In some embodiments, an apparatus includes a protective cover configured to attach to a wireless device having an exterior surface. The surface includes a first portion and a second portion mutually exclusive from the first portion. The second portion of the surface is associated with at least a portion of an antenna of the wireless device that performs proximity sensing for the wireless device. The protective cover is configured to cover the first portion of the surface when the protective cover is attached to the wireless device. The protective cover is configured to not cover the second portion of the surface when the protective cover is attached to the wireless device. As a result, the proximity sensing and/or the power transmitted by the antenna are not affected by the protective cover when the protective cover is attached to the wireless device and when the wireless device is operational.
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1. An apparatus, comprising:
a protective cover shaped and structured to attach to a handheld wireless computing device having an exterior surface including a first portion and a second portion mutually exclusive from the first portion, the second portion of the exterior surface being associated with at least a portion of an antenna of the handheld wireless computing device that performs proximity sensing for the handheld wireless computing device,
the protective cover shaped and structured to attach to the handheld wireless computing device such that the first portion of the exterior surface of the handheld wireless computing device is covered by the protective cover,
the protective cover shaped and structured to attach to the handheld wireless computing device such that the second portion of the exterior surface of the handheld wireless computing device is not covered by the protective cover and such that at least one of (1) the proximity sensing during operation is not affected by the protective cover, or (2) power transmitted by the antenna during operation is not affected by the protective cover.
10. An apparatus, comprising:
a protective cover shaped and structured to be disposed with a handheld wireless computing device having an antenna with at least a portion that functions as a proximity sensor such that the protective cover covers a portion of an exterior surface of the handheld wireless computing device without affecting the proximity sensor and without reducing a total radiated power (TRP) of the handheld wireless computing device during use,
at least a portion of the protective cover having a size and a shape that substantially correspond to a size and a shape of the portion of the exterior surface of the handheld wireless computing device,
the portion of the exterior surface is a first portion of the exterior surface, the exterior surface having a second portion mutually exclusive from the first portion, the second portion of the exterior surface being associated with the portion of the antenna,
the protective cover shaped and structured to be disposed with the handheld wireless computing device such that the protective cover does not cover the second portion of the exterior surface.
15. An apparatus, comprising:
a planar sheet of material having a first surface and a second surface, the planar sheet shaped and structured to be disposed with a handheld wireless computing device having an exterior surface including a first portion and a second portion that is associated with an antenna of the handheld wireless computing device that functions as a proximity sensor for the handheld wireless computing device,
the planar sheet shaped and structured to be disposed with the handheld wireless computing device such that the second surface of the planar sheet is disposed between the first surface of the planar sheet and the handheld wireless computing device,
the planar sheet shaped and structured to be disposed with the handheld wireless computing device such that the planar sheet of material covers the first portion of the exterior surface of the handheld wireless computing device and does not cover the second portion of the exterior surface of the handheld wireless computing device and such that at least one of (1) the proximity sensor is not affected by the planar sheet of material, or (2) power transmitted by the antenna is not affected by the planar sheet of material.
2. The apparatus of
3. The apparatus of
4. The apparatus of
5. The apparatus of
6. The apparatus of
the protective cover is shaped and structured to be attached to the handheld wireless computing device such that the protective cover does not cover a third portion of the exterior surface and such that a user can operate the handheld wireless computing device during operation by touching the third portion of the exterior surface,
the third portion of the exterior surface being mutually exclusive from the first portion and the second portion of the exterior surface.
7. The apparatus of
8. The apparatus of
9. The apparatus of
the second portion of the exterior surface is not associated with a component of the handheld wireless computing device that enables a user to operate the handheld wireless computing device by touching the component.
11. The apparatus of
at least the portion of the protective cover having an outer boundary that substantially corresponds to an outer boundary of the first portion of the exterior surface.
12. The apparatus of
the exterior surface of the handheld wireless computing device is substantially planar,
at least the portion of the protective cover is substantially planar.
13. The apparatus of
the second portion of the exterior surface not associated with a component of the handheld wireless computing device that enables a user to operate the handheld wireless computing device by touching the component.
14. The apparatus of
16. The apparatus of
17. The apparatus of
18. The apparatus of
19. The apparatus of
20. The apparatus of
the second portion of the exterior surface of the handheld wireless computing device covers the portion of the antenna of the handheld wireless computing device,
the protective cover shaped and structured to attach to the handheld wireless computing device such that the second portion of the exterior surface of the handheld wireless computing device is not covered by the protective cover.
21. The apparatus of
the protective cover shaped and structured to attach to the handheld wireless computing device such that the portion of the antenna of the handheld wireless computing device is not covered by the protective cover.
22. The apparatus of
the second portion of the exterior surface of the handheld wireless computing device covers the portion of the antenna of the handheld wireless computing device,
the protective cover shaped and structured to attach to the handheld wireless computing device such that the second portion of the exterior surface of the handheld wireless computing device is not covered by the protective cover.
23. The apparatus of
the protective cover shaped and structured to attach to the handheld wireless computing device such that the portion of the antenna of the handheld wireless computing device is not covered by the protective cover.
24. The apparatus of
the second portion of the exterior surface of the handheld wireless computing device covers a portion of the antenna of the handheld wireless computing device,
the planar sheet shaped and structured to attach to the handheld wireless computing device such that the second portion of the exterior surface of the handheld wireless computing device is not covered by the planar sheet.
25. The apparatus of
the planar sheet shaped and structured to attach to the handheld wireless computing device such that the second portion of the antenna of the handheld wireless computing device is not covered by the planar sheet.
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This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/659,595, entitled “PROTECTIVE COVER FOR A WIRELESS DEVICE,” filed on Oct. 24, 2012, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/287,680, entitled “EXTERNAL CASE FOR REDISTRIBUTION OF RF RADIATION AWAY FROM WIRELESS COMMUNICATION DEVICE USER AND WIRELESS COMMUNICATION DEVICE INCORPORATING RF RADIATION REDISTRIBUTION ELEMENTS,” filed on Nov. 2, 2011.
This application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/724,290 filed Mar. 15, 2010, which claims priority to and the benefit of Provisional Application No. 61/160,282, filed Mar. 13, 2009, and is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/614,132, filed Nov. 6, 2009, which claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/112,141, filed Nov. 6, 2008 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/158,551, filed Mar. 9, 2009; all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
Some embodiments discussed herein relate generally to wireless devices such as cell phones, smart phones, and similar handheld devices such as tablet computer or tablets. Such embodiments include a protective cover that can be attached to, and protect, a surface of such a wireless device without negatively impacting the performance of the wireless device or affecting other functions of the wireless device.
Some known protective covers can be applied on the wireless devices to cover and protect an exterior surface and/or other portions of the wireless devices. Such known protective covers, however, typically affect RF (radio frequency) transmission or some other functions of the wireless devices. For example, some of the known protective covers can affect a proximity sensing function performed by an embedded antenna of a wireless device, thus limiting RF transmission from the wireless device. In another example, known protective covers can change the environment proximate to an antenna, such that a change in the dielectric or impedance match causes the antenna to function less efficiently, reducing transmission power of the antenna.
Accordingly, a need exists for an apparatus that can provide protection to an exterior surface of a wireless device without affecting the proximity sensing function performed by and/or the power transmitted by an embedded antenna of that wireless device.
In some embodiments, an apparatus includes a protective cover configured to attach to a wireless device having an exterior surface. The surface includes a first portion and a second portion mutually exclusive from the first portion. The second portion of the surface is associated with at least a portion of an antenna of the wireless device that performs proximity sensing for the wireless device. The protective cover is configured to cover the first portion of the surface when the protective cover is attached to the wireless device. The protective cover is configured to not cover the second portion of the surface when the protective cover is attached to the wireless device. As a result, the proximity sensing and/or the power transmitted by the antenna is not affected by the protective cover when the protective cover is attached to the wireless device and when the wireless device is operational.
In some embodiments, external coupling antennas are provided to couple radiation from the internal antenna of a wireless device and to redirect the radiation such that a reduced or minimum amount of radiation is directed towards the user and an increased or maximum amount of radiation is directed away from the user. Note that this coupling method does not require an actual physical connection between the external coupling antennas and the antenna internal to the phone. The position of the coupling antenna with respect to the internal antenna, however, can be important. Through a series of coupling loops, directing elements or patch antennas located on a cover or case, a “clip” structure, or directly on an external surface of the mobile device, the radiation is further directed away from the user's head (which is absorptive) to the environment for communication to cell towers or a Wi-Fi router.
The materials used for coupling and re-directional elements are generally made out of materials of high electrical conductivity. Dielectric materials, however, can also be used to achieve optimal physical sizes and spacing of various elements.
In some embodiments, an apparatus includes a protective cover configured to attach to a wireless device having a surface including a first portion and a second portion mutually exclusive from the first portion. The protective cover can be removably attached to the wireless device. In some embodiments, the protective cover is disposed between the surface of the wireless device and a user of the wireless device when the protective cover is attached to the wireless device and when the wireless device is used by the user. In some embodiments, the protective cover is substantially planar, and the wireless device can be a tablet computer device.
The protective cover is configured to cover the first portion of the surface when the protective cover is attached to the wireless device. In some embodiments, the protective cover is transparent such that the first portion of the surface is visible to a user of the wireless device when the protective cover is attached to the wireless device. In some embodiments, the first portion of the surface includes at least one of a screen of the wireless device or a touchscreen of the wireless device.
The second portion of the surface is associated with a proximity sensor of the wireless device. The protective cover is configured to not cover the second portion of the surface when the protective cover is attached to the wireless device such that the proximity sensor is not triggered by the protective cover when the protective cover is attached to the wireless device and when the wireless device is operational. As a result, a total radiated power (TRP) of the wireless device is not reduced when the protective cover is attached to the wireless device and when the wireless device is operational.
In some embodiments, the second portion of the surface is associated with a camera of the wireless device. The protective cover is configured to not cover the second portion of the surface when the protective cover is attached to the wireless device such that a direct access to the camera is not blocked by the protective cover when the protective cover is attached to the wireless device.
The above procedures and apparatus are illustrated by the treatment of three exemplary wireless devices—the Apple 3G iPhone®, the RIM Blackberry® Curve 8300, and/or the Apple iPad®. The procedures and apparatus, however, are perfectly general and can be applied to any wireless device using different combinations of the elements described.
In some embodiments, an apparatus includes a protective cover configured to attach to a wireless device having an exterior surface. The surface includes a first portion and a second portion mutually exclusive from the first portion. The second portion of the surface is associated with at least a portion of an antenna of the wireless device that performs proximity sensing for the wireless device. The protective cover is configured to cover the first portion of the surface when the protective cover is attached to the wireless device. The protective cover is configured to not cover the second portion of the surface when the protective cover is attached to the wireless device. As a result, the proximity sensing is not affected by the protective cover when the protective cover is attached to the wireless device and when the wireless device is operational.
In some embodiments, an apparatus includes a protective cover configured to be disposed with a wireless device having an antenna. At least a portion of the antenna is configured to function as a proximity sensor for the wireless device. The protective cover, when being disposed with the wireless device, covers a portion of an exterior surface of the wireless device without affecting the proximity sensor and without reducing a TRP of the wireless device during use. At least a portion of the protective cover has a size and a shape that substantially correspond to a size and a shape of the portion of the exterior surface of the wireless device.
In some embodiments, an apparatus includes a planar sheet of material having a first surface and a second surface. The planar sheet is configured to be disposed with a wireless device having an exterior surface including a first portion and a second portion. The second portion of the exterior surface of the wireless device is associated with an antenna of the wireless device that is configured to function as a proximity sensor for the wireless device. When the planar sheet is disposed with the wireless device, the second surface of the planar sheet is disposed between the first surface of the planar sheet and the wireless device. When the planar sheet is disposed with the wireless device, the planar sheet of material covers the first portion of the exterior surface of the wireless device and not the second portion of the exterior surface of the wireless device. As a result, the proximity sensor is not affected by the planar sheet of material when the planar sheet is disposed with the wireless device and when the wireless device is operational.
One variation of the above design is in the replacement of an uppermost radiation re-director by a single plate 330 as illustrated in
Another variation, illustrated in
A further embodiment is the use of vertical strips 620 that are orthogonal to the horizontal strips 610, as shown in
In some embodiments, a simpler approach as illustrated in
In another embodiment shown in
In some embodiments, sizes of the corrugations are smaller than wavelengths of microwave frequencies transmitted from the wireless device. As a result, such corrugations can introduce scattering wave vectors that are greater than the incident wave vector in directions perpendicular to the incident wave vector. Thus, such corrugations can deflect the radiation away from the user and at the same time avoid creating reflections back on the internal radiating antenna. As a result, the impedance seen by the output amplifier of the wireless device (e.g., a cell phone) is not affected and the total radiated power of the wireless device is not reduced, while the specific absorption rate (SAR) is significantly reduced. In such embodiments, the loop 940/1040 and the directors 960/1060 are positioned relative to the internal antenna 950/1050 such that the loop 940/1040 is close to the antenna and couples the RF power out from the back of the wireless device and up to the directors 960/1060.
As shown in
The redirection of RF radiation away from the user's head can also be achieved by the use of a properly located passive RF coupling redirector including the elements 940-960 as shown in
A feature of various embodiments, both as a passive directional beam antenna alone, or in combination with a passive re-directional shield, incorporated in an external case for a wireless device, or such combination incorporated internally in a wireless device, is that such embodiments direct/redirect radiation away from the user, out of the wireless device, reducing SAR, without adversely affecting power radiated from the back area of the phone. This is done with a directional antenna, or a combination of a directional antenna and re-directive shield, or with a re-directive shield only, integrated within a case of non-conducting or low-conductive materials (e.g., variously of silicone, plastic, cloth, etc.) that allow EM waves to propagate outward toward, for example, the cell phone tower without suffering any attenuation.
A further alternate embodiment of the RF coupling radiation redirector is shown in
In conjunction with the plastic strip 1205 being located over an internal mobile telephony antenna, a capacitive proximity sensor (not shown in
Accordingly, the case 1201 defines a cut-out section 1202 in the location of the strip 1205, which covers the internal mobile telephony antenna. In this way, use of the external case 1201 does not affect the TRP produced by the tablet during mobile telephony applications (such as telephone calls, Internet applications, video conferencing, etc.).
As shown in
The resonant loops 1301 can be made of 1 oz of copper elements upon a 2 mil thick polyimide substrate (the resonant loops are typically rectangular or square in shape, but may be formed in any desired shape). The loops 1301 have perimeters that substantially equal, for example, approximately 1 wavelength of the emitted RF transmission wave as it travels through the polycarbonate material, i.e., the loops 1301 are resonant with the RF transmission. Loop size is dependent on the frequency of the mobile or cellular telephony transmission and the dielectric constant of the material in which the FPCB is embedded. Often multiple loops of varying sizes exist to resonate with the different bandwidths and frequencies of cellular telephony transmission. These loops couple capacitively (i.e., passively) with the internal mobile telephony antenna.
Typically, the FPCB 1301 is located approximately 1 mm from the back surface of the tablet. This defines an antenna structure that is a combination of the internal mobile telephony antenna and the FPCB case-embedded antenna formed by the resonant loops and directors. This antenna structure has a much more directional radiation pattern than the internal mobile telephony antenna by itself (which has a substantially 360° radiation pattern). Because the antenna structure formed by the combination of the internal antenna and the case-embedded components has more radiative components located at the back of the device, the amount of radiation that was previously directed towards the user from the front of the device is substantially reduced.
Because the shape of the radiation pattern has changed, so that more power is emitted from the back of the phone than the front, little or no loss in communication ability or quality occurs in a typical talk configuration.
The FPCB may also contain directors 1302—copper strips that have lengths substantially equal to, for example, approximately ½ wavelength (or multiples thereof) of the RF waves emitted from the internal mobile telephony antenna. These directors 1302 provide a structure that spreads the coupled RF radiation from the internal mobile telephony antenna over a larger area or volume. The combination of resonant loops 1301 and directors 1302 provide a larger surface area or volume for cellular telephony emission, thereby reducing local intensity, while still substantially maintaining the power from the back of the phone.
Note that the tablet external case is not intended to merely change the directionality of the antenna emissions, but to redistribute or spread the RF radiation over a larger area or volume through a combination of resonant conductive loops and director elements inductively coupled to the internal mobile telephony antenna of the tablet device. The effect of such radiation redistribution is that local radiation intensity is significantly reduced while still substantially maintaining the power radiated from the back of the phone.
Note also that the resonant loops 1301 and elongated directors 1302 may be incorporated directly with the tablet device itself, either internally or externally, without the use of an external case in alternative embodiments.
As shown in
The surface 150 includes a first portion that is covered by the protective cover 152 when the protective cover 152 is attached to the surface 150. Similarly stated, the protective cover 152 has a size and a shape that substantially correspond to a size and a shape of the first portion of the surface 150. In
In some embodiments, the protective cover 152 is disposed between the first portion of the surface 150 and a user of the wireless device when the protective cover 152 is attached to the wireless device and when the wireless device is used by the user. For example, the surface 150 can be a front surface of a mobile telephone including an aperture associated with a speaker embedded within the wireless device, from which acoustic signals (e.g., voices, sounds) are sent out of the wireless device. The protective cover 152 is disposed between such a surface 150 and the body of a user (e.g., mouth, face, and ear) of the mobile telephone when the protective cover 152 is attached to the mobile telephone and when the user is using the mobile telephone for a phone call. For another example, the surface 150 can be a front surface of a tablet (e.g., iPad®) including a touchscreen of the tablet, through which a user of the tablet can view contents from the tablet and/or enter data into the tablet. The protective cover 152 is disposed between such a surface 150 and the body of the user (e.g., face, eyes) when the protective cover 152 is attached to the tablet and when the user is using the table (e.g., for reading an article, writing an email, etc.).
In some embodiments, the first portion of the surface 150 includes a screen 154, on which a user of the wireless device can view visual contents provided by the wireless device. Furthermore, in some embodiments, such a screen can be a touchscreen such that the user can enter information into the wireless device by touching the touchscreen. In both scenarios described above, the protective cover 152 is transparent such that the first portion including the screen and/or touchscreen is visible to the user when the protective cover 152 is attached to the wireless device. Additionally, when the protective cover 152 is attached to the surface 150 of the wireless device, the protective cover 152 covers the first portion (including the screen 154) such that the first portion of the surface 150 (including the screen 154) is protected by the protective cover 152 from, for example, scratching or other similar actions that can potentially damage the first potion of the surface 150.
The surface 150 also includes a second portion 158 that is not covered by the protective cover 152 when the protective cover 152 is attached to the first portion of the surface 150. The second portion 158 is mutually exclusive from the first portion of the surface 150. In some embodiments, the second portion 158 is associated with a proximity sensor of the wireless device. Such a proximity sensor can be any type of sensing device configured to detect an object (e.g., a body of a user) when that object is within a certain distance to the sensing device. In some embodiments, the proximity sensor can be, for example, a capacitive or distance sensor, a light sensor, a temperature sensor, a combination of various sensors, and/or the like.
As shown in
When the protective cover 152 is attached to the surface 150 of the wireless device and when the wireless device is operational, as a result of the protective cover 152 not covering the second portion 158, the apertures 151 and 153 are not covered by the protective cover 152. As a result, the proximity sensor is not triggered, and a direct access to the camera is not blocked. Thus, the camera and/or other functions and components of the wireless device can operate normally without any obstruction caused by the protective cover 152.
Additionally, in some embodiments, the surface 150 includes a third portion 156 that is mutually exclusive from the first portion and the second portion 158 of the surface 150. Such a third portion 156 can include element(s) of the surface 150 that is to be touched by a user of the wireless device when the user operates the wireless device. The protective cover 152 is configured not to cover the third portion 156 when the protective cover 152 is attached to the wireless device, such that the user can operate the wireless device by touching the third portion 156 when the protective cover is attached to the wireless device and when the wireless device is operational.
For example, as shown in
In some alternative embodiments, a protective cover made from two different materials can be configured to cover both the first portion and the second portion 158 of the surface 150 of the wireless device. When such a protective cover is attached to the surface 150, the first portion is covered by a first material such that the screen 154 and/or other elements in the first portion are visible to a user of the wireless device. The second portion 158 is covered by a second material different from the first material, such that the proximity sensor is not triggered and the camera can operate normally even though the apertures 151 and 153 are covered by the second material. In such embodiments, the second material can be any material that is, for example, transparent and/or thin enough to not trigger the proximity sensor and not block an access to the camera when the apertures 151 and 153 are covered by the second material.
In some other alternative embodiments, a protective cover made from the same material can have two or more than two portions with different thickness. When such a protective cover is attached to the surface 150 of the wireless device, the first portion of the surface 150 is covered by a first portion of the protective cover that is relatively thick, such that the screen 154 and/or other elements in the first portion of the surface 150 can be protected. The second portion 158 of the surface 150 is covered by a second portion of the protective cover that is relatively thin, such that the proximity sensor is not triggered and the camera can operate normally even though the apertures 151 and 153 are covered by the second portion of the protective cover. For example, the first portion of the protective cover can be, for example, 0.55 mm in thickness and the second portion of the protective cover can be, for example, 0.13 mm in thickness.
The wireless device A can be any type of device configured to communicate with other devices wirelessly. Such a wireless device can be, for example, a smart phone (e.g., an Apple iPhone® 5s), a tablet computer device (e.g., an Apple iPad®), a mobile communication device (e.g., a cell phone), and/or the like. Although the protective covers shown and described with respect to
In some embodiments, the wireless device A can have one or more embedded antennas (not shown in
As shown in
Specifically, when the protective cover 160 is attached to the wireless device A, the cover section 161 covers the portion of the exterior surface of the wireless device A that is mutually exclusive from the portion A′ of the wireless device A, while the cut-out section 168 causes the portion A′ to be uncovered. When the wireless device A with the protective cover 160 attached is used by a user, the cover section 161 is disposed between the user's body (e.g., the user's hand, the user's head) and the portion of the exterior surface of the wireless device A mutually exclusive from the portion A′, while the portion A′ is exposed to the user's body through the cut-out section 168 (i.e., no part of the protective cover 160 covers the portion A′, or is disposed between the user's body and the portion A′). In this way, use of the protective cover 160 does not affect proximity sensing performed by the antenna(s), and thereby does not affect the TRP produced by the wireless device A during mobile communication applications (such as telephone calls, data messaging, Internet applications, video conferencing, etc.). In addition or alternatively, the use of the protective cover 160 does not affect a portion(s) of the antenna that is sensitive to changes to local dielectric matching or local impedance matching. For example, one portion(s) of the antenna can be insensitive to changes to local dielectric matching or local impedance matching, while another portion(s) of the antenna can be sensitive to changes to local dielectric matching or local impedance matching. In this example, the cover section 161 of protective cover 160 can cover the portion(s) of the antenna that is insensitive to changes to local dielectric matching or local impedance matching, and the portion(s) of the antenna that is sensitive to changes to local dielectric matching or local impedance matching is exposed through the cut-out section 168 of the protective cover.
In some embodiments, the cover section 161 of the protective cover 160 can have a first surface 167 (i.e., an inner surface) and a second surface 169 (i.e., an outer surface). When the protective cover 160 is attached to the wireless device A, as shown in
Although shown and described with respect to
In some instances, the portion A′ of the exterior surface of the wireless device A is unrelated to any user interface component (not shown in
In some instances, the cover section 161 and/or other portions of the protective cover 160 (not including the cut-out section 168) can be transparent such that the portion of the exterior surface of the wireless device A that is mutually exclusive from the portion A′ can be visible to a user of the wireless device A when the protective cover 160 is attached to the wireless device A.
As shown in
In some embodiments, the cut-out section 188 can be functionally similar to the cut-out section 168 or the cut-out section 175. In such embodiments, the cut-out section 185 and the cut-out section 188 can be collectively associated with one or more portions of the antenna(s) of the wireless device B that are configured to perform proximity sensing for the wireless device B. As a result, when the protective cover 180 is attached to the wireless device B, the cut-out section 185 and the cut-out section 188 can collectively cause that portion(s) of the antenna(s) not to be covered, thus not affecting proximity sensing performed by that portion(s) of the antenna(s). Although shown in
In some other instances, the cut-out section 188 can be associated with a user interface component (not shown in
While various embodiments have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, not limitation, and various changes in form and details may be made. Any portion of the apparatus and/or methods described herein may be combined in any combination, except mutually exclusive combinations. The embodiments described herein can include various combinations and/or sub-combinations of the functions, components and/or features of the different embodiments described.
Shields, Karl Richard, Nilakantan, Nikhil, McCaughey, Ryan Gerard
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