7≦ia≦2 (preferably, 1.7≦ia≦1.999; more preferably, 1.8≦ia≦1.995; most preferably, 1.85≦ia≦1.97); 0≦ib≦0.1 (preferably, 0.001≦ib≦0.1; more preferably, 0.005≦ib≦0.08; most preferably, 0.02≦ib≦0.06); 0≦ic≦0.1; 5≦ix≦8 (preferably, 5.5≦ix≦7.8; more preferably, 6≦ix≦7.5; most preferably, 6.25≦ix≦7.25); 0≦iy≦1.5 (preferably, 0.005≦iy≦1.5; more preferably, 0.01≦iy≦1.25; most preferably, 0.02≦iy≦0.1); 0≦iz≦5 (preferably, 0.005≦iz≦5; more preferably, 0.01≦iz≦2.5; most preferably, 0.05≦iz≦0.5); (preferably, wherein iy≠iz); wherein the intermediate exhibits an intermediate emission spectrum, iES₄₅₅, upon excitation with monochromatic light having a wavelength of 455 nm; wherein the intermediate emission spectrum, iES₄₅₅, is resolvable into an intermediate first Gaussian emission curve and an intermediate second Gaussian emission curve; wherein the intermediate first Gaussian emission curve has an intermediate first Gaussian emission curve peak, iP₁; wherein the intermediate first Gaussian emission curve peak, iP₁, has an intermediate peak 1 height, iH_P1 at an intermediate peak 1 peak wavelength, iPλ_P1; wherein the intermediate second Gaussian emission curve has an intermediate second Gaussian emission curve peak, iP₂; wherein the intermediate second Gaussian emission curve peak, iP₂, has an intermediate peak 2 height, iH_P2, at an intermediate peak 2 peak wavelength, iPλ_P2; wherein iPλ_P1<iPλ_P2; wherein the intermediate emission spectrum, iES₄₅₅, has an intermediate peak ratio, iP_R, of ≧1 (preferably, 1 to 10; more preferably, 1 to 5; most preferably, 1 to 2) as determined by the following equation
iP_R=iH_P1/iH_P2.

Preferably, in the method of the present invention for manufacturing an Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor, the mixture of starting materials provided in step (ii) and the firing conditions in steps (v) through (viii) are selected such that the intermediate in step (ix) is an inorganic luminescent compound represented by formula (I)
M(I)_icM(II)_iaSi₅N_ixC_iyO_iz:EU²⁺_ib  (I)
wherein M(I) is a monovalent species selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, F, Cl, Br and I (preferably, Li, Na and F; most preferably, Li and F); wherein M(II) is a divalent cation selected from the group consisting of Sr and a combination of Sr and at least one of Mg, Ca and Ba (most preferably, wherein M(II) is Sr); wherein 1.7≦ia≦2 (preferably, 1.7≦ia≦1.999; more preferably, 1.8≦ia≦1.995; most preferably, 1.85≦ia≦1.97); 0≦ib≦0.1 (preferably, 0.001≦ib≦0.1; more preferably, 0.005≦ib≦0.08; most preferably, 0.02≦ib≦0.06); 0≦ic≦0.1; 5≦ix≦8 (preferably, 5.5≦ix≦7.8; more preferably, 6≦ix≦7.5; most preferably, 6.25≦ix≦7.25); 0≦iy≦1.5 (preferably, 0.005≦iy≦1.5; more preferably, 0.01≦iy≦1.25; most preferably, 0.02≦iy≦0.1); 0≦iz≦5 (preferably, 0.005≦iz≦5; more preferably, 0.01≦iz≦2.5; most preferably, 0.05≦iz≦0.5); (preferably, wherein iy≠iz); wherein the intermediate exhibits an intermediate emission spectrum, iES₄₅₅, upon excitation with monochromatic light having a wavelength of 455 nm; wherein the intermediate emission spectrum, iES₄₅₅, is resolvable into an intermediate first Gaussian emission curve and an intermediate second Gaussian emission curve; wherein the intermediate first Gaussian emission curve has an intermediate first Gaussian emission curve peak, iP₁; wherein the intermediate first Gaussian emission curve peak, iP₁, has an intermediate peak 1 height, iH_P1, at an intermediate peak 1 peak wavelength, iPλ_P1; wherein the intermediate second Gaussian emission curve has an intermediate second Gaussian emission curve peak, iP₂; wherein the intermediate second Gaussian emission curve peak, iP₂, has an intermediate peak 2 height, iH_P2, at an intermediate peak 2 peak wavelength, iPλ_P2; wherein iPλ_P1<iPλ_P2; wherein the intermediate emission spectrum, iES₄₅₅, has an intermediate peak ratio, iP_R, of ≧1 (preferably, 1 to 10; more preferably, 1 to 5; most preferably, 1 to 2) as determined by the following equation
iP_R=iH_P1/iH_P2.

Preferably, in the method of the present invention for manufacturing an Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor, the mixture of starting materials provided in step (ii) and the firing conditions in steps (v) through (viii) are selected such that the intermediate in step (ix) is an inorganic luminescent compound represented by formula (I)
M(I)_icM(II)_iaSi₅N_ixC_iyO_iz:Eu²⁺_ib  (I)
wherein M(I) is a monovalent species selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, F, Cl, Br and I (preferably, Li, Na and F; most preferably, Li and F); wherein M(II) is a divalent cation selected from the group consisting of Sr and a combination of Sr and at least one of Mg, Ca and Ba (most preferably, wherein M(II) is Sr); wherein 1.7≦ia≦2 (preferably, 1.7≦ia≦1.999; more preferably, 1.8≦ia≦1.995; most preferably, 1.85≦ia≦1.97); 0≦ib≦0.1 (preferably, 0.001≦ib≦0.1; more preferably, 0.005≦ib≦0.08; most preferably, 0.02≦ib≦0.06); 0≦ic≦0.1; 5≦ix≦8 (preferably, 5.5≦ix≦7.8; more preferably, 6≦ix≦7.5; most preferably, 6.25≦ix≦7.25); 0≦iy≦1.5 (preferably, 0.005≦iy≦1.5; more preferably, 0.01≦iy≦1.25; most preferably, 0.02≦iy≦0.1); 0≦iz≦5 (preferably, 0.005≦iz≦5; more preferably, 0.01≦iz≦2.5; most preferably, 0.05≦iz≦0.5); wherein iy≠iz; wherein the intermediate exhibits an intermediate emission spectrum, iES₄₅₅, upon excitation with monochromatic light having a wavelength of 455 nm; wherein the intermediate emission spectrum, iES₄₅₅, is resolvable into an intermediate first Gaussian emission curve and an intermediate second Gaussian emission curve; wherein the intermediate first Gaussian emission curve has an intermediate first Gaussian emission curve peak, iP₁; wherein the intermediate first Gaussian emission curve peak, iP₁, has an intermediate peak 1 height, iH_P1, at an intermediate peak 1 peak wavelength, iPλ_P1; wherein the intermediate second Gaussian emission curve has an intermediate second Gaussian emission curve peak, iP₂; wherein the intermediate second Gaussian emission curve peak, iP₂, has an intermediate peak 2 height, iH_P2, at an intermediate peak 2 peak wavelength, iPλ_P2; wherein iPλ_P1<iPλ_P2; wherein the intermediate emission spectrum, iES₄₅₅, has an intermediate peak ratio, iP_R, of ≧1 (preferably, 1 to 10; more preferably, 1 to 5; most preferably, 1 to 2) as determined by the following equation
iP_R=iH_P1/iH_P2.

Preferably, the intermediate, in the method of the present invention, exhibits an intermediate emission spectrum, iES₄₅₅, upon excitation with monochromatic light having a wavelength of 455 nm; wherein the intermediate emission spectrum, iES₄₅₅, is resolvable into an intermediate first Gaussian emission curve and an intermediate second Gaussian emission curve; wherein the intermediate first Gaussian emission curve has an intermediate peak 1 peak wavelength, iPλ_P1; wherein the intermediate second Gaussian emission curve has an intermediate peak 2 peak wavelength, iPλ_P2, and, an intermediate full width at half max, iFWHM_P2, of <100 nm (preferably, ≦99 nm; more preferably, ≦98 nm; most preferably, ≦97 nm); wherein iPλ_P1<iPλ_P2.

Preferably, the intermediate, in the method of the present invention, exhibits an intermediate emission spectrum, iES₄₅₅, upon excitation with monochromatic light having a wavelength of 455 nm; wherein the intermediate emission spectrum, iES₄₅₅, is resolvable into an intermediate first Gaussian emission curve and an intermediate second Gaussian emission curve; wherein the intermediate first Gaussian emission curve has an intermediate peak 1 peak wavelength, iPλ_P1, and an intermediate peak 1 area, iA_P1; wherein the intermediate second Gaussian emission curve has an intermediate peak 2 peak wavelength, iPλ_P2, and an intermediate peak 2 area, iA_P2; wherein iPλ_P1<iPλ_P2; and, wherein the intermediate emission spectrum, iES₄₅₅, has an intermediate area ratio, iA_R, of ≧0.6 (preferably, 0.6 to 10; more preferably, 0.6 to 5; most preferably, 0.6 to 1) as determined by the following equation
iA_R=iA_P1/iA_P2.

Preferably, the intermediate, in the method of the present invention, exhibits an intermediate emission spectrum, iES₄₅₃, upon excitation with monochromatic light having a wavelength of 453 nm; wherein the intermediate emission spectrum, iES₄₅₃, has an intermediate overall full width at half max, iFWHM_overall, of <90 nm (preferably, <85 nm) coupled with a CIE_X of >0.625 (preferably, >0.627; more preferably, >0.630) based on the CIE 1931 Chromaticity Diagram. More preferably, the intermediate exhibits an intermediate emission spectrum, iES₄₅₃, upon excitation with monochromatic light having a wavelength of 453 nm; wherein the intermediate emission spectrum, iES₄₅₃, has an intermediate overall full width at half max, iFWHM_overall, of <90 nm (preferably, <85 nm) coupled with a CIE_X of >0.625 (preferably, >0.627; more preferably, >0.630) based on the CIE 1931 Chromaticity Diagram; and, wherein the intermediate exhibits a high luminescence (preferably, lumens≧210%; more preferably, ≧220%; most preferably, ≧225%), as measured under the conditions set forth in the Examples.

Preferably, the intermediate, in the method of the present invention, exhibits an intermediate emission spectrum, iES₄₅₅, upon excitation with monochromatic light having a wavelength of 455 nm; wherein the intermediate emission spectrum, iES₄₅₅, is resolvable into an intermediate first Gaussian emission curve and an intermediate second Gaussian emission curve; wherein the intermediate first Gaussian emission curve has a intermediate first Gaussian emission curve peak, iP₁; wherein the intermediate first Gaussian emission curve peak, iP₁, has an intermediate peak 1 height, iH_P1, at an intermediate peak 1 peak wavelength, iPλ_P1, and an intermediate peak 1 area, iA_P1; wherein the intermediate second Gaussian emission curve has an intermediate second Gaussian emission curve peak, iP₂; wherein the intermediate second Gaussian emission curve peak, iP₂, has an intermediate peak 2 height, iH_P2, at an intermediate peak 2 peak wavelength, iPλ_P2, and an intermediate peak 2 area, iA_P2; wherein iPλ_P1<iPλ_P2; and, wherein the intermediate emission spectrum, iES₄₅₅, has an intermediate peak ratio, iP_R, of ≧1 (preferably, 1 to 10; more preferably, 1 to 5; most preferably, 1 to 2) as determined by the following equation
iP_R=iH_P1/iH_P2
(preferably, wherein the intermediate further exhibits an intermediate area ratio, iA_R, of ≧0.6); and, wherein the elements in the intermediate can be in stoichiometric proportions or in non-stoichiometric proportions.

Preferably, in the method of the present invention for manufacturing an Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor, the intermediate mixture provided in step (ix), the further source of Eu²⁺ cations provided is step (xii), if any, and the firing conditions in steps (x) through (xix) are selected such that the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor provided comprises an inorganic compound represented by formula (II)
M(I)_pcM(II)_paSi₅N_pxC_pyO_pz:Eu²⁺_pb  (II)
wherein M(I) is a monovalent species selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, F, Cl, Br and I (preferably, Li, Na and F; most preferably, Li and F); wherein M(II) is a divalent cation selected from the group consisting of at least one of Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba (preferably, Ca, Sr and Ba; more preferably, Ca and Sr; most preferably, Sr); wherein 1.7≦pa≦2 (preferably, 1.7≦pa≦1.999; more preferably, 1.8≦pa≦1.995; most preferably, 1.85≦pa≦1.97); 0≦pb≦0.3 (preferably, 0.001≦pb≦0.3; more preferably, 0.005≦pb≦0.2; most preferably, 0.03≦pb≦0.1); 0≦pc≦0.1; 5≦px≦8 (preferably, 5.5≦px≦7.8; more preferably, 6≦px≦7.5; most preferably, 6.25≦px≦7.25); 0≦py≦1.5 (preferably, 0.005≦py≦1.5; more preferably, 0.01≦py≦1.25; most preferably, 0.02≦py≦0.1); 0≦pz≦5 (preferably, 0.005≦pz≦5; more preferably, 0.01≦pz≦2.5; most preferably, 0.05≦pz≦0.5); (preferably, wherein py≠pz); wherein the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor exhibits a phosphor emission spectrum, pES₄₅₅, upon excitation with monochromatic light having a wavelength of 455 nm; wherein the phosphor emission spectrum, pES₄₅₅, is resolvable into a phosphor first Gaussian emission curve and a phosphor second Gaussian emission curve; wherein the phosphor first Gaussian emission curve has a phosphor first Gaussian emission curve peak, pP₁; wherein the phosphor first Gaussian emission curve peak, pP₁, has a phosphor peak 1 height, pH_P1, at a phosphor peak 1 peak wavelength, pPλ_P1; wherein the phosphor second Gaussian emission curve has a phosphor second Gaussian emission curve peak, pP₂; wherein the phosphor second Gaussian emission curve peak, pP₂, has a phosphor peak 2 height, pH_P2, a phosphor peak 2 peak wavelength, pPλ_P2, and a phosphor full width at half max, pFWHM_P2; wherein pPλ_P1<pPλ_P2; and, wherein the phosphor full width at half max, pFWHM_P2, is <100 nm (preferably, ≦99 nm; more preferably, ≦98 nm; most preferably, ≦97 nm). Preferably, wherein the phosphor emission spectrum, pES₄₅₅, of the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor further exhibits a CIE_X of ≧0.637 (preferably, ≧0.638; more preferably, ≧0.639) based on the CIE 1931 Chromaticity Diagram.

Preferably, in the method of the present invention for manufacturing an Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor, the intermediate mixture provided in step (ix), the further source of Eu²⁺ cations provided is step (xii), if any, and the firing conditions in steps (x) through (xix) are selected such that the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor provided comprises an inorganic compound represented by formula (II)
M(I)_pcM(II)_paSi₅N_pxC_pyO_pz:Eu²⁺_pb  (II)
wherein M(I) is a monovalent species selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, F, Cl, Br and I (preferably, Li, Na and F; most preferably, Li and F); wherein M(II) is a divalent cation selected from the group consisting of Sr and a combination of Sr and at least one of Mg, Ca and Ba (most preferably, wherein M(II) is Sr); wherein 1.7≦pa≦2 (preferably, 1.7≦pa≦1.999; more preferably, 1.8≦pa≦1.995; most preferably, 1.85≦pa≦1.97); 0≦pb≦0.3 (preferably, 0.001≦pb≦0.3; more preferably, 0.005≦pb≦0.2; most preferably, 0.03≦pb≦0.1); 0≦pc≦0.1; 5≦px≦8 (preferably, 5.5≦px≦7.8; more preferably, 6≦px≦7.5; most preferably, 6.25≦px≦7.25); 0≦py≦1.5 (preferably, 0.005≦py≦1.5; more preferably, 0.01≦py≦1.25; most preferably, 0.02≦py≦0.1); 0≦pz≦5 (preferably, 0.005≦pz≦5; more preferably, 0.01≦pz≦2.5; most preferably, 0.05≦pz≦0.5); (preferably, wherein py≠pz); wherein the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor exhibits a phosphor emission spectrum, pES₄₅₅, upon excitation with monochromatic light having a wavelength of 455 nm; wherein the phosphor emission spectrum, pES₄₅₅, is resolvable into a phosphor first Gaussian emission curve and a phosphor second Gaussian emission curve; wherein the phosphor first Gaussian emission curve has a phosphor first Gaussian emission curve peak, pP₁; wherein the phosphor first Gaussian emission curve peak, pP₁, has a phosphor peak 1 height, pH_P1, at a phosphor peak 1 peak wavelength, pPλ_P1; wherein the phosphor second Gaussian emission curve has a phosphor second Gaussian emission curve peak, pP₂; wherein the phosphor second Gaussian emission curve peak, pP₂, has a phosphor peak 2 height, pH_P2, a phosphor peak 2 peak wavelength, pPλ_P2, and a phosphor full width at half max, pFWHM_P2; wherein pPλ_P1<pPλ_P2; and, wherein the phosphor full width at half max, pFWHM_P2, is <100 nm (preferably, ≦99 nm; more preferably, ≦98 nm; most preferably, ≦97 nm). Preferably, wherein the phosphor emission spectrum, pES₄₅₅, of the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor further exhibits a CIE_X of ≧0.637 (preferably, ≧0.638; more preferably, ≧0.639) based on the CIE 1931 Chromaticity Diagram.

Preferably, in the method of the present invention for manufacturing an Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor, the intermediate mixture provided in step (ix), the further source of Eu²⁺ cations provided is step (xii), if any, and the firing conditions in steps (x) through (xix) are selected such that the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor provided comprises an inorganic compound represented by formula (II)
M(I)_pcM(II)_paSi₅N_pxC_pyO_pz:Eu²⁺_pb  (II)
wherein M(I) is a monovalent species selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, F, Cl, Br and I (preferably, Li, Na and F; most preferably, Li and F); wherein M(II) is a divalent cation selected from the group consisting of Sr and a combination of Sr and at least one of Mg, Ca and Ba (most preferably, wherein M(II) is Sr); wherein 1.7≦pa≦2 (preferably, 1.7≦pa≦1.999; more preferably, 1.8≦pa≦1.995; most preferably, 1.85≦pa≦1.97); 0≦pb≦0.3 (preferably, 0.001≦pb≦0.3; more preferably, 0.005≦pb≦0.2; most preferably, 0.03≦pb≦0.1); 0≦pc≦0.1; 5≦px≦8 (preferably, 5.5≦px≦7.8; more preferably, 6≦px≦7.5; most preferably, 6.25≦px≦7.25); 0≦py≦1.5 (preferably, 0.005≦py≦1.5; more preferably, 0.01≦py≦1.25; most preferably, 0.02≦py≦0.1); 0≦pz≦5 (preferably, 0.005≦pz≦5; more preferably, 0.01≦pz≦2.5; most preferably, 0.05≦pz≦0.5); wherein py≠pz; wherein the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor exhibits a phosphor emission spectrum, pES₄₅₅, upon excitation with monochromatic light having a wavelength of 455 nm; wherein the phosphor emission spectrum, pES₄₅₅, is resolvable into a phosphor first Gaussian emission curve and a phosphor second Gaussian emission curve; wherein the phosphor first Gaussian emission curve has a phosphor first Gaussian emission curve peak, pP₁; wherein the phosphor first Gaussian emission curve peak, pP₁, has a phosphor peak 1 height, pH_P1, at a phosphor peak 1 peak wavelength, pPλ_P1; wherein the phosphor second Gaussian emission curve has a phosphor second Gaussian emission curve peak, pP₂; wherein the phosphor second Gaussian emission curve peak, pP₂, has a phosphor peak 2 height, pH_P2, a phosphor peak 2 peak wavelength, pPλ_P2, and a phosphor full width at half max, pFWHM_P2; wherein pPλ_P1<pPλ_P2; and, wherein the phosphor full width at half max, pFWHM_P2, is <100 nm (preferably, ≦99 nm; more preferably, ≦98 nm; most preferably, ≦97 nm). Preferably, wherein the phosphor emission spectrum, pES₄₅₅, of the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic phosphor further exhibits a CIE_X of ≧0.637 (preferably, ≧0.638; more preferably, ≧0.639) based on the CIE 1931 Chromaticity Diagram.

Preferably, the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor, produced by the method of the present invention, exhibits a phosphor emission spectrum, pES₄₅₃, upon excitation with monochromatic light having a wavelength of 453 nm; wherein the phosphor emission spectrum, pES₄₅₃, has a phosphor overall full width at half max, pFWHM_overall, of ≦90 nm coupled with a CIE_X of >0.637 (preferably, ≧0.638; more preferably, ≧0.639) based on the CIE 1931 Chromaticity Diagram. More preferably, the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor, produced by the method of the present invention, exhibits a phosphor emission spectrum, pES₄₅₃, upon excitation with monochromatic light having a wavelength of 453 nm; wherein the phosphor emission spectrum, pES₄₅₅, has a phosphor overall full width at half max, pFWHM_overall, of ≦90 nm coupled with a CIE_X of >0.637 (preferably, ≧0.638; more preferably, ≧0.639) based on the CIE 1931 Chromaticity Diagram; and, wherein the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor exhibits a high luminescence (preferably, lumens≧210%), as measured under the conditions set forth in the Examples.

The Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor, produced by the method of the present invention, can contain impurities. Preferably, the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor, produced by the method of the present invention, comprises: ≧80 wt % (more preferably, 80 to 100 wt %; still more preferably 90 to 100 wt %; yet still more preferably 95 to 100 wt %; most preferably 99 to 100 wt %) of the inorganic luminescent compound represented by formula (II); wherein the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor exhibits a phosphor emission spectrum, pES₄₅₅, upon excitation with monochromatic light having a wavelength of 455 nm; wherein the phosphor emission spectrum, pES₄₅₅, is resolvable into a phosphor first Gaussian emission curve and a phosphor second Gaussian emission curve; wherein the phosphor first Gaussian emission curve has a phosphor first Gaussian emission curve peak, pP₁; wherein the phosphor first Gaussian emission curve peak, pP₁, has a phosphor peak 1 height, pH_P1, a phosphor peak 1 peak wavelength, pPλ_P1, and a phosphor peak 1 area, pA_P1; wherein the phosphor second Gaussian emission curve has a phosphor second Gaussian emission curve peak, pP₂; wherein the phosphor second Gaussian emission curve peak, pP₂, has a phosphor peak 2 height, pH_P2, a phosphor peak 2 peak wavelength, pPλ_P2, a phosphor peak 2 area, pA_P2, and a phosphor peak 2 full width at half max, pFWHM_P2; wherein pPλ_P1<pPλ_P2; wherein the phosphor full width at half max, pFWHM_P2, is <100 nm (preferably, ≦99 nm; more preferably, ≦98 nm; most preferably, ≦97 nm); and, wherein the inorganic luminescent compound represented by formula (II) can be present as at least two different crystalline phases (preferably, wherein the inorganic luminescent compound represented by formula (II) is present as one substantially pure crystalline phase (more preferably, ≧98% of a particular crystalline phase; most preferably, ≧99% of a particular crystalline phase)).

Preferably, the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor, produced by the method of the present invention, maintains ≧70% (more preferably, ≧85%; most preferably, ≧90%) of its relative emission intensity at temperatures of 25 to 150° C. More preferably, the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor, produced by the method of the present invention, maintains ≧70% (more preferably, ≧85%; most preferably, ≧90%) of its relative emission intensity at temperatures of 25 to 200° C. Most preferably, the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor, produced by the method of the present invention, maintains ≧70% (more preferably, ≧85%; most preferably, ≧90%) of its relative emission intensity at temperatures of 25 to 250° C.

Preferably, the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor, produced by the method of the present invention, exhibits low thermal quenching. More preferably, the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor, produced by the method of the present invention, exhibits thermal quenching of ≦5% at 150° C. Most preferably, the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor, produced by the method of the present invention, exhibits thermal quenching of ≦5% at 150° C. and ≦15% at 250° C.

Preferably, the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor, produced by the method of the present invention, exhibits a median diameter of 2 to 50 microns (more preferably, 4 to 30 microns; most preferably, 5 to 20 microns).

Optionally, the method of the present invention for manufacturing an Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor, further comprises: (xxi) washing the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor (preferably, washing in acid and deionized water at room temperature).

Preferably, the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor, produced by the method of the present invention is, ground, sieved, washed and dried, as necessary. Preferably, the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor is washed with acid followed by washing with deionized water. Preferably, the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor is ground, sieved to remove undesired fines and aggregates, and then dispersed in an aqueous acid solution (preferably a dilute acid having an acid concentration of 0.5 to 4 mol/L). The aqueous acid solution used is preferably selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, sulfuric acid and nitric acid. Most preferably, the aqueous acid solution used is hydrochloric acid. The Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor is then preferably further washed with deionized water. The washing with acid preferably removes starting materials, unwanted byproducts and flux components (e.g., halides and alkali Earths) that are not incorporated into the crystal structure of the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor product. The washed Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor is then preferably dried. The dried Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor is then preferably sieved to remove any fines and oversize material.

Optionally, the method of the present invention for manufacturing an Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor, comprises: (xxii) providing a surface treating material; and, (xxiii) applying the surface treating material to a surface of the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor.

Surface treating materials suitable for use in the method of the present invention are preferably selected to provide at least one of enhanced stability and enhanced processability to the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor produced by the method of the present invention. The surface treatment can provide enhanced stability to the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor by imparting the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor with, for example, improved moisture resistance. The surface treatment can provide enhanced processability to the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor by enhancing the dispersibility of the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor in a given liquid carrier. Surface treatments include, for example, polymers (e.g., acrylic resins, polycarbonates, polyamides, polyethylenes and polyorganosiloxanes); metal hydroxides (e.g., magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, silicon hydroxide, titanium hydroxide, zirconium hydroxide, tin hydroxide, germanium hydroxide, niobium hydroxide, tantalum hydroxide, vanadium hydroxide, boron hydroxide, antimony hydroxide, zinc hydroxide, yttrium hydroxide, bismuth hydroxide); metal oxides (e.g., magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, tin oxide, germanium oxide, niobium oxide, tantalum oxide, vanadium oxide, boron oxide, antimony oxide, zinc oxide, yttrium oxide, bismuth oxide); metal nitrides (e.g., silicon nitride, aluminum nitride); orthophosphates (e.g., calcium phosphate, barium phosphate, strontium phosphate); polyphosphates; combinations of alkali metal phosphates and alkaline-Earth metal phosphates with calcium salts (e.g., sodium phosphate with calcium nitrate); and, glass materials (e.g., borosilicates, phospho silicates, alkali silicates).

Optionally, the method of the present invention for manufacturing an Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor, further comprises: providing a liquid carrier; and, dispersing the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor in the liquid carrier.

Liquid carriers suitable for use in the method of the present invention to form a phosphor composition are preferably selected to facilitate at least one of: the storage of the inorganic luminescent compound represented by formula (II) and the manufacture of a lighting apparatus (preferably, a pcLED device) incorporating the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor produced by the method of the present invention. The liquid carrier can be selected to be a fugitive substance (e.g., to be evaporated during processing). The liquid carrier can be selected to be a transformative substance (e.g., to be reacted from a flowable liquid to a non-flowable material).

Fugitive substances suitable for use as liquid carriers in the method of the present invention include, for example: non-polar solvents (e.g., pentane; cyclopentane; hexane; cyclohexane; benzene; toluene; 1,4-dioxane; chloroform; diethyl ether) and polar aprotic solvents (e.g., dichloromethane; tetrahydrofuran; ethyl acetate; acetone; dimethylformamide; acetonitrile; dimethyl sulfoxide; propylene carbonate).

Transformative liquid carriers suitable for use as liquid carriers in the method of the present invention include, for example: thermoplastic resins and thermosetting resins that undergo curing upon exposure to at least one of thermal energy and photonic energy. For example, transformative liquid media include: acrylic resins (e.g., (alkyl)acrylates, such as, polymethyl(meth)acrylate); styrene; styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers; polycarbonates; polyesters; phenoxy resins; butyral resins; polyvinyl alcohols; cellulose resins (e.g., ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, and cellulose acetate butyrate); epoxy resins; phenol resins; and silicone resins (e.g., polyorganosiloxanes).

Optionally, the method of the present invention for manufacturing an Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor, further comprises: providing an additive; and, incorporating the additive into the phosphor composition.

Preferred additives for use in the method of the present invention include a dispersant. Preferably, the dispersant promotes the formation and stabilization of the phosphor composition. Preferred dispersants include, for example, titanium oxides, aluminum oxides, barium titanates and silicon oxides.

Some embodiments of the present invention will now be described in detail in the following Examples.

Comparative Examples C1-C6 and Examples 1-15

Preparation of Inorganic Luminescent Compounds

Comparative Examples C1-C6

The inorganic luminescent compound, generically represented by formula (II), in each of the Comparative Examples C1-C6 was prepared by a solid state reaction with the starting materials identified in TABLE 2. The starting materials were provided in powder form, were weighed out, physically mixed together and ground with a mortar and pestle in a glove box under a dried nitrogen atmosphere to form a uniform powder mixture. The powder mixture was then loaded in a crucible conventionally seasoned through repeated exposure to silicon sources at high temperature to form a metal silicide surface layer on the powder contacting surface of the crucible. The loaded crucible was then placed in a high temperature furnace under a flowing, high purity nitrogen/hydrogen (N₂/H₂) atmosphere. The powder mixture was then heated at a temperature of 1500 to 1850° C. for 8 to 12 hours in a high temperature furnace under the flowing N₂/H₂ atmosphere. The resulting powder was removed from the crucible, ground using a mortar and pestle under a dried nitrogen atmosphere to form a uniform powder mixture. The powder mixture was then reloaded into the crucible. The loaded crucible was then placed in the high temperature furnace under a flowing, high purity N₂/H₂ atmosphere and heated at a temperature of 1500 to 1850° C. for another 8 to 12 hours under the flowing N₂/H₂ atmosphere. The resulting powder was then removed from the crucible, ground using a mortar and pestle under a dried nitrogen atmosphere forming a uniform powder mixture. This powder mixture was then reloaded into the crucible. The loaded crucible was again placed in the high temperature furnace under a flowing, high purity N₂/H₂ atmosphere and heated at a temperature of 1500 to 1850° C. for another 8 to 12 hours under the flowing N₂/H₂ atmosphere. The resulting powder was then removed from the firing crucible, ground using a mortar and pestle, washed with acid and deionized water at room temperature, milled and then sieved using a 100 to 400 U.S. standard mesh to provide the inorganic luminescent compound.

Examples 1-11

The intermediate, represented by formula (I), in each of the Examples 1-11 was prepared by a solid state reaction with the starting materials identified in TABLE 2. The starting materials noted in TABLE 2 were provided in powder form. All of the starting materials were physically mixed together and ground using a mortar and pestle in a glove box under a dried nitrogen atmosphere to form a uniform powder mixture. The powder mixture was then loaded into a crucible, wherein the powder contacting surface of the crucible was virgin molybdenum (i.e., the powder contacting surface of the crucibles in each of Examples 1-11 were used in their as received condition from the crucible supplier, they were not seasoned through high temperature exposure to silicon prior to use). The loaded crucible was then placed in a high temperature furnace under a flowing, high purity nitrogen/hydrogen atmosphere. The powder mixture was then heated at a temperature of 1500 to 1850° C. for 8 to 12 hours in a high temperature furnace under the flowing N₂/H₂ atmosphere. The resulting powder was removed from the crucible, ground using a mortar and pestle to form a uniform powder mixture. The resulting powder mixture was then reloaded into the crucible. The loaded crucible was placed back in the high temperature furnace under the flowing N₂/H₂ atmosphere and heated at a temperature of 1500 to 1850° C. for another 8 to 12 hours under the flowing N₂/H₂ atmosphere. The resulting powder was then removed from the crucible, ground using a mortar and pestle, washed with acid and deionized water at room temperature, milled, and then sieved using a 100 to 400 U.S. standard mesh to provide an intermediate.

TABLE 2
Ex #	Sr3N2 (g)	Si3N4 (g)	Eu2O3 (g)	SiC (g)
C1	143.227	147.650	5.247	14.067
C2	143.227	147.650	5.247	14.067
C3	143.227	147.650	5.247	14.067
C4	143.365	147.688	5.064	14.071
C5	143.365	147.688	5.064	14.071
C6	143.365	147.688	5.064	14.071
1	143.090	147.612	5.431	14.064
2	143.090	147.612	5.431	14.064
3	143.090	147.612	5.431	14.064
4	143.090	147.612	5.431	14.064
5	143.090	147.612	5.431	14.064
6	143.090	147.612	5.431	14.064
7	143.090	147.612	5.431	14.064
8	143.090	147.612	5.431	14.064
9	143.365	147.689	5.064	14.071
10	143.549	147.740	4.818	14.076
11	143.733	147.791	4.573	14.081

Examples 12-15

Eu²⁺ Activated Inorganic Red Phosphors According to Formula (II)

In Examples 12-15, the intermediate from Example 8-11, respectively, was combined with an additional charge of Eu₂O₃, as noted in TABLE 3, and the combination was then loaded back into the same crucible used in Example 8-11, respectively. The loaded crucible was placed back in the high temperature furnace and heated at a temperature of 1500 to 1850° C. for another 8 to 12 hours under the flowing N₂/H₂ atmosphere. The resulting powder was then removed from the crucible, ground using a mortar and pestle, washed with acid and deionized water at room temperature, milled, and then sieved using a 100 to 400 U.S. standard mesh to provide the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor.

TABLE 3
		Eu2O3
Ex.	Product of Ex.	(g)
12	8	1.60
13	9	1.72
14	10	1.80
15	11	1.88

Inorganic Luminescent Compound Properties

The inorganic luminescent compounds from each of Comparative Examples C1-C6; the intermediates from each of Examples 1-7; and the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphors from each of Examples 12-15 were then washed with an acid and deionized water at room temperature before performing the analyses described below to provide the data reported in TABLES 4 and 5.

The emission spectrum, ES₄₅₃, exhibited by each of the materials upon excitation with a light source (i.e., a light emitting diode (LED) lamp peaking at 453 mm was analyzed using an Ocean Optics USB4000 spectrometer available from Ocean Optics). The overall peak wavelength, Pλ_overall, and the overall full width half maximum, FWHM_overall, of the emission spectrum, ES₄₅₃, determined for each material are reported in TABLE 4.

The emission spectrum, ES₄₅₃, color coordinates CIE_X and CIE_Y based on the CIE 1931 Chromaticity Diagram were calculated for each of the materials from the emission spectrum in the 380-780 nm wavelength range when excited by the emission from the LED light source. The color coordinates determined for the materials are reported in TABLE 4.

The internal quantum efficiency for each of the materials was determined by taking a sample of the material, packing the sample into a cell, mounting the cell in an integrating sphere and then exposing the materials to light emitted from a light source. Specifically, the light from the light source was guided through an optical tube, filtered through a narrow band pass filter to provide monochromatic light with a wavelength of 453 nm that was then directed at the material. The spectrum of light emitted from the material in the integrating sphere upon excitation with the light from the light source and the light reflected by the material were measured with an Ocean Optics USB 4000 spectrometer available from Ocean Optics. The conversion efficiencies (QE and Emission) and are reported relative to an internal standard. The luminous flux (lumens) was calculated for each of the materials from the emission spectrum, ES₄₅₃, in the 500-780 nm wavelength range when excited by the emission from the 453 nm LED light source and reported relative to an internal standard. Each of these values is reported in TABLE 4.

TABLE 4
			FWHMoverall	Pλoverall	Lumens	QE	Emission
Ex #	CIEX	CIEY	(nm)	(nm)	(%)	(%)	(%)
C1	0.635	0.364	88	623	201	104	117
C2	0.634	0.365	87	622	206	104	118
C3	0.634	0.365	87	623	205	104	117
C4	0.639	0.36	90	626	186	97	113
C5	0.637	0.362	92	626	187	102	114
C6	0.637	0.363	92	626	188	103	114
1	0.628	0.371	80	618	238	105	118
2	0.629	0.371	80	618	237	105	118
3	0.629	0.371	80	618	232	103	116
4	0.628	0.372	80	618	238	105	118
5	0.627	0.373	80	618	243	108	119
6	0.632	0.367	83	620	221	103	117
7	0.632	0.367	83	620	221	103	118
12	0.639	0.361	86	622	211	104	123
13	0.639	0.361	86	623	214	105	124
14	0.639	0.360	85	622	211	104	123
15	0.639	0.360	86	622	215	106	125

The emission spectrum, ES₄₅₅, exhibited by each of the materials upon excitation with a light source (a 455 nm monochromatic laser) was further analyzed using a spectrometer having a spectral resolution of 1.5 nm. The emission spectrum, ES₄₅₅, exhibited by each of the materials upon excitation with the 455 nm monochromatic laser were individually fitted using GRAMS peak fitting software with 2 Gaussian bands to provide the data reported in TABLE 5 for each of the materials. Note that the data reported in TABLE 5 is the average derived from the analysis of duplicate samples of the materials.

TABLE 5
				AP1	AP2
	HP1	HP2		(area	(area		FWHMP2	PλP1	PλP2
Ex.	(counts)	(counts)	PR	counts)	counts)	AR	(nm)	(nm)	(nm)
C1	13547	15116	0.90	825813	1624486	0.51	100.93	611	644
C2	60952	65361	0.93	3797007	7034778	0.54	100.98	611	643
C3	33748	36217	0.93	2078345	3890430	0.53	100.89	611	643
C4	5753	6215	0.93	349243	675636	0.52	102.13	614	646
C5	12370	14186	0.87	760791	1562385	0.49	103.42	614	645
C6	12858	15835	0.81	765238	1734731	0.44	102.92	613	645
1	9623	7863	1.22	589674	807836	0.73	96.52	610	640
2	6291	5267	1.19	382523	541721	0.71	96.62	610	640
3	19666	15449	1.27	1224946	1586536	0.77	96.48	610	640
4	6414	5238	1.22	390296	536812	0.73	96.28	610	640
5	6003	4791	1.25	370521	492514	0.75	96.57	610	640
6	9559	8656	1.10	585053	904371	0.65	98.15	611	642
7	19018	17227	1.10	1172094	1806058	0.65	98.48	611	642
12	9805	10247	0.96	566868	1064248	0.53	97.57	612	644
13	6273	6612	0.95	361372	687416	0.53	97.66	613	644
14	6077	6490	0.94	348264	675577	0.52	97.79	613	644
15	17724	18068	0.98	1034122	1875788	0.55	97.53	612	644
16	9303	10211	0.91	532982	1063325	0.50	97.83	613	645

Claims

1. A method of manufacturing an Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor, comprising:

(i) providing a firing container having an internal surface defining a cavity; wherein the internal surface is a virgin material selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, tungsten, tantalum, niobium, chromium, platinum, titanium, zirconium, lanthanum, yttrium, cerium and alloys thereof;

(ii) providing a mixture of starting materials for the preparation of the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic phosphor, wherein the mixture of starting materials includes an initial source of Eu²⁺ cations;

(iii) loading the mixture of starting materials from step (ii) into the firing container, wherein the mixture of starting materials contacts the internal surface of the firing container;

(iv) placing the loaded firing container from step (iii) into a furnace;

(v) firing the mixture of starting materials under a reducing atmosphere in the furnace at a temperature of 1300 to 2000° C. for a period of 2 to 36 hours, then removing the firing container from the furnace;

(vi) removing and grinding the contents of the firing container to provide a ground material, loading the ground material back into the firing container, and placing the reloaded firing container back into the furnace;

(vii) firing the ground material under the reducing atmosphere in the furnace at a temperature of 1300 to 2000° C. for a period of 2 to 36 hours, then removing the firing container from the furnace;

(viii) repeating steps (vi) through (vii) zero to three times;

(ix) removing and grinding the contents of the firing container from step (viii) to provide an intermediate, providing an additional source of Eu²⁺ cations, mixing the ground intermediate and the additional source of Eu²⁺ cations to provide an intermediate mixture, and loading the intermediate mixture into the firing container;

(x) placing loaded firing container containing the intermediate mixture into the furnace, firing the intermediate mixture under the reducing atmosphere in the furnace at a temperature of 1300 to 2000° C. for a period of 2 to 36 hours, and then removing the firing container from the furnace;

(xi) removing and grinding the contents of the firing container to provide a ground substance;

(xii) optionally, providing a further source of Eu²⁺ cations;

(xiii) mixing the ground substance from step (xi) with any further source of Eu²⁺ cations from step (xii) to provide a substance mixture, loading the substance mixture back into the firing container from step (xi), placing the firing container containing the substance mixture into the furnace, firing the substance mixture under the reducing atmosphere in the furnace at a temperature of 1300 to 2000° C. for a period of 2 to 36 hours, and then removing the firing container from the furnace;

(xix) repeating steps (xi) through (xiii) zero to three times;

(xx) removing and grinding the contents of the firing container from step (xix) to provide an Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor;

wherein the mixture of starting materials provided in step (ii) and the firing conditions in steps (v) through (viii) are selected such that the intermediate in step (ix) is an inorganic luminescent compound represented by formula (I)

M(I)_icM(II)_iaSi₅N_ixC_iyO_iz:Eu²⁺_ib  (I)

wherein M(I) is a monovalent species selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, F, Cl, Br and I;

wherein M(II) is a divalent cation selected from the group consisting of at least one of Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba;

wherein 1.7≦ia≦2; 0<ib≦0.1; 0≦ic≦0.1; 5≦ix≦8; 0≦iy≦1.5; 0≦iz≦5;

wherein the intermediate exhibits an intermediate emission spectrum, iES₄₅₅, upon excitation with monochromatic light having a wavelength of 455 nm; wherein the intermediate emission spectrum, iES₄₅₅, is resolvable into an intermediate first gaussian emission curve and an intermediate second gaussian emission curve; wherein the intermediate first gaussian emission curve has an intermediate first gaussian emission curve peak, iP₁; wherein the intermediate first gaussian emission curve peak, iP₁, has an intermediate peak 1 height, iH_P1, at an intermediate peak 1 peak wavelength, iPλ_P1; wherein the intermediate second gaussian emission curve has an intermediate second gaussian emission curve peak, iP₂; wherein the intermediate second gaussian emission curve peak, iP₂, has an intermediate peak 2 height, iH_P2, at an intermediate peak 2 peak wavelength, iPλ_P2; wherein iPλ_P1<iPλ_P2; wherein the intermediate emission spectrum, iES₄₅₅, has an intermediate peak ratio, iP_R, of >1 as determined by the following equation

iP_R=iH_P1/iH_P2;

wherein the intermediate mixture provided in step (ix), the further source of Eu²⁺ cations provided is step (xii), if any, and the firing conditions in steps (x) through (xix) are selected such that the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor provided comprises an inorganic compound represented by formula (II)

M(I)_pcM(II)_paSi₅N_pxC_pyO_pz:Eu²⁺_pb  (II)

wherein M(I) is a monovalent species selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, F, Cl, Br and I;

wherein M(II) is a divalent cation selected from the group consisting of at least one of Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba;

wherein 1.7≦pa≦2; 0<pb≦0.3; 0≦pc≦0.1; 5≦px≦8; 0≦py≦1.5; 0≦pz≦5;

wherein the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic phosphor exhibits a phosphor emission spectrum, pES₄₅₅, upon excitation with monochromatic light having a wavelength of 455 nm; wherein the phosphor emission spectrum, pES₄₅₅, is resolvable into a phosphor first emission curve and a phosphor second emission curve, wherein the phosphor second emission curve has a phosphor full width at half max, pFWHM_P2, of <100 nm.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:

(xxi) washing the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor.

3. The method of claim 2, further comprising:

(xxii) providing a surface treating material; and,

(xxiii) applying the surface treating material to a surface of the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor to produce a surface treated red phosphor.

4. The method of claim 2, further comprising:

providing a liquid carrier; and,

dispersing the Eu²⁺ activated inorganic red phosphor in the liquid carrier to form a phosphor composition.

5. The method of claim 4, further comprising:

providing a dispersant; and,

incorporating the dispersant into the phosphor composition.