An asexually reproduced variety of perennial Zoysia japonica with a unique combination of characters including white stigmas, and anthers are 5.0 RP 3/6.
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The present invention relates to a new and distinct asexually reproduced variety of perennial zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica (L.)) Merr.
This invention relates to an new and distinct perennial zoysiagrass cultivar indentified as `Palisades` zoysiagrass (herein referred to as `Palisades`), that was tested as DALZ8514. `Palisades`, a Zoysia japonica, is a chance hybrid of the maternal clone `Z44`, obtained from Beltsville, MD in 1981, with an unknown pollen source from a zoysiagrass germplasm field nursery at TAES--Dallas. `Palisades` has been vegetatively propagated, and is uniform in growth expression.
For purposes of registration under the "International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants" (generally known by its French acronym as the UPOV Convention) and noting Section 1612 of the Manual of Plant Examination Procedures, the new variety of zoysiagrass of the present invention is named `Palisades` Zoysiagrass.
FIG. 1 is a photograph of the leaf orientation, blades and ligule of `Palisades`.
FIG. 2 is a close-up photograph of the leaf orientation, blades and ligule of `Palisades`.
FIG. 3 is a photograph of the in florescence of `Palisades` at anthesis.
`Palisades` was characterized in greenhouse and field conditions. `Palisades` is a unique variety of zoysiagrass developed as described above. `Palisades` was identified as being unique and desirable and was then propagated by cutting of stolons and rhizomes, rooting them in soil, and planting of the rooted material to provide planting stock for studying performance and for comparison of morphological characters after propagation. `Palisades` has been propagated by sod, plugs, sprigs, stolons and rhizomes in greenhouse and field planting by hand and mechanical propagation in Dallas, Tex. and is uniform in growth expression. Seed reproduction with self-fertility is not common in the Zoysia sp. No seedling establishment from `Palisades` has been noticed in either greenhouse or field studies.
`Palisades` is asexually propagated by stolons and rhizomes. It has an intermediate to rapid establishment rate. When spring (stolons) or plug plantings are made in early May, the area should achieve 60-70% coverage in Dallas, Tex. in 90-120 days, with complete coverage in 180-200 days, in comparison to `Meyer` zoysiagrass which will require 360-400 days for full coverage. The stolons of `Palisades` have a mean internode length of 29.9 mm between the second and third nodes, with a mean internode width of 1.0 mm and node diameter of 1.7 mm (Table 1). The stolons of `Palisades` root adventitiously at the nodes. Color notations of plant tissues were based on the Munsell Color Charts for Plant Tissues, Munsell Color, Baltimore, Md., 1977. Light quality, photoperiod, and general growth of the plants affect color notations. The internode stolon color of `Palisades` stolons exposed to full sun is 5R 3/4.
Leaf blades of `Palisades` are rolled in the bud, and are flat and stiff. The mean leaf blade length of `Palisades` is 75.6 mm and average width is 3.4 mm (Table 2). The leaf sheath of `Palisades` is distinct from `Meyer`(unpatented) and `Crowne` (U.S. Plant Patent application Ser. No. 09/076,973 at a length of 51.2 mm (Table 3). The hairs on the abaxial leaf surface of `Palisades` are sparse in number and are approximately 0.9 mm long. Measured under greenhouse conditions in January 1996, the genetic, adaxial leaf color of `Palisades` is 2.5G 5/6 with `El Toro` (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 5845) having a leaf color of 2.5GY 5/2, and `Meyer` having a color of 2.5G 3/4. The ligule of `Palisades` is a fringe of silky hairs, approximately 2.8 mm in length for the longest hairs.
`Palisades` has 5RP 3/6 colored anthers and white colored stigmas, undistinguished in shade of color. The inflorescence of `Palisades` is a terminal spike-like raceme, with spikelets on short pedicels. `Palisades` has a mean length floral region of 27.2 mm, with a mean of 27.8 florets per raceme.
Thatch development is a function of age of stand, types of soils and other environments and cultural conditions. Thatch development was determined in 3 year old field plantings comparing eight commercially available cultivars. `Emerald`, `Miyako` (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 10,187) and `Zeon` (unpatented) produced the greatest depth of thatch (26.3 mm); `Crowne`, `Palisades` and `DeAnza` produced an intermediate amount of thatch (25,23 and 23 mm, respectively), and Cavalier and Meyer produced the least amount of thatch (20 and 19 mm respectively).
The chromosome number of `Palisades` is 40.
`Palisades` is rated as having low supplemental water needs similar to `Crowne` and `El Toro` to maintain active growing turf (Table 4). When `Palisades` was compared with 59 other zoysiagrasses for salinity tolerance, it ranked number 34 in performance and was superior to `Meyer` (Table 5). When compared to other commercial varieties for root growth, `Palisades` was not different from `El Toro` or `Meyer` in average root depth, root weight, or clipping weights (Table 6).
`Palisades` was entered in the 1991 National Turfgrass Evaluation Program (NTEP). `Palisades`, in the 1991 National Turfgrass Evaluation Program Zoysiagrass Trial for the years 1992-1995 had mean quality ratings of 5.8, 5.8, 5.5 and 5.4 for overall quality (Table 7).
`Palisades` rated among the best for the broad leaf textural class 4. `Palisades` shows intermediate resistance to the zoysiagrass mite (Table 8). The varieties `Meyer`, `Belair` (unpatented), and most experimental zoysiagrasses are very susceptible to the mite. This mite has been found in Maryland, Texas, and Florida, all extensive zones of use for zoysiagrasses.
`Palisades` is distinguished from other zoysiagrasses by its combined unique morphological differences in leaf width, length, and floral characters of sheath and seed head length. It is a medium-coarse textured, thick stolon, and rhizome producing grass with good recuperative ability. It has good shade tolerance and low water use needs. It is moderate in salinity tolerance. `Palisades` is intermediate to superior in its average growth rate and has good to excellent winter hardiness and will persist in regions north to Kansas, Missouri and Illinois.
| TABLE 1 |
| ______________________________________ |
| Internode length as measured between the second and third nodes, |
| internode diameter of the third internode, and node diameter of the |
| third node measured on zoysiagrass plants. Plants were growing in a |
| growth chamber with a 14-hr daylength, March 1995 |
| Internode Internode |
| Node |
| length diameter diameter |
| Genotype mm mm mm |
| ______________________________________ |
| `Crowne` 17.7a* 0.9abc 1.1 bc |
| `Cavalier` 18.4a 1.4abc 1.4abc |
| (U.S. Plant |
| Pat. No. 10,778) |
| `Meyer` 24.1a 2.0a 2.0a |
| `Palisades` 29.9a 1.0a 1.7ab |
| `El Toro` 39.98a 1.4abc 1.4abc |
| ______________________________________ |
| *Analysis of variance by General Linear Models, with means followed by th |
| same letter not significantly different using Tukey's Studentized Range |
| (HSD), alpha = 0.05. Only selected means presented. |
| TABLE 2 |
| ______________________________________ |
| Leaf blade width and length measured on the third youngest |
| leaf of zoysiagrass. Plants were growing in a growth chamber with a |
| 14-hr daylength, March 1995 |
| Blade width |
| Blade length |
| Genotype mm mm |
| ______________________________________ |
| `Cavalier` 1.3d* 60.7cd |
| `Meyer` 2.6 c 74.3 bc |
| `Crowne` 3.0abc 72.7 bc |
| `El Toro` 3.3abc 68.3 bcd |
| `Palisades` 3.4ab 75.6 bc |
| ______________________________________ |
| * Analysis of variance by General Linear Models, with means followed by |
| the same letter not significantly different using Tukey's Studentized |
| Range (HSD), alpha = 0.05. Only selected means presented. |
| TABLE 3 |
| ______________________________________ |
| Zoysiagrass leaf sheath length measurements taken |
| February 1988 on the fourth youngest leaf from greenhouse |
| grown plants |
| Sheath length |
| Genotype mm |
| ______________________________________ |
| `Emerald`(unpatented) |
| 16.3 ij |
| `Cavalier` 28.9 ef |
| `Meyer` 30.7 cd |
| `Crowne` 42.9 b* |
| `Palisades` 51.25a |
| ______________________________________ |
| *Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different using |
| the WallerDuncan k ratio test (k ratio = 100). Only selected means |
| presented. |
| TABLE 4 |
| ______________________________________ |
| Supplemental irrigation water requirement for commercial and |
| experimental zoysiagrasses during July 1989 through August 1991 at |
| Dallas, Texas* |
| Irrigation |
| Requirement |
| Textural |
| 1989 1990 1991 |
| Class mm/yr Mean |
| ______________________________________ |
| `Diamond` 1 461 435 567 488 |
| (U.S. Plant |
| Pat. No. 10,636) |
| DALZ8501 1 449 544 429 474 |
| FC13521 3 482 448 443 457 |
| DALZ8517 3 475 402 487 455 |
| `Emerald` 3 464 343 503 437 |
| DALZ8506 3 458 379 455 431 |
| DALZ8515 3 469 419 394 427 |
| DALZ8508 2 447 379 398 408 |
| DALZ8510 3 449 310 413 390 |
| `Cashmere` 1 435 424 311 390 |
| U.S. Plant |
| Pat. No. 6,529 |
| `Cavalier` 3 464 175 441 360 |
| DALZ8504 2 478 363 138 326 |
| DALZ8503 2 441 280 193 305 |
| DALZ8511 2 451 353 200 304 |
| DALZ8516 2 462 377 25 288 |
| `Meyer` 2 450 321 74 276 |
| `Korean Common`(unpatented) |
| 4 470 174 88 244 |
| `El Toro` 4 417 21 6 148 |
| `Palisades` 4 358 26 12 132 |
| `Crowne` 4 256 12 12 93 |
| MSD.dagger. |
| 129 169 242 155 |
| Rainfall.dagger-dbl. |
| 1092 1118 1143 1118 |
| ______________________________________ |
| .dagger.MSD, minimum significant difference for comparison of means |
| within columns based on the WallerDuncan kratio ttest where k = 100. |
| .dagger-dbl.Total annual precipitation in mm. |
| *White et al. 1993. |
| TABLE 5 |
| ______________________________________ |
| * Average percent shoot salt injury (average of 20 rating dates) on |
| zoysiagrass entries in the 1991 NTEP.dagger. Trials |
| Entry Source Species.dagger-dbl. |
| % Injury |
| ______________________________________ |
| `Diamond` NTEP 20 matrella 33ab.English Pound. |
| `El Toro` NTEP 13 japonica 38a-e |
| `Emerald` NTEP 10 jap x tenu |
| 42a-h |
| `Cavalier` NTEP 17 matrella 42a-h |
| `Crowne` NTEP 15 japonica 46 e-k |
| `Palisades` NTEP 14 japonica 46 e-k |
| `Belair` NTEP 11 japonica 50 f-k |
| `Meyer` NTEP 09 japonica 58 lmn |
| `Korean Common` |
| NTEP 07 japonica 76 pq |
| ______________________________________ |
| * Selected data set; complete data set includes 59 varieties and |
| cultivars. .dagger. NTEP = National Turfgrass Evaluation Program. |
| .dagger-dbl. Species identity. .English Pound. Means followed b |
| the same letter are not significantly different, based on the WallerDunca |
| kratio ttest (kratio = 100) |
| In Marcum, K. B., M. C. Engelke, S. J. Morton and C. Dayton. 1994. |
| Salinity tolerances of selected bermudagrass an zoysiagrass genotypes. TX |
| Turfgrass Res. 1993, Consolidated Prog. Rep. PR 5140: 105-107. |
| TABLE 6 |
| ______________________________________ |
| Average mean root depth of zoysiagrass grown in flexible tubes in |
| greenhouse studies, Dallas, TX |
| Average Mean Total Root |
| Clipping |
| Root Depth Weight Weights |
| Variety mm mg mg |
| ______________________________________ |
| `Cavalier` |
| 255 278 243 |
| `Belair` 296 330 286 |
| `Palisades` |
| 318 457 452 |
| `Emerald` |
| 330 461 241 |
| `Meyer` 333 411 466 |
| `Crowne` 355 497 406 |
| `El Toro` |
| 356 473 391 |
| MSD 79 161 267 |
| ______________________________________ |
| *MSD = minimum significant difference for comparison of means within |
| columns based on the WallerDuncan kratio test where k = 100. |
| In Marcum, K. B., M. C. Engelke, S. J. Morton, and R. H. White. 1995. |
| Rooting characteristics and associated drought resistance of |
| zoysiagrasses. Agron. J. 87:534-538. |
| TABLE 7 |
| ______________________________________ |
| Mean Turfgrass quality ratings of vegetative zoysiagrass cultivars grown |
| in the National Turfgrass Evaluation Program at 23 locations in the U.S. |
| for 1992, 1993, 1994, and 1995 |
| Leaf |
| Texture Overall |
| Variety Class 1992 1993 1994 1995 4-Yr Avg. |
| ______________________________________ |
| `Cavalier` 31 |
| 6.0 6.2 5.9 6.0 5.9 |
| TC2033 2 5.8 6.1 6.1 6.0 5.9 |
| `Sunburst`(unpatented) |
| 2 5.8 5.9 5.8 5.9 5.8 |
| TC 5018 5.8 5.8 5.9 5.7 5.8 |
| `Emerald` 2 5.7 6.2 6.0 5.7 5.8 |
| `Omni`(unpatented) |
| 2 5.6 6.1 6.1 6.0 5.7 |
| QT 2004 5.6 6.0 5.9 5.6 5.6 |
| DALZ8508 2 5.6 6.1 5.7 5.6 5.6 |
| `Palisades` 4 5.8 5.8 5.5 5.4 5.6 |
| DALZ9006 3 5.6 6.0 5.6 5.5 5.6 |
| `Crowne` 4 5.8 5.8 5.5 5.4 5.6 |
| `El Toro` 4 5.8 5.6 5.3 5.4 5.5 |
| CD 259-13 5.3 5.5 5.7 5.5 5.4 |
| `Meyer` 2 5.3 5.7 5.8 5.5 5.4 |
| QT 2047 5.4 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.3 |
| `Belair` 2 5.0 5.6 5.6 5.0 5.2 |
| DALZ 8516 2 4.7 5.4 5.0 5.0 4.9 |
| `Diamond` 1 4.4 5.0 4.6 4.4 4.4 |
| DALZ8501 1 4.9 4.3 4.0 4.0 4.3 |
| DALZ8701 1 4.2 4.1 3.7 3.6 3.8 |
| LSD VALUE 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 |
| ______________________________________ |
| To determine statistical differences among entries, subtract one entry's |
| mean from another entry's mean. Statistical difference occurs when this |
| value is larger than the corresponding LSD value (LSD 0.05). 1 |
| Textural class of zoysiagrass where 1 = short, narrow leaves; 2 = short, |
| wide leaves; 3 = long, narrow leave; and 4 = long, wide leaves. |
| In National Zoysiagrass Test 1991. Final Report 1992-95, NTEP No. 9615; |
| (Table 4); United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research |
| Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705. |
| TABLE 8 |
| ______________________________________ |
| Mean number of mite-damaged leaves per zoysiagrass plant (N = 18) |
| Combined |
| Cultivar April 3, 1992 |
| April 24, 1992 |
| Dates |
| ______________________________________ |
| DALZ9006 0.2a* 0.2a 0.2a |
| DALZ8508 0.7b 0.6ab 0.6b |
| DALZ8516 1.8d 0.3ab 1.0b |
| `Emerald` 1.3bc 0.9b 1.1b |
| DALZ8501 1.4cd 2.6c 2.0c |
| `Crowne` 5.4ef 2.3c 3.9d |
| `El Toro` 5.6ef 2.8c 4.2d |
| TC2033 4.4e 4.3d 4.4d |
| `Palisades` |
| 7.5fg 4.0cd 5.8e |
| CD2031 7.6gh 7.9e 7.8f |
| Diamond 7.8gh 9.4ef 8.6g |
| DALZ8701 9.3h 9.4ef 9.4g |
| `Cavalier` |
| 9.1h 9.8ef 9.5g |
| `Meyer` 9.9h 9.9ef 9.9g |
| `Belair` 10.0h 9.9f 9.9g |
| JZ-1 10.0h 9.9f 10.0g |
| ______________________________________ |
| *Data transformed using log (X + 0.5) for analysis. Means in a column |
| followed by the same letter are not significantly different by |
| WallerDuncan kratio test (k = 100) (P = 0.05). |
| Reinert, J. A., M. C. Engelke, and S. J. Morton. 1993. Zoysiagrass |
| resistance to the zoysiagrass mite, Eriphyes zoysiae (Acari: Eriophyidae) |
| In R. N. Carrow, N. E. Christians, and R. C. Shermans (Eds.). |
| International Turfgrass Society Research Journal 7. Intertec Publishing |
| Corp., Overland Park, KS. pp. 349-352. |
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| ER5653, | |||
| ER9095, | |||
| ER9658, | |||
| PP13166, | Apr 30 1998 | Bladerunner Farms | Zoysiagrass plant named `Zeon` |
| PP13178, | Apr 14 1998 | Bladerunner Farms | Zoysiagrass plant named `JaMur` |
| PP25203, | Apr 16 2013 | BLADERUNNER FARMS, INC | Zoysiagrass plant named ‘L1F’ |
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| PP29143, | May 20 2016 | BLADERUNNER FARMS, INC | Zoysiagrass plant named ‘M60’ |
| Patent | Priority | Assignee | Title |
| PP9127, | Jan 13 1994 | The Regents of the University of California | Zoysiagrass plant named `De Anza` |
| Executed on | Assignor | Assignee | Conveyance | Frame | Reel | Doc |
| Apr 28 1998 | ENGELKE, MILTON CHARLES | TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY SYSTEM, THE | ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS | 009180 | /0758 | |
| May 13 1998 | Texas A&M University System | (assignment on the face of the patent) | / |
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